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As with standard [[Track (rail transport)|rail tracks]], tram tracks have two [[Parallel (geometry)|parallel]] steel rails, the distance between the heads of the rails being the [[track gauge]]. When there is no need for pedestrians or road vehicles to traverse the track, conventional [[Rail profile#Flat-bottom or Vignoles rail|flat-bottom rail]] is used. However, when such traffic exists, such as in urban streets, [[Groove (engineering)|grooved]] rails are used. Tram rails can be placed on several surfaces, such as on ground over which [[track ballast]] topped by [[railroad tie|sleepers (US: ties)]] and [[Rail profile|flat-bottom rails]] are laid – as with railway tracks – or, for [[Street running train|street running]], with grooved rails usually embedded into a [[concrete]] [[Pavement (material)|pavement]]. In some places, tracks are laid into [[Sod|grass turf]] surfaces; they are known as ''[[green track]]'', ''grassed track'' or ''track in [[lawn]]''. ==History== Tramway tracks have been in existence since the mid-16th century. They were made of wood, but during the late 18th century iron and later steel came into use and then predominated. The first street tramways were laid in 1832 in New York by [[John Stephenson (coachbuilder)|John Stephenson]] to assist horses pulling buses on [[dirt road]]s, especially when the roads were muddy from wet weather. The rails enabled a horse to easily pull a load of 10 tonnes compared to 1 tonne on a dirt road. The evolution of street tramway tracks paralleled the transition from horse power to mechanical and electric power. In a dirt road, the rails needed a foundation, usually a mass concrete raft. Highway authorities often made tramway companies pave the rest of the road, usually with granite or similar stone blocks, at extra cost. The first tramways had a rail projecting above the road surface, or a step set into the road, both of which were apt to catch the narrow tyres of horse-drawn carriages. The invention by [[Alphonse Loubat]] in 1852 of grooved rail enabled tramways to be laid without causing a nuisance to other road users, except unsuspecting [[cyclist]]s, who could get their wheels caught in the groove. ==Grooved rail==  {{See also|Rail profile#Grooved rail}} [[File:Grooved tram rail end view.png|thumb|250px|left|Grooved rail, used when track is laid in places traversed by other vehicles or pedestrians]] A '''grooved rail''', '''groove rail''', or '''girder rail''' is a [[Rail profile#Grooved rail|special rail]] with a [[groove (engineering)|groove]] designed for tramway or railway track in [[road surface|pavement]] or grassed surfaces (grassed track or track in a lawn). The head on the right-hand side of the rail bears the vehicle's weight. The guard on the left-hand side, which has ample room for wheel flanges, carries no weight but serves to minimize the chance of derailment if the wheel were to be deflected from its normal position in which the flange is not laterally constrained. Grooved rail was invented in 1852 by [[Alphonse Loubat]], a French inventor who developed improvements in [[tram]] and rail equipment and helped develop tram lines in New York City and Paris. The invention of grooved rail enabled tramways to be laid without causing a nuisance to other road users, except unsuspecting cyclists, who could get their wheels caught in the groove. The grooves may become filled with gravel and dirt (particularly if infrequently used or after a period of idleness) and need clearing from time to time, this being done by a "scrubber" tram. Failure to clear the grooves can lead to a bumpy ride for the passengers, damage to either wheel or rail and possibly derailing. ===Girder guard rail=== {{See also|Rail profile#Girder guard rail}} The traditional form of grooved rail is the girder guard section illustrated below. This rail is a modified form of flanged rail and requires a special mounting for weight transfer and gauge stabilisation. If the weight is carried by the roadway subsurface, steel ties are needed at regular intervals to maintain the gauge. Installing these means that the whole surface needs to be excavated and reinstated. ===Block rail=== {{See also|Rail profile#Block rail}} Block rail is a lower profile form of girder guard rail, where the web is eliminated. In profile it is more like a solid form of bridge rail with a flangeway and guard added. Simply removing the web and combining the head section directly with the foot section would result in a weak rail, so additional thickness is required in the combined section.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081120011414/http://www.skelton-metals.com/railsections_eurogirderguardrail.htm Grooved or girder rail]</ref> ===Prefabricated grooved rail=== A modern version of the grooved block rail has a lower mass and is inserted into a prefabricated spanning concrete girder such as the LR55 <ref>[https://trampower.co.uk/lr55-track/ LR55 prefab rail]</ref> without web but fully supported by noise reducing polyurethane grout or a girder rail such as P-CAT City Metro <ref>[https://www.precastadvancedtrack.com/pcat-city-metro/ P-CAT City Metro rail]</ref> is embedded. The prefabricated units if used with ultra light trams can be embedded into existing road base with possibly a reduced requirement for underground services diversions. ==Track gauge== {{Main|List of tram track gauges}} ==Electrification== [[Railway electrification system|Electrification]] needed other developments, most notably heavier rails to cope with electric tramcars weighing 12 tonnes rather than the 4 tonne horse-drawn variety; switching points, as electric trams could not be pulled onto the correct track by horses; and the need for electrical connections, to provide the return path for the electric current, which was usually supplied through an [[Overhead line|overhead wire]]. ===Conduit and stud systems=== {{main|Conduit current collection|Ground-level power supply}} In some cities where overhead electric cables were deemed intrusive, underground [[Conduit current collection|conduits]] with electrical conductors were used. Examples of this were New York, Washington DC, Paris, London, Brussels and Budapest. The conduit system of electrical power was very expensive to install and maintain, although Washington did not close until 1962. Attempts were made with alternative systems not needing overhead wires. There were many systems of “surface” contact, where [[Stud contact system|studs]] were set in the road surface, and energised by a passing tram, either mechanically or magnetically, to supply power through a skate carried under the tram. Unfortunately these systems all failed due to the problem of reliability and not always turning off after the tram had passed, resulting in the occasional electrocution of horses and dogs.{{Citation needed|reason=I believe these stories to be exaggerated. See my comment on the talk page.|date=July 2010}} Since 2003, a new system of [[Ground-level power supply|surface contact]] has been installed in the [[Bordeaux tramway]] by Alstom. ==Cable haulage== Prior to the universal introduction of electric power, many tramways were [[Cable car (railway)#History|cable hauled]], with a continuous cable carried in a conduit under the road, and with a slot in the road surface through which the tram could clasp the cable for motion. This [[Cable car (railway)|system]] can still be seen in [[San Francisco cable car system|San Francisco]] in California as well as the [[Funicular|system]] of the [[Great Orme Tramway|Great Orme]] in Wales. These needed a rather more substantial track formation. ==Gallery== <gallery heights="140px" mode="packed"> File:Tram track on Florent Pauwelslei (3).jpg|Tram track on Florent Pauwelslei. Image:Mh gleisverschlingung.jpeg|[[Grooved rail|Grooved-rail]] [[gauntlet track]] Image:EuskoTran.jpg|Grassed track File:San Fernando (VTA) light rail station.jpg|Light rail tracks with concrete [[railroad tie|railroad ties (sleepers)]] File:Workers join tram tracks in Christchurch.jpg|Joining tram tracks using an [[exothermic welding|exothermic weld]] File:Tram tracks recently joined.jpg|A rough exothermic weld after removal of the mould, before grinding to profile File:Streetcar Track Construction at Bathurst and Queen St. W.jpg|Pavement removed for repairs to the tracks, [[Toronto streetcar system|Toronto]] Image:20180711 aiguillage californien at Bailli 2.jpg|Temporary [[Railroad switch|turnouts]] in Brussels, 2018 File:Tram track washing machine in Riga.jpg|A specialised vehicle washing the tramway track in [[Riga]], [[Latvia]] </gallery> ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=22em}} * [[Comparison of train and tram tracks|Difference between train and tram rails]] * [[Grade (slope)]] * [[Gauntlet track]] * [[Minimum railway curve radius]] * [[Rail profile]] * [[Railroad switch]] (points) * [[Guide rail#Railway guide rail|Railway guide rail]] * [[Reserved track]] * [[Street running]] * [[Track transition curve]] * [[List of tram track gauges|Tram track gauge]] * [[Tramway (industrial)]] {{Div col end}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category-inline|Tram tracks}}  *[http://www.lr55.co.uk LR55 Track System Full details] *[http://www.trampower.co.uk LR55 track suppliers and advisers] * [http://skelton-metals.com/railsections_eurogirderguardrail.htm European Girder Guard Rail Sections and Tram/Street Car Grooved BLOCK Rail without Web] * [http://interfacejournal.com/archives/472 Testing Girder Rail on the MBTA.] * [http://www.wirthrail.com/en/product_girder.htm Wirth Girder Rail] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131004231441/http://www.skelton-metals.com/railsections_eurogirderguardrail.htm Grooved or girder rail] * [http://www.atlantictrack.com/international/espanol/pdf/MRT_Brochure.pdf MRT Track & Services Co., Inc / Krupp, T and girder rails, scroll down.] * [http://www.tkgftgleistechnik.de/nc/en/railway_track_manual/oberbaustoffe/schienen/blockrillenschienen_brueckenprofile.html?sword_list%5B0%5D=grooved&sword_list%5B1%5D=rails Block rails] * [https://archive.today/20140415230744/http://www.tkgftgleistechnik.de/en/railway_track_manual/oberbaustoffe/schienen/rillenschienen.html ThyssenKrupp grooved rail] * {{cite book| last1 = Hilton| first1 = George W.| last2 = Due| first2 = John Fitzgerald| title = The Electric Interurban Railways in America| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=J2zH-zcuU-MC&pg=PA51| access-date = 10 June 2014| date = 1 January 2000| publisher = Stanford University Press| isbn = 978-0-8047-4014-2}} {{Rail tracks}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Permanent way]] [[Category:Tram technology]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div 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