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category-arbitrary-waveform-generators category-faq category-featured category-vector-network-analyzer category-vector-network-analyzers tag-faq entry" aria-label="How to determine noise figure: part 3"><header class="entry-header"><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-determine-noise-figure-part-3/">How to determine noise figure: part 3</a></h2> <p class="entry-meta"><time class="entry-time">November 21, 2024</time> By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/author/rick-nelson/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Rick Nelson</span></a></span> <span class="entry-comments-link"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-determine-noise-figure-part-3/#respond">Leave a Comment</a></span> </p></header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-determine-noise-figure-part-3/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="150" src="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Nelson_NoiseFigure_pt3_fig1-150x150.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Nelson_NoiseFigure_pt3_fig1-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Nelson_NoiseFigure_pt3_fig1-70x70.jpg 70w" sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><p>Noise factor and noise figure as defined in an IEEE standard can be derived from a two-port device’s equivalent noise temperature. In part 1 and part 2 of this series we discussed several ways to indicate the noise performance of a device under test (DUT). We first introduced the concept of noise factor based on […]</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"><p class="entry-meta"><span class="entry-categories">Filed Under: <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/arbitrary-waveform-generators/" rel="category tag">arbitrary waveform generators</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/faq/" rel="category tag">FAQ</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/featured/" rel="category tag">Featured</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/analyzer/vector-network-analyzer/" rel="category tag">vector network analyzer</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/vector-network-analyzers/" rel="category tag">vector network analyzers</a></span> <span class="entry-tags">Tagged With: <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/tag/faq/" rel="tag">FAQ</a></span></p></footer></article><article class="post-19265 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-faq category-featured category-power-sensing category-vector-network-analyzer category-vector-network-analyzers tag-faq entry" aria-label="How to determine noise figure: part 2"><header class="entry-header"><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-determine-noise-figure-part-2/">How to determine noise figure: part 2</a></h2> <p class="entry-meta"><time class="entry-time">November 13, 2024</time> By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/author/rick-nelson/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Rick Nelson</span></a></span> <span class="entry-comments-link"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-determine-noise-figure-part-2/#respond">Leave a Comment</a></span> </p></header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-determine-noise-figure-part-2/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="150" src="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Nelson_Noise_Feature_image-1-150x150.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Nelson_Noise_Feature_image-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Nelson_Noise_Feature_image-1-70x70.jpg 70w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><p>The relationship between noise and temperature prompted a precursor of the IEEE to promulgate an alternative definition of noise figure in 1959. In part 1 of this series, we described the work of the Danish-American radio engineer Harald Friis, who described noise factor F of a device or system as the ratio of the input-power […]</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"><p class="entry-meta"><span class="entry-categories">Filed Under: <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/faq/" rel="category tag">FAQ</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/featured/" rel="category tag">Featured</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/sensing/power-sensing/" rel="category tag">power sensing</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/analyzer/vector-network-analyzer/" rel="category tag">vector network analyzer</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/vector-network-analyzers/" rel="category tag">vector network analyzers</a></span> <span class="entry-tags">Tagged With: <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/tag/faq/" rel="tag">FAQ</a></span></p></footer></article><article class="post-19247 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-faq category-featured tag-faq entry" aria-label="What information does an eye diagram depict?"><header class="entry-header"><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/what-information-does-an-eye-diagram-depict/">What information does an eye diagram depict?</a></h2> <p class="entry-meta"><time class="entry-time">November 6, 2024</time> By <span class="entry-author"><a href="" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Rakesh Kumar</span></a></span> <span class="entry-comments-link"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/what-information-does-an-eye-diagram-depict/#respond">Leave a Comment</a></span> </p></header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/what-information-does-an-eye-diagram-depict/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="150" src="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Featured-Image-150x150.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Featured-Image-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Featured-Image-70x70.jpg 70w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><p>An eye diagram is a powerful visualization tool in digital communications and high-speed electronics to assess signal quality and channel performance. This FAQ will briefly explain an eye diagram and the overall and specific metrics engineers should know to understand an eye diagram. When capturing signals from a digital bitstream such as Ethernet or USB, […]</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"><p class="entry-meta"><span class="entry-categories">Filed Under: <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/faq/" rel="category tag">FAQ</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/featured/" rel="category tag">Featured</a></span> <span class="entry-tags">Tagged With: <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/tag/faq/" rel="tag">FAQ</a></span></p></footer></article><article class="post-19227 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-faq category-featured tag-faq entry" aria-label="How to determine noise figure: part 1"><header class="entry-header"><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-determine-noise-figure-part-1/">How to determine noise figure: part 1</a></h2> <p class="entry-meta"><time class="entry-time">October 28, 2024</time> By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/author/rick-nelson/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Rick Nelson</span></a></span> <span class="entry-comments-link"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-determine-noise-figure-part-1/#respond">Leave a Comment</a></span> </p></header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-determine-noise-figure-part-1/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="150" src="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Nelson_Noise_Feature_image-1-150x150.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Nelson_Noise_Feature_image-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Nelson_Noise_Feature_image-1-70x70.jpg 70w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><p>A noise figure consolidates the effects of various noise types to provide a single specification for the noise performance of a component or system. In electronic circuits and systems, noise is an undesirable, inevitable disturbance in currents and voltages. Noise has many underlying fundamental causes. Thermal noise, also known as Johnson–Nyquist noise, results from random […]</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"><p class="entry-meta"><span class="entry-categories">Filed Under: <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/faq/" rel="category tag">FAQ</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/featured/" rel="category tag">Featured</a></span> <span class="entry-tags">Tagged With: <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/tag/faq/" rel="tag">FAQ</a></span></p></footer></article><article class="post-19194 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-faq category-featured tag-faq entry" aria-label="How to interpret a QAM display: part 3"><header class="entry-header"><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-interpret-a-qam-display-part-3/">How to interpret a QAM display: part 3</a></h2> <p class="entry-meta"><time class="entry-time">October 9, 2024</time> By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/author/rick-nelson/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Rick Nelson</span></a></span> <span class="entry-comments-link"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-interpret-a-qam-display-part-3/#respond">Leave a Comment</a></span> </p></header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-interpret-a-qam-display-part-3/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="150" src="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Screen-Shot-2024-10-08-at-2.04.35-PM-150x150.png" class="alignleft post-image entry-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Screen-Shot-2024-10-08-at-2.04.35-PM-150x150.png 150w, https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Screen-Shot-2024-10-08-at-2.04.35-PM-70x70.png 70w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><p>Error vector magnitude characterizes actual QAM signals’ deviations from their ideal locations due to nonlinearity and phase noise. In part 1 of this series, we discussed quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), which results from summing orthogonal amplitude-modulated cosine and sine waves of the same frequency. In part 2, we looked at assigning bit sequences to QAM […]</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"><p class="entry-meta"><span class="entry-categories">Filed Under: <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/faq/" rel="category tag">FAQ</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/featured/" rel="category tag">Featured</a></span> <span class="entry-tags">Tagged With: <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/tag/faq/" rel="tag">FAQ</a></span></p></footer></article><article class="post-19177 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-faq category-featured tag-faq entry" aria-label="How to interpret a QAM display: part 2"><header class="entry-header"><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-interpret-a-qam-display-part-2/">How to interpret a QAM display: part 2</a></h2> <p class="entry-meta"><time class="entry-time">October 1, 2024</time> By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/author/rick-nelson/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Rick Nelson</span></a></span> <span class="entry-comments-link"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-interpret-a-qam-display-part-2/#respond">Leave a Comment</a></span> </p></header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-interpret-a-qam-display-part-2/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="150" src="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Screen-Shot-2024-10-01-at-9.32.07-AM-1-150x150.png" class="alignleft post-image entry-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Screen-Shot-2024-10-01-at-9.32.07-AM-1-150x150.png 150w, https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Screen-Shot-2024-10-01-at-9.32.07-AM-1-70x70.png 70w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><p>Sixteen unique 16-QAM symbols can each convey a unique 4-bit sequence. In part 1 of this series, we discussed quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), which results from summing amplitude-modulated cosine and sine waves of the same frequency. We also looked at the constellation diagram, which a test instrument such as an oscilloscope or vector signal analyzer […]</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"><p class="entry-meta"><span class="entry-categories">Filed Under: <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/faq/" rel="category tag">FAQ</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/featured/" rel="category tag">Featured</a></span> <span class="entry-tags">Tagged With: <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/tag/faq/" rel="tag">FAQ</a></span></p></footer></article><article class="post-19104 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-analyzer category-faq category-featured category-vector-network-analyzer category-vector-network-analyzers category-wireless tag-faq entry" aria-label="How to interpret a QAM display: part 1"><header class="entry-header"><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-interpret-a-qam-display-part-1/">How to interpret a QAM display: part 1</a></h2> <p class="entry-meta"><time class="entry-time">September 10, 2024</time> By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/author/rick-nelson/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Rick Nelson</span></a></span> <span class="entry-comments-link"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-interpret-a-qam-display-part-1/#respond">Leave a Comment</a></span> </p></header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-interpret-a-qam-display-part-1/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="150" src="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Nelson_QAM_pt1_fig1-1-150x150.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Nelson_QAM_pt1_fig1-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Nelson_QAM_pt1_fig1-1-70x70.jpg 70w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><p>A constellation diagram plots a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signal’s in-phase and quadrature components. The EE World article “Should I use a spectrum, signal, or vector network analyzer?” in part 3 mentioned that vector-signal analyzers (VSAs) can display modulation-domain and frequency-domain information. Other instruments incorporating digital signal processing (DSP) capabilities, including oscilloscopes, can provide insights into […]</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"><p class="entry-meta"><span class="entry-categories">Filed Under: <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/analyzer/" rel="category tag">Analyzer</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/faq/" rel="category tag">FAQ</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/featured/" rel="category tag">Featured</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/analyzer/vector-network-analyzer/" rel="category tag">vector network analyzer</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/vector-network-analyzers/" rel="category tag">vector network analyzers</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/wireless/" rel="category tag">wireless</a></span> <span class="entry-tags">Tagged With: <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/tag/faq/" rel="tag">FAQ</a></span></p></footer></article><article class="post-19072 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-communication-test category-faq category-featured category-featured-tutorials category-wireless category-wireless-test-equipment tag-faq entry" aria-label="Verify, test, and troubleshoot 5G Wi-Fi FWA gateways"><header class="entry-header"><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/verify-test-and-troubleshoot-5g-wi-fi-fwa-gateways/">Verify, test, and troubleshoot 5G Wi-Fi FWA gateways</a></h2> <p class="entry-meta"><time class="entry-time">August 21, 2024</time> By <span class="entry-author"><a href="" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Xiang Li, Keysight Technologies</span></a></span> <span class="entry-comments-link"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/verify-test-and-troubleshoot-5g-wi-fi-fwa-gateways/#respond">Leave a Comment</a></span> </p></header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/verify-test-and-troubleshoot-5g-wi-fi-fwa-gateways/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="150" src="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/3_steps_WiFi7_5G_Fig2_770x375-1-150x150.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/3_steps_WiFi7_5G_Fig2_770x375-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/3_steps_WiFi7_5G_Fig2_770x375-1-70x70.jpg 70w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><p>By Xiang Li, Keysight Technologies Follow these three steps to ensure your fixed-wireless access designs will be compatible with the Wi-Fi fronthaul and 5G backhaul. Many areas lack the wired infrastructure to bring residential broadband access. Making those connections has become costly and inefficient. Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) has emerged as a compelling alternative to […]</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"><p class="entry-meta"><span class="entry-categories">Filed Under: <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/test-equipment/communication-test/" rel="category tag">Communication Test</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/faq/" rel="category tag">FAQ</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/featured/" rel="category tag">Featured</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/featured-tutorials/" rel="category tag">Featured Contributions</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/wireless/" rel="category tag">wireless</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/wireless-test-equipment/" rel="category tag">wireless test equipment</a></span> <span class="entry-tags">Tagged With: <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/tag/faq/" rel="tag">FAQ</a></span></p></footer></article><article class="post-19061 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-faq category-featured category-vector-network-analyzer category-wireless-test-equipment tag-rohdeschwarz tag-siglenttechnologies tag-signal-analyzer tag-spectrum-analyzer tag-vector-network-analyzer entry" aria-label="Should I use a spectrum analyzer, signal analyzer, or vector network analyzer? Part 4"><header class="entry-header"><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/should-i-use-a-spectrum-analyzer-signal-analyzer-or-vector-network-analyzer-part-4/">Should I use a spectrum analyzer, signal analyzer, or vector network analyzer? Part 4</a></h2> <p class="entry-meta"><time class="entry-time">August 19, 2024</time> By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/author/rick-nelson/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Rick Nelson</span></a></span> <span class="entry-comments-link"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/should-i-use-a-spectrum-analyzer-signal-analyzer-or-vector-network-analyzer-part-4/#respond">Leave a Comment</a></span> </p></header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/should-i-use-a-spectrum-analyzer-signal-analyzer-or-vector-network-analyzer-part-4/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="150" src="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/IMS2023_TM_Eravant-150x150.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/IMS2023_TM_Eravant-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/IMS2023_TM_Eravant-70x70.jpg 70w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><p>A vector network analyzer can fully characterize components by deriving their scattering parameters. In earlier parts of this series, we looked at analog spectrum analyzers (part 1 and part 2) and vector signal analyzers (part 3), both of which monitor unknown signals, whether emanating from a system, device under test (DUT), or an enemy’s transmitter […]</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"><p class="entry-meta"><span class="entry-categories">Filed Under: <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/faq/" rel="category tag">FAQ</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/featured/" rel="category tag">Featured</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/analyzer/vector-network-analyzer/" rel="category tag">vector network analyzer</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/wireless-test-equipment/" rel="category tag">wireless test equipment</a></span> <span class="entry-tags">Tagged With: <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/tag/rohdeschwarz/" rel="tag">rohdeschwarz</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/tag/siglenttechnologies/" rel="tag">siglenttechnologies</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/tag/signal-analyzer/" rel="tag">Signal Analyzer</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/tag/spectrum-analyzer/" rel="tag">spectrum analyzer</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/tag/vector-network-analyzer/" rel="tag">vector network analyzer</a></span></p></footer></article><article class="post-19033 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-analyzer category-faq category-featured category-spectrum-analyzer category-vector-network-analyzer category-vector-network-analyzers tag-faq entry" aria-label="Should I use a spectrum, signal, or vector network analyzer? part 3"><header class="entry-header"><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/should-i-use-a-spectrum-signal-or-vector-network-analyzer-part-3/">Should I use a spectrum, signal, or vector network analyzer? part 3</a></h2> <p class="entry-meta"><time class="entry-time">August 5, 2024</time> By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/author/rick-nelson/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Rick Nelson</span></a></span> <span class="entry-comments-link"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/should-i-use-a-spectrum-signal-or-vector-network-analyzer-part-3/#respond">Leave a Comment</a></span> </p></header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/should-i-use-a-spectrum-signal-or-vector-network-analyzer-part-3/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="150" src="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Nelson_analyzers_pt3_fig2-1-150x150.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Nelson_analyzers_pt3_fig2-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Nelson_analyzers_pt3_fig2-1-70x70.jpg 70w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><p>In part 2 of this series, we looked at a swept-tuned spectrum analyzer and how it could sweep a frequency span of interest from 1 MHz to 1.1 MHz with a sweep time of 50 msec. As Figure 1 shows, the analyzer readily identifies a signal at 1.03 MHz but misses the intermittent signals shown […]</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"><p class="entry-meta"><span class="entry-categories">Filed Under: <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/analyzer/" rel="category tag">Analyzer</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/faq/" rel="category tag">FAQ</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/featured/" rel="category tag">Featured</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/spectrum-analyzer/" rel="category tag">spectrum analyzer</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/analyzer/vector-network-analyzer/" rel="category tag">vector network analyzer</a>, <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/vector-network-analyzers/" rel="category tag">vector network analyzers</a></span> <span class="entry-tags">Tagged With: <a 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Remove the padding so developers are not caught out when they zero out * `fieldset` elements in all browsers. */ legend { box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */ color: inherit; /* 2 */ display: table; /* 1 */ max-width: 100%; /* 1 */ padding: 0; /* 3 */ white-space: normal; /* 1 */ } /** * Add the correct vertical alignment in Chrome, Firefox, and Opera. */ progress { vertical-align: baseline; } /** * Remove the default vertical scrollbar in IE 10+. */ textarea { overflow: auto; } /** * 1. Add the correct box sizing in IE 10. * 2. Remove the padding in IE 10. */ [type="checkbox"], [type="radio"] { box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */ padding: 0; /* 2 */ } /** * Correct the cursor style of increment and decrement buttons in Chrome. */ [type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button, [type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button { height: auto; } /** * 1. Correct the odd appearance in Chrome and Safari. * 2. Correct the outline style in Safari. */ [type="search"] { -webkit-appearance: textfield; /* 1 */ outline-offset: -2px; /* 2 */ } /** * Remove the inner padding in Chrome and Safari on macOS. */ [type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration { -webkit-appearance: none; } /** * 1. Correct the inability to style clickable types in iOS and Safari. * 2. Change font properties to `inherit` in Safari. */ ::-webkit-file-upload-button { -webkit-appearance: button; /* 1 */ font: inherit; /* 2 */ } /* Interactive ========================================================================== */ /* * Add the correct display in Edge, IE 10+, and Firefox. */ details { display: block; } /* * Add the correct display in all browsers. */ summary { display: list-item; } /* Misc ========================================================================== */ /** * Add the correct display in IE 10+. */ template { display: none; } /** * Add the correct display in IE 10. */ [hidden] { display: none; } #box { background-color: #1d2765; width: 300px; height: 250px; } .img-padding { padding-top: 5%; } .center { text-align: center; } #header { display: flex; } #header-text { font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif !important; font-size: 21px; color: #ffffff !important; line-height: 20px !important; text-align: center; display: inline-block; flex: 0 60%; } /* Style used in WP Ad, overriding here. */ #df-form input { box-shadow: none; padding: 0; } #df-form { display: flex; justify-content: center; margin-top: 5%; } #header-image { display: inline-block; flex: 0 40%; } #header-image img { width: 100px; height: 100px; } #search-input { background-color: #36428c; border: 10px solid #36428c; max-width: 70%; color:#fff; font-size: 12px; } #search-input::placeholder { color: #fff; } #submit-btn { color: #fff; background-color: #1074fb; border: 10px solid #1074fb; } </style><style>/*! normalize.css v8.0.0 | MIT License | github.com/necolas/normalize.css */ /* Document ========================================================================== */ /** * 1. 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Correct the odd `em` font sizing in all browsers. */ pre { font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */ font-size: 1em; /* 2 */ } /* Text-level semantics ========================================================================== */ /** * Remove the gray background on active links in IE 10. */ a { background-color: transparent; } /** * 1. Remove the bottom border in Chrome 57- * 2. Add the correct text decoration in Chrome, Edge, IE, Opera, and Safari. */ abbr[title] { border-bottom: none; /* 1 */ text-decoration: underline; /* 2 */ text-decoration: underline dotted; /* 2 */ } /** * Add the correct font weight in Chrome, Edge, and Safari. */ b, strong { font-weight: bolder; } /** * 1. Correct the inheritance and scaling of font size in all browsers. * 2. Correct the odd `em` font sizing in all browsers. */ code, kbd, samp { font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */ font-size: 1em; /* 2 */ } /** * Add the correct font size in all browsers. */ small { font-size: 80%; } /** * Prevent `sub` and `sup` elements from affecting the line height in * all browsers. */ sub, sup { font-size: 75%; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; } sub { bottom: -0.25em; } sup { top: -0.5em; } /* Embedded content ========================================================================== */ /** * Remove the border on images inside links in IE 10. */ img { border-style: none; } /* Forms ========================================================================== */ /** * 1. Change the font styles in all browsers. * 2. Remove the margin in Firefox and Safari. */ button, input, optgroup, select, textarea { font-family: inherit; /* 1 */ font-size: 100%; /* 1 */ line-height: 1.15; /* 1 */ margin: 0; /* 2 */ } /** * Show the overflow in IE. * 1. Show the overflow in Edge. */ button, input { /* 1 */ overflow: visible; } /** * Remove the inheritance of text transform in Edge, Firefox, and IE. * 1. 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