CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Arsenic - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"bcd8d466-9f18-48df-89fe-2ce8496120e3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Arsenic","wgTitle":"Arsenic","wgCurRevisionId":1271923477,"wgRevisionId":1271923477,"wgArticleId":897,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 German-language sources (de)","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 location test","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from December 2020","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from December 2024", "Articles containing Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles containing Persian-language text","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing French-language text","Chembox having GHS data","Chembox container only","Commons link from Wikidata","Arsenic","Chemical elements","Metalloids","Semimetals","Hepatotoxins","Pnictogens","Endocrine disruptors","IARC Group 1 carcinogens","Trigonal minerals","Minerals in space group 166","Teratogens","Fetotoxicants","Suspected testicular toxicants","Native element minerals","Chemical elements with rhombohedral structure"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Arsenic","wgRelevantArticleId":897,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q871","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready" ,"site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth", "ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Arsen_1a.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="688"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Arsen_1a.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="458"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="367"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Arsenic - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Arsenic rootpage-Arsenic skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Arsenic" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Arsenic" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Arsenic" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Arsenic" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Characteristics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Characteristics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Physical characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Isotopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Compounds </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Compounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inorganic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inorganic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Inorganic compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inorganic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Alloys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organoarsenic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organoarsenic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Organoarsenic compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organoarsenic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence_and_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence_and_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Occurrence and production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence_and_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agricultural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Agricultural </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Medical use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alloys_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alloys_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Alloys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alloys_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Other uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Biological role </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biological role subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bacteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Bacteria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_role_in_higher_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_role_in_higher_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Potential role in higher animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_role_in_higher_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heredity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heredity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Heredity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heredity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biomethylation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biomethylation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Biomethylation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biomethylation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Environmental issues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Environmental issues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Exposure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence_in_drinking_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence_in_drinking_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Occurrence in drinking water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence_in_drinking_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-San_Pedro_de_Atacama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#San_Pedro_de_Atacama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 San Pedro de Atacama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-San_Pedro_de_Atacama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazard_maps_for_contaminated_groundwater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazard_maps_for_contaminated_groundwater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Hazard maps for contaminated groundwater </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazard_maps_for_contaminated_groundwater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Redox_transformation_of_arsenic_in_natural_waters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redox_transformation_of_arsenic_in_natural_waters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Redox transformation of arsenic in natural waters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redox_transformation_of_arsenic_in_natural_waters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wood_preservation_in_the_US" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wood_preservation_in_the_US"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Wood preservation in the US </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wood_preservation_in_the_US-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mapping_of_industrial_releases_in_the_US" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mapping_of_industrial_releases_in_the_US"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Mapping of industrial releases in the US </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mapping_of_industrial_releases_in_the_US-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bioremediation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bioremediation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Bioremediation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bioremediation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arsenic_removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arsenic_removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Arsenic removal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arsenic_removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity_and_precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity_and_precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Toxicity and precautions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Toxicity_and_precautions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Toxicity and precautions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Toxicity_and_precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_limits,_food,_and_drink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_limits,_food,_and_drink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Legal limits, food, and drink </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_limits,_food,_and_drink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reducing_arsenic_content_in_rice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reducing_arsenic_content_in_rice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Reducing arsenic content in rice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reducing_arsenic_content_in_rice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupational_exposure_limits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupational_exposure_limits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Occupational exposure limits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupational_exposure_limits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecotoxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecotoxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Ecotoxicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecotoxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity_in_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity_in_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Toxicity in animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity_in_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Biological mechanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exposure_risks_and_remediation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exposure_risks_and_remediation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Exposure risks and remediation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exposure_risks_and_remediation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Arsenic</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 156 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-156" aria-hidden="true" > 156 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arseen" title="Arseen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Arseen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B0%E1%8A%92%E1%8A%AD" title="አርሰኒክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አርሰኒክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="आर्सेनिक – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="आर्सेनिक" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="زرنيخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زرنيخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arseni" title="Arseni – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Arseni" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Մկնդեղ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մկնդեղ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Arsenic" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars%C3%A9nicu" title="Arsénicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arsénicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="आर्सेनिक – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="आर्सेनिक" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91ongatuita" title="Ñongatuita – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñongatuita" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Arsen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="آرسنیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آرسنیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenik" title="Arsenik – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Arsenik" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95" title="আর্সেনিক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আর্সেনিক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Phi-sò͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phi-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%88%E2%80%99%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Мыш’як – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мыш’як" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Аршэнік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аршэнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="आर्सेनिक – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आर्सेनिक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arseniko" title="Arseniko – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Arseniko" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Арсен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арсен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B3%E0%BC%8D" title="བ་བླ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བ་བླ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Arsen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenik" title="Arsenik – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arsenik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars%C3%A8nic" title="Arsènic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arsènic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BC%C4%83%D1%88" title="Маркăмăш – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Маркăмăш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenico" title="Arsenico – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Arsenico" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arsen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenicu" title="Arsenicu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Arsenicu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenig" title="Arsenig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Arsenig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arsen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AC" title="جرنيج – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جرنيج" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arsen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arseen" title="Arseen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arseen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_(%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF)" title="Αρσενικό (στοιχείο) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρσενικό (στοιχείο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Мышьяк – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Мышьяк" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars%C3%A9nico" title="Arsénico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arsénico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arseno" title="Arseno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arseno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artseniko" title="Artseniko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Artseniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="آرسنیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آرسنیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Arsenic" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Arsen" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arsenic" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Arsenic" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsanaic" title="Arsanaic – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Arsanaic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsnick" title="Arsnick – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Arsnick" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsnaig" title="Arsnaig – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Arsnaig" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars%C3%A9nico" title="Arsénico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arsénico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B2" title="સોમલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સોમલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%AE" title="Phî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Арсен – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Арсен" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%86%8C" title="비소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Արսեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արսեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="आर्सेनिक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आर्सेनिक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arsen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arseno" title="Arseno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Arseno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arsen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenico" title="Arsenico – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Arsenico" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Мыстымарг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мыстымарг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsAsumu" title="IsAsumu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsAsumu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Arsen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenico" title="Arsenico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arsenico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%9F" title="ארסן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארסן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars%C3%A8nik" title="Arsènik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Arsènik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C9%A9s%C9%9Bn%C9%A9k%C9%A9" title="Arɩsɛnɩkɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Arɩsɛnɩkɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆರ್ಸೆನಿಕ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆರ್ಸೆನಿಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arseniku" title="Arseniku – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Arseniku" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="დარიშხანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დარიშხანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D1%88%D3%99%D0%BD" title="Күшән – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Күшән" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenik" title="Arsenik – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Arsenik" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenia" title="Asenia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Asenia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B4_%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Еджыд из – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Еджыд из" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenik" title="Asenik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Asenik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Мышьяк – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мышьяк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Мышьяк – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Мышьяк" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenicum" title="Arsenicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Arsenicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars%C4%93ns" title="Arsēns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arsēns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Arsen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenas" title="Arsenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arsenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenico" title="Arsenico – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Arsenico" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arseen" title="Arseen – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Arseen" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misjakku" title="Misjakku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Misjakku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/arseniko" title="arseniko – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="arseniko" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aseniki_(Arsenic)" title="Aseniki (Arsenic) – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Aseniki (Arsenic)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars%C3%A9nich" title="Arsénich – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Arsénich" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arz%C3%A9n_(elem)" title="Arzén (elem) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Arzén (elem)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Арсен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Арсен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenika" title="Arsenika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Arsenika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ആർസെനിക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആർസെനിക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="आर्सेनिक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आर्सेनिक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="زرنيخ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زرنيخ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenik" title="Arsenik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Arsenik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Arsen" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C4%95_(ngu%C3%B2ng-s%C3%B3)" title="Piĕ (nguòng-só) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Piĕ (nguòng-só)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Суляма – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Суляма" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хүнцэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүнцэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B0" title="စိန်ဖြူ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စိန်ဖြူ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arseen" title="Arseen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arseen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="आर्सेनिक – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="आर्सेनिक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E7%B4%A0" title="ヒ素 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒ素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arseen" title="Arseen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Arseen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arsen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arsen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsene" title="Arsene – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Arsene" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arsenic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95" title="ଆର୍ସେନିକ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆର୍ସେନିକ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margimush" title="Margimush – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Margimush" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਸੰਖੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਖੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="आर्सेनिक – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="आर्सेनिक" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9" title="آرسینک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آرسینک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B2%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="အာသဲန်းနေက် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အာသဲန်းနေက်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%90%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%A9" title="آرسېنيک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آرسېنيک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Мышьяк – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Мышьяк" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars%C3%A9nich" title="Arsénich – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Arsénich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Arsen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arsen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars%C3%AAnio" title="Arsênio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arsênio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arsen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsiniku" title="Arsiniku – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Arsiniku" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Мышьяк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мышьяк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="आर्सेनिक – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आर्सेनिक" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars%C3%A8nicu" title="Arsènicu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Arsènicu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airsenic" title="Airsenic – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Airsenic" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Arsen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arseniku" title="Arseniku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arseniku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenicu" title="Arsenicu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Arsenicu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arsenic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AA" title="آرسينڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آرسينڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arz%C3%A9n" title="Arzén – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arzén" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzen" title="Arzen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arzen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarsenik" title="Aarsenik – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Aarsenik" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%95%DA%95%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="زەڕنیخ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زەڕنیخ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Арсен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Арсен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arsen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Arsen" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arseeni" title="Arseeni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arseeni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenik" title="Arsenik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arsenik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arseniko" title="Arseniko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Arseniko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="ஆசனிக்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆசனிக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihi%C7%A7%C7%A7" title="Ihiǧǧ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ihiǧǧ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Мышьяк – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мышьяк" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆర్సెనిక్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆర్సెనిక్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B9" title="สารหนู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สารหนู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Арсен – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Арсен" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenik" title="Arsenik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arsenik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Арсен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арсен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9" title="آرسینک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آرسینک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%90%D9%86" title="ئارسېن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئارسېن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Arsen" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Arsenic" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="砷" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenico" title="Arsenico – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Arsenico" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="砷" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7" title="ארסעניק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ארסעניק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Arsenic" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="砷" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="砷" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q871#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Arsenic" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Arsenic" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Arsenic" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&oldid=1271923477" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Arsenic&id=1271923477&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FArsenic">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FArsenic">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Arsenic&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Arsenic" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q871" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemical element. For the poison commonly called "arsenic", see <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">arsenic trioxide</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Arsenic (disambiguation)">Arsenic (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 33 (As)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Arsenic, 33As</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Arsen_1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arsen_1a.jpg/220px-Arsen_1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arsen_1a.jpg/330px-Arsen_1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arsen_1a.jpg/440px-Arsen_1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="255" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Arsenic</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin: 0; text-align: left;"><ul><li style="margin: 0; text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɑːrsənɪk/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">AR-sən-ik</a>)</li><li style="margin: 0; text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">as an adjective: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɑːrˈsɛnɪk/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ar-SEN-ik</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">Allotropes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">grey (most common), yellow, black (see <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_arsenic" title="Allotropes of arsenic">Allotropes of arsenic</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">metallic grey</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(As)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>74.921595±0.000006<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW-1">[1]</a></li><li>74.922±0.001 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Arsenic in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> ↑ As ↓ <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a> ← arsenic → <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">33</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">group 15 (pnictogens)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">period 4</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#p-block" title="Block (periodic table)">p-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>] 3d10 4s2 4p3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 5</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">Sublimation point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">887 K (615 °C, 1137 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">grey: 5.782 g/cm3<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">5.22 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">Triple point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1090 K, 3628 kPa<a href="#cite_note-Gokcen1989-4">[4]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">Critical point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1673 K, ? MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">grey: 24.44 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">34.76 kJ/mol (?)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24.64 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>553 </td> <td>596 </td> <td>646 </td> <td>706 </td> <td>781 </td> <td>874 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: −3, +3, +5 −2,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> −1,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> 0,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> +1,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> +2,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-9">[9]</a> +4<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 2.18 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 947.0 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1798 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 2735 kJ/mol </li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#arsenic" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 119 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">119±4 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">185 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:33_(As_I)_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/33_%28As_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/240px-33_%28As_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/33_%28As_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/360px-33_%28As_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/33_%28As_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/480px-33_%28As_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of arsenic</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data">grey: <a href="/wiki/Trigonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonal crystal system">rhombohedral</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">hR2</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constants</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhombohedral.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rhombohedral crystal structure for grey: arsenic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/50px-Rhombohedral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/75px-Rhombohedral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/100px-Rhombohedral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="141" /></a></div>ar = 413.15 pm α = 54.133° pm ah = 375.99 pm ch = 1054.58 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5.6 µm/(m⋅K)<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> (at <abbr title="room temperature">r.t.</abbr>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50.2 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">333 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diamagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetic">diamagnetic</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">−5.5×10−6 cm3/mol<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.5 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1440 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-38-2 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Arabic alchemists</a> (before AD 815)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_arsenic" title="Isotopes of arsenic">Isotopes of arsenic</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_arsenic_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox arsenic isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_arsenic_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox arsenic isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-14">[14]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">73As </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">80.3 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium-73" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanium-73">73Ge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Gamma_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma decay">γ</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4" style="vertical-align: top;">74As </th> <td rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">17.8 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">ε </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium-74" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanium-74">74Ge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_plus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta plus decay">β+</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">74Ge </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">γ </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium-74" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenium-74">74Se</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">75As </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">100% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arsenic" title="Category:Arsenic">Category: Arsenic</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_arsenic" title="Template:Infobox arsenic">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_arsenic" title="Template talk:Infobox arsenic">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_arsenic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox arsenic">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Arsenic is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> As and the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 33. It is a <a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">metalloid</a> and one of the <a href="/wiki/Pnictogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pnictogens">pnictogens</a>, and therefore shares many properties with its <a href="/wiki/Group_15" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 15">group 15</a> neighbors <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>. Arsenic is a notoriously <a href="/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal" title="Toxic heavy metal">toxic heavy metal</a>. It occurs naturally in many <a href="/wiki/Minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerals">minerals</a>, usually in combination with <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> and metals, but also as a pure elemental <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystal</a>. It has various <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_arsenic" title="Allotropes of arsenic">allotropes</a>, but only the grey form, which has a metallic appearance, is important to industry. The primary use of arsenic is in alloys of lead (for example, in <a href="/wiki/Car_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Car batteries">car batteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a>). Arsenic is also a common n-type <a href="/wiki/Dopant" title="Dopant">dopant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> electronic devices, and a component of the III–V <a href="/wiki/Compound_semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound semiconductor">compound semiconductor</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallium_arsenide" title="Gallium arsenide">gallium arsenide</a>. Arsenic and its compounds, especially the trioxide, are used in the production of <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, treated wood products, <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticides</a>. These applications are declining with the increasing recognition of the toxicity of arsenic and its compounds.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-15">[15]</a> Arsenic has been known since ancient times to be poisonous to humans.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> However, a few species of bacteria are able to use arsenic compounds as respiratory <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolites</a>. Trace quantities of arsenic have been proposed to be an essential <a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">dietary element</a> in rats, hamsters, goats, and chickens. Research has not been conducted to determine whether small amounts of arsenic may play a role in human metabolism.<a href="#cite_note-ANut-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-UEssent-18">[18]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">arsenic poisoning</a> occurs in multicellular life if quantities are larger than needed. <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_contamination_of_groundwater" title="Arsenic contamination of groundwater">Arsenic contamination of groundwater</a> is a problem that affects millions of people across the world. The United States' <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> states that all forms of arsenic are a serious risk to human health.<a href="#cite_note-EPA1-19">[19]</a> The United States' <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a> ranked arsenic number 1 in its 2001 prioritized list of <a href="/wiki/Hazardous" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazardous">hazardous</a> substances at <a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a> sites.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Arsenic is classified as a Group-A <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EPA1-19">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_arsenic" title="Allotropes of arsenic">Allotropes of arsenic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SbAs_lattice.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/SbAs_lattice.png/220px-SbAs_lattice.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/SbAs_lattice.png/330px-SbAs_lattice.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/SbAs_lattice.png/440px-SbAs_lattice.png 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="846" /></a><figcaption>Crystal structure common to <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stibarsen" title="Stibarsen">AsSb</a> and grey As</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arsenic_nodule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Arsenic_nodule.jpg/220px-Arsenic_nodule.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Arsenic_nodule.jpg/330px-Arsenic_nodule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Arsenic_nodule.jpg/440px-Arsenic_nodule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Gray arsenic nodule</figcaption></figure> The three most common arsenic <a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">allotropes</a> are grey, yellow, and black arsenic, with grey being the most common.<a href="#cite_note-Norman-21">[21]</a> Grey arsenic (α-As, <a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">space group</a> R3m No. 166) adopts a double-layered structure consisting of many interlocked, ruffled, six-membered rings. Because of weak bonding between the layers, grey arsenic is brittle and has a relatively low <a href="/wiki/Mohs_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs hardness">Mohs hardness</a> of 3.5. Nearest and next-nearest neighbors form a distorted octahedral complex, with the three atoms in the same double-layer being slightly closer than the three atoms in the next.<a href="#cite_note-Wiberg2001-22">[22]</a> This relatively close packing leads to a high density of 5.73 g/cm3.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-23">[23]</a> Grey arsenic is a <a href="/wiki/Semimetal" title="Semimetal">semimetal</a>, but becomes a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Bandgap" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandgap">bandgap</a> of 1.2–1.4 eV if <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amorphized" class="extiw" title="wikt:amorphized">amorphized</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Grey arsenic is also the most stable form. Yellow arsenic is soft and waxy, and somewhat similar to <a href="/wiki/Tetraphosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraphosphorus">tetraphosphorus</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>P4).<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Both have four atoms arranged in a <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrahedral">tetrahedral</a> structure in which each atom is bound to each of the other three atoms by a single bond. This unstable allotrope, being molecular, is the most volatile, least dense, and most toxic. Solid yellow arsenic is produced by rapid cooling of arsenic vapor, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">As4. It is rapidly transformed into grey arsenic by light. The yellow form has a density of 1.97 g/cm3.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-23">[23]</a> Black arsenic is similar in structure to <a href="/wiki/Black_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Black phosphorus">black phosphorus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-23">[23]</a> Black arsenic can also be formed by cooling vapor at around 100–220 °C and by crystallization of amorphous arsenic in the presence of mercury vapors.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> It is glassy and brittle. Black arsenic is also a poor electrical conductor.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Arsenic <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimes</a> upon heating at <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>, converting directly to a gaseous form without an intervening liquid state at 887 K (614 °C). The <a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">triple point</a> is at 3.63 MPa and 1,090 K (820 °C).<a href="#cite_note-Holl-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gokcen1989-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_arsenic" title="Isotopes of arsenic">Isotopes of arsenic</a></div> Arsenic occurs in nature as one stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a>, 75As, and is therefore called a <a href="/wiki/Monoisotopic_element" title="Monoisotopic element">monoisotopic element</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE-28">[28]</a> As of 2024, at least 32 <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotopes</a> have also been synthesized, ranging in <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">atomic mass</a> from 64 to 95.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-shimizu2024-30">[30]</a> The most stable of these is 73As with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 80.30 days. All other isotopes have half-lives of under one day, with the exception of 71As (t1/2=65.30 hours), 72As (t1/2=26.0 hours), 74As (t1/2=17.77 days), 76As (t1/2=26.26 hours), and 77As (t1/2=38.83 hours). Isotopes that are lighter than the stable 75As tend to decay by <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">β+ decay</a>, and those that are heavier tend to decay by <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">β− decay</a>, with some exceptions. At least 10 <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">nuclear isomers</a> have been described, ranging in atomic mass from 66 to 84. The most stable of arsenic's isomers is 68mAs with a half-life of 111 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a>]</div> Arsenic has a similar <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegativity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionization energies">ionization energies</a> to its lighter <a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">pnictogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Congener_(chemistry)" title="Congener (chemistry)">congener</a> phosphorus and therefore readily forms <a href="/wiki/Covalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent">covalent</a> molecules with most of the <a href="/wiki/Nonmetals" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonmetals">nonmetals</a>. Though stable in dry air, arsenic forms a golden-bronze <a href="/wiki/Tarnish" title="Tarnish">tarnish</a> upon exposure to humidity which eventually becomes a black surface layer.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood552-31">[31]</a> When heated in air, arsenic <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidizes</a> to <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">arsenic trioxide</a>; the fumes from this reaction have an odor resembling garlic. This odor can be detected on striking <a href="/wiki/Arsenide" title="Arsenide">arsenide</a> minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Arsenopyrite" title="Arsenopyrite">arsenopyrite</a> with a hammer.<a href="#cite_note-Gokcen1989-4">[4]</a> It burns in oxygen to form arsenic trioxide and <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentoxide" title="Arsenic pentoxide">arsenic pentoxide</a>, which have the same structure as the more well-known phosphorus compounds, and in fluorine to give <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentafluoride" title="Arsenic pentafluoride">arsenic pentafluoride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood552-31">[31]</a> Arsenic makes <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_acid" title="Arsenic acid">arsenic acid</a> with concentrated <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenous_acid" title="Arsenous acid">arsenous acid</a> with dilute nitric acid, and <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">arsenic trioxide</a> with concentrated <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>; however, it does not react with water, alkalis, or non-oxidising acids.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Arsenic reacts with metals to form <a href="/wiki/Arsenide" title="Arsenide">arsenides</a>, though these are not ionic compounds containing the As3− ion as the formation of such an anion would be highly endothermic and even the group 1 arsenides have properties of <a href="/wiki/Intermetallic" title="Intermetallic">intermetallic</a> compounds.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood552-31">[31]</a> Like <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a>, which like arsenic <a href="/wiki/D-block_contraction" title="D-block contraction">succeed the 3d transition series</a>, arsenic is much less stable in the +5 <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> than its vertical neighbors phosphorus and <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>, and hence arsenic pentoxide and arsenic acid are potent <a href="/wiki/Oxidizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidizers">oxidizers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood552-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds">Compounds</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Compounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Arsenic_compounds" title="Category:Arsenic compounds">Category:Arsenic compounds</a></div> Compounds of arsenic resemble, in some respects, those of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, which occupies the same <a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">group</a> (column) of the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>. The most common <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a> for arsenic are: −3 in the <a href="/wiki/Arsenide" title="Arsenide">arsenides</a>, which are alloy-like intermetallic compounds, +3 in the <a href="/wiki/Arsenite" title="Arsenite">arsenites</a>, and +5 in the <a href="/wiki/Arsenates" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenates">arsenates</a> and most organoarsenic compounds. Arsenic also bonds readily to itself as seen in the square <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">As3−4 ions in the mineral <a href="/wiki/Skutterudite" title="Skutterudite">skutterudite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In the +3 <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a>, arsenic is typically pyramidal owing to the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Lone_pair" title="Lone pair">lone pair</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Norman-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inorganic_compounds">Inorganic compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Inorganic compounds">edit</a>]</div> One of the simplest arsenic compounds is the trihydride, the highly toxic, flammable, <a href="/wiki/Pyrophoricity" title="Pyrophoricity">pyrophoric</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsine" title="Arsine">arsine</a> (AsH3). This compound is generally regarded as stable, since at room temperature it decomposes only slowly. At temperatures of 250–300 °C decomposition to arsenic and hydrogen is rapid.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood557-34">[34]</a> Several factors, such as <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>, presence of light and certain <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalysts</a> (namely aluminium) facilitate the rate of decomposition.<a href="#cite_note-INRS-35">[35]</a> It oxidises readily in air to form arsenic trioxide and water, and analogous reactions take place with <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood557-34">[34]</a> Arsenic forms colorless, odorless, crystalline <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">As2O3</a> ("<a href="/wiki/White_arsenic" class="mw-redirect" title="White arsenic">white arsenic</a>") and <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentoxide" title="Arsenic pentoxide">As2O5</a> which are <a href="/wiki/Hygroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygroscopic">hygroscopic</a> and readily soluble in water to form acidic solutions. <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_acid" title="Arsenic acid">Arsenic(V) acid</a> is a weak acid and its salts, known as <a href="/wiki/Arsenate" title="Arsenate">arsenates</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood572-36">[36]</a> are a major source of <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_contamination_of_groundwater" title="Arsenic contamination of groundwater">arsenic contamination of groundwater</a> in regions with high levels of naturally-occurring arsenic minerals.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Synthetic arsenates include <a href="/wiki/Scheele%27s_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheele's Green">Scheele's Green</a> (cupric hydrogen arsenate, acidic copper arsenate), <a href="/wiki/Calcium_arsenate" title="Calcium arsenate">calcium arsenate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lead_hydrogen_arsenate" title="Lead hydrogen arsenate">lead hydrogen arsenate</a>. These three have been used as agricultural <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisons</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Protonation" title="Protonation">protonation</a> steps between the arsenate and arsenic acid are similar to those between <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acid</a>. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Phosphorous_acid" title="Phosphorous acid">phosphorous acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenous_acid" title="Arsenous acid">arsenous acid</a> is genuinely tribasic, with the formula As(OH)3.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood572-36">[36]</a> A broad variety of sulfur compounds of arsenic are known. Orpiment (<a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trisulfide" title="Arsenic trisulfide">As2S3</a>) and realgar (<a href="/wiki/Tetraarsenic_tetrasulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraarsenic tetrasulfide">As4S4</a>) are somewhat abundant and were formerly used as painting pigments. In As4S10, arsenic has a formal oxidation state of +2 in As4S4 which features As-As bonds so that the total covalency of As is still 3.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Both orpiment and realgar, as well as As4S3, have selenium analogs; the analogous As2Te3 is known as the mineral <a href="/wiki/Kalgoorlieite" title="Kalgoorlieite">kalgoorlieite</a>,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and the anion As2Te− is known as a ligand in <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> complexes.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood578-40">[40]</a> All trihalides of arsenic(III) are well known except the astatide, which is unknown. <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentafluoride" title="Arsenic pentafluoride">Arsenic pentafluoride</a> (AsF5) is the only important pentahalide, reflecting the lower stability of the +5 oxidation state; even so, it is a very strong fluorinating and oxidizing agent. (The <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentachloride" title="Arsenic pentachloride">pentachloride</a> is stable only below −50 °C, at which temperature it decomposes to the trichloride, releasing chlorine gas.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-23">[23]</a>) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alloys">Alloys</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Alloys">edit</a>]</div> Arsenic is used as the group 5 element in the <a href="/wiki/III-V_semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="III-V semiconductor">III-V semiconductors</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallium_arsenide" title="Gallium arsenide">gallium arsenide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indium_arsenide" title="Indium arsenide">indium arsenide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_arsenide" title="Aluminium arsenide">aluminium arsenide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The valence electron count of GaAs is the same as a pair of Si atoms, but the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_band_structure" title="Electronic band structure">band structure</a> is completely different which results in distinct bulk properties.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Other arsenic alloys include the II-V semiconductor <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_arsenide" title="Cadmium arsenide">cadmium arsenide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organoarsenic_compounds">Organoarsenic compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Organoarsenic compounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organoarsenic_chemistry" title="Organoarsenic chemistry">Organoarsenic chemistry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trimethylarsine-2D.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Trimethylarsine-2D.png/90px-Trimethylarsine-2D.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Trimethylarsine-2D.png/135px-Trimethylarsine-2D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Trimethylarsine-2D.png/180px-Trimethylarsine-2D.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trimethylarsine" title="Trimethylarsine">Trimethylarsine</a></figcaption></figure> A large variety of organoarsenic compounds are known. Several were developed as <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">chemical warfare agents</a> during World War I, including <a href="/wiki/Blister_agent" title="Blister agent">vesicants</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lewisite" title="Lewisite">lewisite</a> and vomiting agents such as <a href="/wiki/Adamsite" title="Adamsite">adamsite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ellison2007-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Girard2010-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Somani2001-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cacodylic_acid" title="Cacodylic acid">Cacodylic acid</a>, which is of historic and practical interest, arises from the <a href="/wiki/Methylation" title="Methylation">methylation</a> of arsenic trioxide, a reaction that has no analogy in phosphorus chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Cacodyl" title="Cacodyl">Cacodyl</a> was the first organometallic compound known (even though arsenic is not a true metal) and was named from the Greek κακωδία "stink" for its offensive, garlic-like odor; it is very toxic.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood584-47">[47]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence_and_production">Occurrence and production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Occurrence and production">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Arsenide_minerals" title="Category:Arsenide minerals">Arsenide minerals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Arsenate_minerals" title="Category:Arsenate minerals">Arsenate minerals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Native_arsenic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Native_arsenic.jpg/200px-Native_arsenic.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Native_arsenic.jpg/300px-Native_arsenic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Native_arsenic.jpg/400px-Native_arsenic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>A large sample of native arsenic from <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines" title="Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines">Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines</a>, France</figcaption></figure> Arsenic is the 53rd most abundant element in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a>, comprising about 1.5 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">parts per million</a> (0.00015%).<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Typical background concentrations of arsenic do not exceed 3 ng/m3 in the atmosphere; 100 mg/kg in soil; 400 μg/kg in vegetation; 10 μg/L in freshwater and 1.5 μg/L in seawater.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Arsenic is the 22nd most abundant element in seawater<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> and ranks 41st in abundance in the universe.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] Minerals with the formula MAsS and MAs2 (M = <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a>) are the dominant commercial sources of arsenic, together with <a href="/wiki/Realgar" title="Realgar">realgar</a> (an arsenic sulfide mineral) and native (elemental) arsenic. An illustrative mineral is <a href="/wiki/Arsenopyrite" title="Arsenopyrite">arsenopyrite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a>As<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a>), which is structurally related to <a href="/wiki/Iron_pyrite" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron pyrite">iron pyrite</a>. Many minor As-containing minerals are known. Arsenic also occurs in various organic forms in the environment.<a href="#cite_note-geosphere-52">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Arsenic_Production_2006.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/World_Arsenic_Production_2006.svg/250px-World_Arsenic_Production_2006.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/World_Arsenic_Production_2006.svg/375px-World_Arsenic_Production_2006.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/World_Arsenic_Production_2006.svg/500px-World_Arsenic_Production_2006.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Arsenic output in 2006<a href="#cite_note-USGSCS2006-53">[53]</a></figcaption></figure> In 2014, China was the top producer of white arsenic with almost 70% world share, followed by Morocco, Russia, and Belgium, according to the <a href="/wiki/British_Geological_Survey" title="British Geological Survey">British Geological Survey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGSCS2016-54">[54]</a> Most arsenic refinement operations in the US and Europe have closed over environmental concerns. Arsenic is found in the smelter dust from copper, gold, and lead smelters, and is recovered primarily from copper refinement dust.<a href="#cite_note-USGSYB2007-55">[55]</a> On <a href="/wiki/Roasting_(metallurgy)" title="Roasting (metallurgy)">roasting</a> arsenopyrite in air, arsenic sublimes as arsenic(III) oxide leaving iron oxides,<a href="#cite_note-geosphere-52">[52]</a> while roasting without air results in the production of gray arsenic. Further purification from sulfur and other chalcogens is achieved by <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimation</a> in vacuum, in a hydrogen atmosphere, or by distillation from molten lead-arsenic mixture.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Country</th> <th>2014 <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">As2O3</a> Production<a href="#cite_note-USGSCS2016-54">[54]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>25,000 T </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td> <td>8,800 T </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>1,500 T </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>1,000 T </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></td> <td>52 T </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>45 T </td></tr> <tr> <td>—</td> <td>World Total (rounded)</td> <td>36,400 T </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mineraly.sk_-_realgar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mineraly.sk_-_realgar.jpg/220px-Mineraly.sk_-_realgar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mineraly.sk_-_realgar.jpg/330px-Mineraly.sk_-_realgar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Mineraly.sk_-_realgar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Realgar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arsenic_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Arsenic_symbol.svg/80px-Arsenic_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Arsenic_symbol.svg/120px-Arsenic_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Arsenic_symbol.svg/160px-Arsenic_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alchemical_symbol" title="Alchemical symbol">Alchemical symbol</a> for arsenic</figcaption></figure> The word arsenic has its origin in the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> word ܙܪܢܝܟܐ zarnika,<a href="#cite_note-etymonline.com-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-oed_|arsenic-58">[58]</a> from Arabic al-zarnīḵ الزرنيخ 'the <a href="/wiki/Orpiment" title="Orpiment">orpiment</a>', based on <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> zar ("gold") from the word زرنيخ zarnikh, meaning "yellow" (literally "gold-colored") and hence "(yellow) orpiment". It was adopted into <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (using <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a>) as arsenikon (ἀρσενικόν) – a neuter form of the Greek adjective arsenikos (ἀρσενικός), meaning "male", "virile". <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>-speakers adopted the Greek term as arsenicum, which in French ultimately became arsenic, whence the English word "arsenic".<a href="#cite_note-oed_|arsenic-58">[58]</a> Arsenic sulfides (orpiment, <a href="/wiki/Realgar" title="Realgar">realgar</a>) and oxides have been known and used since ancient times.<a href="#cite_note-Curiosa-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zosimos_of_Panopolis" title="Zosimos of Panopolis">Zosimos</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 AD) describes roasting sandarach (realgar) to obtain cloud of arsenic (<a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">arsenic trioxide</a>), which he then <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduces</a> to gray arsenic.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> As the symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">arsenic poisoning</a> are not very specific, the substance was frequently used for murder until the advent in the 1830s of the <a href="/wiki/Marsh_test" title="Marsh test">Marsh test</a>, a sensitive chemical test for its presence. (Another less sensitive but more general test is the <a href="/wiki/Reinsch_test" title="Reinsch test">Reinsch test</a>.) Owing to its use by the ruling class to murder one another and its potency and discreetness, arsenic has been called the "poison of kings" and the "king of poisons".<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Arsenic became known as "the inheritance powder" due to its use in killing family members in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance era">Renaissance era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Arsenic_Labyrinth_at_Botallack_Mine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_490315.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Arsenic_Labyrinth_at_Botallack_Mine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_490315.jpg/220px-The_Arsenic_Labyrinth_at_Botallack_Mine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_490315.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Arsenic_Labyrinth_at_Botallack_Mine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_490315.jpg/330px-The_Arsenic_Labyrinth_at_Botallack_Mine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_490315.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Arsenic_Labyrinth_at_Botallack_Mine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_490315.jpg/440px-The_Arsenic_Labyrinth_at_Botallack_Mine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_490315.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>The arsenic labyrinth, part of <a href="/wiki/Botallack_Mine" title="Botallack Mine">Botallack Mine</a>, Cornwall</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, arsenic was melted with copper to make <a href="/wiki/Arsenical_bronze" title="Arsenical bronze">arsenical bronze</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir ibn Hayyan</a> described the isolation of arsenic before 815 AD.<a href="#cite_note-Sarton-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a> (Albert the Great, 1193–1280) later isolated the element from a compound in 1250, by heating soap together with <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trisulfide" title="Arsenic trisulfide">arsenic trisulfide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BuildingBlocks451-3-67">[67]</a> In 1649, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Schr%C3%B6der_(physician)" title="Johann Schröder (physician)">Johann Schröder</a> published two ways of preparing arsenic.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Crystals of elemental (native) arsenic are found in nature, although rarely. <a href="/wiki/Cadet%27s_fuming_liquid" title="Cadet's fuming liquid">Cadet's fuming liquid</a> (impure <a href="/wiki/Cacodyl" title="Cacodyl">cacodyl</a>), often claimed as the first synthetic <a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">organometallic compound</a>, was synthesized in 1760 by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Claude_Cadet_de_Gassicourt" title="Louis Claude Cadet de Gassicourt">Louis Claude Cadet de Gassicourt</a> through the reaction of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_acetate" title="Potassium acetate">potassium acetate</a> with <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">arsenic trioxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_chemist_gives_a_demonstration_involving_arsenic_Wellcome_V0011761.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/A_chemist_gives_a_demonstration_involving_arsenic_Wellcome_V0011761.jpg/220px-A_chemist_gives_a_demonstration_involving_arsenic_Wellcome_V0011761.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/A_chemist_gives_a_demonstration_involving_arsenic_Wellcome_V0011761.jpg/330px-A_chemist_gives_a_demonstration_involving_arsenic_Wellcome_V0011761.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/A_chemist_gives_a_demonstration_involving_arsenic_Wellcome_V0011761.jpg/440px-A_chemist_gives_a_demonstration_involving_arsenic_Wellcome_V0011761.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2377" data-file-height="3099" /></a><figcaption>Satirical cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier" title="Honoré Daumier">Honoré Daumier</a> of a chemist giving a public demonstration of arsenic, 1841</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, women would eat "arsenic" ("<a href="/wiki/White_arsenic" class="mw-redirect" title="White arsenic">white arsenic</a>" or arsenic trioxide) mixed with vinegar and <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> to improve the <a href="/wiki/Complexion" title="Complexion">complexion</a> of their faces, making their skin paler (to show they did not work in the fields).<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The accidental use of arsenic in the adulteration of foodstuffs led to the <a href="/wiki/1858_Bradford_sweets_poisoning" title="1858 Bradford sweets poisoning">Bradford sweet poisoning</a> in 1858, which resulted in 21 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-Food-71">[71]</a> From the late-18th century wallpaper production began to use dyes made from arsenic,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> which was thought to increase the pigment's brightness.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> One account of the illness and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon#Death" title="Napoleon">1821 death</a> of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> implicates arsenic poisoning involving wallpaper.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Two arsenic pigments have been widely used since their discovery – <a href="/wiki/Paris_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Green">Paris Green</a> in 1814 and <a href="/wiki/Scheele%27s_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheele's Green">Scheele's Green</a> in 1775. After the toxicity of arsenic became widely known, these chemicals were used less often as pigments and more often as insecticides. In the 1860s, an arsenic byproduct of dye production, London Purple, was widely used. This was a solid mixture of arsenic trioxide, aniline, lime, and ferrous oxide, insoluble in water and very toxic by inhalation or ingestion<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> But it was later replaced with <a href="/wiki/Paris_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Green">Paris Green</a>, another arsenic-based dye.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> With better understanding of the toxicology mechanism, two other compounds were used starting in the 1890s.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Calcium_arsenate" title="Calcium arsenate">Arsenite of lime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arsenate_of_lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenate of lead">arsenate of lead</a> were used widely as insecticides until the discovery of <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> in 1942.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In small doses, soluble arsenic compounds act as <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulants</a>, and were once popular as medicine by people in the mid-18th to 19th centuries;<a href="#cite_note-Holl-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> this use was especially prevalent for sport animals such as <a href="/wiki/Race_horses" class="mw-redirect" title="Race horses">race horses</a> or <a href="/wiki/Work_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Work dog">work dogs</a> and continued into the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> A 2006 study of the remains of the Australian racehorse <a href="/wiki/Phar_Lap" title="Phar Lap">Phar Lap</a> determined that its 1932 death was caused by a massive overdose of arsenic. Sydney veterinarian Percy Sykes stated, "In those days, arsenic was quite a common tonic, usually given in the form of a solution (<a href="/wiki/Fowler%27s_Solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fowler's Solution">Fowler's Solution</a>) ... It was so common that I'd reckon 90 per cent of the horses had arsenic in their system."<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural">Agricultural</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Agricultural">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roxarsone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Roxarsone.png/220px-Roxarsone.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Roxarsone.png/330px-Roxarsone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Roxarsone.png/440px-Roxarsone.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1468" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roxarsone" title="Roxarsone">Roxarsone</a> is a controversial arsenic compound used as a feed ingredient for chickens.</figcaption></figure> The toxicity of arsenic to insects, bacteria, and fungi led to its use as a <a href="/wiki/Wood_preservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood preservative">wood preservative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In the 1930s, a process of treating wood with <a href="/wiki/Chromated_copper_arsenate" title="Chromated copper arsenate">chromated copper arsenate</a> (also known as CCA or <a href="/wiki/Tanalith" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanalith">Tanalith</a>) was invented, and for decades, this treatment was the most extensive industrial use of arsenic. An increased appreciation of the toxicity of arsenic led to a ban of CCA in consumer products in 2004, initiated by the European Union and United States.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-round-87">[87]</a> However, CCA remains in heavy use in other countries (such as on Malaysian rubber plantations).<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-15">[15]</a> Arsenic was also used in various agricultural insecticides and poisons. For example, <a href="/wiki/Lead_hydrogen_arsenate" title="Lead hydrogen arsenate">lead hydrogen arsenate</a> was a common insecticide on <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree" title="Fruit tree">fruit trees</a>,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> but contact with the compound sometimes resulted in brain damage among those working the sprayers. In the second half of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Monosodium_methyl_arsenate" class="mw-redirect" title="Monosodium methyl arsenate">monosodium methyl arsenate</a> (MSMA) and <a href="/wiki/Disodium_methyl_arsenate" class="mw-redirect" title="Disodium methyl arsenate">disodium methyl arsenate</a> (DSMA) – less toxic organic forms of arsenic – replaced lead arsenate in agriculture. These organic arsenicals were in turn phased out in the United States by 2013 in all agricultural activities except cotton farming.<a href="#cite_note-Federal_Register-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The biogeochemistry of arsenic is complex and includes various adsorption and desorption processes. The toxicity of arsenic is connected to its solubility and is affected by pH. Arsenite (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">AsO3−3) is more soluble than arsenate (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">AsO3−4) and is more toxic; however, at a lower pH, arsenate becomes more mobile and toxic. It was found that addition of sulfur, phosphorus, and iron oxides to high-arsenite soils greatly reduces arsenic phytotoxicity.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Arsenic is used as a feed additive in <a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">poultry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">swine production</a>, in particular it was used in the U.S. until 2015 to increase weight gain, improve <a href="/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" title="Feed conversion ratio">feed efficiency</a>, and prevent disease.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> An example is <a href="/wiki/Roxarsone" title="Roxarsone">roxarsone</a>, which had been used as a <a href="/wiki/Broiler" title="Broiler">broiler</a> starter by about 70% of U.S. broiler growers.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In 2011, Alpharma, a subsidiary of Pfizer Inc., which produces roxarsone, voluntarily suspended sales of the drug in response to studies showing elevated levels of inorganic arsenic, a carcinogen, in treated chickens.<a href="#cite_note-FDAQ&A-95">[95]</a> A successor to Alpharma, <a href="/wiki/Zoetis" title="Zoetis">Zoetis</a>, continued to sell <a href="/wiki/Nitarsone" title="Nitarsone">nitarsone</a> until 2015, primarily for use in turkeys.<a href="#cite_note-FDAQ&A-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_use">Medical use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Medical use">edit</a>]</div> During the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, a number of arsenic compounds were used as medicines, including <a href="/wiki/Arsphenamine" title="Arsphenamine">arsphenamine</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">arsenic trioxide</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fowler_(inventor)" title="Thomas Fowler (inventor)">Thomas Fowler</a>), for treating diseases such as cancer or <a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">psoriasis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ITOM-96">[96]</a> Arsphenamine, as well as <a href="/wiki/Neosalvarsan" title="Neosalvarsan">neosalvarsan</a>, was indicated for <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>, but has been superseded by modern <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a>. However, arsenicals such as <a href="/wiki/Melarsoprol" title="Melarsoprol">melarsoprol</a> are still used for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Trypanosomiasis" title="Trypanosomiasis">trypanosomiasis</a> in spite of their severe toxicity, since the disease is almost uniformly fatal if untreated.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In 2000 the US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> approved arsenic trioxide for the treatment of patients with <a href="/wiki/Acute_promyelocytic_leukemia" title="Acute promyelocytic leukemia">acute promyelocytic leukemia</a> that is resistant to <a href="/wiki/All-trans_retinoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="All-trans retinoic acid">all-trans retinoic acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> A 2008 paper reports success in locating tumors using arsenic-74 (a positron emitter). This isotope produces clearer <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">PET scan</a> images than the previous radioactive agent, <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a>-124, because the body tends to transport iodine to the thyroid gland producing signal noise.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">Nanoparticles</a> of arsenic have shown ability to kill cancer cells with lesser <a href="/wiki/Cytotoxicity" title="Cytotoxicity">cytotoxicity</a> than other arsenic formulations.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alloys_2">Alloys</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Alloys">edit</a>]</div> The main use of arsenic is in alloying with lead. Lead components in <a href="/wiki/Automotive_battery" title="Automotive battery">car batteries</a> are strengthened by the presence of a very small percentage of arsenic.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Selective_leaching" title="Selective leaching">Dezincification</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> (a copper-zinc alloy) is greatly reduced by the addition of arsenic.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> "Phosphorus Deoxidized Arsenical Copper" with an arsenic content of 0.3% has an increased corrosion stability in certain environments.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallium_arsenide" title="Gallium arsenide">Gallium arsenide</a> is an important <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> material, used in <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a>. Circuits made from GaAs are much faster (but also much more expensive) than those made from <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>. Unlike silicon, GaAs has a <a href="/wiki/Direct_bandgap" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct bandgap">direct bandgap</a>, and can be used in <a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">laser diodes</a> and <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LEDs</a> to convert electrical energy directly into light.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the United States built a stockpile of 20,000 tons of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">weaponized</a> <a href="/wiki/Lewisite" title="Lewisite">lewisite</a> (ClCH=CHAsCl2), an <a href="/wiki/Organoarsenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Organoarsenic">organoarsenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Vesicant" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesicant">vesicant</a> (blister agent) and <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</a> irritant. The stockpile was neutralized with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">bleach</a> and dumped into the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the United States used <a href="/wiki/Agent_Blue" title="Agent Blue">Agent Blue</a>, a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_cacodylate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium cacodylate">sodium cacodylate</a> and its acid form, as one of the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_herbicides" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow herbicides">rainbow herbicides</a> to deprive North Vietnamese soldiers of foliage cover and rice.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other uses">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Copper acetoarsenite was used as a green <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> known under many names, including <a href="/wiki/Paris_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Green">Paris Green</a> and Emerald Green. It caused numerous <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">arsenic poisonings</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scheele%27s_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheele's Green">Scheele's Green</a>, a copper arsenate, was used in the 19th century as a <a href="/wiki/Food_dye" class="mw-redirect" title="Food dye">coloring agent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sweets" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweets">sweets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></li> <li>Arsenic is used in <a href="/wiki/Bronzing" title="Bronzing">bronzing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></li> <li>As much as 2% of produced arsenic is used in lead alloys for <a href="/wiki/Lead_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead shot">lead shot</a> and bullets.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li> <li>Arsenic is added in small quantities to alpha-brass to make it <a href="/wiki/Selective_leaching" title="Selective leaching">dezincification-resistant</a>. This grade of brass is used in plumbing fittings and other wet environments.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></li> <li>Arsenic is also used for <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy" title="Taxonomy">taxonomic</a> sample preservation. It was also used in embalming fluids historically.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></li> <li>Arsenic was used in the <a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">taxidermy</a> process up until the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></li> <li>Arsenic was used as an opacifier in ceramics, creating white glazes.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></li> <li>Until recently, arsenic was used in optical glass. Modern glass manufacturers have ceased using both arsenic and lead.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_role">Biological role</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Biological role">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_biochemistry" title="Arsenic biochemistry">Arsenic biochemistry</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bacteria">Bacteria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bacteria">edit</a>]</div> Some species of bacteria obtain their energy in the absence of oxygen by <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidizing</a> various fuels while <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reducing</a> arsenate to arsenite. Under oxidative environmental conditions some bacteria use arsenite as fuel, which they oxidize to arsenate.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> involved are known as <a href="/wiki/Arsenate_reductase_(glutaredoxin)" title="Arsenate reductase (glutaredoxin)">arsenate reductases</a> (Arr).<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In 2008, bacteria were discovered that employ a version of <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> in the absence of oxygen with arsenites as <a href="/wiki/Electron_donor" title="Electron donor">electron donors</a>, producing arsenates (just as ordinary photosynthesis uses water as electron donor, producing molecular oxygen). Researchers conjecture that, over the course of history, these photosynthesizing organisms produced the arsenates that allowed the arsenate-reducing bacteria to thrive. One <a href="/wiki/Strain_(biology)" title="Strain (biology)">strain</a>, PHS-1, has been isolated and is related to the <a href="/wiki/Gammaproteobacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gammaproteobacterium">gammaproteobacterium</a> <a href="/wiki/Ectothiorhodospira_shaposhnikovii" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii">Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii</a>. The mechanism is unknown, but an encoded Arr enzyme may function in reverse to its known <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In 2011, it was postulated that the <a href="/wiki/Halomonadaceae" title="Halomonadaceae">Halomonadaceae</a> strain <a href="/wiki/GFAJ-1" title="GFAJ-1">GFAJ-1</a> could be grown in the absence of phosphorus if that element were substituted with arsenic,<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> exploiting the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Arsenate" title="Arsenate">arsenate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> anions are similar structurally. The study was widely criticised and subsequently refuted by independent researcher groups.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_role_in_higher_animals">Potential role in higher animals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Potential role in higher animals">edit</a>]</div> Arsenic may be an essential trace mineral in birds, involved in the synthesis of methionine metabolites.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> However, the role of arsenic in bird nutrition is disputed, as other authors state that arsenic is toxic in small amounts.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Some evidence indicates that arsenic is an essential trace mineral in mammals.<a href="#cite_note-ANut-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-UEssent-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heredity">Heredity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Heredity">edit</a>]</div> Arsenic has been linked to <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">epigenetic changes</a>, heritable changes in gene expression that occur without changes in <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence">DNA sequence</a>. These include DNA methylation, histone modification, and <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> interference. Toxic levels of arsenic cause significant DNA hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes <a href="/wiki/P16_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="P16 (gene)">p16</a> and <a href="/wiki/P53" title="P53">p53</a>, thus increasing risk of <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenesis" title="Carcinogenesis">carcinogenesis</a>. These epigenetic events have been studied in vitro using human <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a> cells and in vivo using rat <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> cells and peripheral blood <a href="/wiki/Leukocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukocytes">leukocytes</a> in humans.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry" title="Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry">Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry</a> (ICP-MS) is used to detect precise levels of intracellular arsenic and other arsenic bases involved in epigenetic modification of DNA.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Studies investigating arsenic as an epigenetic factor can be used to develop precise biomarkers of exposure and susceptibility. The Chinese brake fern (<a href="/wiki/Pteris_vittata" title="Pteris vittata">Pteris vittata</a>) hyperaccumulates arsenic from the soil into its leaves and has a proposed use in <a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">phytoremediation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biomethylation">Biomethylation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Biomethylation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArsenobetainePIC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/ArsenobetainePIC.svg/220px-ArsenobetainePIC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/ArsenobetainePIC.svg/330px-ArsenobetainePIC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/ArsenobetainePIC.svg/440px-ArsenobetainePIC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="78" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arsenobetaine" title="Arsenobetaine">Arsenobetaine</a></figcaption></figure> Inorganic arsenic and its compounds, upon entering the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a>, are progressively metabolized through a process of <a href="/wiki/Methylation" title="Methylation">methylation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Biomethylation-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> For example, the mold <a href="/wiki/Scopulariopsis_brevicaulis" class="mw-redirect" title="Scopulariopsis brevicaulis">Scopulariopsis brevicaulis</a> produces <a href="/wiki/Trimethylarsine" title="Trimethylarsine">trimethylarsine</a> if inorganic arsenic is present.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The organic compound <a href="/wiki/Arsenobetaine" title="Arsenobetaine">arsenobetaine</a> is found in some marine foods such as fish and algae, and also in mushrooms in larger concentrations. The average person's intake is about 10–50 μg/day. Values about 1000 μg are not unusual following consumption of fish or mushrooms, but there is little danger in eating fish because this arsenic compound is nearly non-toxic.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Environmental issues">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exposure">Exposure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Exposure">edit</a>]</div> Naturally occurring sources of human exposure include <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a>, weathering of minerals and ores, and mineralized groundwater. Arsenic is also found in food, water, soil, and air.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Arsenic is absorbed by all plants, but is more concentrated in leafy vegetables, rice, apple and grape juice, and seafood.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> An additional route of exposure is inhalation of atmospheric gases and dusts.<a href="#cite_note-atsdr.cdc.gov-134">[134]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, arsenic was widely used in home decor, especially wallpapers.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In Europe, an analysis based on 20,000 soil samples across all 28 countries show that 98% of sampled soils have concentrations less than 20 mg kg-1. In addition, the As hotspots are related to frequent fertilization and close distance to mining activities.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occurrence_in_drinking_water">Occurrence in drinking water</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Occurrence in drinking water">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_contamination_of_groundwater" title="Arsenic contamination of groundwater">Arsenic contamination of groundwater</a></div> Extensive arsenic contamination of groundwater has led to widespread <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">arsenic poisoning</a> in <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Bangladesh" title="Water supply and sanitation in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> and neighboring countries. It is estimated that approximately 57 million people in the Bengal basin are drinking <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> with arsenic concentrations elevated above the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>'s standard of 10 <a href="/wiki/Concentration#"Parts-per"_notation" title="Concentration">parts per billion</a> (ppb).<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> However, a study of cancer rates in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> suggested that significant increases in cancer mortality appear only at levels above 150 ppb. The arsenic in the groundwater is of natural origin, and is released from the sediment into the groundwater, caused by the <a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">anoxic conditions</a> of the subsurface. This groundwater was used after local and western <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</a> and the Bangladeshi government undertook a massive shallow tube <a href="/wiki/Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">well</a> drinking-water program in the late twentieth century. This program was designed to prevent drinking of bacteria-contaminated surface waters, but failed to test for arsenic in the groundwater. Many other countries and districts in Southeast Asia, such as <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, have geological environments that produce groundwater with a high arsenic content. <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning#Arsenicosis:_chronic_arsenic_poisoning_from_drinking_water" title="Arsenic poisoning">Arsenicosis</a> was reported in <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a>, Thailand, in 1987, and the <a href="/wiki/Chao_Phraya_River" title="Chao Phraya River">Chao Phraya River</a> probably contains high levels of naturally occurring dissolved arsenic without being a public health problem because much of the public uses <a href="/wiki/Bottled_water" title="Bottled water">bottled water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In Pakistan, more than 60 million people are exposed to arsenic polluted drinking water indicated by a 2017 report in <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. Podgorski's team investigated more than 1200 samples and more than 66% exceeded the WHO minimum contamination level.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Since the 1980s, residents of the Ba Men region of Inner Mongolia, China have been chronically exposed to arsenic through drinking water from contaminated wells.<a href="#cite_note-Well_Water_Arsenic_Exposure,_Arsenic_Induced_Skin-Lesions_and_Self-Reported_Morbidity_in_Inner_Mongolia-142">[142]</a> A 2009 research study observed an elevated presence of skin lesions among residents with well water arsenic concentrations between 5 and 10 μg/L, suggesting that arsenic induced toxicity may occur at relatively low concentrations with chronic exposure.<a href="#cite_note-Well_Water_Arsenic_Exposure,_Arsenic_Induced_Skin-Lesions_and_Self-Reported_Morbidity_in_Inner_Mongolia-142">[142]</a> Overall, 20 of China's 34 provinces have high arsenic concentrations in the groundwater supply, potentially exposing 19 million people to hazardous drinking water.<a href="#cite_note-Lall-143">[143]</a> A study by <a href="/wiki/IIT_Kharagpur" title="IIT Kharagpur">IIT Kharagpur</a> found high levels of Arsenic in groundwater of 20% of India's land, exposing more than 250 million people. States such as <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, Bihar, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, Assam, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, Uttar Pradesh, and <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> have highest land area exposed to arsenic.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In the United States, arsenic is most commonly found in the ground waters of the southwest.<a href="#cite_note-test-145">[145]</a> Parts of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> and the Dakotas are also known to have significant concentrations of arsenic in ground water.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Increased levels of skin cancer have been associated with arsenic exposure in Wisconsin, even at levels below the 10 ppb drinking water standard.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> According to a recent film funded by the US <a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a>, millions of private wells have unknown arsenic levels, and in some areas of the US, more than 20% of the wells may contain levels that exceed established limits.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Low-level exposure to arsenic at concentrations of 100 ppb (i.e., above the 10 ppb drinking water standard) compromises the initial immune response to <a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H1N1" title="Influenza A virus subtype H1N1">H1N1 or swine flu</a> infection according to NIEHS-supported scientists. The study, conducted in laboratory mice, suggests that people exposed to arsenic in their drinking water may be at increased risk for more serious illness or death from the virus.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Some Canadians are drinking water that contains inorganic arsenic. Private-dug–well waters are most at risk for containing inorganic arsenic. Preliminary well water analysis typically does not test for arsenic. Researchers at the Geological Survey of Canada have modeled relative variation in natural arsenic hazard potential for the province of New Brunswick. This study has important implications for potable water and health concerns relating to inorganic arsenic.<a href="#cite_note-GSC-2009-150">[150]</a> Epidemiological evidence from Chile shows a dose-dependent connection between chronic arsenic exposure and various forms of cancer, in particular when other risk factors, such as cigarette smoking, are present. These effects have been demonstrated at contaminations less than 50 ppb.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Arsenic is itself a constituent of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoke" title="Tobacco smoke">tobacco smoke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TalhoutSchulz2011-152">[152]</a> Analyzing multiple epidemiological studies on inorganic arsenic exposure suggests a small but measurable increase in risk for bladder cancer at 10 ppb.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> According to Peter Ravenscroft of the Department of Geography at the University of Cambridge,<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> roughly 80 million people worldwide consume between 10 and 50 ppb arsenic in their drinking water. If they all consumed exactly 10 ppb arsenic in their drinking water, the previously cited multiple epidemiological study analysis would predict an additional 2,000 cases of bladder cancer alone. This represents a clear underestimate of the overall impact, since it does not include lung or skin cancer, and explicitly underestimates the exposure. Those exposed to levels of arsenic above the current WHO standard should weigh the costs and benefits of arsenic remediation. Early (1973) evaluations of the processes for removing dissolved arsenic from drinking water demonstrated the efficacy of co-precipitation with either iron or aluminium oxides. In particular, iron as a coagulant was found to remove arsenic with an efficacy exceeding 90%.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Several adsorptive media systems have been approved for use at point-of-service in a study funded by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (US EPA) and the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> (NSF). A team of European and Indian scientists and engineers have set up six arsenic treatment plants in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> based on in-situ remediation method (SAR Technology). This technology does not use any chemicals and arsenic is left in an insoluble form (+5 state) in the subterranean zone by recharging aerated water into the aquifer and developing an oxidation zone that supports arsenic oxidizing micro-organisms. This process does not produce any waste stream or sludge and is relatively cheap.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Another effective and inexpensive method to avoid arsenic contamination is to sink wells 500 feet or deeper to reach purer waters. A recent 2011 study funded by the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences' Superfund Research Program shows that deep sediments can remove arsenic and take it out of circulation. In this process, called adsorption, arsenic sticks to the surfaces of deep sediment particles and is naturally removed from the ground water.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Magnetic separations of arsenic at very low magnetic field <a href="/wiki/Gradient" title="Gradient">gradients</a> with high-surface-area and <a href="/wiki/Monodisperse" class="mw-redirect" title="Monodisperse">monodisperse</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a> (Fe3O4) nanocrystals have been demonstrated in point-of-use water purification. Using the high specific surface area of Fe3O4 nanocrystals, the mass of waste associated with arsenic removal from water has been dramatically reduced.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Epidemiological studies have suggested a correlation between chronic consumption of drinking water contaminated with arsenic and the incidence of all leading causes of mortality.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> The literature indicates that arsenic exposure is causative in the pathogenesis of diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Chaff-based filters have recently been shown to reduce the arsenic content of water to 3 μg/L. This may find applications in areas where the potable water is extracted from underground <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="San_Pedro_de_Atacama">San Pedro de Atacama</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: San Pedro de Atacama">edit</a>]</div> For several centuries, the people of <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro_de_Atacama" title="San Pedro de Atacama">San Pedro de Atacama</a> in Chile have been drinking water that is contaminated with arsenic, and some evidence suggests they have developed some immunity.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hazard_maps_for_contaminated_groundwater">Hazard maps for contaminated groundwater</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Hazard maps for contaminated groundwater">edit</a>]</div> Around one-third of the world's population drinks water from groundwater resources. Of this, about 10 percent, approximately 300 million people, obtains water from groundwater resources that are contaminated with unhealthy levels of arsenic or fluoride.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> These trace elements derive mainly from minerals and ions in the ground.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Redox_transformation_of_arsenic_in_natural_waters">Redox transformation of arsenic in natural waters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Redox transformation of arsenic in natural waters">edit</a>]</div> Arsenic is unique among the trace <a href="/wiki/Metalloids" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalloids">metalloids</a> and oxyanion-forming trace metals (e.g. As, Se, Sb, Mo, V, Cr, U, Re). It is sensitive to mobilization at pH values typical of natural waters (pH 6.5–8.5) under both oxidizing and reducing conditions. Arsenic can occur in the environment in several oxidation states (−3, 0, +3 and +5), but in natural waters it is mostly found in inorganic forms as oxyanions of trivalent arsenite [As(III)] or pentavalent arsenate [As(V)]. Organic forms of arsenic are produced by biological activity, mostly in surface waters, but are rarely quantitatively important. Organic arsenic compounds may, however, occur where waters are significantly impacted by industrial pollution.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Arsenic may be solubilized by various processes. When pH is high, arsenic may be released from surface binding sites that lose their positive charge. When water level drops and <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfide</a> minerals are exposed to air, arsenic trapped in sulfide minerals can be released into water. When organic carbon is present in water, bacteria are fed by directly reducing As(V) to As(III) or by reducing the element at the binding site, releasing inorganic arsenic.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> The aquatic transformations of arsenic are affected by pH, reduction-oxidation potential, organic matter concentration and the concentrations and forms of other elements, especially iron and manganese. The main factors are pH and the redox potential. Generally, the main forms of arsenic under oxic conditions are <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H3AsO4, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2AsO−4, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">HAsO2−4, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">AsO3−4 at pH 2, 2–7, 7–11 and 11, respectively. Under reducing conditions, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H3AsO4 is predominant at pH 2–9. Oxidation and reduction affects the migration of arsenic in subsurface environments. Arsenite is the most stable soluble form of arsenic in reducing environments and arsenate, which is less mobile than arsenite, is dominant in oxidizing environments at neutral <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>. Therefore, arsenic may be more mobile under reducing conditions. The reducing environment is also rich in organic matter which may enhance the solubility of arsenic compounds. As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorption</a> of arsenic is reduced and dissolved arsenic accumulates in groundwater. That is why the arsenic content is higher in reducing environments than in oxidizing environments.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> The presence of sulfur is another factor that affects the transformation of arsenic in natural water. Arsenic can <a href="/wiki/Precipitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitate">precipitate</a> when metal sulfides form. In this way, arsenic is removed from the water and its mobility decreases. When oxygen is present, bacteria oxidize reduced sulfur to generate energy, potentially releasing bound arsenic. Redox reactions involving Fe also appear to be essential factors in the fate of arsenic in aquatic systems. The reduction of iron oxyhydroxides plays a key role in the release of arsenic to water. So arsenic can be enriched in water with elevated Fe concentrations.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Under oxidizing conditions, arsenic can be mobilized from <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a> or iron oxides especially at elevated pH. Under reducing conditions, arsenic can be mobilized by reductive desorption or dissolution when associated with iron oxides. The reductive desorption occurs under two circumstances. One is when arsenate is reduced to arsenite which adsorbs to iron oxides less strongly. The other results from a change in the charge on the mineral surface which leads to the desorption of bound arsenic.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Some species of bacteria catalyze redox transformations of arsenic. Dissimilatory arsenate-respiring prokaryotes (DARP) speed up the reduction of As(V) to As(III). DARP use As(V) as the electron acceptor of anaerobic respiration and obtain energy to survive. Other organic and inorganic substances can be oxidized in this process. <a href="/wiki/Chemoautotrophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemoautotrophic">Chemoautotrophic</a> arsenite oxidizers (CAO) and <a href="/wiki/Heterotrophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterotrophic">heterotrophic</a> arsenite oxidizers (HAO) convert As(III) into As(V). CAO combine the oxidation of As(III) with the reduction of oxygen or nitrate. They use obtained energy to fix produce organic carbon from CO2. HAO cannot obtain energy from As(III) oxidation. This process may be an arsenic <a href="/wiki/Detoxification" title="Detoxification">detoxification</a> mechanism for the bacteria.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Equilibrium thermodynamic calculations predict that As(V) concentrations should be greater than As(III) concentrations in all but strongly reducing conditions, i.e. where <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> reduction is occurring. However, abiotic redox reactions of arsenic are slow. Oxidation of As(III) by dissolved O2 is a particularly slow reaction. For example, Johnson and Pilson (1975) gave <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-lives</a> for the oxygenation of As(III) in seawater ranging from several months to a year.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> In other studies, As(V)/As(III) ratios were stable over periods of days or weeks during water sampling when no particular care was taken to prevent oxidation, again suggesting relatively slow oxidation rates. Cherry found from experimental studies that the As(V)/As(III) ratios were stable in anoxic solutions for up to 3 weeks but that gradual changes occurred over longer timescales.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Sterile water samples have been observed to be less susceptible to speciation changes than non-sterile samples.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Oremland found that the reduction of As(V) to As(III) in Mono Lake was rapidly catalyzed by bacteria with rate constants ranging from 0.02 to 0.3-day−1.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wood_preservation_in_the_US">Wood preservation in the US</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Wood preservation in the US">edit</a>]</div> As of 2002, US-based industries consumed 19,600 metric tons of arsenic. Ninety percent of this was used for treatment of wood with <a href="/wiki/Chromated_copper_arsenate" title="Chromated copper arsenate">chromated copper arsenate</a> (CCA). In 2007, 50% of the 5,280 metric tons of consumption was still used for this purpose.<a href="#cite_note-USGSYB2007-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> In the United States, the voluntary phasing-out of arsenic in production of consumer products and residential and general consumer construction products began on 31 December 2003, and alternative chemicals are now used, such as <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_Copper_Quaternary" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline Copper Quaternary">Alkaline Copper Quaternary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borate" title="Borate">borates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation#Copper_azole" title="Wood preservation">copper azole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyproconazole" title="Cyproconazole">cyproconazole</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Propiconazole" title="Propiconazole">propiconazole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Although discontinued, this application is also one of the most concerning to the general public. The vast majority of older <a href="/wiki/Timber_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber treatment">pressure-treated</a> wood was treated with CCA. CCA lumber is still in widespread use in many countries, and was heavily used during the latter half of the 20th century as a structural and outdoor <a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">building material</a>. Although the use of CCA lumber was banned in many areas after studies showed that arsenic could leach out of the wood into the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> (from playground equipment, for instance), a risk is also presented by the burning of older CCA timber. The direct or indirect ingestion of wood ash from burnt CCA lumber has caused fatalities in animals and serious poisonings in humans; the lethal human dose is approximately 20 grams of ash.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Scrap CCA lumber from construction and demolition sites may be inadvertently used in commercial and domestic fires. Protocols for safe disposal of CCA lumber are not consistent throughout the world. Widespread <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfill</a> disposal of such timber raises some concern,<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> but other studies have shown no arsenic contamination in the groundwater.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mapping_of_industrial_releases_in_the_US">Mapping of industrial releases in the US</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Mapping of industrial releases in the US">edit</a>]</div> One tool that maps the location (and other information) of arsenic releases in the United States is <a href="/wiki/TOXMAP" title="TOXMAP">TOXMAP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> TOXMAP is a Geographic Information System (GIS) from the Division of Specialized Information Services of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine" title="United States National Library of Medicine">United States National Library of Medicine</a> (NLM) funded by the US Federal Government. With marked-up maps of the United States, TOXMAP enables users to visually explore data from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a>'s (EPA) <a href="/wiki/Toxics_Release_Inventory" title="Toxics Release Inventory">Toxics Release Inventory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superfund_Basic_Research_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfund Basic Research Program">Superfund Basic Research Programs</a>. TOXMAP's chemical and environmental health information is taken from NLM's Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET),<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a>, and from other authoritative sources. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bioremediation">edit</a>]</div> Physical, chemical, and biological methods have been used to remediate arsenic contaminated water.<a href="#cite_note-JEM-2012-187">[187]</a> Bioremediation is said to be cost-effective and environmentally friendly.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Bioremediation of ground water contaminated with arsenic aims to convert arsenite, the toxic form of arsenic to humans, to arsenate. Arsenate (+5 oxidation state) is the dominant form of arsenic in surface water, while arsenite (+3 oxidation state) is the dominant form in hypoxic to anoxic environments. Arsenite is more soluble and mobile than arsenate. Many species of bacteria can transform arsenite to arsenate in anoxic conditions by using arsenite as an electron donor.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> This is a useful method in ground water remediation. Another bioremediation strategy is to use plants that accumulate arsenic in their tissues via <a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">phytoremediation</a> but the disposal of contaminated plant material needs to be considered. Bioremediation requires careful evaluation and design in accordance with existing conditions. Some sites may require the addition of an electron acceptor while others require microbe supplementation (<a href="/wiki/Bioaugmentation" title="Bioaugmentation">bioaugmentation</a>). Regardless of the method used, only constant monitoring can prevent future contamination. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arsenic_removal">Arsenic removal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Arsenic removal">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Coagulation_(water_treatment)" title="Coagulation (water treatment)">Coagulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flocculation" title="Flocculation">flocculation</a> are closely related processes common in arsenate removal from water. Due to the net negative charge carried by arsenate ions, they settle slowly or not at all due to charge repulsion. In coagulation, a positively charged coagulent such as iron and aluminum (commonly used salts: FeCl3,<a href="#cite_note-Bina_2013_17-190">[190]</a> Fe2(SO4)3,<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Al2(SO4)3<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a>) neutralize the negatively charged arsenate, enable it to settle. Flocculation follows where a flocculant bridges smaller particles and allows the aggregate to precipitate out from water. However, such methods may not be efficient on arsenite as As(III) exists in uncharged arsenious acid, H3AsO3, at near-neutral pH.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> The major drawbacks of coagulation and flocculation are the costly disposal of arsenate-concentrated sludge, and possible <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_contamination&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary contamination (page does not exist)">secondary contamination</a> of environment. Moreover, coagulents such as iron may produce ion contamination that exceeds safety levels.<a href="#cite_note-Bina_2013_17-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity_and_precautions">Toxicity and precautions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Toxicity and precautions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">Arsenic poisoning</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268415487">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Arsenic </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">GHS labelling</a>:<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-acid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS05: Corrosive"><img alt="GHS05: Corrosive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-skull.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS06: Toxic"><img alt="GHS06: Toxic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS08: Health hazard"><img alt="GHS08: Health hazard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS09: Environmental hazard"><img alt="GHS09: Environmental hazard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td>Danger </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H301+H331: Toxic if swallowed or if inhaled">H301+H331</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H315: Causes skin irritation">H315</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H318: Causes serious eye damage">H318</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H350: May cause cancer">H350</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects">H410</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P273: Avoid release to the environment.">P273</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.">P280</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P301+P310: IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.">P301+P310</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P302+P352: IF ON SKIN: Wash with soap and water.">P302+P352</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P304+P340+P311: IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.">P304+P340+P311</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P305+P351+P338: IF IN EYES: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.">P305+P351+P338</abbr> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> Arsenic and many of its compounds are especially potent poisons (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Arsine" title="Arsine">arsine</a>). Small amount of arsenic can be detected by pharmacopoial methods which includes reduction of arsenic to arsenious with help of zinc and can be confirmed with mercuric chloride paper.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> Elemental arsenic and arsenic sulfate and trioxide compounds are classified as "<a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxic</a>" and "dangerous for the environment" in the European Union under <a href="/wiki/Directive_67/548/EEC" title="Directive 67/548/EEC">directive 67/548/EEC</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> (IARC) recognizes arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds as <a href="/wiki/List_of_IARC_Group_1_carcinogens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of IARC Group 1 carcinogens">group 1 carcinogens</a>, and the EU lists arsenic trioxide, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentoxide" title="Arsenic pentoxide">arsenic pentoxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arsenate" title="Arsenate">arsenate</a> salts as category 1 <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogens</a>. Arsenic is known to cause <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">arsenicosis</a> when present in drinking water, "the most common species being arsenate [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">HAsO2−4; As(V)] and arsenite [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H3AsO3; As(III)]". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_limits,_food,_and_drink">Legal limits, food, and drink</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Legal limits, food, and drink">edit</a>]</div> In the United States since 2006, the maximum concentration in drinking water allowed by the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) is 10 ppb<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> and the FDA set the same standard in 2005 for bottled water.<a href="#cite_note-fda_metals-197">[197]</a> The Department of Environmental Protection for New Jersey set a drinking water limit of 5 ppb in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> The <a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">IDLH</a> (immediately dangerous to life and health) value for arsenic metal and inorganic arsenic compounds is 5 mg/m3 (5 ppb). The <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> has set the <a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a> (PEL) to a time-weighted average (TWA) of 0.01 mg/m3 (0.01 ppb), and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) has set the <a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">recommended exposure limit</a> (REL) to a 15-minute constant exposure of 0.002 mg/m3 (0.002 ppb).<a href="#cite_note-PGCH-199">[199]</a> The PEL for organic arsenic compounds is a TWA of 0.5 mg/m3.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> (0.5 ppb). In 2008, based on its ongoing testing of a wide variety of American foods for toxic chemicals,<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> set the "level of concern" for inorganic arsenic in apple and pear juices at 23 ppb, based on non-carcinogenic effects, and began blocking importation of products in excess of this level; it also required recalls for non-conforming domestic products.<a href="#cite_note-fda_metals-197">[197]</a> In 2011, the national <a href="/wiki/The_Dr._Oz_Show" title="The Dr. Oz Show">Dr. Oz</a> television show broadcast a program highlighting tests performed by an independent lab hired by the producers. Though the methodology was disputed (it did not distinguish between organic and inorganic arsenic) the tests showed levels of arsenic up to 36 ppb.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> In response, the FDA tested the worst brand from the Dr. Oz show and found much lower levels. Ongoing testing found 95% of the apple juice samples were below the level of concern. Later testing by <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Reports" title="Consumer Reports">Consumer Reports</a> showed inorganic arsenic at levels slightly above 10 ppb, and the organization urged parents to reduce consumption.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> In July 2013, on consideration of consumption by children, chronic exposure, and carcinogenic effect, the FDA established an "action level" of 10 ppb for apple juice, the same as the drinking water standard.<a href="#cite_note-fda_metals-197">[197]</a> Concern about arsenic in rice in Bangladesh was raised in 2002, but at the time only Australia had a legal limit for food (one milligram per kilogram, or 1000 ppb).<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Concern was raised about people who were eating U.S. rice exceeding WHO standards for personal arsenic intake in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> In 2011, the People's Republic of China set a food standard of 150 ppb for arsenic.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> In the United States in 2012, testing by separate groups of researchers at the Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center at <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> (early in the year, focusing on urinary levels in children)<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Reports" title="Consumer Reports">Consumer Reports</a> (in November)<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-cr_rice-210">[210]</a> found levels of arsenic in rice that resulted in calls for the FDA to set limits.<a href="#cite_note-foodsafetynews-211">[211]</a> The FDA released some testing results in September 2012,<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> and as of July 2013, is still collecting data in support of a new potential regulation. It has not recommended any changes in consumer behavior.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> Consumer Reports recommended: <ol><li>That the EPA and FDA eliminate arsenic-containing fertilizer, drugs, and pesticides in food production;</li> <li>That the FDA establish a legal limit for food;</li> <li>That industry change production practices to lower arsenic levels, especially in food for children; and</li> <li>That consumers test home water supplies, eat a varied diet, and cook rice with excess water, then draining it off (reducing inorganic arsenic by about one third along with a slight reduction in vitamin content).<a href="#cite_note-cr_rice-210">[210]</a></li> <li>Evidence-based public health advocates also recommend that, given the lack of regulation or labeling for arsenic in the U.S., children should eat no more than 1.5 servings per week of rice and should not drink rice milk as part of their daily diet before age 5.<a href="#cite_note-berkeleywellness-215">[215]</a> They also offer recommendations for adults and infants on how to limit arsenic exposure from rice, drinking water, and fruit juice.<a href="#cite_note-berkeleywellness-215">[215]</a></li></ol> A 2014 <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> advisory conference was scheduled to consider limits of 200–300 ppb for rice.<a href="#cite_note-cr_rice-210">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reducing_arsenic_content_in_rice">Reducing arsenic content in rice</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Reducing arsenic content in rice">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Improved_rice_cooking_approach_to_maximise_arsenic_removal_while_preserving_nutrient_elements.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Improved_rice_cooking_approach_to_maximise_arsenic_removal_while_preserving_nutrient_elements.jpg/300px-Improved_rice_cooking_approach_to_maximise_arsenic_removal_while_preserving_nutrient_elements.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Improved_rice_cooking_approach_to_maximise_arsenic_removal_while_preserving_nutrient_elements.jpg/450px-Improved_rice_cooking_approach_to_maximise_arsenic_removal_while_preserving_nutrient_elements.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Improved_rice_cooking_approach_to_maximise_arsenic_removal_while_preserving_nutrient_elements.jpg/600px-Improved_rice_cooking_approach_to_maximise_arsenic_removal_while_preserving_nutrient_elements.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption>An improved rice cooking approach to maximise arsenic removal while preserving nutrient elements<a href="#cite_note-cookingmethod-216">[216]</a></figcaption></figure> In 2020, scientists assessed multiple preparation procedures of rice for their capacity to reduce arsenic content and preserve nutrients, recommending a procedure involving <a href="/wiki/Parboiling#Parboiled_rice" title="Parboiling">parboiling</a> and water-absorption.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-cookingmethod-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupational_exposure_limits">Occupational exposure limits</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Occupational exposure limits">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Limit<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> </td> <td>Confirmed human carcinogen </td></tr> <tr> <td>Australia </td> <td>TWA 0.05 mg/m3 – Carcinogen </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td>TWA 0.1 mg/m3 – Carcinogen </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </td> <td>Confirmed human carcinogen </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canada </td> <td>TWA 0.01 mg/m3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> </td> <td>Confirmed human carcinogen </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </td> <td>TWA 0.01 mg/m3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> </td> <td>Carcinogen </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> </td> <td>TWA 0.2 mg/m3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> </td> <td>Ceiling concentration 0.01 mg/m3 – Skin, carcinogen </td></tr> <tr> <td>India </td> <td>TWA 0.2 mg/m3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Japan </td> <td>Group 1 carcinogen </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> </td> <td>Confirmed human carcinogen </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mexico </td> <td>TWA 0.2 mg/m3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Zealand </td> <td>TWA 0.05 mg/m3 – Carcinogen </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </td> <td>TWA 0.02 mg/m3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> </td> <td>TWA 0.5 mg/m3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>TWA 0.01 mg/m3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Singapore </td> <td>Confirmed human carcinogen </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </td> <td>TWA 0.01 mg/m3<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sweden </td> <td>TWA 0.01 mg/m3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> </td> <td>TWA 0.5 mg/m3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td>TWA 0.5 mg/m3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>TWA 0.1 mg/m3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>United States </td> <td>TWA 0.01 mg/m3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> </td> <td>Confirmed human carcinogen </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecotoxicity">Ecotoxicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Ecotoxicity">edit</a>]</div> Arsenic is <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioaccumulative</a> in many organisms, marine species in particular, but it does not appear to biomagnify significantly in food webs.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> In polluted areas, plant growth may be affected by root uptake of arsenate, which is a phosphate analog and therefore readily transported in plant tissues and cells. In polluted areas, uptake of the more toxic arsenite ion (found more particularly in reducing conditions) is likely in poorly-drained soils. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicity_in_animals">Toxicity in animals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Toxicity in animals">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Compound </th> <th>Animal </th> <th>LD50 </th> <th>Route </th></tr> <tr> <td>Arsenic </td> <td>Rat </td> <td>763 mg/kg </td> <td>oral </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arsenic </td> <td>Mouse </td> <td>145 mg/kg </td> <td>oral </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium_arsenate" title="Calcium arsenate">Calcium arsenate</a> </td> <td>Rat </td> <td>20 mg/kg </td> <td>oral </td></tr> <tr> <td>Calcium arsenate </td> <td>Mouse </td> <td>794 mg/kg </td> <td>oral </td></tr> <tr> <td>Calcium arsenate </td> <td>Rabbit </td> <td>50 mg/kg </td> <td>oral </td></tr> <tr> <td>Calcium arsenate </td> <td>Dog </td> <td>38 mg/kg </td> <td>oral </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead_arsenate" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead arsenate">Lead arsenate</a> </td> <td>Rabbit </td> <td>75 mg/kg </td> <td>oral </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Compound </th> <th>Animal </th> <th>LD50<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-222">[222]</a> </th> <th>Route </th></tr> <tr> <td>Arsenic trioxide (As(III)) </td> <td>Mouse </td> <td>26 mg/kg </td> <td>oral </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arsenite (As(III)) </td> <td>Mouse </td> <td>8 mg/kg </td> <td>im </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arsenate (As(V)) </td> <td>Mouse </td> <td>21 mg/kg </td> <td>im </td></tr> <tr> <td>MMA (As(III)) </td> <td>Hamster </td> <td>2 mg/kg </td> <td>ip </td></tr> <tr> <td>MMA (As(V)) </td> <td>Mouse </td> <td>916 mg/kg </td> <td>oral </td></tr> <tr> <td>DMA (As(V)) </td> <td>Mouse </td> <td>648 mg/kg </td> <td>oral </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">im = injected intramuscularly ip = administered intraperitoneally </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_mechanism">Biological mechanism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Biological mechanism">edit</a>]</div> Arsenic's toxicity comes from the affinity of arsenic(III) oxides for <a href="/wiki/Thiol" title="Thiol">thiols</a>. Thiols, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a> residues and <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactors</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lipoic_acid" title="Lipoic acid">lipoic acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coenzyme_A" title="Coenzyme A">coenzyme A</a>, are situated at the active sites of many important <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-15">[15]</a> Arsenic disrupts <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a> production through several mechanisms. At the level of the <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">citric acid cycle</a>, arsenic inhibits <a href="/wiki/Lipoic_acid" title="Lipoic acid">lipoic acid</a>, which is a cofactor for <a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase" title="Pyruvate dehydrogenase">pyruvate dehydrogenase</a>. By competing with phosphate, arsenate uncouples <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation">oxidative phosphorylation</a>, thus inhibiting energy-linked reduction of <a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide" title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide">NAD+</a>, mitochondrial respiration and ATP synthesis. Hydrogen peroxide production is also increased, which, it is speculated, has potential to form reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. These metabolic interferences lead to death from multi-system <a href="/wiki/Organ_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ failure">organ failure</a>. The organ failure is presumed to be from <a href="/wiki/Necrotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Necrotic">necrotic</a> cell death, not <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a>, since energy reserves have been too depleted for apoptosis to occur.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-222">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exposure_risks_and_remediation">Exposure risks and remediation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Exposure risks and remediation">edit</a>]</div> Occupational exposure and <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">arsenic poisoning</a> may occur in persons working in industries involving the use of inorganic arsenic and its compounds, such as wood preservation, glass production, nonferrous metal alloys, and electronic semiconductor manufacturing. Inorganic arsenic is also found in coke oven emissions associated with the smelter industry.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> The conversion between As(III) and As(V) is a large factor in arsenic environmental contamination. According to Croal, Gralnick, Malasarn and Newman, "[the] understanding [of] what stimulates As(III) oxidation and/or limits As(V) reduction is relevant for <a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">bioremediation</a> of contaminated sites (Croal). The study of chemolithoautotrophic As(III) oxidizers and the heterotrophic As(V) reducers can help the understanding of the oxidation and/or reduction of arsenic.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment">Treatment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Treatment">edit</a>]</div> Treatment of chronic arsenic poisoning is possible. British anti-lewisite (<a href="/wiki/Dimercaprol" title="Dimercaprol">dimercaprol</a>) is prescribed in doses of 5 mg/kg up to 300 mg every 4 hours for the first day, then every 6 hours for the second day, and finally every 8 hours for 8 additional days.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> However the USA's <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a> (ATSDR) states that the long-term effects of arsenic exposure cannot be predicted.<a href="#cite_note-atsdr.cdc.gov-134">[134]</a> Blood, urine, hair, and nails may be tested for arsenic; however, these tests cannot foresee possible health outcomes from the exposure.<a href="#cite_note-atsdr.cdc.gov-134">[134]</a> Long-term exposure and consequent excretion through urine has been linked to <a href="/wiki/Bladder_cancer" title="Bladder cancer">bladder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidney_cancer" title="Kidney cancer">kidney cancer</a> in addition to cancer of the liver, prostate, skin, lungs, and <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cavity" title="Nasal cavity">nasal cavity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Tofana" title="Aqua Tofana">Aqua Tofana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_and_Old_Lace_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Arsenic and Old Lace (disambiguation)">Arsenic and Old Lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grainger_challenge" title="Grainger challenge">Grainger challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_types_of_biochemistry" title="Hypothetical types of biochemistry">Hypothetical types of biochemistry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW-1"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/arsenic.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Arsenic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Arsenic&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Farsenic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska T, Irrgeher J, Benefield J, Böhlke JK, Chesson LA, Coplen TB, Ding T, Dunn PJ, Gröning M, Holden NE, Meijer HA (4 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster JW (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gokcen1989-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gokcen1989_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gokcen1989_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gokcen1989_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGokcen,_N._A1989" class="citation journal cs1">Gokcen, N. A (1989). "The As (arsenic) system". Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams. 10: 11–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02882166">10.1007/BF02882166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Alloy+Phase+Diagrams&rft.atitle=The+As+%28arsenic%29+system&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02882166&rft.au=Gokcen%2C+N.+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> As(−2) has been observed in CaAs; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollemanWiberg,_EgonWiberg,_Nils2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holleman AF, Wiberg, Egon, Wiberg, Nils (2008). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (102 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 829. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110206845" title="Special:BookSources/9783110206845"><bdi>9783110206845</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=829&rft.edition=102&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783110206845&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> As(−1) has been observed in LiAs; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinhard_Nesper1990" class="citation journal cs1">Reinhard Nesper (1990). "Structure and chemical bonding in zintl-phases containing lithium". Progress in Solid State Chemistry (1): 1–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0079-6786%2890%2990006-2">10.1016/0079-6786(90)90006-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Solid+State+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Structure+and+chemical+bonding+in+zintl-phases+containing+lithium&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0079-6786%2890%2990006-2&rft.au=Reinhard+Nesper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamWangXieWei2010" class="citation journal cs1">Abraham MY, Wang Y, Xie Y, Wei P, Shaefer III HF, Schleyer Pv, Robinson GH (2010). "Carbene Stabilization of Diarsenic: From Hypervalency to Allotropy". Chemistry: A European Journal. 16 (2): 432–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchem.200902840">10.1002/chem.200902840</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19937872">19937872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry%3A+A+European+Journal&rft.atitle=Carbene+Stabilization+of+Diarsenic%3A+From+Hypervalency+to+Allotropy&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E432-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fchem.200902840&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19937872&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Mariham+Y.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yuzhong&rft.au=Xie%2C+Yaoming&rft.au=Wei%2C+Pingrong&rft.au=Shaefer+III%2C+Henry+F.&rft.au=Schleyer%2C+P.+von+R.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Gregory+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisMacDonald2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ellis BD, MacDonald CL (2004). "Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (19): 5981–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic049281s">10.1021/ic049281s</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15360247">15360247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Stabilized+Arsenic%28I%29+Iodide%3A+A+Ready+Source+of+Arsenic+Iodide+Fragments+and+a+Useful+Reagent+for+the+Generation+of+Clusters&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5981-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic049281s&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15360247&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Bobby+D.&rft.au=MacDonald%2C+Charles+L.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-9"><a href="#cite_ref-GE28_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood NN</a>, Earnshaw A (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> As(IV) has been observed in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic(IV)_hydroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsenic(IV) hydroxide (page does not exist)">arsenic(IV) hydroxide</a> (As(OH)4) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">HAsO−; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKläningBielskiSehested1989" class="citation journal cs1">Kläning UK, Bielski BH, Sehested K (1989). "Arsenic(IV). A pulse-radiolysis study". Inorganic Chemistry. 28 (14): 2717–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic00313a007">10.1021/ic00313a007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Arsenic%28IV%29.+A+pulse-radiolysis+study&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2717-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic00313a007&rft.aulast=Kl%C3%A4ning&rft.aufirst=Ulrik+K.&rft.au=Bielski%2C+Benon+H.+J.&rft.au=Sehested%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCverna,_Fran2002" class="citation book cs1">Cverna, Fran (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qvrq96gJFxIC&pg=PA8">ASM Ready Reference: Thermal properties of metals</a>. ASM International. pp. 8–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-768-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-768-0"><bdi>978-0-87170-768-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ASM+Ready+Reference%3A+Thermal+properties+of+metals&rft.pages=8-&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-87170-768-0&rft.au=Cverna%2C+Fran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqvrq96gJFxIC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~msci301/ThermalExpansion.pdf">pdf</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide,_David_R.2000" class="citation book cs1">Lide, David R., ed. (2000). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (PDF) (81 ed.). CRC press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0849304814" title="Special:BookSources/0849304814"><bdi>0849304814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magnetic+susceptibility+of+the+elements+and+inorganic+compounds&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.edition=81&rft.pub=CRC+press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0849304814&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110303222309%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww-d0.fnal.gov%2Fhardware%2Fcal%2Flvps_info%2Fengineering%2Felementmagn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeast1984" class="citation book cs1">Weast R (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4"><bdi>0-8493-0464-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC%2C+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=E110&rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Company+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8493-0464-4&rft.aulast=Weast&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2020-14"><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondevWangHuangNaimi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kondev FG, Wang M, Huang WJ, Naimi S, Audi G (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf">"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"</a> (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae">10.1088/1674-1137/abddae</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2020+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae&rft.aulast=Kondev&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rft.au=Audi%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Famdc%2Fame2020%2FNUBASE2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_15-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrund,_Sabina_C.Hanusch,_KunibertWolf,_Hans_Uwe" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Grund, Sabina C., Hanusch, Kunibert, Wolf, Hans Uwe. "Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds". <a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a03_113.pub2">10.1002/14356007.a03_113.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2"><bdi>978-3-527-30673-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arsenic+and+Arsenic+Compounds&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a03_113.pub2&rft.isbn=978-3-527-30673-2&rft.au=Grund%2C+Sabina+C.&rft.au=Hanusch%2C+Kunibert&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Hans+Uwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.dartmouth.edu/toxmetal/arsenic/arsenic-a-murderous-history/">"Arsenic: A Murderous History | Dartmouth Toxic Metals"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arsenic%3A+A+Murderous+History+%26%23124%3B+Dartmouth+Toxic+Metals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.dartmouth.edu%2Ftoxmetal%2Farsenic%2Farsenic-a-murderous-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANut-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANut_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANut_17-1">b</a> Anke M. (1986) "Arsenic", pp. 347–372 in Mertz W. (ed.), Trace elements in human and Animal Nutrition, 5th ed. Orlando, FL: Academic Press </li> <li id="cite_note-UEssent-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UEssent_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UEssent_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUthus1992" class="citation journal cs1">Uthus EO (1992). "Evidency for arsenical essentiality". Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 14 (2): 55–58. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992EnvGH..14...55U">1992EnvGH..14...55U</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01783629">10.1007/BF01783629</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24197927">24197927</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22882255">22882255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Geochemistry+and+Health&rft.atitle=Evidency+for+arsenical+essentiality&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01783629&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22882255%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24197927&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992EnvGH..14...55U&rft.aulast=Uthus&rft.aufirst=Eric+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"></li><li>Uthus E.O. (1994) "Arsenic essentiality and factors affecting its importance", pp. 199–208 in Chappell W.R, Abernathy C.O, Cothern C.R. (eds.) Arsenic Exposure and Health. Northwood, UK: Science and Technology Letters.</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA1-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EPA1_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA1_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDibyenduDatta2007" class="citation web cs1">Dibyendu S, Datta R (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.highlight/abstract/6015">"Biogeochemistry of Arsenic in Contaminated Soils of Superfund Sites"</a>. EPA. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 25 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EPA&rft.atitle=Biogeochemistry+of+Arsenic+in+Contaminated+Soils+of+Superfund+Sites&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Dibyendu&rft.aufirst=Sarkar&rft.au=Datta%2C+Rupali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcfpub.epa.gov%2Fncer_abstracts%2Findex.cfm%2Ffuseaction%2Fdisplay.highlight%2Fabstract%2F6015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarelton2007" class="citation web cs1">Carelton J (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180728035900/https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.highlight/abstract/6015/report/F">"Final Report: Biogeochemistry of Arsenic in Contaminated Soils of Superfund Sites"</a>. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.highlight/abstract/6015/report/F">the original</a> on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Report%3A+Biogeochemistry+of+Arsenic+in+Contaminated+Soils+of+Superfund+Sites&rft.pub=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Carelton&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcfpub.epa.gov%2Fncer_abstracts%2Findex.cfm%2Ffuseaction%2Fdisplay.highlight%2Fabstract%2F6015%2Freport%2FF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norman_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norman_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman1998" class="citation book cs1">Norman NC (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vVhpurkfeN4C">Chemistry of Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth</a>. Springer. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7514-0389-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7514-0389-3"><bdi>978-0-7514-0389-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+Arsenic%2C+Antimony+and+Bismuth&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7514-0389-3&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvVhpurkfeN4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiberg2001-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Wiberg2001_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWibergWibergHolleman2001" class="citation book cs1">Wiberg E, Wiberg N, Holleman AF (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-352651-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-352651-9"><bdi>978-0-12-352651-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-12-352651-9&rft.aulast=Wiberg&rft.aufirst=Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rft.au=Holleman%2C+Arnold+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holl-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holl_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holl_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holl_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holl_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holl_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holl_23-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollemanWiberg,_EgonWiberg,_Nils1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holleman AF, Wiberg, Egon, Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Arsen". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 675–681. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-007511-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-007511-3"><bdi>978-3-11-007511-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arsen&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E675-%3C%2Fspan%3E681&rft.edition=91%E2%80%93100&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-3-11-007511-3&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelung,_Otfried2004" class="citation book cs1">Madelung, Otfried (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v_8sMfNAcA4C&pg=PA410">Semiconductors: data handbook</a>. Birkhäuser. pp. 410–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-40488-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-40488-0"><bdi>978-3-540-40488-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semiconductors%3A+data+handbook&rft.pages=410-&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-540-40488-0&rft.au=Madelung%2C+Otfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv_8sMfNAcA4C%26pg%3DPA410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidlBalázsScheer2019" class="citation journal cs1">Seidl M, Balázs G, Scheer M (22 March 2019). "The Chemistry of Yellow Arsenic". Chemical Reviews. 119 (14): 8406–8434. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.chemrev.8b00713">10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00713</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30900440">30900440</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85448636">85448636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+Chemistry+of+Yellow+Arsenic&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8406-%3C%2Fspan%3E8434&rft.date=2019-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85448636%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30900440&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.chemrev.8b00713&rft.aulast=Seidl&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Bal%C3%A1zs%2C+G%C3%A1bor&rft.au=Scheer%2C+Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonatosLuxaSturalaSofer2020" class="citation journal cs1">Antonatos N, Luxa J, Sturala J, Sofer Z (2020). "Black arsenic: a new synthetic method by catalytic crystallization of arsenic glass". Nanoscale. 12 (9): 5397–5401. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC9NR09627B">10.1039/C9NR09627B</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31894222">31894222</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209544160">209544160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nanoscale&rft.atitle=Black+arsenic%3A+a+new+synthetic+method+by+catalytic+crystallization+of+arsenic+glass&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5397-%3C%2Fspan%3E5401&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209544160%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31894222&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC9NR09627B&rft.aulast=Antonatos&rft.aufirst=Nikolas&rft.au=Luxa%2C+Jan&rft.au=Sturala%2C+Jiri&rft.au=Sofer%2C+Zden%C4%9Bk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemicool.com/elements/arsenic.html">Arsenic Element Facts</a>. chemicool.com </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudiBersillonBlachotWapstra2003" class="citation cs2">Audi G, Bersillon O, Blachot J, <a href="/wiki/Aaldert_Wapstra" title="Aaldert Wapstra">Wapstra AH</a> (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document">"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties"</a>, Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A">2003NuPhA.729....3A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Physics+A&rft.atitle=The+N%3Csmall%3EUBASE%3C%2Fsmall%3E+evaluation+of+nuclear+and+decay+properties&rft.volume=729&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003NuPhA.729....3A&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.au=Bersillon%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Blachot%2C+Jean&rft.au=Wapstra%2C+Aaldert+Hendrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fin2p3-00020241%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondevWangHuangNaimi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kondev FG, Wang M, Huang WJ, Naimi S, Audi G (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf">"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"</a> (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae">10.1088/1674-1137/abddae</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2020+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae&rft.aulast=Kondev&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rft.au=Audi%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Famdc%2Fame2020%2FNUBASE2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-shimizu2024-30"><a href="#cite_ref-shimizu2024_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimizuKuboSumikamaFukuda2024" class="citation journal cs1">Shimizu Y, Kubo T, Sumikama T, Fukuda N, Takeda H, Suzuki H, Ahn DS, Inabe N, Kusaka K, Ohtake M, Yanagisawa Y, Yoshida K, Ichikawa Y, Isobe T, Otsu H, Sato H, Sonoda T, Murai D, Iwasa N, Imai N, Hirayama Y, Jeong SC, Kimura S, Miyatake H, Mukai M, Kim DG, Kim E, Yagi A (8 April 2024). "Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam". Physical Review C. 109 (4): 044313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevC.109.044313">10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+C&rft.atitle=Production+of+new+neutron-rich+isotopes+near+the+N+%3D+60+isotones+Ge+92+and+As+93+by+in-flight+fission+of+a+345+MeV%2Fnucleon+U+238+beam&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=044313&rft.date=2024-04-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevC.109.044313&rft.aulast=Shimizu&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Kubo%2C+T.&rft.au=Sumikama%2C+T.&rft.au=Fukuda%2C+N.&rft.au=Takeda%2C+H.&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+H.&rft.au=Ahn%2C+D.+S.&rft.au=Inabe%2C+N.&rft.au=Kusaka%2C+K.&rft.au=Ohtake%2C+M.&rft.au=Yanagisawa%2C+Y.&rft.au=Yoshida%2C+K.&rft.au=Ichikawa%2C+Y.&rft.au=Isobe%2C+T.&rft.au=Otsu%2C+H.&rft.au=Sato%2C+H.&rft.au=Sonoda%2C+T.&rft.au=Murai%2C+D.&rft.au=Iwasa%2C+N.&rft.au=Imai%2C+N.&rft.au=Hirayama%2C+Y.&rft.au=Jeong%2C+S.+C.&rft.au=Kimura%2C+S.&rft.au=Miyatake%2C+H.&rft.au=Mukai%2C+M.&rft.au=Kim%2C+D.+G.&rft.au=Kim%2C+E.&rft.au=Yagi%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood552-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood552_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood552_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood552_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood552_31-3">d</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 552–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm H</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Arsenic">"Arsenic" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 651–654.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arsenic&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E651-%3C%2Fspan%3E654&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUher2001" class="citation book cs1">Uher C (2001). "Chapter 5 Skutterudites: Prospective novel thermoelectrics". Recent Trends in Thermoelectric Materials Research I: Skutterudites: Prospective novel thermoelectrics. Semiconductors and Semimetals. Vol. 69. pp. 139–253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0080-8784%2801%2980151-4">10.1016/S0080-8784(01)80151-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-752178-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-752178-7"><bdi>978-0-12-752178-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5+Skutterudites%3A+Prospective+novel+thermoelectrics&rft.btitle=Recent+Trends+in+Thermoelectric+Materials+Research+I%3A+Skutterudites%3A+Prospective+novel+thermoelectrics&rft.series=Semiconductors+and+Semimetals&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E253&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0080-8784%2801%2980151-4&rft.isbn=978-0-12-752178-7&rft.aulast=Uher&rft.aufirst=Ctirad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood557-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood557_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood557_34-1">b</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 557–558 </li> <li id="cite_note-INRS-35"><a href="#cite_ref-INRS_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061126045357/http://www.inrs.fr/inrs-pub/inrs01.nsf/IntranetObject-accesParReference/FT%2053/$FILE/ft53.pdf">"Fiche toxicologique No. 53: Trihydrure d'arsenic"</a> (PDF). Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (in French). 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inrs.fr/inrs-pub/inrs01.nsf/IntranetObject-accesParReference/FT%2053/$File/ft53.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 November 2006. Retrieved 6 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institut+National+de+Recherche+et+de+S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Fiche+toxicologique+No.+53%3A+Trihydrure+d%27arsenic&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inrs.fr%2Finrs-pub%2Finrs01.nsf%2FIntranetObject-accesParReference%2FFT%252053%2F%24File%2Fft53.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood572-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood572_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood572_36-1">b</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 572–578 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmedleyKinniburgh2002" class="citation journal cs1">Smedley P, Kinniburgh D (May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/12311/1/Abstract.pdf">"A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters"</a> (PDF). Applied Geochemistry. 17 (5): 517–568. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ApGC...17..517S">2002ApGC...17..517S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0883-2927%2802%2900018-5">10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00018-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Geochemistry&rft.atitle=A+review+of+the+source%2C+behaviour+and+distribution+of+arsenic+in+natural+waters&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E517-%3C%2Fspan%3E568&rft.date=2002-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0883-2927%2802%2900018-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002ApGC...17..517S&rft.aulast=Smedley&rft.aufirst=P.L&rft.au=Kinniburgh%2C+D.G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnora.nerc.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F12311%2F1%2FAbstract.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/webelements/compounds/text/As/As4S4-12279902.html">"Arsenic: arsenic(II) sulfide compound data"</a>. WebElements.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071211100733/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/compounds/text/As/As4S4-12279902.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2007. Retrieved 10 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arsenic%3A+arsenic%28II%29+sulfide+compound+data&rft.pub=WebElements.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webelements.com%2Fwebelements%2Fcompounds%2Ftext%2FAs%2FAs4S4-12279902.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mindat.org/min-47039.html">"Kalgoorlieite"</a>. Mindat. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. 1993–2017. Retrieved 2 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mindat&rft.atitle=Kalgoorlieite&rft.date=1993%2F2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindat.org%2Fmin-47039.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood578-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood578_40-0">^</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 578–583 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanaka2004" class="citation journal cs1">Tanaka A (2004). "Toxicity of indium arsenide, gallium arsenide, and aluminium gallium arsenide". Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 198 (3): 405–411. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ToxAP.198..405T">2004ToxAP.198..405T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.taap.2003.10.019">10.1016/j.taap.2003.10.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15276420">15276420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxicology+and+Applied+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Toxicity+of+indium+arsenide%2C+gallium+arsenide%2C+and+aluminium+gallium+arsenide&rft.volume=198&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E405-%3C%2Fspan%3E411&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15276420&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.taap.2003.10.019&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004ToxAP.198..405T&rft.aulast=Tanaka&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOssiciniPavesiPriolo2003" class="citation book cs1">Ossicini S, Pavesi L, Priolo F (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pkuuvlNjRtsC&pg=PA1">Light Emitting Silicon for Microphotonics</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-40233-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-40233-6"><bdi>978-3-540-40233-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+Emitting+Silicon+for+Microphotonics&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-540-40233-6&rft.aulast=Ossicini&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rft.au=Pavesi%2C+Lorenzo&rft.au=Priolo%2C+Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpkuuvlNjRtsC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinGould1998" class="citation book cs1">Din MB, Gould RD (1998). "High field conduction mechanism of the evaporated cadmium arsenide thin films". ICSE'98. 1998 IEEE International Conference on Semiconductor Electronics. Proceedings (Cat. No. 98EX187). pp. 168–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FSMELEC.1998.781173">10.1109/SMELEC.1998.781173</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7803-4971-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7803-4971-1"><bdi>978-0-7803-4971-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110904915">110904915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=High+field+conduction+mechanism+of+the+evaporated+cadmium+arsenide+thin+films&rft.btitle=ICSE%2798.+1998+IEEE+International+Conference+on+Semiconductor+Electronics.+Proceedings+%28Cat.+No.+98EX187%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E168-%3C%2Fspan%3E174&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A110904915%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FSMELEC.1998.781173&rft.isbn=978-0-7803-4971-1&rft.aulast=Din&rft.aufirst=M.+B.&rft.au=Gould%2C+R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellison2007-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Ellison2007_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllison2007" class="citation book cs1">Ellison HD (2007). Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-1434-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-1434-6"><bdi>978-0-8493-1434-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+chemical+and+biological+warfare+agents&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-1434-6&rft.aulast=Ellison&rft.aufirst=Hank+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Girard2010-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Girard2010_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirard2010" class="citation book cs1">Girard J (2010). Principles of Environmental Chemistry. Jones & Bartlett Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-5939-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-5939-1"><bdi>978-0-7637-5939-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Environmental+Chemistry&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-5939-1&rft.aulast=Girard&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Somani2001-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Somani2001_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomani2001" class="citation book cs1">Somani SM (2001). Chemical warfare agents: toxicity at low levels. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0872-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0872-7"><bdi>978-0-8493-0872-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+warfare+agents%3A+toxicity+at+low+levels&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0872-7&rft.aulast=Somani&rft.aufirst=Satu+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood584-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood584_47-0">^</a> Greenwood, p. 584 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2011" class="citation book cs1">Emsley J (25 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dGZaDwAAQBAJ&dq=%2253rd+most+abundant+element%22&pg=PA52">Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-257046-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-257046-8"><bdi>978-0-19-257046-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A-Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-08-25&rft.isbn=978-0-19-257046-8&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdGZaDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%252253rd%2Bmost%2Babundant%2Belement%2522%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRieuwerts2015" class="citation book cs1">Rieuwerts J (2015). The Elements of Environmental Pollution. London and New York: Earthscan Routledge. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-85919-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-85919-6"><bdi>978-0-415-85919-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/886492996">886492996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Environmental+Pollution&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Earthscan+Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F886492996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-85919-6&rft.aulast=Rieuwerts&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapryOmoriFujisawaAl_Mamun2020" class="citation journal cs1">Papry RI, Omori Y, Fujisawa S, Al Mamun MA, Miah S, Mashio AS, Maki T, Hasegawa H (1 May 2020). "Arsenic biotransformation potential of marine phytoplankton under a salinity gradient". Algal Research. 47: 101842. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020AlgRe..4701842P">2020AlgRe..4701842P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.algal.2020.101842">10.1016/j.algal.2020.101842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Algal+Research&rft.atitle=Arsenic+biotransformation+potential+of+marine+phytoplankton+under+a+salinity+gradient&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=101842&rft.date=2020-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.algal.2020.101842&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020AlgRe..4701842P&rft.aulast=Papry&rft.aufirst=Rimana+Islam&rft.au=Omori%2C+Yoshiki&rft.au=Fujisawa%2C+Shogo&rft.au=Al+Mamun%2C+M.+Abdullah&rft.au=Miah%2C+Sohag&rft.au=Mashio%2C+Asami+S.&rft.au=Maki%2C+Teruya&rft.au=Hasegawa%2C+Hiroshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmenstine2022" class="citation web cs1">Helmenstine A (28 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencenotes.org/composition-of-the-universe-element-abundance/">"Composition of the Universe - Element Abundance"</a>. Science Notes and Projects. Retrieved 13 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Notes+and+Projects&rft.atitle=Composition+of+the+Universe+-+Element+Abundance&rft.date=2022-06-28&rft.aulast=Helmenstine&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciencenotes.org%2Fcomposition-of-the-universe-element-abundance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-geosphere-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-geosphere_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-geosphere_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatschullat2000" class="citation journal cs1">Matschullat J (2000). "Arsenic in the geosphere – a review". The Science of the Total Environment. 249 (1–3): 297–312. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ScTEn.249..297M">2000ScTEn.249..297M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0048-9697%2899%2900524-0">10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00524-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10813460">10813460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Arsenic+in+the+geosphere+%E2%80%93+a+review&rft.volume=249&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E297-%3C%2Fspan%3E312&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10813460&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0048-9697%2899%2900524-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000ScTEn.249..297M&rft.aulast=Matschullat&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGSCS2006-53"><a href="#cite_ref-USGSCS2006_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks" class="citation web cs1">Brooks WE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.er.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/arsenic/mcs-2008-arsen.pdf">"Mineral Commodity Summaries 2007: Arsenic"</a> (PDF). United States Geological Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217031511/http://minerals.er.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/arsenic/mcs-2008-arsen.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 25 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mineral+Commodity+Summaries+2007%3A+Arsenic&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.er.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Farsenic%2Fmcs-2008-arsen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGSCS2016-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGSCS2016_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGSCS2016_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelstein" class="citation web cs1">Edelstein DL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/arsenic/mcs-2016-arsen.pdf">"Mineral Commodity Summaries 2016: Arsenic"</a> (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 1 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mineral+Commodity+Summaries+2016%3A+Arsenic&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.aulast=Edelstein&rft.aufirst=Daniel+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Farsenic%2Fmcs-2016-arsen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGSYB2007-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGSYB2007_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGSYB2007_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks" class="citation web cs1">Brooks WE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.er.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/arsenic/myb1-2007-arsen.pdf">"Minerals Yearbook 2007: Arsenic"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217031509/http://minerals.er.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/arsenic/myb1-2007-arsen.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 8 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minerals+Yearbook+2007%3A+Arsenic&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.er.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Farsenic%2Fmyb1-2007-arsen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelanStruthersDitzenberger1960" class="citation journal cs1">Whelan JM, Struthers JD, Ditzenberger JA (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1149%2F1.2427585">"Separation of Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium from Arsenic"</a>. Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 107 (12): 982–985. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1149%2F1.2427585">10.1149/1.2427585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Electrochemical+Society&rft.atitle=Separation+of+Sulfur%2C+Selenium%2C+and+Tellurium+from+Arsenic&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E982-%3C%2Fspan%3E985&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1149%2F1.2427585&rft.aulast=Whelan&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft.au=Struthers%2C+J.+D.&rft.au=Ditzenberger%2C+J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1149%252F1.2427585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymonline.com-57"><a href="#cite_ref-etymonline.com_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=arsenic">"arsenic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. Retrieved 15 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=arsenic&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Darsenic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed_|arsenic-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oed_|arsenic_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed_|arsenic_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-arsenic" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=arsenic">"arsenic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=arsenic&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Darsenic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-Curiosa-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Curiosa_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentleyChasteen2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bentley R, Chasteen TG (April 2002). "Arsenic Curiosa and Humanity". The Chemical Educator. 7 (2): 51–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00897020539a">10.1007/s00897020539a</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chemical+Educator&rft.atitle=Arsenic+Curiosa+and+Humanity&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2002-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00897020539a&rft.aulast=Bentley&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Chasteen%2C+Thomas+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmyard_John_Eric2007" class="citation book cs1">Holmyard John Eric (2007). Makers of Chemistry. Read Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-3275-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-3275-7"><bdi>978-1-4067-3275-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makers+of+Chemistry&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-3275-7&rft.au=Holmyard+John+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughesBeckChenLewis2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes MF, Beck BD, Chen Y, Lewis AS, Thomas DJ (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179678">"Arsenic Exposure and Toxicology: A Historical Perspective"</a>. Toxicological Sciences. 123 (2): 305–332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2Fkfr184">10.1093/toxsci/kfr184</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179678">3179678</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21750349">21750349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxicological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Arsenic+Exposure+and+Toxicology%3A+A+Historical+Perspective&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E305-%3C%2Fspan%3E332&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3179678%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21750349&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2Fkfr184&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rft.au=Beck%2C+Barbara+D.&rft.au=Chen%2C+Yu&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Ari+S.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3179678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVahidniaVan_Der_VoetDe_Wolff2007" class="citation journal cs1">Vahidnia A, Van Der Voet GB, De Wolff FA (2007). "Arsenic neurotoxicity – a review". Human & Experimental Toxicology. 26 (10): 823–832. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007HETox..26..823V">2007HETox..26..823V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0960327107084539">10.1177/0960327107084539</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18025055">18025055</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24138885">24138885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+%26+Experimental+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Arsenic+neurotoxicity+%E2%80%93+a+review&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E823-%3C%2Fspan%3E832&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0960327107084539&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24138885%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18025055&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007HETox..26..823V&rft.aulast=Vahidnia&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Van+Der+Voet%2C+G.+B.&rft.au=De+Wolff%2C+F.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKethaGarg2020" class="citation book cs1">Ketha H, Garg U (2020). "An introduction to clinical and forensic toxicology". Toxicology Cases for the Clinical and Forensic Laboratory. pp. 3–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-815846-3.00001-6">10.1016/B978-0-12-815846-3.00001-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-815846-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-815846-3"><bdi>978-0-12-815846-3</bdi></a>. <q>Arsenic was nicknamed 'the inheritance powder' as it was commonly used to poison family members for a fortune in the Renaissance era.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+introduction+to+clinical+and+forensic+toxicology&rft.btitle=Toxicology+Cases+for+the+Clinical+and+Forensic+Laboratory&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-815846-3.00001-6&rft.isbn=978-0-12-815846-3&rft.aulast=Ketha&rft.aufirst=Hema&rft.au=Garg%2C+Uttam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLechtman1996" class="citation journal cs1">Lechtman H (1996). "Arsenic Bronze: Dirty Copper or Chosen Alloy? A View from the Americas". Journal of Field Archaeology. 23 (4): 477–514. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F530550">10.2307/530550</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/530550">530550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Field+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Arsenic+Bronze%3A+Dirty+Copper+or+Chosen+Alloy%3F+A+View+from+the+Americas&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E477-%3C%2Fspan%3E514&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F530550&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F530550%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lechtman&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles,_J._A.1967" class="citation journal cs1">Charles, J. A. (1967). "Early Arsenical Bronzes—A Metallurgical View". American Journal of Archaeology. 71 (1): 21–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F501586">10.2307/501586</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/501586">501586</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Early+Arsenical+Bronzes%E2%80%94A+Metallurgical+View&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F501586&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F501586%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Charles%2C+J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarton-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Sarton_66-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Sarton" title="George Sarton">George Sarton</a>, Introduction to the History of Science. "We find in his writings [...] preparation of various substances (e.g., basic lead carbonatic, arsenic and antimony from their sulphides)." </li> <li id="cite_note-BuildingBlocks451-3-67"><a href="#cite_ref-BuildingBlocks451-3_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2001" class="citation book cs1">Emsley J (2001). Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 43, 513, 529. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850341-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850341-5"><bdi>978-0-19-850341-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A-Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=43%2C+513%2C+529&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850341-5&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFourcroy1804" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Fourcroy" title="Antoine-François de Fourcroy">Fourcroy AF</a> (1804). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PTgwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA84">A general system of chemical knowledge, and its application to the phenomena of nature and art</a>. pp. 84–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+general+system+of+chemical+knowledge%2C+and+its+application+to+the+phenomena+of+nature+and+art&rft.pages=84-&rft.date=1804&rft.aulast=Fourcroy&rft.aufirst=Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPTgwAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeyferth2001" class="citation journal cs1">Seyferth D (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fom0101947">"Cadet's Fuming Arsenical Liquid and the Cacodyl Compounds of Bunsen"</a>. Organometallics. 20 (8): 1488–1498. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fom0101947">10.1021/om0101947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organometallics&rft.atitle=Cadet%27s+Fuming+Arsenical+Liquid+and+the+Cacodyl+Compounds+of+Bunsen&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1488-%3C%2Fspan%3E1498&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fom0101947&rft.aulast=Seyferth&rft.aufirst=Dietmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1021%252Fom0101947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFould1898" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-location-test">Fould HS (13 February 1898). Written at New York. "Display Ad 48 – no Title" ["LADIES" in large print at the top; advertises "Dr. Campbell's Safe Arsenic Complexion Wafers and Fould's Medicated Arsenic Complexion Soap"]. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Washington, DC. p. 28. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/143995174">143995174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Display+Ad+48+%E2%80%93+no+Title&rft.pages=28&rft.date=1898-02-13&rft.aulast=Fould&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Food-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Food_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1999" class="citation journal cs1">Turner A (1999). "Viewpoint: the story so far: An overview of developments in UK food regulation and associated advisory committees". British Food Journal. 101 (4): 274–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F00070709910272141">10.1108/00070709910272141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Food+Journal&rft.atitle=Viewpoint%3A+the+story+so+far%3A+An+overview+of+developments+in+UK+food+regulation+and+associated+advisory+committees&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E274-%3C%2Fspan%3E283&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F00070709910272141&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhorton2010" class="citation book cs1">Whorton JC (28 January 2010) [2010]. "Walls of Death". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YnVNX3drptkC">The Arsenic Century: How Victorian Britain was Poisoned at Home, Work, and Play</a> (reprint ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162343-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162343-1"><bdi>978-0-19-162343-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 October 2023. <q>At first, green papers were coloured with the traditional mineral pigment verdigris or buy mixing blues and yellows of plant origin. But once Scheele's green began to be produced in quantity, it was adopted as an improvement over the old colours and became a common constituent in wallpaper by 1800.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Walls+of+Death&rft.btitle=The+Arsenic+Century%3A+How+Victorian+Britain+was+Poisoned+at+Home%2C+Work%2C+and+Play&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=205&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-01-28&rft.isbn=978-0-19-162343-1&rft.aulast=Whorton&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYnVNX3drptkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawksley2016" class="citation book cs1">Hawksley L (2016). Bitten by Witch Fever: Wallpaper & Arsenic in the Victorian Home. New York: Thames & Hudson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bitten+by+Witch+Fever%3A+Wallpaper+%26+Arsenic+in+the+Victorian+Home&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Hawksley&rft.aufirst=Lucinda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullen2008" class="citation book cs1">Cullen WR (2008). "4.7.1 Was it the Arsenic in the Wallpaper?". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yyaTdY4UGLMC">Is Arsenic an Aphrodisiac?: The Sociochemistry of an Element</a>. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-363-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-363-7"><bdi>978-0-85404-363-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 October 2023. <q>The wallpaper-as-arsenic-source of poison made the headlines in 1982 [...] when analysis of a sample of wallpaper from the living room in Longwood, Napoleon's residence on St. Helena, revealed arsenic concentrations of about 0.12 g/m2.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.7.1+Was+it+the+Arsenic+in+the+Wallpaper%3F&rft.btitle=Is+Arsenic+an+Aphrodisiac%3F%3A+The+Sociochemistry+of+an+Element&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-85404-363-7&rft.aulast=Cullen&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyyaTdY4UGLMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/3779">"London purple"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 24 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=London+purple&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcameochemicals.noaa.gov%2Fchemical%2F3779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanman2000" class="citation journal cs1">Lanman SW (2000). "Colour in the Garden: 'Malignant Magenta'". Garden History. 28 (2): 209–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1587270">10.2307/1587270</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1587270">1587270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Garden+History&rft.atitle=Colour+in+the+Garden%3A+%27Malignant+Magenta%27&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E221&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1587270&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1587270%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lanman&rft.aufirst=Susan+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolton1926" class="citation journal cs1">Holton EC (1926). "Insecticides and Fungicides". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 18 (9): 931–933. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fie50201a018">10.1021/ie50201a018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Industrial+%26+Engineering+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Insecticides+and+Fungicides&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E931-%3C%2Fspan%3E933&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fie50201a018&rft.aulast=Holton&rft.aufirst=E.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphyAucott1998" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy EA, Aucott M (1998). "An assessment of the amounts of arsenical pesticides used historically in a geographical area". Science of the Total Environment. 218 (2–3): 89–101. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ScTEn.218...89M">1998ScTEn.218...89M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0048-9697%2898%2900180-6">10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00180-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=An+assessment+of+the+amounts+of+arsenical+pesticides+used+historically+in+a+geographical+area&rft.volume=218&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0048-9697%2898%2900180-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998ScTEn.218...89M&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rft.au=Aucott%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarlatt1897" class="citation book cs1">Marlatt CL (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CAT85816421">Important Insecticides: Directions for Their Preparation and Use</a>. U.S. Department of Agriculture. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CAT85816421/page/n5">5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Important+Insecticides%3A+Directions+for+Their+Preparation+and+Use&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Marlatt&rft.aufirst=C.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCAT85816421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKassinger2010" class="citation book cs1">Kassinger R (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eIJVHFCBI_wC&pg=PA248">Paradise Under Glass: An Amateur Creates a Conservatory Garden</a>. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-199130-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-199130-1"><bdi>978-0-06-199130-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradise+Under+Glass%3A+An+Amateur+Creates+a+Conservatory+Garden&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-06-199130-1&rft.aulast=Kassinger&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeIJVHFCBI_wC%26pg%3DPA248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaller1975" class="citation journal cs1">Haller JS (1975). "Therapeutic Mule: The Use of Arsenic in the Nineteenth Century Materia Medica". Pharmacy in History. 17 (3): 87–100. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41108920">41108920</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11610136">11610136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacy+in+History&rft.atitle=Therapeutic+Mule%3A+The+Use+of+Arsenic+in+the+Nineteenth+Century+Materia+Medica&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41108920%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11610136&rft.aulast=Haller&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParascandola2011" class="citation book cs1">Parascandola J (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/1650011">"5. What Kills Can Cure: Arsenic in Medicine"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/book/42297">King of Poisons: A History of Arsenic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln</a>, Nebraska, United States of America: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 145–172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-809-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-809-5"><bdi>978-1-59797-809-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/817901966">817901966</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.+What+Kills+Can+Cure%3A+Arsenic+in+Medicine&rft.btitle=King+of+Poisons%3A+A+History+of+Arsenic&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska%2C+United+States+of+America&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F817901966&rft.isbn=978-1-59797-809-5&rft.aulast=Parascandola&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fchapter%2F1650011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCope2017" class="citation book cs1">Cope R (2017). "Metalloids". Veterinary Toxicology for Australia and New Zealand. pp. 255–277. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-420227-6.00014-1">10.1016/B978-0-12-420227-6.00014-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-420227-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-420227-6"><bdi>978-0-12-420227-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Metalloids&rft.btitle=Veterinary+Toxicology+for+Australia+and+New+Zealand&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E255-%3C%2Fspan%3E277&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-420227-6.00014-1&rft.isbn=978-0-12-420227-6&rft.aulast=Cope&rft.aufirst=Rhian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2006-10-23/phar-lap-arsenic-claims-premature-expert/1292814">"Phar Lap arsenic claims premature: expert"</a>. ABC News. 23 October 2006. Retrieved 14 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Phar+Lap+arsenic+claims+premature%3A+expert&rft.date=2006-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2006-10-23%2Fphar-lap-arsenic-claims-premature-expert%2F1292814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahmanAllanRosenSadowsky2004" class="citation journal cs1">Rahman FA, Allan DL, Rosen CJ, Sadowsky MJ (2004). "Arsenic availability from chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood". Journal of Environmental Quality. 33 (1): 173–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2134%2Fjeq2004.0173">10.2134/jeq2004.0173</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14964372">14964372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Quality&rft.atitle=Arsenic+availability+from+chromated+copper+arsenate+%28CCA%29-treated+wood&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E180&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2134%2Fjeq2004.0173&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14964372&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=F.+A.&rft.au=Allan%2C+D.+L.&rft.au=Rosen%2C+C.+J.&rft.au=Sadowsky%2C+M.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichtfouse2004" class="citation book cs1">Lichtfouse E (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IDGLh_cWAIwC">"Electrodialytical Removal of Cu, Cr and As from Threaded Wood"</a>. In Lichtfouse, Eric, Schwarzbauer, Jan, Robert, Didier (eds.). Environmental Chemistry: Green Chemistry and Pollutants in Ecosystems. Berlin: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-22860-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-22860-8"><bdi>978-3-540-22860-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Electrodialytical+Removal+of+Cu%2C+Cr+and+As+from+Threaded+Wood&rft.btitle=Environmental+Chemistry%3A+Green+Chemistry+and+Pollutants+in+Ecosystems&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-540-22860-8&rft.aulast=Lichtfouse&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIDGLh_cWAIwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-round-87"><a href="#cite_ref-round_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandalSuzuki2002" class="citation journal cs1">Mandal BK, Suzuki KT (2002). "Arsenic round the world: a review". Talanta. 58 (1): 201–235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0039-9140%2802%2900268-0">10.1016/S0039-9140(02)00268-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18968746">18968746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Talanta&rft.atitle=Arsenic+round+the+world%3A+a+review&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E235&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0039-9140%2802%2900268-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18968746&rft.aulast=Mandal&rft.aufirst=Badal+Kumar&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+K.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeryea1998" class="citation conference cs1">Peryea FJ (20–26 August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207174027/http://soils.tfrec.wsu.edu/leadhistory.htm">Historical use of lead arsenate insecticides, resulting in soil contamination and implications for soil remediation</a>. 16th World Congress of Soil Science. Montpellier, France. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soils.tfrec.wsu.edu/leadhistory.htm">the original</a> on 7 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Historical+use+of+lead+arsenate+insecticides%2C+resulting+in+soil+contamination+and+implications+for+soil+remediation&rft.place=Montpellier%2C+France&rft.date=1998-08-20%2F1998-08-26&rft.aulast=Peryea&rft.aufirst=F.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsoils.tfrec.wsu.edu%2Fleadhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Federal_Register-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Federal_Register_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2009-07-08/html/E9-16054.htm">"Organic Arsenicals; Notice of Receipt of Requests to Voluntarily Cancel or to Amend to Terminate Uses of Certain Pesticide Registrations"</a>. Federal Register. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 18 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register&rft.atitle=Organic+Arsenicals%3B+Notice+of+Receipt+of+Requests+to+Voluntarily+Cancel+or+to+Amend+to+Terminate+Uses+of+Certain+Pesticide+Registrations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FFR-2009-07-08%2Fhtml%2FE9-16054.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/monosodium-methanearsonate-msma-organic-arsenical">"Monosodium Methanearsonate (MSMA), an Organic Arsenical"</a>. Environmental Protection Agency. 22 April 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monosodium+Methanearsonate+%28MSMA%29%2C+an+Organic+Arsenical&rft.pub=Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=2015-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fingredients-used-pesticide-products%2Fmonosodium-methanearsonate-msma-organic-arsenical&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821154852/https://www.crcpress.com/Trace-Elements-in-Soils-and-Plants-Third-Edition/Kabata-Pendias/p/book/9780849315756">"Trace Elements in Soils and Plants, Third Edition"</a>. CRC Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crcpress.com/Trace-Elements-in-Soils-and-Plants-Third-Edition/Kabata-Pendias/p/book/9780849315756">the original</a> on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CRC+Press&rft.atitle=Trace+Elements+in+Soils+and+Plants%2C+Third+Edition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crcpress.com%2FTrace-Elements-in-Soils-and-Plants-Third-Edition%2FKabata-Pendias%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780849315756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNachmanGrahamPriceSilbergeld2005" class="citation journal cs1">Nachman KE, Graham JP, Price LB, Silbergeld EK (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1280389">"Arsenic: A Roadblock to Potential Animal Waste Management Solutions"</a>. Environmental Health Perspectives. 113 (9): 1123–1124. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005EnvHP.113.1123N">2005EnvHP.113.1123N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.7834">10.1289/ehp.7834</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1280389">1280389</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16140615">16140615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Arsenic%3A+A+Roadblock+to+Potential+Animal+Waste+Management+Solutions&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1123-%3C%2Fspan%3E1124&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1280389%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16140615&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.7834&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005EnvHP.113.1123N&rft.aulast=Nachman&rft.aufirst=Keeve+E.&rft.au=Graham%2C+Jay+P.&rft.au=Price%2C+Lance+B.&rft.au=Silbergeld%2C+Ellen+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1280389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp2-c5.pdf">"Arsenic"</a> (PDF). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Section 5.3, p. 310. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp2-c5.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arsenic&rft.pages=Section+5.3%2C+p.+310&rft.pub=Agency+for+Toxic+Substances+and+Disease+Registry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsdr.cdc.gov%2Ftoxprofiles%2Ftp2-c5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2007" class="citation journal cs1">Jones FT (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fps%2F86.1.2">"A Broad View of Arsenic"</a>. Poultry Science. 86 (1): 2–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fps%2F86.1.2">10.1093/ps/86.1.2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17179408">17179408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Poultry+Science&rft.atitle=A+Broad+View+of+Arsenic&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fps%2F86.1.2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17179408&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=F.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fps%252F86.1.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDAQ&A-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FDAQ&A_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDAQ&A_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2011" class="citation web cs1">Staff (8 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/SafetyHealth/ProductSafetyInformation/ucm258313.htm">"Questions and Answers Regarding 3-Nitro (Roxarsone)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Food and Drug Administration">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a>. Retrieved 21 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Questions+and+Answers+Regarding+3-Nitro+%28Roxarsone%29&rft.pub=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.date=2011-06-08&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FAnimalVeterinary%2FSafetyHealth%2FProductSafetyInformation%2Fucm258313.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITOM-96"><a href="#cite_ref-ITOM_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibaudJaouen2010" class="citation book cs1">Gibaud S, Jaouen G (2010). "Arsenic-Based Drugs: From Fowler's Solution to Modern Anticancer Chemotherapy". Medicinal Organometallic Chemistry. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. Vol. 32. pp. 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010moc..book....1G">2010moc..book....1G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-13185-1_1">10.1007/978-3-642-13185-1_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-13184-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-13184-4"><bdi>978-3-642-13184-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arsenic-Based+Drugs%3A+From+Fowler%27s+Solution+to+Modern+Anticancer+Chemotherapy&rft.btitle=Medicinal+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft.series=Topics+in+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-13185-1_1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010moc..book....1G&rft.isbn=978-3-642-13184-4&rft.aulast=Gibaud&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft.au=Jaouen%2C+G%C3%A9rard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBüscherCecchiJamonneauPriotto2017" class="citation journal cs1">Büscher P, Cecchi G, Jamonneau V, Priotto G (2017). "Human African trypanosomiasis". Lancet. 390 (10110): 2397–2409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2817%2931510-6">10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31510-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28673422">28673422</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4853616">4853616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Human+African+trypanosomiasis&rft.volume=390&rft.issue=10110&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2397-%3C%2Fspan%3E2409&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4853616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28673422&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2817%2931510-6&rft.aulast=B%C3%BCscher&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Cecchi%2C+G&rft.au=Jamonneau%2C+V&rft.au=Priotto%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntman2001" class="citation journal cs1">Antman KH (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1634%2Ftheoncologist.6-suppl_2-1">"The History of Arsenic Trioxide in Cancer Therapy"</a>. The Oncologist. 6 (Suppl 2): 1–2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1634%2Ftheoncologist.6-suppl_2-1">10.1634/theoncologist.6-suppl_2-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11331433">11331433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oncologist&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Arsenic+Trioxide+in+Cancer+Therapy&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=Suppl+2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1634%2Ftheoncologist.6-suppl_2-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11331433&rft.aulast=Antman&rft.aufirst=Karen+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1634%252Ftheoncologist.6-suppl_2-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenneweinLewisZhaoTsyganov2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jennewein M, Lewis MA, Zhao D, Tsyganov E, Slavine N, He J, Watkins L, Kodibagkar VD, O'Kelly S, Kulkarni P, Antich P, Hermanne A, Rösch F, Mason R, Thorpe P (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3436070">"Vascular Imaging of Solid Tumors in Rats with a Radioactive Arsenic-Labeled Antibody that Binds Exposed Phosphatidylserine"</a>. Clinical Cancer Research. 14 (5): 1377–1385. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1158%2F1078-0432.CCR-07-1516">10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1516</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3436070">3436070</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18316558">18316558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Cancer+Research&rft.atitle=Vascular+Imaging+of+Solid+Tumors+in+Rats+with+a+Radioactive+Arsenic-Labeled+Antibody+that+Binds+Exposed+Phosphatidylserine&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1377-%3C%2Fspan%3E1385&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3436070%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18316558&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1158%2F1078-0432.CCR-07-1516&rft.aulast=Jennewein&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Lewis%2C+M.+A.&rft.au=Zhao%2C+D.&rft.au=Tsyganov%2C+E.&rft.au=Slavine%2C+N.&rft.au=He%2C+J.&rft.au=Watkins%2C+L.&rft.au=Kodibagkar%2C+V.+D.&rft.au=O%27Kelly%2C+S.&rft.au=Kulkarni%2C+P.&rft.au=Antich%2C+P.&rft.au=Hermanne%2C+A.&rft.au=R%C3%B6sch%2C+F.&rft.au=Mason%2C+R.&rft.au=Thorpe%2C+Ph.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3436070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubastriArunSharmaPreedia_babu2018" class="citation journal cs1">Subastri A, Arun V, Sharma P, Preedia babu E, Suyavaran A, Nithyananthan S, Alshammari GM, Aristatile B, Dharuman V, Thirunavukkarasu C (November 2018). "Synthesis and characterisation of arsenic nanoparticles and its interaction with DNA and cytotoxic potential on breast cancer cells". Chemico-Biological Interactions. 295: 73–83. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CBI...295...73S">2018CBI...295...73S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cbi.2017.12.025">10.1016/j.cbi.2017.12.025</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29277637">29277637</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1816043">1816043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemico-Biological+Interactions&rft.atitle=Synthesis+and+characterisation+of+arsenic+nanoparticles+and+its+interaction+with+DNA+and+cytotoxic+potential+on+breast+cancer+cells&rft.volume=295&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=2018-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cbi.2017.12.025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1816043%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29277637&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018CBI...295...73S&rft.aulast=Subastri&rft.aufirst=Ariraman&rft.au=Arun%2C+Viswanathan&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Preeti&rft.au=Preedia+babu%2C+Ezhuthupurakkal&rft.au=Suyavaran%2C+Arumugam&rft.au=Nithyananthan%2C+Subramaniyam&rft.au=Alshammari%2C+Ghedeir+M.&rft.au=Aristatile%2C+Balakrishnan&rft.au=Dharuman%2C+Venkataraman&rft.au=Thirunavukkarasu%2C+Chinnasamy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagshaw1995" class="citation journal cs1">Bagshaw NE (1995). "Lead alloys: Past, present and future". Journal of Power Sources. 53 (1): 25–30. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JPS....53...25B">1995JPS....53...25B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-7753%2894%2901973-Y">10.1016/0378-7753(94)01973-Y</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Power+Sources&rft.atitle=Lead+alloys%3A+Past%2C+present+and+future&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0378-7753%2894%2901973-Y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995JPS....53...25B&rft.aulast=Bagshaw&rft.aufirst=N.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephKundigAssociation1999" class="citation book cs1">Joseph G, Kundig KJ, Association IC (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1hSJcC9zwFIC&pg=PA123">"Dealloying"</a>. Copper: Its Trade, Manufacture, Use, and Environmental Status. ASM International. pp. 123–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-656-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-656-0"><bdi>978-0-87170-656-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dealloying&rft.btitle=Copper%3A+Its+Trade%2C+Manufacture%2C+Use%2C+and+Environmental+Status&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87170-656-0&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnter&rft.au=Kundig%2C+Konrad+J.+A&rft.au=Association%2C+International+Copper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1hSJcC9zwFIC%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNayar1997" class="citation book cs1">Nayar (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cXkNMB1vBesC&pg=SA5-PA6">The Metals Databook</a>. McGraw-Hill. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-462300-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-462300-8"><bdi>978-0-07-462300-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Metals+Databook&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-07-462300-8&rft.au=Nayar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcXkNMB1vBesC%26pg%3DSA5-PA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/00639/en/w_chemical_blister.html">"Blister Agents"</a>. Code Red – Weapons of Mass Destruction. Retrieved 15 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blister+Agents&rft.pub=Code+Red+%E2%80%93+Weapons+of+Mass+Destruction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.thinkquest.org%2F05aug%2F00639%2Fen%2Fw_chemical_blister.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesting1972" class="citation journal cs1">Westing AH (1972). "Herbicides in war: Current status and future doubt". Biological Conservation. 4 (5): 322–327. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972BCons...4..322W">1972BCons...4..322W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0006-3207%2872%2990043-2">10.1016/0006-3207(72)90043-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Conservation&rft.atitle=Herbicides+in+war%3A+Current+status+and+future+doubt&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E322-%3C%2Fspan%3E327&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0006-3207%2872%2990043-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1972BCons...4..322W&rft.aulast=Westing&rft.aufirst=Arthur+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesting1971" class="citation journal cs1">Westing AH (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/saf/jof/1971/00000069/00000011/art00008">"Forestry and the War in South Vietnam"</a>. Journal of Forestry. 69: 777–783.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Forestry&rft.atitle=Forestry+and+the+War+in+South+Vietnam&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E777-%3C%2Fspan%3E783&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Westing&rft.aufirst=Arthur+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fsaf%2Fjof%2F1971%2F00000069%2F00000011%2Fart00008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimbrell2005" class="citation book cs1">Timbrell J (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qYYOtQU37jcC">"Butter Yellow and Scheele's Green"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poisonparadoxche0000timb">The Poison Paradox: Chemicals as Friends and Foes</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280495-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280495-2"><bdi>978-0-19-280495-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Butter+Yellow+and+Scheele%27s+Green&rft.btitle=The+Poison+Paradox%3A+Chemicals+as+Friends+and+Foes&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280495-2&rft.aulast=Timbrell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqYYOtQU37jcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossDaleLeslieSmith1979" class="citation journal cs1">Cross JD, Dale IM, Leslie AC, Smith H (1979). "Industrial exposure to arsenic". Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry. 48 (1–2): 197–208. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979JRNC...48..197C">1979JRNC...48..197C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02519786">10.1007/BF02519786</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:93714157">93714157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Radioanalytical+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Industrial+exposure+to+arsenic&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A93714157%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02519786&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979JRNC...48..197C&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft.au=Dale%2C+I.+M.&rft.au=Leslie%2C+A.+C.+D.&rft.au=Smith%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuruswamy1999" class="citation book cs1">Guruswamy S (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TtGmjOv9CUAC">"XIV. Ammunition"</a>. Engineering Properties and Applications of Lead Alloys. CRC Press. pp. 569–570. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-8247-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-8247-4"><bdi>978-0-8247-8247-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XIV.+Ammunition&rft.btitle=Engineering+Properties+and+Applications+of+Lead+Alloys&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E569-%3C%2Fspan%3E570&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-8247-4&rft.aulast=Guruswamy&rft.aufirst=Sivaraman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTtGmjOv9CUAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisHandbook_Committee,_ASM_International2001" class="citation book cs1">Davis JR, Handbook Committee, ASM International (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxkPJzmkhnUC&pg=PA390">"Dealloying"</a>. Copper and copper alloys. ASM International. p. 390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-726-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-726-0"><bdi>978-0-87170-726-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dealloying&rft.btitle=Copper+and+copper+alloys&rft.pages=390&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87170-726-0&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Joseph+R.&rft.au=Handbook+Committee%2C+ASM+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsxkPJzmkhnUC%26pg%3DPA390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Christine Quigley, Modern Mummies: The Preservation of the Human Body in the Twentieth Century, p 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartePequignot2006" class="citation journal cs1">Marte F, Pequignot A (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/8134">"Arsenic in Taxidermy Collections: History, Detection, and Management"</a>. Collection Forum. 21 (1–2): 143–150. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10088%2F8134">10088/8134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collection+Forum&rft.atitle=Arsenic+in+Taxidermy+Collections%3A+History%2C+Detection%2C+and+Management&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10088%2F8134&rft.aulast=Marte&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft.au=Pequignot%2C+Amandine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.si.edu%2Fhandle%2F10088%2F8134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParmelee1947" class="citation book cs1">Parmelee CW (1947). Ceramic Glazes (3rd ed.). Boston: Cahners Books. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ceramic+Glazes&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=61&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cahners+Books&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Parmelee&rft.aufirst=Cullen+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency1993" class="citation book cs1">United States Environmental Protection Agency (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qt7sNqoP_CkC&pg=PA68">"Arsenic Supply Demand and the Environment"</a>. Pollution technology review 214: Mercury and arsenic wastes: removal, recovery, treatment, and disposal. William Andrew. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8155-1326-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8155-1326-1"><bdi>978-0-8155-1326-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arsenic+Supply+Demand+and+the+Environment&rft.btitle=Pollution+technology+review+214%3A+Mercury+and+arsenic+wastes%3A+removal%2C+recovery%2C+treatment%2C+and+disposal&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=William+Andrew&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8155-1326-1&rft.au=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQt7sNqoP_CkC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarSethSinghRajput2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar M, Seth A, Singh AK, Rajput MS, Sikandar M (1 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.indic.2021.100155">"Remediation strategies for heavy metals contaminated ecosystem: A review"</a>. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators. 12: 100155. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021EnvSI..1200155K">2021EnvSI..1200155K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.indic.2021.100155">10.1016/j.indic.2021.100155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+and+Sustainability+Indicators&rft.atitle=Remediation+strategies+for+heavy+metals+contaminated+ecosystem%3A+A+review&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=100155&rft.date=2021-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.indic.2021.100155&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021EnvSI..1200155K&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Mahendra&rft.au=Seth%2C+Aparna&rft.au=Singh%2C+Alak+Kumar&rft.au=Rajput%2C+Manish+Singh&rft.au=Sikandar%2C+Mohd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.indic.2021.100155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumans1993" class="citation cs2">Humans IW (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499748/">"Exposures in the Glass Manufacturing Industry"</a>, Beryllium, Cadmium, Mercury, and Exposures in the Glass Manufacturing Industry, vol. 58, International Agency for Research on Cancer, pp. 347–375, <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7681308">7681308</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8022057">8022057</a>, retrieved 12 January 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Beryllium%2C+Cadmium%2C+Mercury%2C+and+Exposures+in+the+Glass+Manufacturing+Industry&rft.atitle=Exposures+in+the+Glass+Manufacturing+Industry&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E347-%3C%2Fspan%3E375&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7681308%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8022057&rft.aulast=Humans&rft.aufirst=IARC+Working+Group+on+the+Evaluation+of+Carcinogenic+Risks+to&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK499748%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolzBasuSantiniOremland2006" class="citation journal cs1">Stolz JF, Basu P, Santini JM, Oremland RS (2006). "Arsenic and Selenium in Microbial Metabolism". Annual Review of Microbiology. 60: 107–130. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ARvMb..60..107S">2006ARvMb..60..107S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.micro.60.080805.142053">10.1146/annurev.micro.60.080805.142053</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16704340">16704340</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2575554">2575554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Arsenic+and+Selenium+in+Microbial+Metabolism&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.micro.60.080805.142053&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2575554%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16704340&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006ARvMb..60..107S&rft.aulast=Stolz&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft.au=Basu%2C+Partha&rft.au=Santini%2C+Joanne+M.&rft.au=Oremland%2C+Ronald+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukhopadhyayRosenPhungSilver2002" class="citation journal cs1">Mukhopadhyay R, Rosen BP, Phung LT, Silver S (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6976.2002.tb00617.x">"Microbial arsenic: From geocycles to genes and enzymes"</a>. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 26 (3): 311–325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6976.2002.tb00617.x">10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00617.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12165430">12165430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEMS+Microbiology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Microbial+arsenic%3A+From+geocycles+to+genes+and+enzymes&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E311-%3C%2Fspan%3E325&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1574-6976.2002.tb00617.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12165430&rft.aulast=Mukhopadhyay&rft.aufirst=Rita&rft.au=Rosen%2C+Barry+P.&rft.au=Phung%2C+Le+T.&rft.au=Silver%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1574-6976.2002.tb00617.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulp,_T._RHoeftAsaoMadigan2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kulp, T. R, Hoeft SE, Asao M, Madigan MT, Hollibaugh JT, Fisher JC, Stolz JF, Culbertson CW, Miller LG, Oremland RS (2008). "Arsenic(III) fuels anoxygenic photosynthesis in hot spring biofilms from Mono Lake, California". <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 321 (5891): 967–970. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...321..967K">2008Sci...321..967K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1160799">10.1126/science.1160799</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18703741">18703741</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39479754">39479754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Arsenic%28III%29+fuels+anoxygenic+photosynthesis+in+hot+spring+biofilms+from+Mono+Lake%2C+California&rft.volume=321&rft.issue=5891&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E967-%3C%2Fspan%3E970&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1160799&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39479754%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18703741&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Sci...321..967K&rft.au=Kulp%2C+T.+R&rft.au=Hoeft%2C+S.+E.&rft.au=Asao%2C+M.&rft.au=Madigan%2C+M.+T.&rft.au=Hollibaugh%2C+J.+T.&rft.au=Fisher%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Stolz%2C+J.+F.&rft.au=Culbertson%2C+C.+W.&rft.au=Miller%2C+L.+G.&rft.au=Oremland%2C+R.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred_Campbell2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Fred Campbell (11 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/arsenic-loving-bacteria-rewrite-photosynthesis-rules/3000398.article">"Arsenic-loving bacteria rewrite photosynthesis rules"</a>. Chemistry World.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+World&rft.atitle=Arsenic-loving+bacteria+rewrite+photosynthesis+rules&rft.date=2008-08-11&rft.au=Fred+Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemistryworld.com%2Fnews%2Farsenic-loving-bacteria-rewrite-photosynthesis-rules%2F3000398.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe-SimonBlumKulpGordon2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wolfe-Simon F, Blum JS, Kulp TR, Gordon GW, Hoeft SE, Pett-Ridge J, Stolz JF, Webb SM, Weber PK (3 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc832429/m2/1/high_res_d/1016932.pdf">"A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus"</a> (PDF). Science. 332 (6034): 1163–1166. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...332.1163W">2011Sci...332.1163W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1197258">10.1126/science.1197258</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21127214">21127214</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51834091">51834091</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc832429/m2/1/high_res_d/1016932.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+Bacterium+That+Can+Grow+by+Using+Arsenic+Instead+of+Phosphorus&rft.volume=332&rft.issue=6034&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1163-%3C%2Fspan%3E1166&rft.date=2011-06-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1197258&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51834091%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21127214&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Sci...332.1163W&rft.aulast=Wolfe-Simon&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Blum%2C+J.+S.&rft.au=Kulp%2C+T.+R.&rft.au=Gordon%2C+G.+W.&rft.au=Hoeft%2C+S.+E.&rft.au=Pett-Ridge%2C+J.&rft.au=Stolz%2C+J.+F.&rft.au=Webb%2C+S.+M.&rft.au=Weber%2C+P.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc832429%2Fm2%2F1%2Fhigh_res_d%2F1016932.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErbKieferHattendorfGünther2012" class="citation journal cs1">Erb TJ, Kiefer P, Hattendorf B, Günther D, Vorholt JA (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1218455">"GFAJ-1 is an Arsenate-Resistant, Phosphate-Dependent Organism"</a>. Science. 337 (6093): 467–470. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...337..467E">2012Sci...337..467E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1218455">10.1126/science.1218455</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22773139">22773139</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20229329">20229329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=GFAJ-1+is+an+Arsenate-Resistant%2C+Phosphate-Dependent+Organism&rft.volume=337&rft.issue=6093&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E467-%3C%2Fspan%3E470&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1218455&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20229329%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22773139&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Sci...337..467E&rft.aulast=Erb&rft.aufirst=T.+J.&rft.au=Kiefer%2C+P.&rft.au=Hattendorf%2C+B.&rft.au=G%C3%BCnther%2C+D.&rft.au=Vorholt%2C+J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1218455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReavesSinhaRabinowitzKruglyak2012" class="citation journal cs1">Reaves ML, Sinha S, Rabinowitz JD, Kruglyak L, Redfield RJ (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3845625">"Absence of Detectable Arsenate in DNA from Arsenate-Grown GFAJ-1 Cells"</a>. Science. 337 (6093): 470–473. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1201.6643">1201.6643</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...337..470R">2012Sci...337..470R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1219861">10.1126/science.1219861</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3845625">3845625</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22773140">22773140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Absence+of+Detectable+Arsenate+in+DNA+from+Arsenate-Grown+GFAJ-1+Cells&rft.volume=337&rft.issue=6093&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E470-%3C%2Fspan%3E473&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3845625%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Sci...337..470R&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1201.6643&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22773140&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1219861&rft.aulast=Reaves&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft.au=Sinha%2C+S.&rft.au=Rabinowitz%2C+J.+D.&rft.au=Kruglyak%2C+L.&rft.au=Redfield%2C+R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3845625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽivkov_BalošJakšićLjubojević_Pelić2019" class="citation journal cs1">Živkov Baloš M, Jakšić S, Ljubojević Pelić D (September 2019). "The role, importance and toxicity of arsenic in poultry nutrition". World's Poultry Science Journal. 75 (3): 375–386. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0043933919000394">10.1017/S0043933919000394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World%27s+Poultry+Science+Journal&rft.atitle=The+role%2C+importance+and+toxicity+of+arsenic+in+poultry+nutrition&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E375-%3C%2Fspan%3E386&rft.date=2019-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0043933919000394&rft.aulast=%C5%BDivkov+Balo%C5%A1&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87%2C+S.&rft.au=Ljubojevi%C4%87+Peli%C4%87%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAljohani2023" class="citation journal cs1">Aljohani AS (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10340091">"Heavy metal toxicity in poultry: A comprehensive review"</a>. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffvets.2023.1161354">10.3389/fvets.2023.1161354</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10340091">10340091</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37456954">37456954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Veterinary+Science&rft.atitle=Heavy+metal+toxicity+in+poultry%3A+A+comprehensive+review&rft.volume=10&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10340091%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37456954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffvets.2023.1161354&rft.aulast=Aljohani&rft.aufirst=AS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10340091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaccarelliBollati2009" class="citation journal cs1">Baccarelli A, Bollati V (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035853">"Epigenetics and environmental chemicals"</a>. Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 21 (2): 243–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMOP.0b013e32832925cc">10.1097/MOP.0b013e32832925cc</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035853">3035853</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19663042">19663042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Epigenetics+and+environmental+chemicals&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E251&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3035853%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19663042&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FMOP.0b013e32832925cc&rft.aulast=Baccarelli&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Bollati%2C+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3035853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholisCurisDeschampsBénazeth2009" class="citation journal cs1">Nicholis I, Curis E, Deschamps P, Bénazeth S (2009). "Arsenite medicinal use, metabolism, pharmacokinetics and monitoring in human hair". Biochimie. 91 (10): 1260–1267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biochi.2009.06.003">10.1016/j.biochi.2009.06.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19527769">19527769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochimie&rft.atitle=Arsenite+medicinal+use%2C+metabolism%2C+pharmacokinetics+and+monitoring+in+human+hair&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1260-%3C%2Fspan%3E1267&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biochi.2009.06.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19527769&rft.aulast=Nicholis&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Curis%2C+E.&rft.au=Deschamps%2C+P.&rft.au=B%C3%A9nazeth%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLombiZhaoFuhrmannMa2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lombi E, Zhao FJ, Fuhrmann M, Ma LQ, McGrath SP (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1469-8137.2002.00512.x">"Arsenic Distribution and Speciation in the Fronds of the Hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata"</a>. New Phytologist. 156 (2): 195–203. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002NewPh.156..195L">2002NewPh.156..195L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1469-8137.2002.00512.x">10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00512.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1514012">1514012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33873285">33873285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Phytologist&rft.atitle=Arsenic+Distribution+and+Speciation+in+the+Fronds+of+the+Hyperaccumulator+Pteris+vittata&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1469-8137.2002.00512.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33873285&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1514012%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002NewPh.156..195L&rft.aulast=Lombi&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Zhao%2C+F.-J.&rft.au=Fuhrmann%2C+M.&rft.au=Ma%2C+L.+Q.&rft.au=McGrath%2C+S.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1469-8137.2002.00512.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biomethylation-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Biomethylation_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakurai2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sakurai TS (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1248%2Fjhs.49.171">"Biomethylation of Arsenic is Essentially Detoxicating Event"</a>. Journal of Health Science. 49 (3): 171–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1248%2Fjhs.49.171">10.1248/jhs.49.171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Health+Science&rft.atitle=Biomethylation+of+Arsenic+is+Essentially+Detoxicating+Event&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E178&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1248%2Fjhs.49.171&rft.aulast=Sakurai&rft.aufirst=Teruaki+Sakurai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1248%252Fjhs.49.171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReimerKoch,_I.Cullen,_W.R.2010" class="citation book cs1">Reimer KJ, Koch, I., Cullen, W.R. (2010). Organoarsenicals. Distribution and transformation in the environment. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 7. pp. 165–229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2F9781849730822-00165">10.1039/9781849730822-00165</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84755-177-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84755-177-1"><bdi>978-1-84755-177-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20877808">20877808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organoarsenicals.+Distribution+and+transformation+in+the+environment&rft.series=Metal+Ions+in+Life+Sciences&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E229&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20877808&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2F9781849730822-00165&rft.isbn=978-1-84755-177-1&rft.aulast=Reimer&rft.aufirst=K.+J.&rft.au=Koch%2C+I.&rft.au=Cullen%2C+W.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentleyChasteen2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bentley R, Chasteen TG (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC120786">"Microbial Methylation of Metalloids: Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth"</a>. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 66 (2): 250–271. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMMBR.66.2.250-271.2002">10.1128/MMBR.66.2.250-271.2002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC120786">120786</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12040126">12040126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiology+and+Molecular+Biology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Microbial+Methylation+of+Metalloids%3A+Arsenic%2C+Antimony%2C+and+Bismuth&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E250-%3C%2Fspan%3E271&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC120786%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12040126&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FMMBR.66.2.250-271.2002&rft.aulast=Bentley&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Chasteen%2C+T.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC120786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullenReimer1989" class="citation journal cs1">Cullen WR, Reimer KJ (1989). "Arsenic speciation in the environment". Chemical Reviews. 89 (4): 713–764. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr00094a002">10.1021/cr00094a002</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10214%2F2162">10214/2162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Arsenic+speciation+in+the+environment&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E713-%3C%2Fspan%3E764&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10214%2F2162&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr00094a002&rft.aulast=Cullen&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft.au=Reimer%2C+Kenneth+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204174821/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=7&po=7">"Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM) Arsenic Toxicity Exposure Pathways"</a>. Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.html">the original</a> on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Case+Studies+in+Environmental+Medicine+%28CSEM%29+Arsenic+Toxicity+Exposure+Pathways&rft.pub=Agency+for+Toxic+Substances+%26+Disease+Registry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsdr.cdc.gov%2Fcsem%2Fcsem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmd.com/diet/features/arsenic-food-faq">"Arsenic in Food: FAQ"</a>. 5 December 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arsenic+in+Food%3A+FAQ&rft.date=2011-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fdiet%2Ffeatures%2Farsenic-food-faq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-atsdr.cdc.gov-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atsdr.cdc.gov_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atsdr.cdc.gov_134-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atsdr.cdc.gov_134-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/index.aspx?toxid=3">Arsenic</a>. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/MvxnXOoFl20">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190919033145/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MvxnXOoFl20&gl=US&hl=en">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MvxnXOoFl20">"How Victorians Were Poisoned By Their Own Homes | Hidden Killers | Absolute Victory"</a>. YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=How+Victorians+Were+Poisoned+By+Their+Own+Homes+%7C+Hidden+Killers+%7C+Absolute+Victory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DMvxnXOoFl20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFendrichVan_EyndeStasinopoulosRigby2024" class="citation journal cs1">Fendrich AN, Van Eynde E, Stasinopoulos DM, Rigby RA, Mezquita FY, Panagos P (1 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envint.2024.108544">"Modeling arsenic in European topsoils with a coupled semiparametric (GAMLSS-RF) model for censored data"</a>. Environment International. 185: 108544. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024EnInt.18508544F">2024EnInt.18508544F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envint.2024.108544">10.1016/j.envint.2024.108544</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38452467">38452467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+International&rft.atitle=Modeling+arsenic+in+European+topsoils+with+a+coupled+semiparametric+%28GAMLSS-RF%29+model+for+censored+data&rft.volume=185&rft.pages=108544&rft.date=2024-03-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38452467&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envint.2024.108544&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024EnInt.18508544F&rft.aulast=Fendrich&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Nicolaus&rft.au=Van+Eynde%2C+Elise&rft.au=Stasinopoulos%2C+Dimitrios+M.&rft.au=Rigby%2C+Robert+A.&rft.au=Mezquita%2C+Felipe+Yunta&rft.au=Panagos%2C+Panos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.envint.2024.108544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeharg2005" class="citation book cs1">Meharg A (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/venomousearthhow00meha">Venomous Earth – How Arsenic Caused The World's Worst Mass Poisoning</a>. Macmillan Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-4499-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-4499-3"><bdi>978-1-4039-4499-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venomous+Earth+%E2%80%93+How+Arsenic+Caused+The+World%27s+Worst+Mass+Poisoning&rft.pub=Macmillan+Science&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-4499-3&rft.aulast=Meharg&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvenomousearthhow00meha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenke2009" class="citation book cs1">Henke KR (28 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hMA70VU36qUC&pg=PA317">Arsenic: Environmental Chemistry, Health Threats and Waste Treatment</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-02758-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-02758-5"><bdi>978-0-470-02758-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arsenic%3A+Environmental+Chemistry%2C+Health+Threats+and+Waste+Treatment&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009-04-28&rft.isbn=978-0-470-02758-5&rft.aulast=Henke&rft.aufirst=Kevin+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhMA70VU36qUC%26pg%3DPA317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLammEngelPennChen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lamm SH, Engel A, Penn CA, Chen R, Feinleib M (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1513326">"Arsenic cancer risk confounder in southwest Taiwan data set"</a>. Environ. Health Perspect. 114 (7): 1077–1082. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006EnvHP.114.1077L">2006EnvHP.114.1077L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.8704">10.1289/ehp.8704</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1513326">1513326</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16835062">16835062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environ.+Health+Perspect.&rft.atitle=Arsenic+cancer+risk+confounder+in+southwest+Taiwan+data+set&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1077-%3C%2Fspan%3E1082&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1513326%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16835062&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.8704&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006EnvHP.114.1077L&rft.aulast=Lamm&rft.aufirst=S.+H.&rft.au=Engel%2C+A.&rft.au=Penn%2C+C.+A.&rft.au=Chen%2C+R.&rft.au=Feinleib%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1513326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohnhorst2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kohnhorst A (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140110085919/http://antispam.kmutt.ac.th/index.php/JTMP/article/view/14749">"Arsenic in Groundwater in Selected Countries in South and Southeast Asia: A Review"</a>. J Trop Med Parasitol. 28: 73. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antispam.kmutt.ac.th/index.php/JTMP/article/view/14749">the original</a> on 10 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Trop+Med+Parasitol&rft.atitle=Arsenic+in+Groundwater+in+Selected+Countries+in+South+and+Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=73&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Kohnhorst&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fantispam.kmutt.ac.th%2Findex.php%2FJTMP%2Farticle%2Fview%2F14749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/arsenic-drinking-water-threatens-60-million-pakistan">"Arsenic in drinking water threatens up to 60 million in Pakistan"</a>. Science | AAAS. 23 August 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+%7C+AAAS&rft.atitle=Arsenic+in+drinking+water+threatens+up+to+60+million+in+Pakistan&rft.date=2017-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Farsenic-drinking-water-threatens-60-million-pakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Well_Water_Arsenic_Exposure,_Arsenic_Induced_Skin-Lesions_and_Self-Reported_Morbidity_in_Inner_Mongolia-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Well_Water_Arsenic_Exposure,_Arsenic_Induced_Skin-Lesions_and_Self-Reported_Morbidity_in_Inner_Mongolia_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Well_Water_Arsenic_Exposure,_Arsenic_Induced_Skin-Lesions_and_Self-Reported_Morbidity_in_Inner_Mongolia_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiaWadeWuLi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Xia Y, Wade T, Wu K, Li Y, Ning Z, Le XC, He X, Chen B, Feng Y, Mumford J (9 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672384">"Well Water Arsenic Exposure, Arsenic Induced Skin-Lesions and Self-Reported Morbidity in Inner Mongolia"</a>. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 6 (3): 1010–1025. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph6031010">10.3390/ijerph6031010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672384">2672384</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19440430">19440430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Well+Water+Arsenic+Exposure%2C+Arsenic+Induced+Skin-Lesions+and+Self-Reported+Morbidity+in+Inner+Mongolia&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1010-%3C%2Fspan%3E1025&rft.date=2009-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2672384%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19440430&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph6031010&rft.aulast=Xia&rft.aufirst=Yajuan&rft.au=Wade%2C+Timothy&rft.au=Wu%2C+Kegong&rft.au=Li%2C+Yanhong&rft.au=Ning%2C+Zhixiong&rft.au=Le%2C+X+Chris&rft.au=He%2C+Xingzhou&rft.au=Chen%2C+Binfei&rft.au=Feng%2C+Yong&rft.au=Mumford%2C+Judy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2672384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lall-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Lall_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLallJossetRusso2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lall U, Josset L, Russo T (17 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-environ-102017-025800">"A Snapshot of the World's Groundwater Challenges"</a>. Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 45 (1): 171–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-environ-102017-025800">10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-025800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Environment+and+Resources&rft.atitle=A+Snapshot+of+the+World%27s+Groundwater+Challenges&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E194&rft.date=2020-10-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-environ-102017-025800&rft.aulast=Lall&rft.aufirst=Upmanu&rft.au=Josset%2C+Laureline&rft.au=Russo%2C+Tess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-environ-102017-025800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.thewire.in/health/iit-kharagpurs-ai-study-finds-20-of-india-has-toxic-levels-of-arsenic-in-groundwater/">"IIT Kharagpur Study Finds 20% of India Has High Arsenic Levels in Groundwater"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wire_(India)" title="The Wire (India)">The Wire</a>. PTI. 11 February 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=IIT+Kharagpur+Study+Finds+20%25+of+India+Has+High+Arsenic+Levels+in+Groundwater&rft.date=2021-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.thewire.in%2Fhealth%2Fiit-kharagpurs-ai-study-finds-20-of-india-has-toxic-levels-of-arsenic-in-groundwater%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-test-145"><a href="#cite_ref-test_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100107171246/http://h2oc.com/pdfs/Occurrence.pdf">"Arsenic in Drinking Water: 3. Occurrence in U.S. Waters"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://h2oc.com/pdfs/Occurrence.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 15 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arsenic+in+Drinking+Water%3A+3.+Occurrence+in+U.S.+Waters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fh2oc.com%2Fpdfs%2FOccurrence.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelchWestjohnHelselWanty2000" class="citation journal cs1">Welch AH, Westjohn DB, Helsel DR, Wanty RB (2000). "Arsenic in Ground Water of the United States: Occurrence and Geochemistry". Ground Water. 38 (4): 589–604. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000GrWat..38..589W">2000GrWat..38..589W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1745-6584.2000.tb00251.x">10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00251.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129409319">129409319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ground+Water&rft.atitle=Arsenic+in+Ground+Water+of+the+United+States%3A+Occurrence+and+Geochemistry&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E589-%3C%2Fspan%3E604&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129409319%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1745-6584.2000.tb00251.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000GrWat..38..589W&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Alan+H.&rft.au=Westjohn%2C+D.+B.&rft.au=Helsel%2C+Dennis+R.&rft.au=Wanty%2C+Richard+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnobelochZieroldAnderson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Knobeloch LM, Zierold KM, Anderson HA (2006). "Association of arsenic-contaminated drinking-water with prevalence of skin cancer in Wisconsin's Fox River Valley". J. Health Popul Nutr. 24 (2): 206–213. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1807%2F50099">1807/50099</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17195561">17195561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Health+Popul+Nutr&rft.atitle=Association+of+arsenic-contaminated+drinking-water+with+prevalence+of+skin+cancer+in+Wisconsin%27s+Fox+River+Valley&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E206-%3C%2Fspan%3E213&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1807%2F50099&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17195561&rft.aulast=Knobeloch&rft.aufirst=L.+M.&rft.au=Zierold%2C+K.+M.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+H.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~toxmetal/InSmallDoses/">"In Small Doses:Arsenic"</a>. The Dartmouth Toxic Metals Superfund Research Program. Dartmouth College.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Dartmouth+Toxic+Metals+Superfund+Research+Program.+Dartmouth+College&rft.atitle=In+Small+Doses%3AArsenic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dartmouth.edu%2F~toxmetal%2FInSmallDoses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtneyElyEnelowHamilton2009" class="citation journal cs1">Courtney D, Ely KH, Enelow RI, Hamilton JW (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2737023">"Low Dose Arsenic Compromises the Immune Response to Influenza A Infection in vivo"</a>. Environmental Health Perspectives. 117 (9): 1441–1447. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EnvHP.117.1441K">2009EnvHP.117.1441K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.0900911">10.1289/ehp.0900911</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2737023">2737023</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19750111">19750111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Low+Dose+Arsenic+Compromises+the+Immune+Response+to+Influenza+A+Infection+in+vivo&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1441-%3C%2Fspan%3E1447&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2737023%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19750111&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.0900911&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009EnvHP.117.1441K&rft.aulast=Courtney&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Ely%2C+Kenneth+H.&rft.au=Enelow%2C+Richard+I.&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+Joshua+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2737023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GSC-2009-150"><a href="#cite_ref-GSC-2009_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlassenDoumaFordRencz2009" class="citation web cs1">Klassen RA, Douma SL, Ford A, Rencz A, Grunsky E (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502043721/http://geogratis.cgdi.gc.ca/eodata/download/part6/ess_pubs/247/247834/cr_2009_07_gsc.pdf">"Geoscience modeling of relative variation in natural arsenic hazard in potential in New Brunswick"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_Canada" title="Geological Survey of Canada">Geological Survey of Canada</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geogratis.cgdi.gc.ca/eodata/download/part6/ess_pubs/247/247834/cr_2009_07_gsc.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geoscience+modeling+of+relative+variation+in+natural+arsenic+hazard+in+potential+in+New+Brunswick&rft.pub=Geological+Survey+of+Canada&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Klassen&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft.au=Douma%2C+S.+L.&rft.au=Ford%2C+A.&rft.au=Rencz%2C+A.&rft.au=Grunsky%2C+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeogratis.cgdi.gc.ca%2Feodata%2Fdownload%2Fpart6%2Fess_pubs%2F247%2F247834%2Fcr_2009_07_gsc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerreccioSancha2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ferreccio C, Sancha AM (2006). "Arsenic exposure and its impact on health in Chile". J Health Popul Nutr. 24 (2): 164–175. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1807%2F50095">1807/50095</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17195557">17195557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Health+Popul+Nutr&rft.atitle=Arsenic+exposure+and+its+impact+on+health+in+Chile&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E175&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1807%2F50095&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17195557&rft.aulast=Ferreccio&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Sancha%2C+A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TalhoutSchulz2011-152"><a href="#cite_ref-TalhoutSchulz2011_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalhoutSchulzFlorekVan_Benthem2011" class="citation journal cs1">Talhout R, Schulz T, Florek E, Van Benthem J, Wester P, Opperhuizen A (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3084482">"Hazardous Compounds in Tobacco Smoke"</a>. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 8 (12): 613–628. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph8020613">10.3390/ijerph8020613</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3084482">3084482</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21556207">21556207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Hazardous+Compounds+in+Tobacco+Smoke&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E613-%3C%2Fspan%3E628&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3084482%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21556207&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph8020613&rft.aulast=Talhout&rft.aufirst=Reinskje&rft.au=Schulz%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Florek%2C+Ewa&rft.au=Van+Benthem%2C+Jan&rft.au=Wester%2C+Piet&rft.au=Opperhuizen%2C+Antoon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3084482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuCrawford-Brown2006" class="citation journal cs1">Chu HA, Crawford-Brown DJ (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3732405">"Inorganic arsenic in drinking water and bladder cancer: a meta-analysis for dose-response assessment"</a>. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 3 (4): 316–322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph2006030039">10.3390/ijerph2006030039</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3732405">3732405</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17159272">17159272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int.+J.+Environ.+Res.+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Inorganic+arsenic+in+drinking+water+and+bladder+cancer%3A+a+meta-analysis+for+dose-response+assessment&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E316-%3C%2Fspan%3E322&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3732405%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17159272&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph2006030039&rft.aulast=Chu&rft.aufirst=H.+A.&rft.au=Crawford-Brown%2C+D.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3732405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-08-30-553404631_x.htm">"Arsenic in drinking water seen as threat – USATODAY.com"</a>. USA Today. 30 August 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Arsenic+in+drinking+water+seen+as+threat+%E2%80%93+USATODAY.com&rft.date=2007-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2007-08-30-553404631_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulledgeO'Connor1973" class="citation journal cs1">Gulledge JH, O'Connor JT (1973). "Removal of Arsenic (V) from Water by Adsorption on Aluminum and Ferric Hydroxides". J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 65 (8): 548–552. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973JAWWA..65h.548G">1973JAWWA..65h.548G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1551-8833.1973.tb01893.x">10.1002/j.1551-8833.1973.tb01893.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Water+Works+Assoc.&rft.atitle=Removal+of+Arsenic+%28V%29+from+Water+by+Adsorption+on+Aluminum+and+Ferric+Hydroxides&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E548-%3C%2Fspan%3E552&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1551-8833.1973.tb01893.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973JAWWA..65h.548G&rft.aulast=Gulledge&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+John+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorO'Connor" class="citation news cs1">O'Connor JT, O'Connor TL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100107182531/http://h2oc.com/pdfs/Removal.pdf">"Arsenic in Drinking Water: 4. Removal Methods"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h2oc.com/pdfs/Removal.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arsenic+in+Drinking+Water%3A+4.+Removal+Methods&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=J.+T.&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+T.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.h2oc.com%2Fpdfs%2FRemoval.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insituarsenic.org">"In situ arsenic treatment"</a>. insituarsenic.org. Retrieved 13 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=insituarsenic.org&rft.atitle=In+situ+arsenic+treatment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insituarsenic.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadloffZhengMichaelStute2011" class="citation journal cs1">Radloff KA, Zheng Y, Michael HA, Stute M, Bostick BC, Mihajlov I, Bounds M, Huq MR, Choudhury I, Rahman M, Schlosser P, Ahmed K, Van Geen A (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3269239">"Arsenic migration to deep groundwater in Bangladesh influenced by adsorption and water demand"</a>. Nature Geoscience. 4 (11): 793–798. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011NatGe...4..793R">2011NatGe...4..793R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo1283">10.1038/ngeo1283</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3269239">3269239</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22308168">22308168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=Arsenic+migration+to+deep+groundwater+in+Bangladesh+influenced+by+adsorption+and+water+demand&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E793-%3C%2Fspan%3E798&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3269239%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22308168&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fngeo1283&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011NatGe...4..793R&rft.aulast=Radloff&rft.aufirst=K.+A.&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Y.&rft.au=Michael%2C+H.+A.&rft.au=Stute%2C+M.&rft.au=Bostick%2C+B.+C.&rft.au=Mihajlov%2C+I.&rft.au=Bounds%2C+M.&rft.au=Huq%2C+M.+R.&rft.au=Choudhury%2C+I.&rft.au=Rahman%2C+M.&rft.au=Schlosser%2C+P.&rft.au=Ahmed%2C+K.&rft.au=Van+Geen%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3269239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYavuzMayoYuPrakash2005" class="citation journal cs1">Yavuz CT, Mayo JT, Yu WW, Prakash A, Falkner JC, Yean S, Cong L, Shipley HJ, Kan A, Tomson M, Natelson D, Colvin VL (2005). "Low-Field Magnetic Separation of Monodisperse Fe3O4 Nanocrystals". Science. 314 (5801): 964–967. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1131475">10.1126/science.1131475</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17095696">17095696</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23522459">23522459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Low-Field+Magnetic+Separation+of+Monodisperse+Fe%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3EO%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E+Nanocrystals&rft.volume=314&rft.issue=5801&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E964-%3C%2Fspan%3E967&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23522459%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17095696&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1131475&rft.aulast=Yavuz&rft.aufirst=Cafer+T.&rft.au=Mayo%2C+J.+T.&rft.au=Yu%2C+W.+W.&rft.au=Prakash%2C+A.&rft.au=Falkner%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Yean%2C+S.&rft.au=Cong%2C+L.&rft.au=Shipley%2C+H.+J.&rft.au=Kan%2C+A.&rft.au=Tomson%2C+M.&rft.au=Natelson%2C+D.&rft.au=Colvin%2C+V.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelikerWahlCameronNriagu2007" class="citation journal cs1">Meliker JR, Wahl RL, Cameron LL, Nriagu JO (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1797014">"Arsenic in drinking water and cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and kidney disease in Michigan: A standardized mortality ratio analysis"</a>. Environmental Health. 6 (1): 4. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007EnvHe...6....4M">2007EnvHe...6....4M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1476-069X-6-4">10.1186/1476-069X-6-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1797014">1797014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17274811">17274811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health&rft.atitle=Arsenic+in+drinking+water+and+cerebrovascular+disease%2C+diabetes+mellitus%2C+and+kidney+disease+in+Michigan%3A+A+standardized+mortality+ratio+analysis&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1797014%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17274811&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1476-069X-6-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007EnvHe...6....4M&rft.aulast=Meliker&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=Wahl%2C+R.+L.&rft.au=Cameron%2C+L.+L.&rft.au=Nriagu%2C+J.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1797014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsengTaiChongTseng2000" class="citation journal cs1">Tseng CH, Tai TY, Chong CK, Tseng CP, Lai MS, Lin BJ, Chiou HY, Hsueh YM, Hsu KH, Chen CJ (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2556925">"Long-Term Arsenic Exposure and Incidence of Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus: A Cohort Study in Arseniasis-Hyperendemic Villages in Taiwan"</a>. Environmental Health Perspectives. 108 (9): 847–851. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000EnvHP.108..847T">2000EnvHP.108..847T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.00108847">10.1289/ehp.00108847</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2556925">2556925</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11017889">11017889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Long-Term+Arsenic+Exposure+and+Incidence+of+Non-Insulin-Dependent+Diabetes+Mellitus%3A+A+Cohort+Study+in+Arseniasis-Hyperendemic+Villages+in+Taiwan&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E847-%3C%2Fspan%3E851&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2556925%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11017889&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.00108847&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000EnvHP.108..847T&rft.aulast=Tseng&rft.aufirst=Chin-Hsiao&rft.au=Tai%2C+Tong-Yuan&rft.au=Chong%2C+Choon-Khim&rft.au=Tseng%2C+Ching-Ping&rft.au=Lai%2C+Mei-Shu&rft.au=Lin%2C+Boniface+J.&rft.au=Chiou%2C+Hung-Yi&rft.au=Hsueh%2C+Yu-Mei&rft.au=Hsu%2C+Kuang-Hung&rft.au=Chen%2C+C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2556925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mno.hu/gazdasag/szenzacios-magyar-talalmany-1068315">Newspaper article</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120417212726/http://mno.hu/gazdasag/szenzacios-magyar-talalmany-1068315">Archived</a> 17 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Hungarian) published by <a href="/wiki/Magyar_Nemzet" title="Magyar Nemzet">Magyar Nemzet</a> on 15 April 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoeringAposhianMassCebrián1999" class="citation journal cs1">Goering P, Aposhian HV, Mass MJ, Cebrián M, Beck BD, Waalkes MP (May 1999). "The enigma of arsenic carcinogenesis: role of metabolism". Toxicological Sciences. 49 (1): 5–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2F49.1.5">10.1093/toxsci/49.1.5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10367337">10367337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxicological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+enigma+of+arsenic+carcinogenesis%3A+role+of+metabolism&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=1999-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2F49.1.5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10367337&rft.aulast=Goering&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Aposhian%2C+HV&rft.au=Mass%2C+MJ&rft.au=Cebri%C3%A1n%2C+M&rft.au=Beck%2C+BD&rft.au=Waalkes%2C+MP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopenhayn-RichBiggsSmithKalman1996" class="citation journal cs1">Hopenhayn-Rich C, Biggs ML, Smith AH, Kalman DA, Moore LE (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1469390">"Methylation study of a population environmentally exposed to arsenic in drinking water"</a>. Environmental Health Perspectives. 104 (6): 620–628. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996EnvHP.104..620H">1996EnvHP.104..620H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.96104620">10.1289/ehp.96104620</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1469390">1469390</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8793350">8793350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Methylation+study+of+a+population+environmentally+exposed+to+arsenic+in+drinking+water&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E620-%3C%2Fspan%3E628&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1469390%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8793350&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.96104620&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996EnvHP.104..620H&rft.aulast=Hopenhayn-Rich&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Biggs%2C+M.+L.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Allan+H.&rft.au=Kalman%2C+D.+A.&rft.au=Moore%2C+Lee+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1469390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithArroyoMazumderKosnett2000" class="citation journal cs1">Smith AH, Arroyo AP, Mazumder DN, Kosnett MJ, Hernandez AL, Beeris M, Smith MM, Moore LE (July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1638201">"Arsenic-induced skin lesions among Atacameño people in Northern Chile despite good nutrition and centuries of exposure"</a>. Environmental Health Perspectives. 108 (7): 617–620. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000EnvHP.108..617S">2000EnvHP.108..617S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.00108617">10.1289/ehp.00108617</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1638201">1638201</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10903614">10903614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Arsenic-induced+skin+lesions+among+Atacame%C3%B1o+people+in+Northern+Chile+despite+good+nutrition+and+centuries+of+exposure.&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E617-%3C%2Fspan%3E620&rft.date=2000-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1638201%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10903614&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.00108617&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000EnvHP.108..617S&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=A+H&rft.au=Arroyo%2C+A+P&rft.au=Mazumder%2C+D+N&rft.au=Kosnett%2C+M+J&rft.au=Hernandez%2C+A+L&rft.au=Beeris%2C+M&rft.au=Smith%2C+M+M&rft.au=Moore%2C+L+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1638201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Eawag (2015) Geogenic Contamination Handbook – Addressing Arsenic and Fluoride in Drinking Water. C.A. Johnson, A. Bretzler (Eds.), Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland. (download: www.eawag.ch/en/research/humanwelfare/drinkingwater/wrq/geogenic-contamination-handbook/) </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAminiAbbaspourBergWinkel2008" class="citation journal cs1">Amini M, Abbaspour K, Berg M, Winkel L, Hug S, Hoehn E, Yang H, Johnson C (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes702859e">"Statistical modeling of global geogenic arsenic contamination in groundwater"</a>. Environmental Science and Technology. 42 (10): 3669–3675. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008EnST...42.3669A">2008EnST...42.3669A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes702859e">10.1021/es702859e</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18546706">18546706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Statistical+modeling+of+global+geogenic+arsenic+contamination+in+groundwater&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3669-%3C%2Fspan%3E3675&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18546706&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fes702859e&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008EnST...42.3669A&rft.aulast=Amini&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Abbaspour%2C+K.C.&rft.au=Berg%2C+M.&rft.au=Winkel%2C+L.&rft.au=Hug%2C+S.J.&rft.au=Hoehn%2C+E.&rft.au=Yang%2C+H.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+C.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1021%252Fes702859e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkelBergAminiHug2008" class="citation journal cs1">Winkel L, Berg M, Amini M, Hug SJ, Annette Johnson C (August 2008). "Predicting groundwater arsenic contamination in Southeast Asia from surface parameters". Nature Geoscience. 1 (8): 536–542. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008NatGe...1..536W">2008NatGe...1..536W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo254">10.1038/ngeo254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=Predicting+groundwater+arsenic+contamination+in+Southeast+Asia+from+surface+parameters&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E536-%3C%2Fspan%3E542&rft.date=2008-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fngeo254&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008NatGe...1..536W&rft.aulast=Winkel&rft.aufirst=Lenny&rft.au=Berg%2C+Michael&rft.au=Amini%2C+Manouchehr&rft.au=Hug%2C+Stephan+J.&rft.au=Annette+Johnson%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmedleyKinniburgh2002" class="citation journal cs1">Smedley P, Kinniburgh D (May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/12311/1/Abstract.pdf">"A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters"</a> (PDF). Applied Geochemistry. 17 (5): 517–568. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ApGC...17..517S">2002ApGC...17..517S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0883-2927%2802%2900018-5">10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00018-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Geochemistry&rft.atitle=A+review+of+the+source%2C+behaviour+and+distribution+of+arsenic+in+natural+waters&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E517-%3C%2Fspan%3E568&rft.date=2002-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0883-2927%2802%2900018-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002ApGC...17..517S&rft.aulast=Smedley&rft.aufirst=P.L&rft.au=Kinniburgh%2C+D.G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnora.nerc.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F12311%2F1%2FAbstract.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110308104034/http://www.civil.umaine.edu/macrae/arsenic_gw.htm">How Does Arsenic Get into the Groundwater</a>. Civil and Environmental Engineering. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maine" title="University of Maine">University of Maine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Zeng Zhaohua, Zhang Zhiliang (2002). "The formation of As element in groundwater and the controlling factor". Shanghai Geology 87 (3): 11–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhengStuteVan_GeenGavrieli2004" class="citation journal cs1">Zheng Y, Stute M, Van Geen A, Gavrieli I, Dhar R, Simpson H, Schlosser P, Ahmed K (2004). "Redox control of arsenic mobilization in Bangladesh groundwater". Applied Geochemistry. 19 (2): 201–214. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ApGC...19..201Z">2004ApGC...19..201Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apgeochem.2003.09.007">10.1016/j.apgeochem.2003.09.007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Geochemistry&rft.atitle=Redox+control+of+arsenic+mobilization+in+Bangladesh+groundwater&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E214&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.apgeochem.2003.09.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004ApGC...19..201Z&rft.aulast=Zheng&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Stute%2C+M&rft.au=Van+Geen%2C+A&rft.au=Gavrieli%2C+I&rft.au=Dhar%2C+R&rft.au=Simpson%2C+H.J&rft.au=Schlosser%2C+P&rft.au=Ahmed%2C+K.M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Thomas, Mary Ann (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5036/pdf/sir20075036_web.pdf">"The Association of Arsenic With Redox Conditions, Depth, and Ground-Water Age in the Glacial Aquifer System of the Northern United States"</a>. U.S. Geological Survey, Virginia. pp. 1–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBin,_Hong2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bin, Hong (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adearth.ac.cn/EN/abstract/abstract3466.shtml">"Influence of microbes on biogeochemistry of arsenic mechanism of arsenic mobilization in groundwater"</a>. Advances in Earth Science. 21 (1): 77–82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Earth+Science&rft.atitle=Influence+of+microbes+on+biogeochemistry+of+arsenic+mechanism+of+arsenic+mobilization+in+groundwater&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Bin%2C+Hong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adearth.ac.cn%2FEN%2Fabstract%2Fabstract3466.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonPilson1975" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson DL, Pilson ME (1975). "The oxidation of arsenite in seawater". Environmental Letters. 8 (2): 157–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00139307509437429">10.1080/00139307509437429</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/236901">236901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Letters&rft.atitle=The+oxidation+of+arsenite+in+seawater&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00139307509437429&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F236901&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=D.+L.&rft.au=Pilson%2C+M.+E.+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCherry,_J._A.1979" class="citation book cs1">Cherry, J. A. (1979). "Arsenic species as an indicator of redox conditions in groundwater". Contemporary Hydrogeology – the George Burke Maxey Memorial Volume. Developments in Water Science. Vol. 12. pp. 373–392. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0167-5648%2809%2970027-9">10.1016/S0167-5648(09)70027-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-41848-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-41848-7"><bdi>978-0-444-41848-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arsenic+species+as+an+indicator+of+redox+conditions+in+groundwater&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Hydrogeology+%E2%80%93+the+George+Burke+Maxey+Memorial+Volume&rft.series=Developments+in+Water+Science&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E373-%3C%2Fspan%3E392&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0167-5648%2809%2970027-9&rft.isbn=978-0-444-41848-7&rft.au=Cherry%2C+J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullenReimer1989" class="citation journal cs1">Cullen WR, Reimer KJ (1989). "Arsenic speciation in the environment". Chemical Reviews. 89 (4): 713–764. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr00094a002">10.1021/cr00094a002</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10214%2F2162">10214/2162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Arsenic+speciation+in+the+environment&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E713-%3C%2Fspan%3E764&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10214%2F2162&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr00094a002&rft.aulast=Cullen&rft.aufirst=William+R&rft.au=Reimer%2C+Kenneth+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOremland,_Ronald_S.2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Oremland" title="Ronald Oremland">Oremland, Ronald S.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1259591">"Bacterial dissimilatory reduction of arsenate and sulfate in meromictic Mono Lake, California"</a>. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 64 (18): 3073–3084. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000GeCoA..64.3073O">2000GeCoA..64.3073O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0016-7037%2800%2900422-1">10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00422-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geochimica+et+Cosmochimica+Acta&rft.atitle=Bacterial+dissimilatory+reduction+of+arsenate+and+sulfate+in+meromictic+Mono+Lake%2C+California&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3073-%3C%2Fspan%3E3084&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0016-7037%2800%2900422-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000GeCoA..64.3073O&rft.au=Oremland%2C+Ronald+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1259591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReese" class="citation web cs1">Reese RG Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.er.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/arsenic/160302.pdf">"Commodity Summaries 2002: Arsenic"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217031513/http://minerals.er.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/arsenic/160302.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 8 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commodity+Summaries+2002%3A+Arsenic&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.aulast=Reese&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.er.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Farsenic%2F160302.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/chromated-arsenicals-cca">"Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)"</a>. US Environmental Protection Agency. 16 January 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chromated+Copper+Arsenate+%28CCA%29&rft.pub=US+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=2014-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fingredients-used-pesticide-products%2Fchromated-arsenicals-cca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.softwoods.com.au/blog/cca-treated-pine-safe/">"Is CCA treated pine Safe?"</a>. www.softwoods.com.au. 26 October 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.softwoods.com.au&rft.atitle=Is+CCA+treated+pine+Safe%3F&rft.date=2010-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.softwoods.com.au%2Fblog%2Fcca-treated-pine-safe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsendSolo-Gabriele2006" class="citation book cs1">Townsend TG, Solo-Gabriele H (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3l_LBQAAQBAJ">Environmental Impacts of Treated Wood</a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-0621-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-0621-6"><bdi>978-1-4200-0621-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Impacts+of+Treated+Wood&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-0621-6&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Timothy+G.&rft.au=Solo-Gabriele%2C+Helena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3l_LBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxeWannamakerConklinShupe2007" class="citation journal cs1">Saxe JK, Wannamaker EJ, Conklin SW, Shupe TF, Beck BD (1 January 2007). "Evaluating landfill disposal of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) treated wood and potential effects on groundwater: evidence from Florida". Chemosphere. 66 (3): 496–504. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Chmsp..66..496S">2007Chmsp..66..496S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemosphere.2006.05.063">10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.063</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16870233">16870233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemosphere&rft.atitle=Evaluating+landfill+disposal+of+chromated+copper+arsenate+%28CCA%29+treated+wood+and+potential+effects+on+groundwater%3A+evidence+from+Florida&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E496-%3C%2Fspan%3E504&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16870233&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chemosphere.2006.05.063&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Chmsp..66..496S&rft.aulast=Saxe&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+K.&rft.au=Wannamaker%2C+Eric+J.&rft.au=Conklin%2C+Scott+W.&rft.au=Shupe%2C+Todd+F.&rft.au=Beck%2C+Barbara+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuildingOnline" class="citation web cs1">BuildingOnline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woodpreservativescience.org/disposal.shtml">"CCA Treated Wood Disposal | Wood Preservative Science Council | Objective, Sound, Scientific Analysis of CCA"</a>. www.woodpreservativescience.org. Retrieved 16 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.woodpreservativescience.org&rft.atitle=CCA+Treated+Wood+Disposal+%7C+Wood+Preservative+Science+Council+%7C+Objective%2C+Sound%2C+Scientific+Analysis+of+CCA&rft.au=BuildingOnline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.woodpreservativescience.org%2Fdisposal.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100320154547/http://toxmap.nlm.nih.gov/toxmap/tri/mapIt.do?chemicalName=arsenic">"TRI Releases Map"</a>. Toxmap.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toxmap.nlm.nih.gov/toxmap/tri/mapIt.do?chemicalName=arsenic">the original</a> on 20 March 2010. Retrieved 23 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TRI+Releases+Map&rft.pub=Toxmap.nlm.nih.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftoxmap.nlm.nih.gov%2Ftoxmap%2Ftri%2FmapIt.do%3FchemicalName%3Darsenic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/">TOXNET – Databases on toxicology, hazardous chemicals, environmental health, and toxic releases</a>. Toxnet.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2011-10-24. </li> <li id="cite_note-JEM-2012-187"><a href="#cite_ref-JEM-2012_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJainSingh2012" class="citation journal cs1">Jain CK, Singh RD (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1259107">"Technological options for the removal of arsenic with special reference to South East Asia"</a>. Journal of Environmental Management. 107: 1–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JEnvM.107....1J">2012JEnvM.107....1J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jenvman.2012.04.016">10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.04.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22579769">22579769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Management&rft.atitle=Technological+options+for+the+removal+of+arsenic+with+special+reference+to+South+East+Asia&rft.volume=107&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22579769&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jenvman.2012.04.016&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012JEnvM.107....1J&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=C.+K.&rft.au=Singh%2C+R.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1259107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoering2013" class="citation journal cs1">Goering P (2013). "Bioremediation of arsenic-contaminated water: recent advances and future prospects". Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 224 (12): 1722. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013WASP..224.1722B">2013WASP..224.1722B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11270-013-1722-y">10.1007/s11270-013-1722-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:97563539">97563539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water%2C+Air%2C+%26+Soil+Pollution&rft.atitle=Bioremediation+of+arsenic-contaminated+water%3A+recent+advances+and+future+prospects&rft.volume=224&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1722&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A97563539%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11270-013-1722-y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013WASP..224.1722B&rft.aulast=Goering&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoering2015" class="citation journal cs1">Goering P (2015). "Anaerobic arsenite oxidation with an electrode serving as the sole electron acceptor: A novel approach to the bioremediation of arsenic-polluted groundwater". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 283: 617–622. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JHzM..283..617P">2015JHzM..283..617P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2014.10.014">10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.10.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10256%2F11522">10256/11522</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25464303">25464303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hazardous+Materials&rft.atitle=Anaerobic+arsenite+oxidation+with+an+electrode+serving+as+the+sole+electron+acceptor%3A+A+novel+approach+to+the+bioremediation+of+arsenic-polluted+groundwater.&rft.volume=283&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E617-%3C%2Fspan%3E622&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10256%2F11522&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25464303&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2014.10.014&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015JHzM..283..617P&rft.aulast=Goering&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bina_2013_17-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bina_2013_17_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bina_2013_17_190-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHesamiBinaEbrahimiAmin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hesami F, Bina B, Ebrahimi A, Amin M (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F2277-9183.110170">"Arsenic removal by coagulation using ferric chloride and chitosan from water"</a>. International Journal of Environmental Health Engineering. 2 (1): 17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F2277-9183.110170">10.4103/2277-9183.110170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Health+Engineering&rft.atitle=Arsenic+removal+by+coagulation+using+ferric+chloride+and+chitosan+from+water&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F2277-9183.110170&rft.aulast=Hesami&rft.aufirst=Farid&rft.au=Bina%2C+Bijan&rft.au=Ebrahimi%2C+Afshin&rft.au=Amin%2C+MohammadMehdi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4103%252F2277-9183.110170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunZhouXiongGuan2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sun Y, Zhou G, Xiong X, Guan X, Li L, Bao H (September 2013). "Enhanced arsenite removal from water by Ti(SO4)2 coagulation". Water Research. 47 (13): 4340–4348. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013WatRe..47.4340S">2013WatRe..47.4340S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.watres.2013.05.028">10.1016/j.watres.2013.05.028</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23764585">23764585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+Research&rft.atitle=Enhanced+arsenite+removal+from+water+by+Ti%28SO4%292+coagulation&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4340-%3C%2Fspan%3E4348&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23764585&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.watres.2013.05.028&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013WatRe..47.4340S&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=Yuankui&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Gongming&rft.au=Xiong%2C+Xinmei&rft.au=Guan%2C+Xiaohong&rft.au=Li%2C+Lina&rft.au=Bao%2C+Hongliang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeringChenWilkieElimelech1997" class="citation journal cs1">Hering JG, Chen PY, Wilkie JA, Elimelech M (August 1997). "Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water during Coagulation". Journal of Environmental Engineering. 123 (8): 800–807. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1061%2F%28ASCE%290733-9372%281997%29123%3A8%28800%29">10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1997)123:8(800)</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Engineering&rft.atitle=Arsenic+Removal+from+Drinking+Water+during+Coagulation&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E800-%3C%2Fspan%3E807&rft.date=1997-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1061%2F%28ASCE%290733-9372%281997%29123%3A8%28800%29&rft.aulast=Hering&rft.aufirst=Janet+G.&rft.au=Chen%2C+Pen-Yuan&rft.au=Wilkie%2C+Jennifer+A.&rft.au=Elimelech%2C+Menachem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNg2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ng W (9 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fortuneonline.org/articles/inability-to-completely-remove-trace-contaminants-from-drinking-water-by-adsorption.html">"Inability to Completely Remove Trace Contaminants from Drinking Water by Adsorption"</a>. Journal of Environmental Science and Public Health. 6 (1): 129–134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Science+and+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Inability+to+Completely+Remove+Trace+Contaminants+from+Drinking+Water+by+Adsorption&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft.aulast=Ng&rft.aufirst=Wenfa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffortuneonline.org%2Farticles%2Finability-to-completely-remove-trace-contaminants-from-drinking-water-by-adsorption.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/202657?lang=en&region=US">"Arsenic"</a>. Sigma Aldrich. Retrieved 21 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arsenic&rft.pub=Sigma+Aldrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Faldrich%2F202657%3Flang%3Den%26region%3DUS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pmda.go.jp/files/000217651.pdf">"GENERAL TESTS, PROCESSES AND APPARATUS"</a> (PDF). pmda.go.jp. Retrieved 11 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pmda.go.jp&rft.atitle=GENERAL+TESTS%2C+PROCESSES+AND+APPARATUS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmda.go.jp%2Ffiles%2F000217651.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/sdwa/arsenic/regulations.cfm">Arsenic Rule</a>. U.S. <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>. Adopted 22 January 2001; effective 23 January 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-fda_metals-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fda_metals_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fda_metals_197-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fda_metals_197-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/ChemicalContaminantsMetalsNaturalToxinsPesticides/ucm360023.htm">"Supporting Document for Action Level for Arsenic in Apple Juice"</a>. Fda.gov. Retrieved 21 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supporting+Document+for+Action+Level+for+Arsenic+in+Apple+Juice&rft.pub=Fda.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FFood%2FGuidanceRegulation%2FGuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation%2FChemicalContaminantsMetalsNaturalToxinsPesticides%2Fucm360023.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/arsenic/guide.htm">"A Homeowner's Guide to Arsenic in Drinking Water"</a>. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Retrieved 21 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Homeowner%27s+Guide+to+Arsenic+in+Drinking+Water&rft.pub=New+Jersey+Department+of+Environmental+Protection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.nj.us%2Fdep%2Fdsr%2Farsenic%2Fguide.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PGCH-199"><a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNIOSH_Pocket_Guide_to_Chemical_Hazards" class="citation web cs1">NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0038.html">"#0038"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%230038&rft.pub=National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health+%28NIOSH%29&rft.au=NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0038.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNIOSH_Pocket_Guide_to_Chemical_Hazards" class="citation web cs1">NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0039.html">"#0039"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%230039&rft.pub=National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health+%28NIOSH%29&rft.au=NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0039.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodScienceResearch/TotalDietStudy/default.htm">Total Diet Study</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/ChemicalContaminants/ucm2006907.htm">Toxic Elements Program</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotz,_Deborah2011" class="citation news cs1">Kotz, Deborah (14 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/community/moms/articles/2011/09/14/does_apple_juice_have_unsafe_levels_of_arsenic/">"Does apple juice have unsafe levels of arsenic? – The Boston Globe"</a>. Boston.com. Retrieved 21 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston.com&rft.atitle=Does+apple+juice+have+unsafe+levels+of+arsenic%3F+%E2%80%93+The+Boston+Globe&rft.date=2011-09-14&rft.au=Kotz%2C+Deborah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fcommunity%2Fmoms%2Farticles%2F2011%2F09%2F14%2Fdoes_apple_juice_have_unsafe_levels_of_arsenic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorran,_Chris2011" class="citation web cs1">Morran, Chris (30 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://consumerist.com/2011/11/30/consumer-reports-study-finds-high-levels-of-arsenic-lead-in-apple-juice/">"Consumer Reports Study Finds High Levels of Arsenic & Lead in Some Fruit Juice"</a>. consumerist.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Reports+Study+Finds+High+Levels+of+Arsenic+%26+Lead+in+Some+Fruit+Juice&rft.pub=consumerist.com&rft.date=2011-11-30&rft.au=Morran%2C+Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconsumerist.com%2F2011%2F11%2F30%2Fconsumer-reports-study-finds-high-levels-of-arsenic-lead-in-apple-juice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2002/021122/full/news021118-11.html">"Arsenic contamination of Bangladeshi paddy field soils: Implications for rice contribution to arsenic consumption"</a>. Nature. 22 November 2002. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews021118-11">10.1038/news021118-11</a>. Retrieved 21 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Arsenic+contamination+of+Bangladeshi+paddy+field+soils%3A+Implications+for+rice+contribution+to+arsenic+consumption&rft.date=2002-11-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews021118-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2F2002%2F021122%2Ffull%2Fnews021118-11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn3141-tainted-wells-pour-arsenic-onto-food-crops.html#.UhPasx-37Vs">"Tainted wells pour arsenic onto food crops"</a>. New Scientist. 6 December 2002. Retrieved 21 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Tainted+wells+pour+arsenic+onto+food+crops&rft.date=2002-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn3141-tainted-wells-pour-arsenic-onto-food-crops.html%23.UhPasx-37Vs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeplow,_Mark2005" class="citation journal cs1">Peplow, Mark (2 August 2005). "US rice may carry an arsenic burden". Nature News. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews050801-5">10.1038/news050801-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+News&rft.atitle=US+rice+may+carry+an+arsenic+burden&rft.date=2005-08-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews050801-5&rft.au=Peplow%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medicalxpress.com/news/2011-12-rice-source-arsenic-exposure.html">"Rice as a source of arsenic exposure"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rice+as+a+source+of+arsenic+exposure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedicalxpress.com%2Fnews%2F2011-12-rice-source-arsenic-exposure.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisMacKenzieCottinghamGilbert-Diamond2012" class="citation journal cs1">Davis MA, MacKenzie TA, Cottingham KL, Gilbert-Diamond D, Punshon T, Karagas MR (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3491944">"Rice Consumption and Urinary Arsenic Concentrations in U.S. Children"</a>. Environmental Health Perspectives. 120 (10): 1418–1424. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EnvHP.120.1418D">2012EnvHP.120.1418D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.1205014">10.1289/ehp.1205014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3491944">3491944</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23008276">23008276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Rice+Consumption+and+Urinary+Arsenic+Concentrations+in+U.S.+Children&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1418-%3C%2Fspan%3E1424&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3491944%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23008276&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.1205014&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012EnvHP.120.1418D&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Matthew+A.&rft.au=MacKenzie%2C+Todd+A.&rft.au=Cottingham%2C+Kathryn+L.&rft.au=Gilbert-Diamond%2C+Diane&rft.au=Punshon%2C+Tracy&rft.au=Karagas%2C+Margaret+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3491944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2012/03/02/147781035/high-levels-of-arsenic-found-in-rice">"High Levels of Arsenic Found in Rice"</a>. NPR.org. 2 March 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=High+Levels+of+Arsenic+Found+in+Rice&rft.date=2012-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2012%2F03%2F02%2F147781035%2Fhigh-levels-of-arsenic-found-in-rice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cr_rice-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cr_rice_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cr_rice_210-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cr_rice_210-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2012/11/arsenic-in-your-food/index.htm">"Arsenic in Your Food | Consumer Reports Investigation"</a>. Consumer Reports. 1 November 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Consumer+Reports&rft.atitle=Arsenic+in+Your+Food+%26%23124%3B+Consumer+Reports+Investigation&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consumerreports.org%2Fcro%2Fmagazine%2F2012%2F11%2Farsenic-in-your-food%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-foodsafetynews-211"><a href="#cite_ref-foodsafetynews_211-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2012/02/lawmakers-urge-fda-to-act-on-arsenic-standards/">Lawmakers Urge FDA to Act on Arsenic Standards</a>. Foodsafetynews.com (24 February 2012). Retrieved 2012-05-23. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/forconsumers/consumerupdates/ucm319827.htm">"FDA Looks for Answers on Arsenic in Rice"</a>. Fda.gov. 19 September 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FDA+Looks+for+Answers+on+Arsenic+in+Rice&rft.pub=Fda.gov&rft.date=2012-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fforconsumers%2Fconsumerupdates%2Fucm319827.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/Metals/ucm319870.htm">"Arsenic in Rice"</a>. Fda.gov. Retrieved 21 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arsenic+in+Rice&rft.pub=Fda.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FFood%2FFoodborneIllnessContaminants%2FMetals%2Fucm319870.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/Metals/ucm319948.htm">"Questions & Answers: FDA's Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products"</a>. Fda.gov. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Questions+%26+Answers%3A+FDA%27s+Analysis+of+Arsenic+in+Rice+and+Rice+Products&rft.pub=Fda.gov&rft.date=2013-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FFood%2FFoodborneIllnessContaminants%2FMetals%2Fucm319948.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-berkeleywellness-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-berkeleywellness_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berkeleywellness_215-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berkeleywellness.com/healthy-eating/food-safety/article/arsenic-rice-should-you-worry">"Arsenic in Rice: What You Need to Know"</a>. UC Berkeley Wellness. Retrieved 3 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UC+Berkeley+Wellness&rft.atitle=Arsenic+in+Rice%3A+What+You+Need+to+Know&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berkeleywellness.com%2Fhealthy-eating%2Ffood-safety%2Farticle%2Farsenic-rice-should-you-worry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cookingmethod-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cookingmethod_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cookingmethod_216-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenonDongChenHufton2020" class="citation journal cs1">Menon M, Dong W, Chen X, Hufton J, Rhodes EJ (29 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2020.143341">"Improved rice cooking approach to maximise arsenic removal while preserving nutrient elements"</a>. Science of the Total Environment. 755 (Pt 2): 143341. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2020.143341">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143341</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33153748">33153748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Improved+rice+cooking+approach+to+maximise+arsenic+removal+while+preserving+nutrient+elements&rft.volume=755&rft.issue=Pt+2&rft.pages=143341&rft.date=2020-10-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2020.143341&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33153748&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=Manoj&rft.au=Dong%2C+Wanrong&rft.au=Chen%2C+Xumin&rft.au=Hufton%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Rhodes%2C+Edward+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.scitotenv.2020.143341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2020-11-cooking-rice-arsenic-retains-mineral.html">"New way of cooking rice removes arsenic and retains mineral nutrients, study shows"</a>. phys.org. Retrieved 10 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=New+way+of+cooking+rice+removes+arsenic+and+retains+mineral+nutrients%2C+study+shows&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2020-11-cooking-rice-arsenic-retains-mineral.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2015/01/how-much-arsenic-is-in-your-rice/index.htm">"How much arsenic is in your rice? Consumer Reports' new data and guidelines are important for everyone but especially for gluten avoiders"</a>. consumerreports.org. Retrieved 15 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=consumerreports.org&rft.atitle=How+much+arsenic+is+in+your+rice%3F+Consumer+Reports%27+new+data+and+guidelines+are+important+for+everyone+but+especially+for+gluten+avoiders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.consumerreports.org%2Fcro%2Fmagazine%2F2015%2F01%2Fhow-much-arsenic-is-in-your-rice%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh-rtecs/CG802C8.html">"Arsenic"</a>. RTECS. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 28 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RTECS&rft.atitle=Arsenic&rft.date=2018-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh-rtecs%2FCG802C8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kosha.or.kr/content/safetyinfo/안전보건기술지침_제정현황1.xls">Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170123114742/http://www.kosha.or.kr/content/safetyinfo/%EC%95%88%EC%A0%84%EB%B3%B4%EA%B1%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%88%A0%EC%A7%80%EC%B9%A8_%EC%A0%9C%EC%A0%95%ED%98%84%ED%99%A91.xls">Archived</a> 23 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. kosha.or.kr </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaionSartoriScuderiFattorini2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gaion A, Sartori D, Scuderi A, Fattorini D (May 2014). "Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of arsenic compounds in Hediste diversicolor (Muller 1776) after exposure to spiked sediments". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 21 (9): 5952–5959. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ESPR...21.5952G">2014ESPR...21.5952G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11356-014-2538-z">10.1007/s11356-014-2538-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24458939">24458939</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12568097">12568097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+and+Pollution+Research&rft.atitle=Bioaccumulation+and+biotransformation+of+arsenic+compounds+in+Hediste+diversicolor+%28Muller+1776%29+after+exposure+to+spiked+sediments&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5952-%3C%2Fspan%3E5959&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11356-014-2538-z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12568097%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24458939&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014ESPR...21.5952G&rft.aulast=Gaion&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Sartori%2C+Davide&rft.au=Scuderi%2C+Alice&rft.au=Fattorini%2C+Daniele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_222-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes MF (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1260065">"Arsenic toxicity and potential mechanisms of action"</a>. Toxicology Letters. 133 (1): 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-4274%2802%2900084-X">10.1016/S0378-4274(02)00084-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12076506">12076506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxicology+Letters&rft.atitle=Arsenic+toxicity+and+potential+mechanisms+of+action&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0378-4274%2802%2900084-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12076506&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1260065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/arsenic/index.html">"OSHA Arsenic"</a>. United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012033424/https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/arsenic/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 8 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OSHA+Arsenic&rft.pub=United+States+Occupational+Safety+and+Health+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osha.gov%2FSLTC%2Farsenic%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroalGralnickMalasarnNewman2004" class="citation journal cs1">Croal LR, Gralnick JA, Malasarn D, Newman DK (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210918094902/http://authors.library.caltech.edu/286/">"The Genetics of Geochemisty"</a>. Annual Review of Genetics. 38: 175–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.genet.38.072902.091138">10.1146/annurev.genet.38.072902.091138</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15568975">15568975</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://authors.library.caltech.edu/286/">the original</a> on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Genetics+of+Geochemisty&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E206&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.genet.38.072902.091138&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15568975&rft.aulast=Croal&rft.aufirst=Laura+R.&rft.au=Gralnick%2C+Jeffrey+A.&rft.au=Malasarn%2C+Davin&rft.au=Newman%2C+Dianne+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fauthors.library.caltech.edu%2F286%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiannini,_A._JamesBlack,_Henry_RichardGoettsche,_Roger_L.1978" class="citation book cs1">Giannini, A. James, Black, Henry Richard, Goettsche, Roger L. (1978). The Psychiatric, Psychogenic and Somatopsychic Disorders Handbook. New Hyde Park, NY: Medical Examination Publishing Co. pp. 81–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87488-596-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87488-596-5"><bdi>978-0-87488-596-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychiatric%2C+Psychogenic+and+Somatopsychic+Disorders+Handbook&rft.place=New+Hyde+Park%2C+NY&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.pub=Medical+Examination+Publishing+Co&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-87488-596-5&rft.au=Giannini%2C+A.+James&rft.au=Black%2C+Henry+Richard&rft.au=Goettsche%2C+Roger+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxguides/toxguide-2.pdf?id=21&tid=3">The Tox Guide for Arsenic</a> (2007). The US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2011" class="citation book cs1">Emsley J (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC">"Arsenic"</a>. Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 47–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960563-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960563-7"><bdi>978-0-19-960563-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arsenic&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A%E2%80%93Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960563-7&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-Xu07p3cKwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood NN</a>, Earnshaw A (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRieuwerts,_John2015" class="citation book cs1">Rieuwerts, John (2015). The Elements of Environmental Pollution. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-85920-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-85920-2"><bdi>978-0-415-85920-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Environmental+Pollution&rft.pub=Abingdon+and+New+York%3A+Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-415-85920-2&rft.au=Rieuwerts%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhorton2011" class="citation book cs1">Whorton JG (2011). The Arsenic Century. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960599-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960599-6"><bdi>978-0-19-960599-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arsenic+Century&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960599-6&rft.aulast=Whorton&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArsenic" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Arsenic" class="extiw" title="commons:Arsenic">Arsenic</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arsenic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:arsenic">arsenic</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/arsenic">WHO fact sheet on arsenic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/substances/arsenic">Arsenic</a> Cancer Causing Substances, U.S. National Cancer Institute.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctdbase.org/detail.go?type=chem&acc=D001151">CTD's Arsenic page</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctdbase.org/detail.go?type=chem&acc=D001152">CTD's Arsenicals page</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Comparative_Toxicogenomics_Database" title="Comparative Toxicogenomics Database">Comparative Toxicogenomics Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clu-in.org/contaminantfocus/default.focus/sec/arsenic/cat/Overview/">Contaminant Focus: Arsenic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090901131448/http://www.clu-in.org/contaminantfocus/default.focus/sec/arsenic/cat/Overview/">Archived</a> 1 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc224.htm">Environmental Health Criteria for Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds, 2001</a> by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/arsenic/">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – Arsenic Page</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table18" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8;color:inherit; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arsenic_compounds55" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arsenic_compounds" title="Template:Arsenic compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arsenic_compounds" title="Template talk:Arsenic compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arsenic_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arsenic compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arsenic_compounds55" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arsenic</a> compounds</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arsenide" title="Arsenide">Arsenides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_arsenide" title="Aluminium arsenide">AlAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_arsenide" title="Boron arsenide">BAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_arsenide" title="Bismuth arsenide">BiAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_arsenide" title="Cadmium arsenide">Cd3As2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_arsenide" title="Calcium arsenide">CaAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_arsenide" title="Cobalt arsenide">CoAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium_arsenide" title="Dysprosium arsenide">DyAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmium_arsenide" title="Holmium arsenide">HoAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_arsenide" title="Gallium arsenide">GaAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium_arsenide" title="Indium arsenide">InAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yttrium(III)_arsenide" title="Yttrium(III) arsenide">YAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_arsenide" title="Lithium arsenide">LiAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_diarsenide" title="Molybdenum diarsenide">MoAs2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_arsenide" title="Manganese arsenide">MnAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptunium_arsenide" title="Neptunium arsenide">NpAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptunium_diarsenide" title="Neptunium diarsenide">NpAs2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_diarsenide" title="Palladium diarsenide">PdAs2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium_arsenide" title="Praseodymium arsenide">PrAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_arsenide" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonium arsenide">PuAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium_arsenide" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarium arsenide">SmAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_arsenide" title="Sodium arsenide">Na3As</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantalum_arsenide" title="Tantalum arsenide">TaAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_diarsenide" title="Tungsten diarsenide">WAs2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yttrium_arsenide" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium arsenide">YAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_arsenide" title="Zinc arsenide">Zn3As2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_tribromide" title="Arsenic tribromide">AsBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trichloride" title="Arsenic trichloride">AsCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentachloride" title="Arsenic pentachloride">AsCl5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trifluoride" title="Arsenic trifluoride">AsF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsine" title="Arsine">AsH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_triiodide" title="Arsenic triiodide">AsI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">As2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trisulfide" title="Arsenic trisulfide">As2S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_triselenide" title="Arsenic triselenide">As2Se3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realgar" title="Realgar">As4S4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_monophosphide" title="Arsenic monophosphide">AsP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As(III,V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_tetroxide" title="Arsenic tetroxide">As2O4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As(V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentafluoride" title="Arsenic pentafluoride">AsF5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentachloride" title="Arsenic pentachloride">AsCl5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentoxide" title="Arsenic pentoxide">As2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentasulfide" title="Arsenic pentasulfide">As2S5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arsenides153" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arsenides" title="Template:Arsenides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arsenides" title="Template talk:Arsenides"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arsenides" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arsenides"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arsenides153" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arsenide" title="Arsenide">Arsenides</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Binary_phase" title="Binary phase">Binary</a> arsenides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:2em; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Arsine" title="Arsine">AsH3</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsenide_hydride" title="Arsenide hydride">+H</a> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">He </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium_arsenide" title="Lithium arsenide">LiAs</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Be </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_arsenide" title="Boron arsenide">BAs</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">C </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenide_nitride" title="Arsenide nitride">+N</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Oxyarsenides" title="Oxyarsenides">+O</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:lavender;">F </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">Ne </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_arsenide" title="Sodium arsenide">Na3As</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Mg </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_arsenide" title="Aluminium arsenide">AlAs</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenidosilicate" title="Arsenidosilicate">-Si</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">P </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:lavender;">S </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenide_chloride" title="Arsenide chloride">+Cl</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">Ar </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">K </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_arsenide" title="Calcium arsenide">CaAs</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Sc </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Ti </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">V </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Cr </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese_arsenide" title="Manganese arsenide">MnAs</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Fe </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_arsenide" title="Cobalt arsenide">CoAs</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Ni </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose">Cu </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose"><a href="/wiki/Zinc_arsenide" title="Zinc arsenide">Zn3As2</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium_arsenide" title="Gallium arsenide">GaAs</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose"><a href="/wiki/Arsenidogermanate" title="Arsenidogermanate">-Ge</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">As</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:lavender;">Se </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenide_bromide" title="Arsenide bromide">+Br</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">Kr </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Rb </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Sr </td> <td> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium(III)_arsenide" title="Yttrium(III) arsenide">YAs</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Zr </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Nb </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_diarsenide" title="Molybdenum diarsenide">MoAs2</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Tc </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Ru </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Rh </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium_diarsenide" title="Palladium diarsenide">PdAs2</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Ag </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_arsenide" title="Cadmium arsenide">Cd3As2</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Indium_arsenide" title="Indium arsenide">InAs</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenidostannate" title="Arsenidostannate">-Sn</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Sb </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenide_telluride" title="Arsenide telluride">+Te</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenide_iodide" title="Arsenide iodide">+I</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">Xe </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Cs </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Ba </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;">* </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Lu </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Hf </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum_arsenide" title="Tantalum arsenide">TaAs</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_diarsenide" title="Tungsten diarsenide">WAs2</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Re </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Os </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Ir </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Pt </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Au </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">Hg </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Tl </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Pb </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_arsenide" title="Bismuth arsenide">BiAs</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Po </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">At </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">Rn </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Fr </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Ra </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;">** </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Lr </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Rf </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Db </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Sg </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Bh </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Hs </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Mt </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Ds </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Rg </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Cn </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Nh </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Fl </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Mc </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Lv </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Ts </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">Og </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>↓ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td> </td> <td>* </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">La </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Ce </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium_arsenide" title="Praseodymium arsenide">PrAs</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Nd </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Pm </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_arsenide" title="Samarium(III) arsenide">SmAs</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Eu </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Gd </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Tb </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium_arsenide" title="Dysprosium arsenide">DyAs</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium_arsenide" title="Holmium arsenide">HoAs</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Er </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Tm </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Yb </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td> </td> <td>** </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Ac </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Th </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Pa </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">U </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium_arsenide" title="Neptunium arsenide">NpAs</a> <a href="/wiki/Neptunium_diarsenide" title="Neptunium diarsenide">NpAs2</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_arsenide" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonium arsenide">PuAs</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Am </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Cm </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Bk </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Cf </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Es </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Fm </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">Md </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">No </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ternary_compound" title="Ternary compound">Ternary</a> arsenides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_gallium_arsenide" title="Aluminium gallium arsenide">AlGaAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_indium_arsenide" title="Aluminium indium arsenide">AlInAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_arsenide_antimonide" title="Aluminium arsenide antimonide">AlAsSb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_arsenide_phosphide" title="Gallium arsenide phosphide">GaAsP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_arsenide_antimonide" title="Gallium arsenide antimonide">GaAsSb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_manganese_arsenide" title="Gallium manganese arsenide">(Ga,Mn)As</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium_arsenide_antimonide" title="Indium arsenide antimonide">InAsSb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_compound" title="Quaternary compound">Quaternary</a> arsenides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_cadmium_phosphide_arsenide" title="Zinc cadmium phosphide arsenide">Zn-Cd-P-As</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium_arsenide_antimonide_phosphide" title="Indium arsenide antimonide phosphide">InAsSbP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quinary arsenides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_indium_arsenide_antimonide_phosphide" title="Gallium indium arsenide antimonide phosphide">GaInAsSbP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxyarsenides" title="Oxyarsenides">Oxyarsenides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q871#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1344" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q871#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1344" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q871#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4003041-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85007449">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11971740q">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11971740q">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563271">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph138910&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000306779&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007294803405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637420">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&oldid=1271923477">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&oldid=1271923477</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arsenic" title="Category:Arsenic">Arsenic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_elements" title="Category:Chemical elements">Chemical elements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metalloids" title="Category:Metalloids">Metalloids</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Semimetals" title="Category:Semimetals">Semimetals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hepatotoxins" title="Category:Hepatotoxins">Hepatotoxins</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pnictogens" title="Category:Pnictogens">Pnictogens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Endocrine_disruptors" title="Category:Endocrine disruptors">Endocrine disruptors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IARC_Group_1_carcinogens" title="Category:IARC Group 1 carcinogens">IARC Group 1 carcinogens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trigonal_minerals" title="Category:Trigonal minerals">Trigonal minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Minerals_in_space_group_166" title="Category:Minerals in space group 166">Minerals in space group 166</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Teratogens" title="Category:Teratogens">Teratogens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fetotoxicants" title="Category:Fetotoxicants">Fetotoxicants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Suspected_testicular_toxicants" title="Category:Suspected testicular toxicants">Suspected testicular toxicants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_element_minerals" title="Category:Native element minerals">Native element minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_elements_with_rhombohedral_structure" title="Category:Chemical elements with rhombohedral structure">Chemical elements with rhombohedral structure</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_location_test" title="Category:CS1 location test">CS1 location test</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from December 2020">Use dmy dates from December 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_December_2024" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from December 2024">Articles lacking reliable references from December 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Imperial_Aramaic_(700-300_BCE)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text">Articles containing Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Persian-language text">Articles containing Persian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chembox_having_GHS_data" title="Category:Chembox having GHS data">Chembox having GHS data</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chembox_container_only" title="Category:Chembox container only">Chembox container only</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link from Wikidata">Commons link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 January 2025, at 10:15 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Arsenic</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 156 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-n46nz","wgBackendResponseTime":153,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.995","walltime":"3.352","ppvisitednodes":{"value":40471,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":995247,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":52608,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":56,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":855723,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2993.293 1 -total"," 44.15% 1321.463 3 Template:Infobox"," 41.75% 1249.817 1 Template:Reflist"," 31.09% 930.560 1 Template:Infobox_arsenic"," 30.96% 926.787 1 Template:Infobox_element"," 19.43% 581.648 98 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.64% 288.645 47 Template:Cite_web"," 9.39% 280.961 141 Template:Trim"," 8.69% 260.021 1 Template:Infobox_arsenic_isotopes"," 8.59% 257.076 1 Template:Infobox_isotopes_(meta)"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.791","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22541915,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","780","34.2"],["type","180","7.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","7.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","120","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","5.3"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","4.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","3.5"],["[others]","420","18.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-xjd9v","timestamp":"20250216112203","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Arsenic","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arsenic","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q871","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q871","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-28T05:35:55Z","dateModified":"2025-01-26T10:15:02Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7b\/Arsen_1a.jpg","headline":"chemical element with symbol As and atomic number 33"}</script> </body> </html>