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Daba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jean-Pierre%20Dubois"> Jean-Pierre Dubois</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Georges%20El%20Soury"> Georges El Soury</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fifth generation wireless networks guarantee significant capacity enhancement to suit more clients and services at higher information rates with better reliability while consuming less power. The deployment of massive multiple-input-multiple-output technology guarantees broadband wireless networks with the use of base station antenna arrays to serve a large number of users on the same frequency and time-slot channels. In this work, we evaluate the performance of massive multiple-input-multiple-output systems (MIMO) systems in 5<sup>th</sup> generation cellular networks in terms of capacity and bit error rate. Several cases were considered and analyzed to compare the performance of massive MIMO systems while varying the number of antennas at both transmitting and receiving ends. We found that, unlike classical MIMO systems, reducing the number of transmit antennas while increasing the number of antennas at the receiver end provides a better solution to performance enhancement. In addition, enhanced orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and beam division multiple access schemes further improve the performance of massive MIMO systems and make them more reliable. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beam%20division%20multiple%20access" title="beam division multiple access">beam division multiple access</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D2D%20communication" title=" D2D communication"> D2D communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enhanced%20OFDM" title=" enhanced OFDM"> enhanced OFDM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fifth%20generation%20broadband" title=" fifth generation broadband"> fifth generation broadband</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=massive%20MIMO" title=" massive MIMO"> massive MIMO</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96696/performance-analysis-in-5th-generation-massive-multiple-input-multiple-output-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96696.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">263</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22369</span> Mobility-Aware Relay Selection in Two Hop Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Network</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tayyaba%20Hussain">Tayyaba Hussain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sobia%20Jangsher"> Sobia Jangsher</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saqib%20Ali"> Saqib Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saqib%20Ejaz"> Saqib Ejaz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Unmanned Aerial vehicles (UAV’s) have gained great popularity due to their remoteness, ease of deployment and high maneuverability in different applications like real-time surveillance, image capturing, weather atmospheric studies, disaster site monitoring and mapping. These applications can involve a real-time communication with the ground station. However, altitude and mobility possess a few challenges for the communication. UAV’s at high altitude usually require more transmit power. One possible solution can be with the use of multi hops (UAV’s acting as relays) and exploiting the mobility pattern of the UAV’s. In this paper, we studied a relay (UAV’s acting as relays) selection for a reliable transmission to a destination UAV. We exploit the mobility information of the UAV’s to propose a Mobility-Aware Relay Selection (MARS) algorithm with the objective of giving improved data rates. The results are compared with Non Mobility-Aware relay selection scheme and optimal values. Numerical results show that our proposed MARS algorithm gives 6% better achievable data rates for the mobile UAV’s as compared with Non MobilityAware relay selection scheme. On average a decrease of 20.2% in data rate is achieved with MARS as compared with SDP solver in Yalmip. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobility%20aware" title="mobility aware">mobility aware</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relay%20selection" title=" relay selection"> relay selection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20division%20multiple%20acess" title=" time division multiple acess"> time division multiple acess</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unmanned%20aerial%20vehicle" title=" unmanned aerial vehicle"> unmanned aerial vehicle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100240/mobility-aware-relay-selection-in-two-hop-unmanned-aerial-vehicles-network" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100240.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">242</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22368</span> Precoding-Assisted Frequency Division Multiple Access Transmission Scheme: A Cyclic Prefixes- Available Modulation-Based Filter Bank Multi-Carrier Technique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ying%20Wang">Ying Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jianhong%20Xiang"> Jianhong Xiang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu%20Zhong"> Yu Zhong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The offset Quadrature Amplitude Modulation-based Filter Bank Multi-Carrier (FBMC) system provides superior spectral properties over Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. However, seriously affected by imaginary interference, its performances are hampered in many areas. In this paper, we propose a Precoding-Assisted Frequency Division Multiple Access (PA-FDMA) modulation scheme. By spreading FBMC symbols into the frequency domain and transmitting them with a precoding matrix, the impact of imaginary interference can be eliminated. Specifically, we first generate the coding pre-solution matrix with a nonuniform Fast Fourier Transform and pick the best columns by introducing auxiliary factors. Secondly, according to the column indexes, we obtain the precoding matrix for one symbol and impose scaling factors to ensure that the power is approximately constant throughout the transmission time. Finally, we map the precoding matrix of one symbol to multiple symbols and transmit multiple data frames, thus achieving frequency-division multiple access. Additionally, observing the interference between adjacent frames, we mitigate them by adding frequency Cyclic Prefixes (CP) and evaluating them with a signal-to-interference ratio. Note that PA-FDMA can be considered a CP-available FBMC technique because the underlying strategy is FBMC. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme has better performance compared to Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA), etc. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PA-FDMA" title="PA-FDMA">PA-FDMA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SC-FDMA" title=" SC-FDMA"> SC-FDMA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FBMC" title=" FBMC"> FBMC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-uniform%20fast%20fourier%20transform" title=" non-uniform fast fourier transform"> non-uniform fast fourier transform</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181922/precoding-assisted-frequency-division-multiple-access-transmission-scheme-a-cyclic-prefixes-available-modulation-based-filter-bank-multi-carrier-technique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181922.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">70</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22367</span> Design and Performance Improvement of Three-Dimensional Optical Code Division Multiple Access Networks with NAND Detection Technique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Satyasen%20Panda">Satyasen Panda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Urmila%20Bhanja"> Urmila Bhanja</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we have presented and analyzed three-dimensional (3-D) matrices of wavelength/time/space code for optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) networks with NAND subtraction detection technique. The 3-D codes are constructed by integrating a two-dimensional modified quadratic congruence (MQC) code with one-dimensional modified prime (MP) code. The respective encoders and decoders were designed using fiber Bragg gratings and optical delay lines to minimize the bit error rate (BER). The performance analysis of the 3D-OCDMA system is based on measurement of signal to noise ratio (SNR), BER and eye diagram for a different number of simultaneous users. Also, in the analysis, various types of noises and multiple access interference (MAI) effects were considered. The results obtained with NAND detection technique were compared with those obtained with OR and AND subtraction techniques. The comparison results proved that the NAND detection technique with 3-D MQC\MP code can accommodate more number of simultaneous users for longer distances of fiber with minimum BER as compared to OR and AND subtraction techniques. The received optical power is also measured at various levels of BER to analyze the effect of attenuation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cross%20Correlation%20%28CC%29" title="Cross Correlation (CC)">Cross Correlation (CC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Three%20dimensional%20Optical%20Code%20Division%20Multiple%20Access%20%283-D%20OCDMA%29" title=" Three dimensional Optical Code Division Multiple Access (3-D OCDMA)"> Three dimensional Optical Code Division Multiple Access (3-D OCDMA)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Spectral%20Amplitude%20Coding%20Optical%20Code%20Division%20Multiple%20Access%20%28SAC-OCDMA%29" title=" Spectral Amplitude Coding Optical Code Division Multiple Access (SAC-OCDMA)"> Spectral Amplitude Coding Optical Code Division Multiple Access (SAC-OCDMA)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Multiple%20Access%20Interference%20%28MAI%29" title=" Multiple Access Interference (MAI)"> Multiple Access Interference (MAI)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phase%20Induced%20Intensity%20Noise%20%28PIIN%29" title=" Phase Induced Intensity Noise (PIIN)"> Phase Induced Intensity Noise (PIIN)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Three%20Dimensional%20Modified%20Quadratic%20Congruence%2FModified%20Prime%20%283-D%20MQC%2FMP%29%20code" title=" Three Dimensional Modified Quadratic Congruence/Modified Prime (3-D MQC/MP) code"> Three Dimensional Modified Quadratic Congruence/Modified Prime (3-D MQC/MP) code</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57485/design-and-performance-improvement-of-three-dimensional-optical-code-division-multiple-access-networks-with-nand-detection-technique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57485.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">418</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22366</span> Performance Evaluation of One and Two Dimensional Prime Codes for Optical Code Division Multiple Access Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gurjit%20Kaur">Gurjit Kaur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neena%20Gupta"> Neena Gupta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we have analyzed and compared the performance of various coding schemes. The basic ID prime sequence codes are unique in only dimension, i.e. time slots, whereas 2D coding techniques are not unique by their time slots but with their wavelengths also. In this research, we have evaluated and compared the performance of 1D and 2D coding techniques constructed using prime sequence coding pattern for Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) system on a single platform. Analysis shows that 2D prime code supports lesser number of active users than 1D codes, but they are having large code family and are the most secure codes compared to other codes. The performance of all these codes is analyzed on basis of number of active users supported at a Bit Error Rate (BER) of 10-9. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CDMA" title="CDMA">CDMA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OCDMA" title=" OCDMA"> OCDMA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BER" title=" BER"> BER</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OOC" title=" OOC"> OOC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PC" title=" PC"> PC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EPC" title=" EPC"> EPC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MPC" title=" MPC"> MPC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=2-D%20PC%2FPC" title=" 2-D PC/PC"> 2-D PC/PC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%CE%BBc" title=" λc"> λc</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%CE%BBa" title=" λa"> λa</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45035/performance-evaluation-of-one-and-two-dimensional-prime-codes-for-optical-code-division-multiple-access-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45035.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">339</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22365</span> The Fallacy around Inserting Brackets to Evaluate Expressions Involving Multiplication and Division</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manduth%20Ramchander">Manduth Ramchander</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Evaluating expressions involving multiplication and division can give rise to the fallacy that brackets can be arbitrarily inserted into expressions involving multiplication and division. The aim of this article was to draw upon mathematical theory to prove that brackets cannot be arbitrarily inserted into expressions involving multiplication and division and in particular in expressions where division precedes multiplication. In doing so, it demonstrates that the notion that two different answers are possible, when evaluating expressions involving multiplication and division, is indeed a false one. Searches conducted in a number of scholarly databases unearthed the rules to be applied when removing brackets from expressions, which revealed that consideration needs to be given to sign changes when brackets are removed. The rule pertaining to expressions involving multiplication and division was then extended upon, in its reverse format, to prove that brackets cannot be arbitrarily inserted into expressions involving multiplication and division. The application of the rule demonstrates that an expression involving multiplication and division can have only one correct answer. It is recommended that both the rule and its reverse be included in the curriculum, preferably at the juncture when manipulation with brackets is introduced. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brackets" title="brackets">brackets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiplications%20and%20division" title=" multiplications and division"> multiplications and division</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=operations" title=" operations"> operations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=order" title=" order"> order</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132918/the-fallacy-around-inserting-brackets-to-evaluate-expressions-involving-multiplication-and-division" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132918.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">164</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22364</span> Of an 80 Gbps Passive Optical Network Using Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malik%20Muhammad%20Arslan">Malik Muhammad Arslan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muneeb%20Ullah"> Muneeb Ullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dai%20Shihan"> Dai Shihan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faizan%20Khan"> Faizan Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaodong%20Yang"> Xiaodong Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Internet Service Providers are driving endless demands for higher bandwidth and data throughput as new services and applications require higher bandwidth. Users want immediate and accurate data delivery. This article focuses on converting old conventional networks into passive optical networks based on time division and wavelength division multiplexing. The main focus of this research is to use a hybrid of time-division multiplexing and wavelength-division multiplexing to improve network efficiency and performance. In this paper, we design an 80 Gbps Passive Optical Network (PON), which meets the need of the Next Generation PON Stage 2 (NGPON2) proposed in this paper. The hybrid of the Time and Wavelength division multiplexing (TWDM) is said to be the best solution for the implementation of NGPON2, according to Full-Service Access Network (FSAN). To co-exist with or replace the current PON technologies, many wavelengths of the TWDM can be implemented simultaneously. By utilizing 8 pairs of wavelengths that are multiplexed and then transmitted over optical fiber for 40 Kms and on the receiving side, they are distributed among 256 users, which shows that the solution is reliable for implementation with an acceptable data rate. From the results, it can be concluded that the overall performance, Quality Factor, and bandwidth of the network are increased, and the Bit Error rate is minimized by the integration of this approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bit%20error%20rate" title="bit error rate">bit error rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fiber%20to%20the%20home" title=" fiber to the home"> fiber to the home</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=passive%20optical%20network" title=" passive optical network"> passive optical network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20and%20wavelength%20division%20multiplexing" title=" time and wavelength division multiplexing"> time and wavelength division multiplexing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175639/of-an-80-gbps-passive-optical-network-using-time-and-wavelength-division-multiplexing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175639.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">74</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22363</span> Variable Tree Structure QR Decomposition-M Algorithm (QRD-M) in Multiple Input Multiple Output-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jae-Hyun%20Ro">Jae-Hyun Ro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jong-Kwang%20Kim"> Jong-Kwang Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chang-Hee%20Kang"> Chang-Hee Kang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyoung-Kyu%20Song"> Hyoung-Kyu Song</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In multiple input multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems, QR decomposition-M algorithm (QRD-M) has suboptimal error performance. However, the QRD-M has still high complexity due to many calculations at each layer in tree structure. To reduce the complexity of the QRD-M, proposed QRD-M modifies existing tree structure by eliminating unnecessary candidates at almost whole layers. The method of the elimination is discarding the candidates which have accumulated squared Euclidean distances larger than calculated threshold. The simulation results show that the proposed QRD-M has same bit error rate (BER) performance with lower complexity than the conventional QRD-M. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complexity" title="complexity">complexity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MIMO-OFDM" title=" MIMO-OFDM"> MIMO-OFDM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=QRD-M" title=" QRD-M"> QRD-M</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=squared%20Euclidean%20distance" title=" squared Euclidean distance"> squared Euclidean distance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52299/variable-tree-structure-qr-decomposition-m-algorithm-qrd-m-in-multiple-input-multiple-output-orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing-mimo-ofdm-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52299.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">338</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22362</span> Performance Analysis of 5G for Low Latency Transmission Based on Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier Technique and Interleave Division Multiple Access</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Asgharzadeh">A. Asgharzadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Maroufi"> M. Maroufi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> 5G mobile communication system has drawn more and more attention. The 5G system needs to provide three different types of services, including enhanced Mobile BroadBand (eMBB), massive machine-type communication (mMTC), and ultra-reliable and low-latency communication (URLLC). Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (UFMC), Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC), and Filtered Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (f-OFDM) are suggested as a well-known candidate waveform for the coming 5G system. Themachine-to-machine (M2M) communications are one of the essential applications in 5G, and it involves exchanging of concise messages with a very short latency. However, in UFMC systems, the subcarriers are grouped into subbands but f-OFDM only one subband covers the entire band. Furthermore, in FBMC, a subband includes only one subcarrier, and the number of subbands is the same as the number of subcarriers. This paper mainly discusses the performance of UFMC with different parameters for the UFMC system. Also, paper shows that UFMC is the best choice outperforming OFDM in any case and FBMC in case of very short packets while performing similarly for long sequences with channel estimation techniques for Interleave Division Multiple Access (IDMA) systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=universal%20filtered%20multi-carrier%20technique" title="universal filtered multi-carrier technique">universal filtered multi-carrier technique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UFMC" title=" UFMC"> UFMC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interleave%20division%20multiple%20access" title=" interleave division multiple access"> interleave division multiple access</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IDMA" title=" IDMA"> IDMA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fifth-generation" title=" fifth-generation"> fifth-generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subband" title=" subband"> subband</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125096/performance-analysis-of-5g-for-low-latency-transmission-based-on-universal-filtered-multi-carrier-technique-and-interleave-division-multiple-access" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125096.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">140</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22361</span> Reduction of Multiple User Interference for Optical CDMA Systems Using Successive Interference Cancellation Scheme</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tawfig%20Eltaif">Tawfig Eltaif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hesham%20A.%20Bakarman"> Hesham A. Bakarman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Alsowaidi"> N. Alsowaidi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20R.%20Mokhtar"> M. R. Mokhtar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malek%20Harbawi"> Malek Harbawi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Commonly, it is primary problem that there is multiple user interference (MUI) noise resulting from the overlapping among the users in optical code-division multiple access (OCDMA) system. In this article, we aim to mitigate this problem by studying an interference cancellation scheme called successive interference cancellation (SIC) scheme. This scheme will be tested on two different detection schemes, spectral amplitude coding (SAC) and direct detection systems (DS), using partial modified prime (PMP) as the signature codes. It was found that SIC scheme based on both SAC and DS methods had a potential to suppress the intensity noise, that is to say, it can mitigate MUI noise. Furthermore, SIC/DS scheme showed much lower bit error rate (BER) performance relative to SIC/SAC scheme for different magnitude of effective power. Hence, many more users can be supported by SIC/DS receiver system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20code-division%20multiple%20access%20%28OCDMA%29" title="optical code-division multiple access (OCDMA)">optical code-division multiple access (OCDMA)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=successive%20interference%20cancellation%20%28SIC%29" title=" successive interference cancellation (SIC)"> successive interference cancellation (SIC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20user%20interference%20%28MUI%29" title=" multiple user interference (MUI)"> multiple user interference (MUI)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectral%20amplitude%20coding%20%28SAC%29" title=" spectral amplitude coding (SAC)"> spectral amplitude coding (SAC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partial%20modified%20prime%20code%20%28PMP%29" title=" partial modified prime code (PMP)"> partial modified prime code (PMP)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33603/reduction-of-multiple-user-interference-for-optical-cdma-systems-using-successive-interference-cancellation-scheme" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33603.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">524</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22360</span> Multi-Channel Charge-Coupled Device Sensors Real-Time Cell Growth Monitor System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Han-Wei%20Shih">Han-Wei Shih</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yao-Nan%20Wang"> Yao-Nan Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ko-Tung%20Chang"> Ko-Tung Chang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lung-Ming%20Fu"> Lung-Ming Fu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A multi-channel cell growth real-time monitor and evaluation system using charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors with 40X lens integrating a NI LabVIEW image processing program is proposed and demonstrated. The LED light source control of monitor system is utilizing 8051 microprocessor integrated with NI LabVIEW software. In this study, the same concentration RAW264.7 cells growth rate and morphology in four different culture conditions (DMEM, LPS, G1, G2) were demonstrated. The real-time cells growth image was captured and analyzed by NI Vision Assistant every 10 minutes in the incubator. The image binarization technique was applied for calculating cell doubling time and cell division index. The cells doubling time and cells division index of four group with DMEM, LPS, LPS+G1, LPS+G2 are 12.3 hr,10.8 hr,14.0 hr,15.2 hr and 74.20%, 78.63%, 69.53%, 66.49%. The image magnification of multi-channel CCDs cell real-time monitoring system is about 100X~200X which compares with the traditional microscope. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=charge-coupled%20device%20%28CCD%29" title="charge-coupled device (CCD)">charge-coupled device (CCD)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RAW264.7" title=" RAW264.7"> RAW264.7</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=doubling%20time" title=" doubling time"> doubling time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=division%20index" title=" division index"> division index</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67480/multi-channel-charge-coupled-device-sensors-real-time-cell-growth-monitor-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67480.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">363</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22359</span> Zero Cross-Correlation Codes Based on Balanced Incomplete Block Design: Performance Analysis and Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Garadi%20Ahmed">Garadi Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boubakar%20S.%20Bouazza"> Boubakar S. Bouazza</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Zero Cross-Correlation (C, w) code is a family of binary sequences of length C and constant Hamming-weight, the cross correlation between any two sequences equal zero. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of ZCC code based on Balanced Incomplete Block Design (BIBD) for Spectral Amplitude Coding Optical Code Division Multiple Access (SAC-OCDMA) system using direct detection. The BER obtained is better than 10-9 for five simultaneous users. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectral%20amplitude%20coding-optical%20code-division-multiple-access%20%28SAC-OCDMA%29" title="spectral amplitude coding-optical code-division-multiple-access (SAC-OCDMA)">spectral amplitude coding-optical code-division-multiple-access (SAC-OCDMA)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phase%20induced%20intensity%20noise%20%28PIIN%29" title=" phase induced intensity noise (PIIN)"> phase induced intensity noise (PIIN)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=balanced%20incomplete%20block%20design%20%28BIBD%29" title=" balanced incomplete block design (BIBD)"> balanced incomplete block design (BIBD)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zero%20cross-correlation%20%28ZCC%29" title=" zero cross-correlation (ZCC)"> zero cross-correlation (ZCC)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70616/zero-cross-correlation-codes-based-on-balanced-incomplete-block-design-performance-analysis-and-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70616.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">372</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22358</span> The Transformative Landscape of the University of the Western Cape’s Elearning Center: Institutionalizing ELearning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paul%20Dankers">Paul Dankers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juliet%20Stoltenkamp"> Juliet Stoltenkamp</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carolynne%20Kies"> Carolynne Kies</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In May 2005, the University of the Western Cape (UWC) established an eLearning Division (ED) that, over the past 18 years, accelerated into the institutionalization of an efficient eLearning Centre. The initial objective of the ED was to incessantly align itself with emerging technologies caused by digital transformation, which progressively impacted Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) globally. In this paper, we present how the UWC eLearning Division (ED) first evolved into the eLearning Development and Support Unit (EDUS), currently called the ‘Centre for Innovative Education and Communication Technologies (CIECT). CIECT was strategically separated from the Department of Information and Communication Services (ICS) in 2009 and repositioned as an independent structure at UWC. Using a comparative research method, we highlight the transformative eLearning landscape at UWC by doing a detailed account of the shift in practices. Our research method will determine the initial vision and outcomes of institutionalizing an eLearning division. The study aims to compare across space or time the eLearning division’s rate of growth. By comparing the progressive growth of the UWCs eLearning division over the years, we will be able to document the successes and achievements of the eLearning division precisely. This study’s outcomes will act as a reference for novel research subjects on formalising eLearning. More research that delves into the effectiveness of having an eLearning division at HEIs in support of students’ teaching and learning is needed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eLearning" title="eLearning">eLearning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=institutionalization" title=" institutionalization"> institutionalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teaching%20and%20learning" title=" teaching and learning"> teaching and learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transformation" title=" transformation"> transformation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187549/the-transformative-landscape-of-the-university-of-the-western-capes-elearning-center-institutionalizing-elearning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187549.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">48</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22357</span> A Quantum Leap: Developing Quantum Semi-Structured Complex Numbers to Solve the “Division by Zero” Problem</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peter%20Jean-Paul">Peter Jean-Paul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shanaz%20Wahid"> Shanaz Wahid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The problem of division by zero can be stated as: “what is the value of 0 x 1/0?” This expression has been considered undefined by mathematicians because it can have two equally valid solutions either 0 or 1. Recently semi-structured complex number set was invented to solve “division by zero”. However, whilst the number set had some merits it was considered to have a poor theoretical foundation and did not provide a quality solution to “division by zero”. Moreover, the set lacked consistency in simple algebraic calculations producing contradictory results when dividing by zero. To overcome these issues this research starts by treating the expression " 0 x 1/0" as a quantum mechanical system that produces two tangled results 0 and 1. Dirac Notation (a tool from quantum mechanics) was then used to redefine the unstructured unit p in semi-structured complex numbers so that p represents the superposition of two results (0 and 1) and collapses into a single value when used in algebraic expressions. In the process, this paper describes a new number set called Quantum Semi-structured Complex Numbers that provides a valid solution to the problem of “division by zero”. This research shows that this new set (1) forms a “Field”, (2) can produce consistent results when solving division by zero problems, (3) can be used to accurately describe systems whose mathematical descriptions involve division by zero. This research served to provide a firm foundation for Quantum Semi-structured Complex Numbers and support their practical use. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=division%20by%20zero" title="division by zero">division by zero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semi-structured%20complex%20numbers" title=" semi-structured complex numbers"> semi-structured complex numbers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum%20mechanics" title=" quantum mechanics"> quantum mechanics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hilbert%20space" title=" Hilbert space"> Hilbert space</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Euclidean%20space" title=" Euclidean space"> Euclidean space</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143814/a-quantum-leap-developing-quantum-semi-structured-complex-numbers-to-solve-the-division-by-zero-problem" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143814.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">161</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22356</span> Research on Pilot Sequence Design Method of Multiple Input Multiple Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing System Based on High Power Joint Criterion</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Linyu%20Wang">Linyu Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jiahui%20Ma"> Jiahui Ma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jianhong%20Xiang"> Jianhong Xiang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanyu%20Jiang"> Hanyu Jiang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For the pilot design of the sparse channel estimation model in Multiple Input Multiple Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems, the observation matrix constructed according to the matrix cross-correlation criterion, total correlation criterion and other optimization criteria are not optimal, resulting in inaccurate channel estimation and high bit error rate at the receiver. This paper proposes a pilot design method combining high-power sum and high-power variance criteria, which can more accurately estimate the channel. First, the pilot insertion position is designed according to the high-power variance criterion under the condition of equal power. Then, according to the high power sum criterion, the pilot power allocation is converted into a cone programming problem, and the power allocation is carried out. Finally, the optimal pilot is determined by calculating the weighted sum of the high power sum and the high power variance. Compared with the traditional pilot frequency, under the same conditions, the constructed MIMO-OFDM system uses the optimal pilot frequency for channel estimation, and the communication bit error rate performance obtains a gain of 6~7dB. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MIMO-OFDM" title="MIMO-OFDM">MIMO-OFDM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pilot%20optimization" title=" pilot optimization"> pilot optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressed%20sensing" title=" compressed sensing"> compressed sensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=channel%20estimation" title=" channel estimation"> channel estimation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155508/research-on-pilot-sequence-design-method-of-multiple-input-multiple-output-orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing-system-based-on-high-power-joint-criterion" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155508.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">158</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22355</span> Predictors of Korean Women’s Attitudes toward Family Formation and the Intrahousehold Division of Labor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Damla%20Tas">Damla Tas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robert%20Rudolf"> Robert Rudolf</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fast economic development and women empowerment in Korea have contributed to an unprecedented family and gender crisis, with Korean fertility rates at a global record low. This study explores the predictors and time trends of Korean women’s attitudes toward family formation and the household division of labor by using the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families from 2007 to 2018. Results indicate that education, age, marital status, and motherhood are significantly associated with women’s attitudes toward family formation and gender attitudes toward the intrahousehold division of labor. In addition, more educated women and those aged 26 to 45 are less likely to support traditional marriage and traditional household division of labor statements. Unmarried and divorced women are more likely to support progressive values and roles. Also, retrospective factors such as mothers’ schooling and parents’ relationship are significantly associated with gender role ideology. Our findings also indicate a downward trend in the number of Korean women stating one must have children. The study suggests that Korean families and society need to adjust to women’s changing preferences concerning their societal roles toward less traditional. Hence, a new agreement between men and women is needed on how work can be divided more equally. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marriage" title="marriage">marriage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=family%20formation" title=" family formation"> family formation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intrahousehold%20division%20of%20labor" title=" intrahousehold division of labor"> intrahousehold division of labor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20role%20attitudes" title=" gender role attitudes"> gender role attitudes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Korea" title=" Korea"> Korea</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170789/predictors-of-korean-womens-attitudes-toward-family-formation-and-the-intrahousehold-division-of-labor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170789.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">82</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22354</span> FPGA Implementation of Adaptive Clock Recovery for TDMoIP Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Semih%20Demir">Semih Demir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anil%20Celebi"> Anil Celebi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Circuit switched networks widely used until the end of the 20<sup>th </sup>century have been transformed into packages switched networks. Time Division Multiplexing over Internet Protocol (TDMoIP) is a system that enables Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) traffic to be carried over packet switched networks (PSN). In TDMoIP systems, devices that send TDM data to the PSN and receive it from the network must operate with the same clock frequency. In this study, it was aimed to implement clock synchronization process in Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) chips using time information attached to the packages received from PSN. The designed hardware is verified using the datasets obtained for the different carrier types and comparing the results with the software model. Field tests are also performed by using the real time TDMoIP system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clock%20recovery%20on%20TDMoIP" title="clock recovery on TDMoIP">clock recovery on TDMoIP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FPGA" title=" FPGA"> FPGA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MATLAB%20reference%20model" title=" MATLAB reference model"> MATLAB reference model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clock%20synchronization" title=" clock synchronization"> clock synchronization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79237/fpga-implementation-of-adaptive-clock-recovery-for-tdmoip-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79237.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">282</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22353</span> Real-Time Land Use and Land Information System in Homagama Divisional Secretariat Division </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kumara%20Jayapathma%20J.%20H.%20M.%20S.%20S.">Kumara Jayapathma J. H. M. S. S.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dampegama%20S.%20D.%20P.%20J."> Dampegama S. D. P. J.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Lands are valuable & limited resource which constantly changes with the growth of the population. An efficient and good land management system is essential to avoid conflicts associated with lands. This paper aims to design the prototype model of a Mobile GIS Land use and Land Information System in real-time. Homagama Divisional Secretariat Division situated in the western province of Sri Lanka was selected as the study area. The prototype model was developed after reviewing related literature. The methodology was consisted of designing and modeling the prototype model into an application running on a mobile platform. The system architecture mainly consists of a Google mapping app for real-time updates with firebase support tools. Thereby, the method of implementation consists of front-end and back-end components. Software tools used in designing applications are Android Studio with JAVA based on GeoJSON File structure. Android Studio with JAVA in GeoJSON File Synchronize to Firebase was found to be the perfect mobile solution for continuously updating Land use and Land Information System (LIS) in real-time in the present scenario. The mobile-based land use and LIS developed in this study are multiple user applications catering to different hierarchy levels such as basic users, supervisory managers, and database administrators. The benefits of this mobile mapping application will help public sector field officers with non-GIS expertise to overcome the land use planning challenges with land use updated in real-time. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Android" title="Android">Android</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Firebase" title=" Firebase"> Firebase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GeoJSON" title=" GeoJSON"> GeoJSON</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GIS" title=" GIS"> GIS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=JAVA" title=" JAVA"> JAVA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=JSON" title=" JSON"> JSON</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LIS" title=" LIS"> LIS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mobile%20GIS" title=" Mobile GIS"> Mobile GIS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=real-time" title=" real-time"> real-time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=REST%20API" title=" REST API"> REST API</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135091/real-time-land-use-and-land-information-system-in-homagama-divisional-secretariat-division" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135091.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">236</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22352</span> Efficient Semi-Systolic Finite Field Multiplier Using Redundant Basis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyun-Ho%20Lee">Hyun-Ho Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kee-Won%20Kim"> Kee-Won Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The arithmetic operations over GF(2m) have been extensively used in error correcting codes and public-key cryptography schemes. Finite field arithmetic includes addition, multiplication, division and inversion operations. Addition is very simple and can be implemented with an extremely simple circuit. The other operations are much more complex. The multiplication is the most important for cryptosystems, such as the elliptic curve cryptosystem, since computing exponentiation, division, and computing multiplicative inverse can be performed by computing multiplication iteratively. In this paper, we present a parallel computation algorithm that operates Montgomery multiplication over finite field using redundant basis. Also, based on the multiplication algorithm, we present an efficient semi-systolic multiplier over finite field. The multiplier has less space and time complexities compared to related multipliers. As compared to the corresponding existing structures, the multiplier saves at least 5% area, 50% time, and 53% area-time (AT) complexity. Accordingly, it is well suited for VLSI implementation and can be easily applied as a basic component for computing complex operations over finite field, such as inversion and division operation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20field" title="finite field">finite field</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Montgomery%20multiplication" title=" Montgomery multiplication"> Montgomery multiplication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=systolic%20array" title=" systolic array"> systolic array</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cryptography" title=" cryptography"> cryptography</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55023/efficient-semi-systolic-finite-field-multiplier-using-redundant-basis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55023.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">304</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22351</span> Efficient Backup Protection for Hybrid WDM/TDM GPON System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elmahdi%20Mohammadine">Elmahdi Mohammadine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahouzi%20Esmail"> Ahouzi Esmail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Najid%20Abdellah"> Najid Abdellah </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This contribution aims to present a new protected hybrid WDM/TDM PON architecture using Wavelength Selective Switches and Optical Line Protection devices. The objective from using these technologies is to improve flexibility and enhance the protection of GPON networks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wavlenght%20Division%20Multiplexed%20Passive%20Optical%20Network%20%28WDM-PON%29" title="Wavlenght Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Network (WDM-PON)">Wavlenght Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Network (WDM-PON)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Time%20Division%20Multiplexed%20%20PON%20%28TDM-PON%29" title=" Time Division Multiplexed PON (TDM-PON)"> Time Division Multiplexed PON (TDM-PON)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=architecture" title=" architecture"> architecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Protection" title=" Protection"> Protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wavelength%20Selective%20Switches%20%28WSS%29" title=" Wavelength Selective Switches (WSS)"> Wavelength Selective Switches (WSS)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Optical%20Line%20Protection%20%28OLP%29" title=" Optical Line Protection (OLP)"> Optical Line Protection (OLP)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18804/efficient-backup-protection-for-hybrid-wdmtdm-gpon-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18804.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">548</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22350</span> The Origin Variability of the Obturator Artery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Halimah%20Al%20Hifzi">Halimah Al Hifzi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Waseem%20Al-Talalwah"> Waseem Al-Talalwah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shorok%20Al%20Dorazi"> Shorok Al Dorazi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassan%20Al%20Mousa"> Hassan Al Mousa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zainab%20Al-Hashim"> Zainab Al-Hashim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roger%20Soames"> Roger Soames</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The obturator artery is one branches of anterior division of the internal iliac artery. It passes on the lateral wall of pelvis to escape into thigh region via obturator foremen. Based on previous research studies, it found to be extremely variable in origin and course. It may arise from internal or external iliac artery. The current study includes 82 dissected specimens to investigate the origin of the obturator artery and explain the clinical importance. The obturator artery arises from the internal iliac artery in 75% either from its anterior or posterior division in 46.9% or 25% respectively. Further, it arises neither from the anterior nor posterior division of the internal iliac artery but it arises between them in 3.1%. In 25%, the obturator artery arises from the external iliac artery. In case of aneurysmectomy of posterior division, carries a high risk of insufficient of vascular supply for demand structures such as proximal adductors attachment and hip joint. Therefore, vascular surgeons have to pay attention to the posterior division being an origin of the obturator artery beside its usual three classical branches: superior gluteal, iliolumbar and lateral sacral arteries. Further, the obturator artery arising from the external iliac system is in great dangerous of laceration in case of anterior pelvic fracture. Therefore, it may lead to haemorrhagic shock threatening life. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=obturator%20artery" title="obturator artery">obturator artery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=external%20iliac" title=" external iliac"> external iliac</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=internal%20iliac%20artery" title=" internal iliac artery"> internal iliac artery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anterior%20division" title=" anterior division"> anterior division</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=posterior%20division" title=" posterior division"> posterior division</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=superior%20gluteal" title=" superior gluteal"> superior gluteal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iliolumbar%20and%20lateral%20sacral" title=" iliolumbar and lateral sacral"> iliolumbar and lateral sacral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pubic%20fracture" title=" pubic fracture"> pubic fracture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aneurysm" title=" aneurysm"> aneurysm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shock" title=" shock"> shock</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31813/the-origin-variability-of-the-obturator-artery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31813.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">371</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22349</span> Efficiency and Scale Elasticity in Network Data Envelopment Analysis: An Application to International Tourist Hotels in Taiwan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Li-Hsueh%20Chen">Li-Hsueh Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Efficient operation is more and more important for managers of hotels. Unlike the manufacturing industry, hotels cannot store their products. In addition, many hotels provide room service, and food and beverage service simultaneously. When efficiencies of hotels are evaluated, the internal structure should be considered. Hence, based on the operational characteristics of hotels, this study proposes a DEA model to simultaneously assess the efficiencies among the room production division, food and beverage production division, room service division and food and beverage service division. However, not only the enhancement of efficiency but also the adjustment of scale can improve the performance. In terms of the adjustment of scale, scale elasticity or returns to scale can help to managers to make decisions concerning expansion or contraction. In order to construct a reasonable approach to measure the efficiencies and scale elasticities of hotels, this study builds an alternative variable-returns-to-scale-based two-stage network DEA model with the combination of parallel and series structures to explore the scale elasticities of the whole system, room production division, food and beverage production division, room service division and food and beverage service division based on the data of international tourist hotel industry in Taiwan. The results may provide valuable information on operational performance and scale for managers and decision makers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficiency" title="efficiency">efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scale%20elasticity" title=" scale elasticity"> scale elasticity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=network%20data%20envelopment%20analysis" title=" network data envelopment analysis"> network data envelopment analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20tourist%20hotel" title=" international tourist hotel"> international tourist hotel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44908/efficiency-and-scale-elasticity-in-network-data-envelopment-analysis-an-application-to-international-tourist-hotels-in-taiwan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44908.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">227</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22348</span> Genetic Algorithm Optimization of Multiple Resources for Multi-Projects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Samer%20Ezeldin">A. Samer Ezeldin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarah%20A.%20Fotouh"> Sarah A. Fotouh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Optimization of resources is very important in all fields, as in construction management. Project managers have to face problems regarding management of cost, time and available resources of single projects and more problems arise when managing multiple projects. Most of the studies focused on optimization of resources for a single project, but, this paper will discuss the design and modeling of multiple resources optimization for multiple projects using Genetic Algorithm. Most of the companies in construction industry optimize the resources for single projects only, but with the presence of several mega projects in several developing countries running at the same time, there is a need for a model to enhance the efficiency of available resources and decreases the fluctuation as much as possible. The proposed model calculates the cost of each resource, tries to minimize the cost of extra resources as much as possible and generates the schedule of each project within a selected program. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20management" title="construction management">construction management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20algorithm" title=" genetic algorithm"> genetic algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20projects" title=" multiple projects"> multiple projects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20resources" title=" multiple resources"> multiple resources</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61061/genetic-algorithm-optimization-of-multiple-resources-for-multi-projects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61061.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">466</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22347</span> Peak Data Rate Enhancement Using Switched Micro-Macro Diversity in Cellular Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jihad%20S.%20Daba">Jihad S. Daba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20P.%20Dubois"> J. P. Dubois</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yvette%20Antar"> Yvette Antar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the exponential growth of cellular users, a new generation of cellular networks is needed to enhance the required peak data rates. The co-channel interference between neighboring base stations inhibits peak data rate increase. To overcome this interference, multi-cell cooperation known as coordinated multipoint transmission is proposed. Such a solution makes use of multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems under two different structures: Micro- and macro-diversity. In this paper, we study the capacity and bit error rate in cellular networks using MIMO technology. We analyse both micro- and macro-diversity schemes and develop a hybrid model that switches between macro- and micro-diversity in the case of hard handoff based on a cut-off range of signal-to-noise ratio values. We conclude that our hybrid switched micro-macro MIMO system outperforms classical MIMO systems at the cost of increased hardware and software complexity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative%20multipoint%20transmission" title="cooperative multipoint transmission">cooperative multipoint transmission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ergodic%20capacity" title=" ergodic capacity"> ergodic capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hard%20handoff" title=" hard handoff"> hard handoff</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=macro-diversity" title=" macro-diversity"> macro-diversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro-diversity" title=" micro-diversity"> micro-diversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple-input-multiple%20output%20systems" title=" multiple-input-multiple output systems"> multiple-input-multiple output systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orthogonal%20frequency%20division%20multiplexing" title=" orthogonal frequency division multiplexing"> orthogonal frequency division multiplexing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64999/peak-data-rate-enhancement-using-switched-micro-macro-diversity-in-cellular-multiple-input-multiple-output-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64999.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">319</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22346</span> Reduced Complexity of ML Detection Combined with DFE</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jae-Hyun%20Ro">Jae-Hyun Ro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yong-Jun%20Kim"> Yong-Jun Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chang-Bin%20Ha"> Chang-Bin Ha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyoung-Kyu%20Song"> Hyoung-Kyu Song </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In multiple input multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems, many detection schemes have been developed to improve the error performance and to reduce the complexity. Maximum likelihood (ML) detection has optimal error performance but it has very high complexity. Thus, this paper proposes reduced complexity of ML detection combined with decision feedback equalizer (DFE). The error performance of the proposed detection scheme is higher than the conventional DFE. But the complexity of the proposed scheme is lower than the conventional ML detection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=detection" title="detection">detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DFE" title=" DFE"> DFE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MIMO-OFDM" title=" MIMO-OFDM"> MIMO-OFDM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ML" title=" ML"> ML</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42215/reduced-complexity-of-ml-detection-combined-with-dfe" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42215.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">616</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22345</span> Performance Analysis of SAC-OCDMA System using Different Detectors </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Somaya%20A.%20Abd%20El%20Mottaleb">Somaya A. Abd El Mottaleb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Abd%20El%20Aziz"> Ahmed Abd El Aziz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heba%20A.%20Fayed"> Heba A. Fayed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moustafa%20H.%20Aly">Moustafa H. Aly</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we present the performance of spectral amplitude coding optical code division multiple access using different detectors at different transmission distances using single photodiode detection technique. Modified double weight codes are used as signature codes. Simulation results show that the system using avalanche photo detector can move distance longer than that using positive intrinsic negative photo detector. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=avalanche%20photodiode" title="avalanche photodiode">avalanche photodiode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modified%20double%20weight" title=" modified double weight"> modified double weight</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20access%20technique" title=" multiple access technique"> multiple access technique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20photodiode." title=" single photodiode. "> single photodiode. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12035/performance-analysis-of-sac-ocdma-system-using-different-detectors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12035.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">608</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22344</span> Integrated Power Saving for Multiple Relays and UEs in LTE-TDD</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chun-Chuan%20Yang">Chun-Chuan Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeng-Yueng%20Chen"> Jeng-Yueng Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi-Ting%20Mai"> Yi-Ting Mai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chen-Ming%20Yang"> Chen-Ming Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, the design of integrated sleep scheduling for relay nodes and user equipments under a Donor eNB (DeNB) in the mode of Time Division Duplex (TDD) in LTE-A is presented. The idea of virtual time is proposed to deal with the discontinuous pattern of the available radio resource in TDD, and based on the estimation of the traffic load, three power saving schemes in the top-down strategy are presented. Associated mechanisms in each scheme including calculation of the virtual subframe capacity, the algorithm of integrated sleep scheduling, and the mapping mechanisms for the backhaul link and the access link are presented in the paper. Simulation study shows the advantage of the proposed schemes in energy saving over the standard DRX scheme. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LTE-A" title="LTE-A">LTE-A</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relay" title=" relay"> relay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TDD" title=" TDD"> TDD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20saving" title=" power saving"> power saving</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66886/integrated-power-saving-for-multiple-relays-and-ues-in-lte-tdd" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66886.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">522</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22343</span> A Rapid Code Acquisition Scheme in OOC-Based CDMA Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keunhong%20Chae">Keunhong Chae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seokho%20Yoon"> Seokho Yoon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We propose a code acquisition scheme called improved multiple-shift (IMS) for optical code division multiple access systems, where the optical orthogonal code is used instead of the pseudo noise code. Although the IMS algorithm has a similar process to that of the conventional MS algorithm, it has a better code acquisition performance than the conventional MS algorithm. We analyze the code acquisition performance of the IMS algorithm and compare the code acquisition performances of the MS and the IMS algorithms in single-user and multi-user environments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=code%20acquisition" title="code acquisition">code acquisition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20CDMA" title=" optical CDMA"> optical CDMA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20orthogonal%20code" title=" optical orthogonal code"> optical orthogonal code</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=serial%20algorithm" title=" serial algorithm"> serial algorithm</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23348/a-rapid-code-acquisition-scheme-in-ooc-based-cdma-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23348.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">545</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22342</span> Extreme Rainfall Frequency Analysis For Meteorological Sub-Division 4 Of India Using L-Moments. </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arti%20Devi">Arti Devi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parthasarthi%20Choudhury"> Parthasarthi Choudhury</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Extreme rainfall frequency analysis for Meteorological Sub-Division 4 of India was analysed using L-moments approach. Serial Correlation and Mann Kendall tests were conducted for checking serially independent and stationarity of the observations. The discordancy measure for the sites was conducted to detect the discordant sites. The regional homogeneity was tested by comparing with 500 generated homogeneous regions using a 4 parameter Kappa distribution. The best fit distribution was selected based on ZDIST statistics and L-moments ratio diagram from the five extreme value distributions GPD, GLO, GEV, P3 and LP3. The LN3 distribution was selected and regional rainfall frequency relationship was established using index-rainfall procedure. A regional mean rainfall relationship was developed using multiple linear regression with latitude and longitude of the sites as variables. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L-moments" title="L-moments">L-moments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ZDIST%20statistics" title=" ZDIST statistics"> ZDIST statistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=serial%20correlation" title=" serial correlation"> serial correlation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mann%20Kendall%20test" title=" Mann Kendall test"> Mann Kendall test</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3033/extreme-rainfall-frequency-analysis-for-meteorological-sub-division-4-of-india-using-l-moments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3033.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">446</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22341</span> Channel Estimation for LTE Downlink</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rashi%20Jain">Rashi Jain</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The LTE systems employ Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) as the multiple access technology for the Downlink channels. For enhanced performance, accurate channel estimation is required. Various algorithms such as Least Squares (LS), Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) and Recursive Least Squares (RLS) can be employed for the purpose. The paper proposes channel estimation algorithm based on Kalman Filter for LTE-Downlink system. Using the frequency domain pilots, the initial channel response is obtained using the LS criterion. Then Kalman Filter is employed to track the channel variations in time-domain. To suppress the noise within a symbol, threshold processing is employed. The paper draws comparison between the LS, MMSE, RLS and Kalman filter for channel estimation. The parameters for evaluation are Bit Error Rate (BER), Mean Square Error (MSE) and run-time. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LTE" title="LTE">LTE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=channel%20estimation" title=" channel estimation"> channel estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OFDM" title=" OFDM"> OFDM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RLS" title=" RLS"> RLS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kalman%20filter" title=" Kalman filter"> Kalman filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=threshold" title=" threshold"> threshold</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9169/channel-estimation-for-lte-downlink" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9169.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary 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