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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Environmental concerns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_concerns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environmental concerns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buffer_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buffer_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Buffer zone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buffer_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Indigenous people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Flora and fauna subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Insects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flowering_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flowering_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Flowering plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flowering_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Trees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Genetic resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Challenges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Challenges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forest_fire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forest_fire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Forest fire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forest_fire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cannabis_cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cannabis_cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Cannabis cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cannabis_cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maoist_Presence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maoist_Presence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Maoist Presence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maoist_Presence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Silent Valley National Park</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent-Valley-Nationalpark" title="Silent-Valley-Nationalpark – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Silent-Valley-Nationalpark" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_nacional_del_Valle_Silencioso" title="Parque nacional del Valle Silencioso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parque nacional del Valle Silencioso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_national_de_Silent_Valley" title="Parc national de Silent Valley – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parc national de Silent Valley" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF_%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="સાયલન્ટ વેલી રાષ્ટ્રીય ઉદ્યાન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સાયલન્ટ વેલી રાષ્ટ્રીય ઉદ્યાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="साइलेंट वैली राष्ट्रीय उद्यान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साइलेंट वैली राष्ट्रीय उद्यान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಸೈಲೆಂಟ್ ವ್ಯಾಲಿ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಉದ್ಯಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೈಲೆಂಟ್ ವ್ಯಾಲಿ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಉದ್ಯಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="സൈലന്റ്‌വാലി ദേശീയോദ്യാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൈലന്റ്‌വാലി ദേശീയോദ്യാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="सायलंट व्हॅली राष्ट्रीय उद्यान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सायलंट व्हॅली राष्ट्रीय उद्यान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سائیلینٹ ویلی قومی باغستان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سائیلینٹ ویلی قومی باغستان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Narodowy_Silent_Valley" title="Park Narodowy Silent Valley – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Park Narodowy Silent Valley" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%92%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA)" title="Сайлент-Вэлли (национальный парк) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сайлент-Вэлли (национальный парк)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Valleyn_kansallispuisto" title="Silent Valleyn kansallispuisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Silent Valleyn kansallispuisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="அமைதிப் பள்ளத்தாக்கு தேசியப் பூங்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அமைதிப் பள்ளத்தாக்கு தேசியப் பூங்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سائیلینٹ ویلی قومی باغستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سائیلینٹ ویلی قومی باغستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Silent_Valley_National_Park" title="Special:EditPage/Silent Valley National Park">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Silent+Valley+National+Park%22">"Silent Valley National Park"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Silent+Valley+National+Park%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Silent+Valley+National+Park%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Silent+Valley+National+Park%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Silent+Valley+National+Park%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Silent+Valley+National+Park%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">National park in Kerala, India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Silent Valley National Park</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>: സൈലന്‍റ് വാലീ നാഷണല്‍ പാര്‍ക്ക്</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 100%;"><div style="background-color: #CDE5B2;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_protected_area_categories" title="IUCN protected area categories">IUCN category</a> II (<a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national park</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SAN_BIRDS_48.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/SAN_BIRDS_48.jpg/284px-SAN_BIRDS_48.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/SAN_BIRDS_48.jpg/426px-SAN_BIRDS_48.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/SAN_BIRDS_48.jpg/568px-SAN_BIRDS_48.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountains" title="Nilgiri Mountains">Nilgiri Mountains</a> as seen from Silent Valley National Park</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:284px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:284px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:284px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Kerala_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showing the location of Silent Valley National Park"><img alt="Map showing the location of Silent Valley National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/India_Kerala_location_map.svg/284px-India_Kerala_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="284" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/India_Kerala_location_map.svg/426px-India_Kerala_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/India_Kerala_location_map.svg/568px-India_Kerala_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="1274" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.34%;left:56.2%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Silent Valley National Park"><img alt="Map showing the location of Silent Valley National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Kerala, India</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="locality"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Kerala</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nearest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mannarkkad" title="Mannarkkad">Mannarkkad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Silent_Valley_National_Park&params=11_08_N_76_28_E_type:landmark_dim:10km"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°08′N</span> <span class="longitude">76°28′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.133°N 76.467°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">11.133; 76.467</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">89.52 km<sup>2</sup> (34.56 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">26 December 1984</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Forests_and_Wildlife_(Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Forests and Wildlife (Kerala)">Department of Forests and Wildlife (Kerala)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Silent Valley National Park</b> is a <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. It is located in the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiri hills">Nilgiri hills</a> and has a core area of 89.52 km<sup>2</sup> (34.56 sq mi). It is surrounded by a buffer zone of 148 km<sup>2</sup> (57 sq mi). This national park has some rare species of flora and fauna. Silent Valley National Park was explored in 1847 by the botanist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wight" title="Robert Wight">Robert Wight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is located in the border of <a href="/wiki/Mannarkkad" title="Mannarkkad">Mannarkkad</a> Taluk of <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> Taluk of <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. </p><p>It is located in the rich biodiversity of <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Karimpuzha_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary">Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Amarambalam_Reserved_Forest" title="New Amarambalam Reserved Forest">New Amarambalam Reserved Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karulai" title="Karulai">Nedumkayam</a> Rainforest in <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> Taluk of <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attappadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Attappadi">Attappadi</a> Reserved Forest in <a href="/wiki/Mannarkkad" title="Mannarkkad">Mannarkkad</a> Taluk of <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad district</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mukurthi_National_Park" title="Mukurthi National Park">Mukurthi National Park</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris district</a> are located around Silent Valley National Park. <a href="/wiki/Mukurthi" title="Mukurthi">Mukurthi</a> peak, the fifth-highest peak in South India, and <a href="/wiki/Anginda_peak" title="Anginda peak">Anginda peak</a> are also located in its vicinity. The <a href="/wiki/Bhavani_River" title="Bhavani River">Bhavani River</a>, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Kaveri_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaveri River">Kaveri River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kunthipuzha_River" title="Kunthipuzha River">Kunthipuzha River</a>, a tributary of <a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a> river, originate in the vicinity of Silent Valley. The <a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_River" title="Kadalundi River">Kadalundi River</a> also originates in Silent Valley National Park. </p><p>The national park is one of the last undisturbed tracts of <a href="/wiki/South_Western_Ghats_mountain_rain_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="South Western Ghats mountain rain forests">South Western Ghats mountain rain forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_moist_evergreen_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical moist evergreen forest">tropical moist evergreen forest</a> in India. Contiguous with the proposed <a href="/wiki/Karimpuzha_National_Park" title="Karimpuzha National Park">Karimpuzha National Park</a> (225 km<sup>2</sup> (87 sq mi)) to the north and <a href="/wiki/Mukurthi_National_Park" title="Mukurthi National Park">Mukurthi National Park</a> (78.46 km<sup>2</sup>) to the north-east, it is the core of the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a> (1,455.4 km<sup>2</sup>), and is part of the Nilgiri Sub-Cluster (6,000<sup>+</sup> km<sup>2</sup>), <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, recognised by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plans for a <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a> project that threatened the park's <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> stimulated an <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalist</a> social movement in the 1970s, known as the <a href="/wiki/Save_Silent_Valley" title="Save Silent Valley">Save Silent Valley</a> movement, which resulted in cancelling the project and creating the park in 1980. The visitors' centre for the park is at Sairandhri. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Valley_National_Park&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nilgiris_Biosphere_Reserve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Nilgiris_Biosphere_Reserve.jpg/220px-Nilgiris_Biosphere_Reserve.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Nilgiris_Biosphere_Reserve.jpg/330px-Nilgiris_Biosphere_Reserve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Nilgiris_Biosphere_Reserve.jpg/440px-Nilgiris_Biosphere_Reserve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption>Map of Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve, showing Silent Valley National Park in relation to multiple contiguous protected areas</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Western investigation of the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watersheds</a> of the Silent Valley area was in 1857 by the botanist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wight" title="Robert Wight">Robert Wight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British named the area Silent Valley because of a perceived absence of noisy <a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">cicadas</a>. Another story attributes the name to the anglicisation of Sairandhri. A third story refers to the presence of many lion-tailed macaques <i><a href="/wiki/Macaca_silenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Macaca silenus">Macaca silenus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1914, the forest of the Silent Valley area was declared a <a href="/wiki/Reserve_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve forest">reserve forest</a>. Between 1927 and 1976, portions of the Silent Valley forest area were subjected to <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a> operations. In 1928, the location on the <a href="/wiki/Kunthipuzha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunthipuzha">Kunthipuzha</a> River at Sairandhri was identified as an ideal site for <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a>, and in 1958 a study and survey of the area was conducted and a hydroelectric project of 120 MV costing Rs. 17 crore was proposed by the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Electricity_Board" title="Kerala State Electricity Board">Kerala State Electricity Board</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gledhill1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gledhill1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_concerns">Environmental concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Valley_National_Park&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Environmental concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Save_Silent_Valley" title="Save Silent Valley">Save Silent Valley</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion-tailed_macaque_by_N_A_Nazeer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lion-tailed_macaque_by_N_A_Nazeer.jpg/220px-Lion-tailed_macaque_by_N_A_Nazeer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lion-tailed_macaque_by_N_A_Nazeer.jpg/330px-Lion-tailed_macaque_by_N_A_Nazeer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lion-tailed_macaque_by_N_A_Nazeer.jpg/440px-Lion-tailed_macaque_by_N_A_Nazeer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2664" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lion-tailed_macaque" title="Lion-tailed macaque">Lion-tailed macaque</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Silent Valley is home to the largest population of <a href="/wiki/Lion-tailed_macaque" title="Lion-tailed macaque">lion-tailed macaques</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primate</a>. Public concern over threats to their habitat led to the establishment of Silent Valley National Park. </p><p>In 1973 the valley became the focus of "Save Silent Valley", India's fiercest <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmental</a> movement of the decade, when the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Electricity_Board" title="Kerala State Electricity Board">Kerala State Electricity Board</a> decided to implement the Silent Valley Hydro-Electric Project (SVHEP) centered on a <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dam</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Kunthipuzha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunthipuzha">Kunthipuzha River</a>. The resulting reservoir would flood 8.3 km<sup>2</sup> of virgin <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> and threaten the lion-tailed macaque. In 1976 the Kerala State Electricity Board announced plans to begin dam construction and the issue was brought to public attention. <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Whitaker" title="Romulus Whitaker">Romulus Whitaker</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Snake_Park" title="Chennai Snake Park">Madras Snake Park</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Crocodile_Bank_Trust" title="Madras Crocodile Bank Trust">Madras Crocodile Bank</a>, was probably the first person to draw public attention to the small and remote area.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 September 1985 the Silent Valley National Park was formally inaugurated and a memorial at Sairandhri to Indira Gandhi was unveiled by <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a>, her son and the next prime minister. On 1 September 1986 Silent Valley National Park was designated as the core area of the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a>. Since then, a long-term conservation effort has been undertaken to preserve the Silent Valley <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gledhill1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gledhill1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001 a new hydro project was proposed and the "Man vs. Monkey debate" was revived. The proposed site of the dam (64.5 m high and 275 m long) is just 3.5 km downstream of the old dam site at Sairandhiri, 500 m outside the National Park boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kerala Minister for Electricity called The Pathrakkadavu dam (PHEP) an "eco-friendly alternative" to the old Silent Valley project. The claim was that the submergence area of the PHEP would be a negligible .041 km<sup>2</sup> compared to 8.30 km<sup>2</sup> submergence of the 1970s (SVHEP).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From January to May 2003, a rapid <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Impact_Assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Impact Assessment">Environmental Impact Assessment</a> (EIA) was carried out. On 15 November, Minister for Forest Binoy Viswam said that the proposed <a href="/wiki/Buffer_zone" title="Buffer zone">buffer zone</a> for Silent Valley would be declared soon.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 February 2007 ex-Chief Minister <a href="/wiki/A._K._Antony" title="A. K. Antony">A. K. Antony</a> told reporters after a cabinet meeting that "when the Silent Valley proposal was dropped, the centre had promised to give clearance to the Pooyamkutty project. This promise, however, had not been honoured. The Kerala <i>government has not taken any decision</i> on reviving the Silent Valley Hydel Project".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 April 2007, Kerala Chief Minister V S Achuthanandan and his cabinet approved the Pathrakkadavu Hydro-electric project and sent it to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Union Government</a> for environmental approval.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Silent_Valley_NP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/10/Map_of_Silent_Valley_NP.jpg/220px-Map_of_Silent_Valley_NP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/10/Map_of_Silent_Valley_NP.jpg/330px-Map_of_Silent_Valley_NP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/10/Map_of_Silent_Valley_NP.jpg/440px-Map_of_Silent_Valley_NP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1249" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Map of Silent Valley NP</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buffer_zone">Buffer zone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Valley_National_Park&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Buffer zone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Territorial forests located around the national park have been subject to a working-plan to accomplish revenue oriented objectives such as extraction of bamboo and reed which affect the long-term conservation of the park.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In addition, illegal activities such as ganja (<i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_sativa" title="Cannabis sativa">Cannabis sativa</a></i>) cultivation has caused habitat degradation.<sup id="cite_ref-Hindu3/12/06_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindu3/12/06-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 November 2009, Union Minister of Forest and Environment <a href="/wiki/Jairam_Ramesh" title="Jairam Ramesh">Jairam Ramesh</a> and Kerala Forest Minister Binoy Viswam declared, while inaugurating the silver jubilee celebration of Silent Valley National Park in Palakkad, that the buffer zone of the Park would be made an integral part of it in order to ensure better protection of the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Prabhakaran_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prabhakaran-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 June 2007 the Kerala cabinet approved the buffer zone proposal. The new 147.22 km<sup>2</sup> zone will include 80.75 km<sup>2</sup> taken from Attapady Forest Range, 27.09 km<sup>2</sup> from Mannarkkad Forest Range and 39.38 km<sup>2</sup> from Kalikavu Forest Range and consolidated to form a new range, Bhavani Forest Range, of 94 km<sup>2</sup> and 54 km<sup>2</sup> would be brought under the existing Silent Valley Range of the National Park. The Cabinet also sanctioned 35 staff to protect the area and two new forest stations in Bhavani range at Anavai and Thudukki. Forest Minister Benoy Viswom said "the zone would have reserve forest status and tribals in the area would not be affected. The decision reaffirmed the commitment of the <a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Democratic Front (Kerala)">LDF</a> Government to protection of environment. The zone is a necessity, not just of the State but also of the nation."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proposal was then sent to Kerala Minister for Electricity, <a href="/wiki/A._K._Balan" title="A. K. Balan">A. K. Balan</a>, who has voiced the need for setting up the <a href="/wiki/Pathrakadavu_Waterfalls" title="Pathrakadavu Waterfalls">Pathrakadavu hydroelectric project</a> in the proposed southwest buffer zone of the National Park, the Thenkara Range of the Mannarkkad Forest Division. As of 9 May 2007 Balan has not given his opinion on the buffer zone proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2006, the new Minister for Forests, <a href="/wiki/Benoy_Viswam" class="mw-redirect" title="Benoy Viswam">Benoy Viswam</a>, approved a proposal from the Conservator of Forests for a 148 km<sup>2</sup> buffer zone around the core area of the park. The proposal says: "It is felt absolutely essential that an effective buffer of forests should be immediately formed around the national park in order to save the world famous Silent Valley National Park from all potential dangers. This can only be achieved by bringing the management of Silent Valley National Park as well as the proposed buffer zone under one management umbrella to insulate the park from all possible dangers." The proposed buffer zone will have 94 km<sup>2</sup> in Attappady Reserve Forest east of the Kunthipuzha and 54 km<sup>2</sup> taken from the Mannarkaad range and Nilambur south division west of the river. </p><p>In January 2006, the former Kerala Minister for Forest and Environment, <a href="/wiki/A._Sujanapal" title="A. Sujanapal">A. Sujanapal</a>, said the Government would consider the demand for a 600 km<sup>2</sup> buffer zone for Silent Valley National Park made by Bharathapuzha Protection Committee, Malampuzha Protection Committee, One Earth One Life and Jana Jagratha. A buffer zone proposal was made in the 1986 park management plan but not implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1979, <a href="/wiki/M.S._Swaminathan" class="mw-redirect" title="M.S. Swaminathan">M.S. Swaminathan</a>, then Secretary to the Department of Agriculture, visited the Silent Valley area and suggested that 389.52 km<sup>2</sup> including the Silent Valley (89.52 km<sup>2</sup>), New <a href="/wiki/Amarambalam" title="Amarambalam">Amarambalam</a> (80 km<sup>2</sup>), <a href="/wiki/Attappadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Attappadi">Attappadi</a> (120 km<sup>2</sup>) in Kerala and Kunda in <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a> (100 km<sup>2</sup>) <a href="/wiki/Reserve_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve forest">reserve forests</a>, should be developed into a National Rainforest <a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere Reserve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 October 2020 draft notification was made by Govt. of India for the area around the National park declaring it as eco sensitive zone.<sup id="cite_ref-ESZ_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESZ-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Valley_National_Park&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silentvalley_bridge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Silentvalley_bridge.JPG/220px-Silentvalley_bridge.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Silentvalley_bridge.JPG/330px-Silentvalley_bridge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Silentvalley_bridge.JPG/440px-Silentvalley_bridge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Hanging Bridge across the Kuntipuzha River – Silent Valley National Park (SVNP)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silent_Valley-topo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Silent_Valley-topo.jpg/220px-Silent_Valley-topo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Silent_Valley-topo.jpg/330px-Silent_Valley-topo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Silent_Valley-topo.jpg/440px-Silent_Valley-topo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>Silent Valley National Park<br />Topography 1:250,000., 1959'.</figcaption></figure> <p>Silent Valley is rectangular, twelve kilometres from north to south and seven from east to west. Located between 11°03' to 11°13' N (latitude) and 76°21' to 76°35' E (longitude) it is separated from the eastern and northern high altitude <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateaus</a> of the (<a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_(mountains)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiris (mountains)">Nilgiris Mountains</a>) by high continuous ridges including <a href="/wiki/Sispara" title="Sispara">Sispara Peak</a> (2,206 m) at the north end of the park. The park gradually slopes southward down to the <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a> plains and to the west it is bounded by irregular ridges. The altitude varies from 658 m to 2328 m at <a href="/wiki/Anginda_peak" title="Anginda peak">Anginda Peak</a>, but most of the park lies within the altitude range of 880 m to 1200 m. Soils are blackish and slightly acidic in evergreen forests where there is good accumulation of organic matter. The underlying rock in the area is <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> with <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a>, which give rise to the loamy <a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">laterite</a> soils on slopes.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivers">Rivers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Valley_National_Park&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kunthipuzha_River" title="Kunthipuzha River">Kunthipuzha River</a> <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drains</a> the entire 15 km length of the park from north to south into the <a href="/wiki/Bharathapuzha" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharathapuzha">Bharathapuzha</a> River. Kunthipuzha River divides the park into a narrow eastern sector of width 2 kilometers and a wide western sector of 5 kilometers. The river is characterized by its crystal clear water and perennial nature. The main <a href="/wiki/Tributaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Tributaries">tributaries</a> of the river, Kunthancholapuzha, Karingathodu, Madrimaranthodu, Valiaparathodu and Kummaathanthodu originate on the upper slopes of the eastern side of the valley. The river is uniformly shallow, with no flood plains or meanders. Its bed falls from 1,861 m to 900 m over a distance of 12 km, the last 8 km being particularly level with a fall of only 60 m. Kunthipuzha is one of the less torrential rivers of the Western Ghats, with a pesticide-free catchment area.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Valley_National_Park&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silentvalley_sat.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Silentvalley_sat.PNG/220px-Silentvalley_sat.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Silentvalley_sat.PNG/330px-Silentvalley_sat.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Silentvalley_sat.PNG/440px-Silentvalley_sat.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Silent Valley from JPL Map server.</figcaption></figure> <p>Silent Valley gets copious amounts of <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">rainfall</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoons</a>, but the actual amount varies within the region due to the varied <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>. In general, rainfall is higher at higher altitudes and decreases from the west to the east due to the <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> effect. Eighty per cent of the rainfall occurs during the <a href="/wiki/South-west_monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="South-west monsoon">south-west monsoon</a> between June and September. The park also receives a significant amount of rainfall during the <a href="/wiki/North-east_monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="North-east monsoon">north-east monsoon</a> between October and November.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The park being completely enclosed within a ring of hills, has its own <a href="/wiki/Micro-climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-climate">micro-climate</a> and probably receives some <a href="/wiki/Convectional_precipitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Convectional precipitation">convectional rainfall</a>, in addition to rain from the two monsoons. In the remaining months, <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensation</a> on vegetation of <a href="/wiki/Mist" title="Mist">mist</a> shrouding the valley is estimated to yield 15 per cent of the total water generated in the rainforest.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, the Walakkad area of the park received the highest ever annual rainfall of 9,569.6 mm. In 2000, the figure was 7,788 mm; in 2001, 8,351.9 mm; in 2004, 8465.3 mm; and in 2005, 9,347.8 mm. The annual rainfall received in the valley (at Sairandhri?) was 7,788.8 mm in 2000; 8,361.9 mm in 2001. In 2002, 4,262.5 mm; in 2003, 3,499.65 mm; in 2004, 6,521.27 mm, in 2005, 6,919.38 mm; in 2006, 6,845.05 mm; in 2007, 6,009.35 mm; and in 2008 it was 4386.5 mm. The figure till October 2009 was 5,477.4 mm. Average annual rainfall in the park between 2000 and 2008 was thus 6,066 mm.<sup id="cite_ref-Prabhakaran_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prabhakaran-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mean annual temperature is 20.2 °C. The hottest months are April and May when the mean temperature is 23 °C and the coolest months are January and February when the mean temperature is 18 °C. Because of the high rainfall, the <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> is consistently high (above 95%) between June and December.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indigenous_people">Indigenous people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Valley_National_Park&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Indigenous people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no record of the valley ever having been settled, but the <a href="/wiki/Mudugar_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudugar people">Mudugar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irulas" class="mw-redirect" title="Irulas">Irula</a> tribal people are <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> to the area and do live in the adjacent valley of <a href="/wiki/Attappady" class="mw-redirect" title="Attappady">Attappady</a> Reserved Forest.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the <a href="/wiki/Kurumbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurumbar">Kurumbar</a> people live in the highest range outside the park bordering on the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_(mountains)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiris (mountains)">Nilgiris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the Mudugar, Irula and Kurumbar now work as <a href="/wiki/Day_labor" title="Day labor">day labourers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porter_(carrier)" title="Porter (carrier)">porters</a>. 16 out of 21 tribal colonies in the Attappady range cultivate <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a>. Many Mudugar are in abject poverty and easily recruited by the so-called <i>ganja mafia</i>. In 2006, it was planned to employ 50 additional men from the 21 tribal settlements as forest guards.<sup id="cite_ref-Hindu3/12/06_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindu3/12/06-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Valley_National_Park&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The valley areas of the park are in a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">Ecoregion</a>. Hilly areas above 1,000 m are in the <a href="/wiki/South_Western_Ghats_montane_rain_forests" title="South Western Ghats montane rain forests">South Western Ghats montane rain forests</a> region. Above 1,500 m, the evergreen forests begin to give way to stunted forests, called <a href="/wiki/Shola" title="Shola">sholas</a>, interspersed with open <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a>, both of which are of interest to <a href="/wiki/Ecologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecologist">ecologists</a> as the rich <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> here has never been disturbed by human settlements. Several threatened species are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> here. New plant and animal species are often discovered here.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Valley_National_Park&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Birds">Birds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Valley_National_Park&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columba_elphinstonii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Columba_elphinstonii.jpg/220px-Columba_elphinstonii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Columba_elphinstonii.jpg/330px-Columba_elphinstonii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Columba_elphinstonii.jpg/440px-Columba_elphinstonii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_wood-pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiri wood-pigeon">Nilgiri wood-pigeon</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Birdlife_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Birdlife International">Birdlife International</a> lists 16 bird species in Silent Valley as threatened or restricted:- <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_wood-pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiri wood-pigeon">Nilgiri wood-pigeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malabar_parakeet" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar parakeet">Malabar parakeet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malabar_grey_hornbill" title="Malabar grey hornbill">Malabar grey hornbill</a>, <a href="/wiki/White-bellied_treepie" title="White-bellied treepie">white-bellied treepie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grey-headed_bulbul" title="Grey-headed bulbul">grey-headed bulbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_World_warbler" title="Old World warbler">broad-tailed grassbird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rufous_babbler" title="Rufous babbler">rufous babbler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wynaad_laughingthrush" class="mw-redirect" title="Wynaad laughingthrush">Wynaad laughingthrush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_laughing_thrush" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiri laughing thrush">Nilgiri laughing thrush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_blue_robin" title="Nilgiri blue robin">Nilgiri blue robin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-and-rufous_flycatcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-and-rufous flycatcher">black-and-rufous flycatcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_flycatcher" title="Nilgiri flycatcher">Nilgiri flycatcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/White-bellied_blue-flycatcher" class="mw-redirect" title="White-bellied blue-flycatcher">white-bellied blue-flycatcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimson-backed_sunbird" title="Crimson-backed sunbird">crimson-backed sunbird</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_pipit" title="Nilgiri pipit">Nilgiri pipit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rare bird species found here include the <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_frogmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon frogmouth">Ceylon frogmouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Indian_hornbill" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Indian hornbill">great Indian hornbill</a>. The 2006 winter bird survey discovered the <a href="/wiki/Long-legged_buzzard" title="Long-legged buzzard">long-legged buzzard</a>, a new species of raptor at <a href="/wiki/Sispara" title="Sispara">Sispara</a>, the park's highest peak. The survey found 10 endangered species recorded in the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Chestnut-winged_cuckoo" title="Chestnut-winged cuckoo">red winged crested cuckoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malabar_pied_hornbill" title="Malabar pied hornbill">Malabar pied hornbill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pallid_harrier" title="Pallid harrier">pale harrier</a>. The area is home to 15 endemic species including the <a href="/wiki/Black-and-orange_flycatcher" title="Black-and-orange flycatcher">black-and-orange flycatcher</a>. It recorded 138 species of birds including 17 species that were newly observed in the Silent Valley area. The most abundant bird was the <a href="/wiki/Square-tailed_bulbul" title="Square-tailed bulbul">Square-tailed bulbul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mammals">Mammals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Valley_National_Park&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nilgiri_langur_by_Joseph_Lazer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Nilgiri_langur_by_Joseph_Lazer.jpg/220px-Nilgiri_langur_by_Joseph_Lazer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Nilgiri_langur_by_Joseph_Lazer.jpg/330px-Nilgiri_langur_by_Joseph_Lazer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Nilgiri_langur_by_Joseph_Lazer.jpg/440px-Nilgiri_langur_by_Joseph_Lazer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4071" data-file-height="2745" /></a><figcaption>Nilgiri langur</figcaption></figure> <p>There are at least 34 species of <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> at Silent Valley including the <a href="/wiki/Threatened" class="mw-redirect" title="Threatened">threatened</a> <a href="/wiki/Lion-tailed_macaque" title="Lion-tailed macaque">lion-tailed macaque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_langur" title="Nilgiri langur">Nilgiri langur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_giant_squirrel" title="Indian giant squirrel">Malabar giant squirrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr</a>, Peshwa's <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bat</a> (<i>Myotis peshwa</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Hairy-winged_bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hairy-winged bat">hairy-winged bat</a>. There are nine species of <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mice" class="mw-redirect" title="Mice">mice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hindu7/29/01_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindu7/29/01-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Distribution and demography of all diurnal <a href="/wiki/Primates" class="mw-redirect" title="Primates">primates</a> were studied in Silent Valley National Park and adjacent areas for a period of three years from 1993 to 1996. Fourteen troops of lion-tailed macaque, eighty-five troops of <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_langur" title="Nilgiri langur">Nilgiri langur</a>, fifteen troops of <a href="/wiki/Bonnet_macaque" title="Bonnet macaque">bonnet macaque</a> and seven troops of <a href="/wiki/Hanuman_langur" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanuman langur">Hanuman langur</a> were observed. Of these, the Nilgiri langur was randomly distributed, whereas the lion-tailed macaque troops were confined to the southern sector of the Park. Bonnet macaques and Hanuman langurs were occasional visitors. The Silent Valley forest remains one of the most undisturbed viable habitats left for the endemic and endangered primates lion-tailed macaque and Nilgiri langur.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">Tiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopard_cat" title="Leopard cat">leopard cat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jungle_cat" title="Jungle cat">jungle cat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">common palm civet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_civet" title="Small Indian civet">small Indian civet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerdon%27s_palm_civet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerdon's palm civet">brown palm civet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruddy_mongoose" title="Ruddy mongoose">ruddy mongoose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stripe-necked_mongoose" title="Stripe-necked mongoose">stripe-necked mongoose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">dhole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clawless_otter" class="mw-redirect" title="Clawless otter">clawless otter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">sloth bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travancore_flying_squirrel" title="Travancore flying squirrel">small Travancore flying squirrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_pangolin" title="Indian pangolin">Indian pangolin</a> (scaly anteater), <a href="/wiki/Porcupine" title="Porcupine">porcupine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">sambar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spotted_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Spotted deer">spotted deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barking_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Barking deer">barking deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mouse_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse deer">mouse deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">gaur</a> also live here.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insects">Insects</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Valley_National_Park&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Insects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vestalis_apicalis_submontana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Vestalis_apicalis_submontana.jpg/220px-Vestalis_apicalis_submontana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Vestalis_apicalis_submontana.jpg/330px-Vestalis_apicalis_submontana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Vestalis_apicalis_submontana.jpg/440px-Vestalis_apicalis_submontana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2004" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Vestalis_submontana" title="Vestalis submontana">Vestalis submontana</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are at least 730 identified species of insects in the park. The maximum number of species belong to the orders <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coleoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Coleoptera">Coleoptera</a>. Many unclassified species have been collected and there is a need for further studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathew1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathew1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>33 species of <a href="/wiki/Orthoptera" title="Orthoptera">crickets and grasshoppers</a> have been recorded of which one was new. 41 species of <a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">true bugs</a> (eight new) have been recorded. 128 species of <a href="/wiki/Coleoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Coleoptera">beetles</a> including 10 new species have been recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-ZSI1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZSI1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over 128 species of <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a> and 400 species of <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a> live here. A 1993 study found butterflies belonging to 9 families. The families <a href="/wiki/Nymphalidae" title="Nymphalidae">Nymphalidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papilionidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Papilionidae">Papilionidae</a> contained the maximum number of species. 13 species were endemic to South India, including 5 species having protected status.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven species of <a href="/wiki/Butterflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterflies">butterflies</a> were observed <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_and_moth_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterfly and moth migration">migrating</a> in a mixed swarm of thousands of butterflies towards the Silent Valley National Park. In one instance an observer noted several birds attempting to catch these butterflies.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A survey jointly conducted by Indian Dragonfly Society and the Forest and Wildlife Department in September 2018 in the buffer zone of the Silent Valley National Park found 82 species of <a href="/wiki/Odonata" title="Odonata">odonata</a>. The species found include <i><a href="/wiki/Indosticta_deccanensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Indosticta deccanensis">Indosticta deccanensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Burmagomphus_laidlawi" title="Burmagomphus laidlawi">Burmagomphus laidlawi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Microgomphus_souteri" title="Microgomphus souteri">Microgomphus souteri</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Onychogomphus_nilgiriensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Onychogomphus nilgiriensis">Onychogomphus nilgiriensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Euphaea_dispar" title="Euphaea dispar">Euphaea dispar</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Idionyx_travancorensis" title="Idionyx travancorensis">Idionyx travancorensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Megalogomphus_hannyngtoni" title="Megalogomphus hannyngtoni">Megalogomphus hannyngtoni</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lestes_dorothea" title="Lestes dorothea">Lestes dorothea</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hindu_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindu-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Valley_National_Park&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Davidraju_IMG_4203_-_Raorchestes_silentvalley_-_Silent_Valley_Bush_Frog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Davidraju_IMG_4203_-_Raorchestes_silentvalley_-_Silent_Valley_Bush_Frog.jpg/220px-Davidraju_IMG_4203_-_Raorchestes_silentvalley_-_Silent_Valley_Bush_Frog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Davidraju_IMG_4203_-_Raorchestes_silentvalley_-_Silent_Valley_Bush_Frog.jpg/330px-Davidraju_IMG_4203_-_Raorchestes_silentvalley_-_Silent_Valley_Bush_Frog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Davidraju_IMG_4203_-_Raorchestes_silentvalley_-_Silent_Valley_Bush_Frog.jpg/440px-Davidraju_IMG_4203_-_Raorchestes_silentvalley_-_Silent_Valley_Bush_Frog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption> Silent Valley Bush Frog, <i><a href="/wiki/Raorchestes_silentvalley" title="Raorchestes silentvalley">Raorchestes silentvalley</a></i> </figcaption></figure> <p>At least 500 species of <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leech" title="Leech">leeches</a> have also been identified in the park.<sup id="cite_ref-Hindu7/29/01_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindu7/29/01-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Silent Valley Bush Frog, <i><a href="/wiki/Raorchestes_silentvalley" title="Raorchestes silentvalley">Raorchestes silentvalley</a></i>, first described in 2016, is named after the park.<sup id="cite_ref-desc_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desc-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Valley_National_Park&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The flora of the valley include about a 1000 species of flowering plants, 108 species of orchids, 100 <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a> and fern allies, 200 <a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">liverworts</a>, 75 <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a> and about 200 <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>. A majority of these plants are endemic to the Western Ghats.<sup id="cite_ref-SVNPCOM1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SVNPCOM1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senecio_neelgherryanus-Silent_Valley-2016-08-13-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Senecio_neelgherryanus-Silent_Valley-2016-08-13-001.jpg/220px-Senecio_neelgherryanus-Silent_Valley-2016-08-13-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Senecio_neelgherryanus-Silent_Valley-2016-08-13-001.jpg/330px-Senecio_neelgherryanus-Silent_Valley-2016-08-13-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Senecio_neelgherryanus-Silent_Valley-2016-08-13-001.jpg/440px-Senecio_neelgherryanus-Silent_Valley-2016-08-13-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senecio_neelgherryanus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senecio neelgherryanus (page does not exist)">Senecio neelgherryanus</a></i> in Silent Valley</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graphium_agamemnon1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Graphium agamemnon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Graphium_agamemnon1.jpg/220px-Graphium_agamemnon1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Graphium_agamemnon1.jpg/330px-Graphium_agamemnon1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Graphium_agamemnon1.jpg/440px-Graphium_agamemnon1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tailed_jay" class="mw-redirect" title="Tailed jay">Tailed jay</a> nectoring on a <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">daisy</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flowering_plants">Flowering plants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Valley_National_Park&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Flowering plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">Angiosperm</a></i> flora currently identified here include 966 species belonging to 134 families and 599 genera. There are 701 <i><a href="/wiki/Dicotyledons" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicotyledons">Dicotyledons</a></i> distributed among 113 families and 420 genera. There are 265 <i><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledons" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocotyledons">Monocotyledons</a></i> here distributed among 21 families and 139 genera. Families best represented are the <i><a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidaceae">Orchids</a></i> with 108 species including the rare, endemic and highly endangered orchids <a href="/wiki/Ipsea" title="Ipsea">Ipsea</a> malabarica, <a href="/wiki/Bulbophyllum" title="Bulbophyllum">Bulbophyllum</a> silentvalliensis and <a href="/wiki/Eria#T" title="Eria">Eria tiagii</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Grasses</a></i> (56), <i><a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Legumes</a></i> (55), <i><a href="/wiki/Rubiaceae" title="Rubiaceae">Rubiaceae</a></i> (49) and <i><a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asters</a></i> (45). There are many rare, endemic and economically valuable species, such as <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a> <i>Ellettaria cardamomum</i>, <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a> <i>Piper nigrum</i>, <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a> <i>Dioscorea spp.</i>, <a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a> <i>Phaseolus sp.</i>, a pest-resistant strain of <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> <i>Oryza Pittambi</i>, and 110 plant species of importance in <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurvedic</a> medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven new plant species have been recorded from Silent Valley, including in 1996, <i><a href="/wiki/Impatiens_sivarajanii" title="Impatiens sivarajanii">Impatiens sivarajanii</a></i>, a new species of <i><a href="/wiki/Balsaminaceae" title="Balsaminaceae">Balsaminaceae</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trees">Trees</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Valley_National_Park&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Trees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Occurrence of lion-tailed macaque is dependent on the flowering of <i><a href="/wiki/Cullenia" title="Cullenia">Cullenia</a> exarillata</i> in the forest.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Six distinct tree associations<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What is a 'tree association'? (January 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> have been described in the valley. Three are restricted to the southern sector: </p> <ol><li><i>Cullenia exarillata</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Palaquium" title="Palaquium">Palaquium</a> ellipticum</i></li> <li><i>Palaquium ellipticum</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mesua_ferrea" title="Mesua ferrea">Mesua ferrea</a></i> (Indian rose chestnut)</li> <li><i>Mesua ferrea</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Calophyllum" title="Calophyllum">Calophyllum</a> elatum</i></li></ol> <p>The remainder are confined to the central and northern parts of the park: </p> <ol><li><i>Palaquium ellipticum</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Poeciloneuron" title="Poeciloneuron">Poeciloneuron</a> indicum</i></li> <li><i>Calophyllum elatum</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ochlandra" title="Ochlandra">Ochlandra</a></i> species</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poeciloneuron" title="Poeciloneuron">Poeciloneuron</a> indicum</i> and <i>Ochlandra</i> species<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>A study of natural regeneration of 12 important tree species of Silent Valley tropical rain forests showed good natural regeneration of all 12 species. The species studied were <i>Palaquium ellipticum</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cullenia_exarillata" title="Cullenia exarillata">Cullenia exarillata</a></i>, <i>Poeciloneuron indicum</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Myristica_dactyloides" title="Myristica dactyloides">Myristica dactyloides</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Elaeocarpus" title="Elaeocarpus">Elaeocarpus</a> glandulosus</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Litsea" title="Litsea">Litsea</a> floribunda</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mesua_nagassarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesua nagassarium">Mesua nagassarium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum" title="Cinnamomum">Cinnamomum</a> malabatrum</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Agrostistachys" title="Agrostistachys">Agrostistachys</a> meeboldii</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Calophyllum" title="Calophyllum">Calophyllum</a> polyanthum</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_morella" title="Garcinia morella">Garcinia morella</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Actinodaphne" title="Actinodaphne">Actinodaphne</a> campanulata</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001 selective felling of three trees per acre led to the cutting of 48,000 m<sup>3</sup> of timber from about 20 km<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_resources">Genetic resources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Valley_National_Park&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Genetic resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout human history about 10% of the genetic stock found in the wild has been <a href="/wiki/Breed" title="Breed">bred</a> into palatable and higher yielding cereals, fruits and vegetables. Future <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a> depends on the preservation of the remaining 90% of the stock through protection of high biodiversity habitats like Silent valley.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources of ICAR (India), Plant Exploration and Collection Division<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has identified Silent Valley as high in bio-diversity and an important <a href="/wiki/Gene_Pool" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene Pool">Gene Pool</a> resource for <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA">Recombinant DNA</a> innovations. An important example of use of wild <a href="/wiki/Germplasm" title="Germplasm">germplasm</a> is gene selection from the wild varieties of rice <i><a href="/wiki/Oryza" title="Oryza">Oryza</a> nivara</i> (Central India) <i> and Oryza Pittambi</i> found in Silent Valley for the traits of broad spectrum disease resistance in high yielding <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrid</a> <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> varieties including IR-36, which are responsible for much of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a> throughout Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, genetic evaluation of plant growth promoting <a href="/wiki/Rhizobia" title="Rhizobia">Rhizobacteria</a> obtained from Silent Valley indicated that strain, IISR 331, could increase the growth of <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a> cuttings by 228% and showed 82.7% inhibition of the common plant wilting disease <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_cacao_diseases" title="List of cacao diseases">Phytopthora capsici</a></i> in laboratory tests (<a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges">Challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Valley_National_Park&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forest_fire">Forest fire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Valley_National_Park&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Forest fire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fire is one of the major threats facing forests in Kerala. People engaged in grazing livestock often burn an area to get fresh grass shoots for their cattle, especially during dry season when fire danger is greatest. Also, illicit activities like ganja cultivation, poaching, tree felling, non timber forest products (NTFP) collection and very often careless tourists and pilgrims are responsible for big forest fires.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cannabis_cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Valley_National_Park&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cannabis cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Silent Valley is home to some of India's largest illegal plantations of <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cannabis is one of the traditional plantations in these forests and there are people who depend on 'Ganja economy' for a livelihood.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tribes like <a href="/wiki/Irula_people" title="Irula people">Irula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muduga" class="mw-redirect" title="Muduga">Muduga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurumba_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurumba (tribe)">Kurumba</a> (particularly the last one) have always grown cannabis in their history.<sup id="cite_ref-outlookindia_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outlookindia-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seedless variety of cannabis cultivated in Silent Valley is known as <i>Sairandhri</i> and is renowned internationally for its quality.<sup id="cite_ref-ClarkeMerlin2013_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClarkeMerlin2013-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to former additional chief secretary Madhava Menon, the cannabis cultivated here is one of the best in the world and is sold worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-outlookindia_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outlookindia-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cannabis mafia has cut hundreds of acres of evergreen tropical forest in the Attappady Hills, including Silent Valley buffer zones, for illegal cultivation of the cash crop. The Forest Department had an ambitious plan to root out ganja cultivation from the Attappady forests by April 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Hindu3/12/06_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindu3/12/06-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maoist_Presence">Maoist Presence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Valley_National_Park&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Maoist Presence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ticket counter of the Silent Valley National Park at Mukkali was attacked by a group of Maoists in December 2014. A big contingent of special police has been deployed there since then, but the growing influence of Maoist groups in tribal east Kerala is of grave concern.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Valley_National_Park&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFProtected_Planet2018" class="citation web cs1">Protected Planet (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190116150032/https://www.protectedplanet.net/silent-valley-national-park">"Silent Valley National Park"</a>. 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Department of Administrative Reforms, Ministry of Home Affairs. 2007. p. 92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Management+in+Government&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Department+of+Administrative+Reforms%2C+Ministry+of+Home+Affairs&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtO-YqakR_EwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+Valley+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-outlookindia-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-outlookindia_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-outlookindia_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/stone-age/228711">Stone Age | Outlook India Magazine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ClarkeMerlin2013-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ClarkeMerlin2013_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_ClarkeMark_Merlin2013" class="citation book cs1">Robert Clarke; Mark Merlin (1 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=poenY6QMq8UC&pg=PA295"><i>Cannabis: Evolution and Ethnobotany</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 226–227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95457-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95457-1"><bdi>978-0-520-95457-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cannabis%3A+Evolution+and+Ethnobotany&rft.pages=226-227&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2013-09-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-95457-1&rft.au=Robert+Clarke&rft.au=Mark+Merlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpoenY6QMq8UC%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+Valley+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/panic-grips-tribal-villages-in-silent-valley/article6752208.ece">Panic grips tribal villages in Silent Valley – The Hindu</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Valley_National_Park&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerala_Forest_Dept._in_association_with_Kerala_Forest_Research_Institute,_Dehra_Dun1999" class="citation book cs1">Kerala Forest Dept. in association with Kerala Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun (1999). Manoharan, T. M. (ed.). <i>Silent Valley: Whispers of Reason</i>. Thiruvananthapuram: Natraj Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8190097814" title="Special:BookSources/8190097814"><bdi>8190097814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+Valley%3A+Whispers+of+Reason&rft.place=Thiruvananthapuram&rft.pub=Natraj+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=8190097814&rft.au=Kerala+Forest+Dept.+in+association+with+Kerala+Forest+Research+Institute%2C+Dehra+Dun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+Valley+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Aiyappan A. (1988), Tribal Culture and Tribal Welfare By, Uma Charan Mohanty, University of Madras Dept. of Anthropology.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Valley_National_Park&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Silent_Valley_National_Park" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Silent Valley National Park">Silent Valley National Park</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Silent_Valley_National_Park#Q176792" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Silent Valley National Park">Silent Valley National Park</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://silent-valley-kerala.blogspot.com/">"Silent Valley : One of earth's last unspoilt ecosystems"</a> blog by Jayaprakash</li> <li>From Mukkali to Sairandhri in Silent Valley National Park <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.malleeshwaram.com/index.php?page=25&title=Silent%20Valley%20National%20Park">37 photos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080421062440/http://ramyanaresh.sulekha.com/blog/post/2007/02/silent-valley-national-park-kerala.htm">Silent Valley National Park</a> A Travel Blog</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://silentvalley.gov.in/">silentvalley.gov.in</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100303210651/http://blip.tv/file/2286571">"Only An Axe Away"</a> This 40 minute, 2004, documentary film narrates the history of the unique campaign to save the Silent Valley from destructive development. The threat to Silent Valley does not cease! Direction: P Baburaj & C Saratchandran</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_of_Kerala" title="Template:Protected areas of Kerala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protected_areas_of_Kerala" title="Template talk:Protected areas of Kerala"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protected_areas_of_Kerala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protected areas of Kerala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protected_areas_of_Kerala" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Kerala">Protected areas of Kerala</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biosphere reserves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agasthyamala_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve">Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anamudi_Shola_National_Park" title="Anamudi Shola National Park">Anamudi Shola National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eravikulam_National_Park" title="Eravikulam National Park">Eravikulam National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimpuzha_National_Park" title="Karimpuzha National Park">Karimpuzha National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathikettan_Shola_National_Park" title="Mathikettan Shola National Park">Mathikettan Shola National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampadum_Shola_National_Park" title="Pampadum Shola National Park">Pampadum Shola National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar_National_Park" title="Periyar National Park">Periyar National Park</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silent Valley National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wildlife sanctuaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aralam_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary">Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimmony_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary">Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinnar_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary">Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurinjimala_Sanctuary" title="Kurinjimala Sanctuary">Kurinjimala Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyar_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary">Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parambikulam_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary">Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peechi-Vazhani_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary">Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppara_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary">Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary">Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bird sanctuaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary">Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumarakom_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary">Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalavanam_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary">Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathiramanal" title="Pathiramanal">Pathiramanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thattekad_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Thattekad Bird Sanctuary">Thattekad Bird Sanctuary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas of India</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_parks_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:lightgreen;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_parks_of_India" title="Template:National parks of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_parks_of_India" title="Template talk:National parks of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_parks_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National parks of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_parks_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:lightgreen;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas of India</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment,_Forest_and_Climate_Change" title="Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change">Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and<br />Nicobar Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Bay_National_Park" title="Campbell Bay National Park">Campbell Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galathea_National_Park" title="Galathea National Park">Galathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Marine_National_Park" title="Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Button_Island_National_Park" title="Middle Button Island National Park">Middle Button Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Harriet_National_Park" title="Mount Harriet National Park">Mt. Harriet Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Button_Island_National_Park" title="North Button Island National Park">North Button Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_Jhansi_Marine_National_Park" title="Rani Jhansi Marine National Park">Rani Jhansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_Peak_National_Park" title="Saddle Peak National Park">Saddle Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Button_Island_National_Park" title="South Button Island National Park">South Button Island</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="30" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kangchenjunga.JPG/60px-Kangchenjunga.JPG" decoding="async" width="60" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kangchenjunga.JPG/90px-Kangchenjunga.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kangchenjunga.JPG/120px-Kangchenjunga.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="878" /></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Asian_Elephant_in_Corbett_National_Park.jpg/60px-Asian_Elephant_in_Corbett_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Asian_Elephant_in_Corbett_National_Park.jpg/90px-Asian_Elephant_in_Corbett_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Asian_Elephant_in_Corbett_National_Park.jpg/120px-Asian_Elephant_in_Corbett_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="323" /></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/White_tiger.JPG/60px-White_tiger.JPG" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/White_tiger.JPG/90px-White_tiger.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/White_tiger.JPG/120px-White_tiger.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Venkateswara_National_Park" title="Sri Venkateswara National Park">Sri Venkateswara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papikonda_National_Park" title="Papikonda National Park">Papikonda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mouling_National_Park" title="Mouling National Park">Mouling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdapha_National_Park" title="Namdapha National Park">Namdapha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dibru-Saikhowa_National_Park" title="Dibru-Saikhowa National Park">Dibru-Saikhowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehing_Patkai_National_Park" title="Dehing Patkai National Park">Dehing Patkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaziranga_National_Park" title="Kaziranga National Park">Kaziranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_National_Park" title="Manas National Park">Manas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nameri_National_Park" title="Nameri National Park">Nameri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_National_Park" title="Orang National Park">Orang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimona_National_Park" title="Raimona National Park">Raimona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki_National_Park" title="Valmiki National Park">Valmiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indravati_National_Park" title="Indravati National Park">Indravati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanger_Valley_National_Park" title="Kanger Valley National Park">Kanger Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwan_Mahaveer_Sanctuary_and_Mollem_National_Park" title="Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park">Mollem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck_National_Park,_Velavadar" title="Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar">Blackbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gir_National_Park" title="Gir National Park">Gir National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_National_Park,_Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vansda_National_Park" title="Vansda National Park">Vansda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalesar_National_Park" title="Kalesar National Park">Kalesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanpur_National_Park" title="Sultanpur National Park">Sultanpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayan_National_Park" title="Great Himalayan National Park">Great Himalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pin_Valley_National_Park" title="Pin Valley National Park">Pin Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirganga_National_Park" title="Khirganga National Park">Khirganga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu & Kashmir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dachigam_National_Park" title="Dachigam National Park">Dachigam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Ali_National_Park" title="Salim Ali National Park">Salim Ali National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishtwar_National_Park" title="Kishtwar National Park">Kishtwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overa-Aru_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary">Overa-Aru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirpora_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary">Hirpora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokersar" title="Hokersar">Hokersar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemis_National_Park" title="Hemis National Park">Hemis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betla_National_Park" title="Betla National Park">Betla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Tiger_Reserve" title="Kali Tiger Reserve">Kali Tiger Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandipur_National_Park" title="Bandipur National Park">Bandipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerghatta_National_Park" title="Bannerghatta National Park">Bannerghatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudremukh#National_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kudremukh">Kundremukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarhole_National_Park" title="Nagarhole National Park">Nagarhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anamudi_Shola_National_Park" title="Anamudi Shola National Park">Anamudi Shola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eravikulam_National_Park" title="Eravikulam National Park">Eravikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathikettan_Shola_National_Park" title="Mathikettan Shola National Park">Mathikettan Shola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampadum_Shola_National_Park" title="Pampadum Shola National Park">Pampadam Shola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar_National_Park" title="Periyar National Park">Periyar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silent Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandhavgarh_National_Park" title="Bandhavgarh National Park">Bandhavgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghughua_Fossil_Park" title="Ghughua Fossil Park">Fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanha_Tiger_Reserve" title="Kanha Tiger Reserve">Kanha Tiger Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuno_National_Park" title="Kuno National Park">Kuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhav_National_Park" title="Madhav National Park">Madhav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panna_National_Park" title="Panna National Park">Panna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pench_National_Park" title="Pench National Park">Pench National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjay_National_Park" title="Sanjay National Park">Sanjay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satpura_Tiger_Reserve" title="Satpura Tiger Reserve">Satpura Tiger Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Vihar_National_Park" title="Van Vihar National Park">Van Vihar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandoli_National_Park" title="Chandoli National Park">Chandoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hill" title="Gilbert Hill">Gilbert Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugamal_National_Park" title="Gugamal National Park">Gugamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnala_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Karnala Bird Sanctuary">Karnala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navegaon_National_Park" title="Navegaon National Park">Navegaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pench_National_Park" title="Pench National Park">Pench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi_National_Park" title="Sanjay Gandhi National Park">Sanjay Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadoba_Andhari_Tiger_Reserve" title="Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve">Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keibul_Lamjao_National_Park" title="Keibul Lamjao National Park">Keibul Lamjao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirui_National_Park" title="Shirui National Park">Shirui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balpakram_National_Park" title="Balpakram National Park">Balpakram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokrek_National_Park" title="Nokrek National Park">Nokrek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murlen_National_Park" title="Murlen National Park">Murlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phawngpui_National_Park" title="Phawngpui National Park">Phawngpui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ntangki_National_Park" title="Ntangki National Park">Intangki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhitarkanika_National_Park" title="Bhitarkanika National Park">Bhitarkanika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simlipal_National_Park" title="Simlipal National Park">Simlipal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mukundara_Hills_National_Park" title="Mukundara Hills National Park">Mukundara Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_National_Park" title="Desert National Park">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keoladeo_National_Park" title="Keoladeo National Park">Keoladeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranthambore_National_Park" title="Ranthambore National Park">Ranthambhore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sariska_Tiger_Reserve" title="Sariska Tiger Reserve">Sariska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khangchendzonga_National_Park" title="Khangchendzonga National Park">Khangchendzonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guindy_National_Park" title="Guindy National Park">Guindy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar_Marine_National_Park" title="Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park">Gulf of Mannar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamalai_Tiger_Reserve" title="Anamalai Tiger Reserve">Anamalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudumalai_National_Park" title="Mudumalai National Park">Mudumalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukurthi_National_Park" title="Mukurthi National Park">Mukurthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palani_Hills" title="Palani Hills">Palani Hills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasu_Brahmananda_Reddy_National_Park" title="Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park">Kasu Brahmananda Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Harina_Vanasthali_National_Park" title="Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park">Mahavir Harina Vanasthali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrugavani_National_Park" title="Mrugavani National Park">Mrugavani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clouded_Leopard_National_Park" title="Clouded Leopard National Park">Clouded Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbari_National_Park" title="Rajbari National Park">Rajbari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dudhwa_National_Park" title="Dudhwa National Park">Dudhwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Corbett_National_Park" title="Jim Corbett National Park">Jim Corbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangotri_National_Park" title="Gangotri National Park">Gangotri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Pashu_Vihar_National_Park" title="Govind Pashu Vihar National Park">Govind Pashu Vihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi_National_Park" title="Nanda Devi National Park">Nanda Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaji_National_Park" title="Rajaji National Park">Rajaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Flowers_National_Park" title="Valley of Flowers National Park">Valley of Flowers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buxa_Tiger_Reserve" title="Buxa Tiger Reserve">Buxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorumara_National_Park" title="Gorumara National Park">Gorumara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neora_Valley_National_Park" title="Neora Valley National Park">Neora Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singalila_National_Park" title="Singalila National Park">Singalila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_National_Park" title="Sundarbans National Park">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaldapara_National_Park" title="Jaldapara National Park">Jaldapara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:lightgreen;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><a href="/wiki/Category:National_parks_of_India" title="Category:National parks of India">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protected_areas_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:LightGreen;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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title="Communal forests of India">Communal forests of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_areas_of_India" title="Conservation areas of India">Conservation areas of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_protected_areas_of_India" title="Private protected areas of India">Private protected areas of India</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:50px-India-locator-map-T-PA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/50px-India-locator-map-T-PA.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="54" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="46" data-file-height="50" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reserved_forests_and_protected_forests_of_India" title="Reserved forests and protected forests of India">Reserved and Protected forests of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife sanctuaries of India">Wildlife sanctuaries of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176792#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176792#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176792#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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