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<ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Complications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Complications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes_and_risk_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes_and_risk_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Causes and risk factors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes_and_risk_factors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes and risk factors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes_and_risk_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lymph_node_damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lymph_node_damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Lymph node damage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lymph_node_damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>At birth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflammatory_lymphedema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflammatory_lymphedema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Inflammatory lymphedema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflammatory_lymphedema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Physiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_of_T-Cell_inflammation_and_Th2_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_T-Cell_inflammation_and_Th2_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Role of T-Cell inflammation and Th2 response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_T-Cell_inflammation_and_Th2_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-T-Cell_inflammation_and_fibrosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#T-Cell_inflammation_and_fibrosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>T-Cell inflammation and fibrosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-T-Cell_inflammation_and_fibrosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diagnosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-I._Grading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I._Grading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>I. Grading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I._Grading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-II._Staging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#II._Staging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.1</span> <span>II. Staging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-II._Staging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Grades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differential" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differential"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Differential</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differential-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Compression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Garments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Garments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bandaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bandaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Bandaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bandaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intermittent_pneumatic_compression_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intermittent_pneumatic_compression_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Intermittent pneumatic compression therapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intermittent_pneumatic_compression_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exercise_and_massage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exercise_and_massage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Exercise and massage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exercise_and_massage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Surgery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laser_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laser_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Laser therapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laser_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lymphedema</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="وذمة لمفية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وذمة لمفية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linfedema" title="Linfedema – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Linfedema" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Хроничен лимфедем – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хроничен лимфедем" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limfedema" title="Limfedema – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Limfedema" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph%C3%B6dem" title="Lymphödem – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lymphödem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%BC%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Λεμφοίδημα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λεμφοίδημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linfedema" title="Linfedema – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Linfedema" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linfedema" title="Linfedema – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Linfedema" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="ورم لنفاوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ورم لنفاوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph%C5%93d%C3%A8me" title="Lymphœdème – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lymphœdème" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%BC%ED%94%84%EB%B6%80%EC%A2%85" title="림프부종 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="림프부종" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limfedema" title="Limfedema – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Limfedema" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linfedema" title="Linfedema – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Linfedema" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="בצקת לימפטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בצקת לימפטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Лимфедем – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лимфедем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymfoedeem" title="Lymfoedeem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lymfoedeem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E6%B0%B4%E8%85%AB" title="リンパ水腫 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リンパ水腫" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymf%C3%B8dem" title="Lymfødem – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lymfødem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE" title="ଲିମ୍ଫିଡିମା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲିମ୍ଫିଡିମା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obrz%C4%99k_limfatyczny" title="Obrzęk limfatyczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obrzęk limfatyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linfedema" title="Linfedema – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linfedema" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Лимфостаз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лимфостаз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymfedeema" title="Lymfedeema – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lymfedeema" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymf%C3%B6dem" title="Lymfödem – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lymfödem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Swelling due to a compromised lymphatic system</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Lymphedema</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Lymphoedema, lymphatic obstruction, lymphatic insufficiency</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lymph%C3%B6dem.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Lymph%C3%B6dem.JPG/220px-Lymph%C3%B6dem.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Lymph%C3%B6dem.JPG/330px-Lymph%C3%B6dem.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Lymph%C3%B6dem.JPG/440px-Lymph%C3%B6dem.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Lower extremity lymphedema</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vascular_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular medicine">Vascular medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheumatology" title="Rheumatology">Rheumatology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">Physical medicine and rehabilitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">General surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_diagnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical diagnosis">Based on symptoms</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lipodystrophy" title="Lipodystrophy">Lipodystrophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronic_venous_insufficiency" title="Chronic venous insufficiency">venous insufficiency</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lymphedema</b>, also known as <b>lymphoedema</b> and <b>lymphatic edema</b>, is a condition of localized <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">swelling</a> caused by a compromised <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lymphatic system functions as a critical portion of the body's <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> and returns <a href="/wiki/Interstitial_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstitial fluid">interstitial fluid</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Bloodstream" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodstream">bloodstream</a>. </p><p>Lymphedema is most frequently a complication of cancer treatment or <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitic infection">parasitic infections</a>, but it can also be seen in a number of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_disorder" title="Genetic disorder">genetic disorders</a>. Tissues with lymphedema are at high risk of <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a> because the lymphatic system has been compromised.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though incurable and progressive, a number of treatments may improve symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This commonly includes compression therapy, good skin care, <a href="/wiki/Exercise" title="Exercise">exercise</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manual_lymphatic_drainage" title="Manual lymphatic drainage">manual lymphatic drainage</a> (MLD), which together are known as combined decongestive therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Diuretics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diuretics">Diuretics</a> are not useful.<sup id="cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Ming-Huei_Cheng%27s_lymphedema_Sample.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dr._Ming-Huei_Cheng%27s_lymphedema_Sample.png/290px-Dr._Ming-Huei_Cheng%27s_lymphedema_Sample.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dr._Ming-Huei_Cheng%27s_lymphedema_Sample.png/435px-Dr._Ming-Huei_Cheng%27s_lymphedema_Sample.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dr._Ming-Huei_Cheng%27s_lymphedema_Sample.png/580px-Dr._Ming-Huei_Cheng%27s_lymphedema_Sample.png 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>Lymphedema seen on CT scan</figcaption></figure> <p>The most common manifestation of lymphedema is soft tissue swelling (<a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a>). As the disorder progresses, worsening edema and skin changes including discoloration, verrucous (wart-like) <a href="/wiki/Hyperplasia" title="Hyperplasia">hyperplasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperkeratosis" title="Hyperkeratosis">hyperkeratosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papillomatosis" title="Papillomatosis">papillomatosis</a>, dermal thickening, and <a href="/wiki/Ulcer_(dermatology)" title="Ulcer (dermatology)">ulcers</a> may be seen. Additionally, there is increased risk of infection of the skin, known as <a href="/wiki/Erysipelas" title="Erysipelas">erysipelas</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complications">Complications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When lymphatic impairment becomes so great that the collected lymph fluid exceeds the lymphatic system's ability to transport it, an abnormal amount of protein-rich fluid collects in the tissues. Left untreated, this stagnant, protein-rich fluid causes tissue channels to increase in size and number, reducing oxygen availability. This interferes with wound healing and provides a rich medium for bacterial growth which can result in <a href="/wiki/Infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Infections">skin infections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphangitis" title="Lymphangitis">lymphangitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphadenitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphadenitis">lymphadenitis</a>, and, in severe cases, <a href="/wiki/Ulcer_(dermatology)" title="Ulcer (dermatology)">skin ulcers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-grada-2017_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grada-2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is vital for lymphedema patients to be aware of the symptoms of infection and to seek immediate treatment, since recurrent infections or cellulitis, in addition to their inherent danger, further damage the lymphatic system and set up a vicious circle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In rare cases, lymphedema may lead to a form of cancer called <a href="/wiki/Lymphangiosarcoma" title="Lymphangiosarcoma">lymphangiosarcoma</a>, although the mechanism of carcinogenesis is not understood. Lymphedema-associated lymphangiosarcoma is called <a href="/wiki/Stewart%E2%80%93Treves_syndrome" title="Stewart–Treves syndrome">Stewart–Treves syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-grada-2017_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grada-2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lymphangiosarcoma most frequently occurs in cases of long-standing lymphedema. The incidence of angiosarcoma five years after radical mastectomy is estimated to be 0.45% in surviving patients.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lymphedema is also associated with a low <a href="/wiki/Grading_(tumors)" title="Grading (tumors)">grade</a> form of cancer called <a href="/wiki/Retiform_hemangioendothelioma" class="mw-redirect" title="Retiform hemangioendothelioma">retiform hemangioendothelioma</a> (a low grade angiosarcoma).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lymphedema can be disfiguring, and may result in a poor body image and psychological distress.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complications of lymphedema can cause difficulties in activities of daily living.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes_and_risk_factors">Causes and risk factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Causes and risk factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lymphedema may be inherited (primary) or caused by injury to the lymphatic vessels (secondary).<sup id="cite_ref-Visual_Guide_to_Lymphedema_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visual_Guide_to_Lymphedema-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also risk factors that may increase one's risk of developing lymphedema such as old age, being overweight or <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obese</a>, and having <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Psoriatic_arthritis" title="Psoriatic arthritis">psoriatic arthritis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lymph_node_damage">Lymph node damage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lymph node damage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lymphedema is most commonly seen after <a href="/wiki/Lymphadenectomy" title="Lymphadenectomy">lymph node dissection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a> for the treatment of cancer, most notably <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a>. In many patients the condition does not develop until months or even years after therapy has concluded.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (September 2023)">medical citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Lymphedema may also be associated with <a href="/wiki/Accident" title="Accident">accidents</a> or certain diseases or conditions that may inhibit the lymphatic system from functioning properly.<sup id="cite_ref-grada-2017_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grada-2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also be caused by damage to the lymphatic system from infections such as <a href="/wiki/Cellulitis" title="Cellulitis">cellulitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In tropical areas of the world where parasitic filarial worms are endemic, a common cause of secondary lymphedema is <a href="/wiki/Filariasis" title="Filariasis">filariasis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Primary lymphedema may be congenital or may arise sporadically. Multiple syndromes are associated with primary lymphedema, including <a href="/wiki/Turner_syndrome" title="Turner syndrome">Turner syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milroy%27s_disease" title="Milroy's disease">Milroy's disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Klippel%E2%80%93Tr%C3%A9naunay_syndrome" title="Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome">Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome</a>. In these syndromes it may occur as a result of absent or malformed lymph nodes or lymphatic channels. Lymphedema can be present at birth, develop at the onset of puberty (praecox), or not become apparent for many years into adulthood (tarda). In men, lower-limb primary lymphedema is most common, occurring in one or both legs. Some cases of lymphedema may be associated with other vascular abnormalities.<sup id="cite_ref-grada-2017_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grada-2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This paragraph needs more medical citations (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Secondary lymphedema affects both men and women, and, in Western countries, is most commonly due to cancer treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Brorson2008_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brorson2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In women, it is most prevalent in an upper limb after breast cancer surgery, especially <a href="/wiki/Axillary_lymph_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Axillary lymph node">axillary lymph node</a> dissection,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and occurs on the same side of the body as the surgery. Breast and trunk lymphedema can also occur but go unrecognised as there is swelling in the area after surgery, and its symptoms (<a href="/wiki/Peau_d%27orange" title="Peau d'orange">peau d'orange</a> and an inverted nipple) can be confused with post surgery <a href="/wiki/Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">fat necrosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 38 and 89% of breast cancer patients have lymphedema due to axillary lymph node dissection or radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-Brorson2008_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brorson2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unilateral lymphedema of a lower limb occurs in up to 41% of patients after gynecologic cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-Brorson2008_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brorson2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For men treated for prostate cancer, a 5-66% incidence has been reported, with the incidence rate depending on whether staging or radical removal of lymph glands was done in addition to radiotherapy.<sup id="cite_ref-Brorson2008_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brorson2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Head and neck lymphedema can be caused by surgery or radiation therapy for tongue or throat cancer. It may also occur in the lower limbs or groin after surgery for colon, ovarian or uterine cancer, if removal of lymph nodes or radiation therapy is required. Surgery or treatment for prostate, colon and testicular cancers may result in secondary lymphedema, particularly when lymph nodes have been removed or damaged.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (September 2023)">medical citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The onset of secondary lymphedema in patients who have had cancer surgery has also been linked to aircraft flight (likely due to decreased cabin pressure or relative immobility). For cancer survivors wearing a prescribed and properly fitted compression garment may help decrease swelling during air travel.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some cases of lower-limb lymphedema have been associated with the use of <a href="/wiki/Tamoxifen" title="Tamoxifen">tamoxifen</a>, due to blood clots and <a href="/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT) associated with this medication. Resolution of the blood clots or DVT is needed before lymphedema treatment can be initiated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (September 2023)">medical citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="At_birth">At birth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: At birth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Hereditary lymphedema</b> is a primary lymphedema – swelling that results from abnormalities in the <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a> that are <a href="/wiki/Congenital" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital">present from birth</a>. Swelling may be present in a single limb, several limbs, genitalia, or the face. It is sometimes diagnosed prenatally by a <a href="/wiki/Nuchal_scan" title="Nuchal scan">nuchal scan</a> or postnatally by <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lymphoscintigraphy" class="extiw" title="wikt:lymphoscintigraphy">lymphoscintigraphy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (September 2023)">medical citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The most common cause is <a href="/wiki/Meige_disease" title="Meige disease">Meige disease</a> which usually presents at <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>. Another form of hereditary lymphedema is <a href="/wiki/Milroy%27s_disease" title="Milroy's disease">Milroy's disease</a>, caused by mutations in the <a href="/wiki/VEGFR3" class="mw-redirect" title="VEGFR3">VEGFR3</a> gene.<sup id="cite_ref-grada-2017_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grada-2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hereditary lymphedema is frequently syndromic and is associated with <a href="/wiki/Turner_syndrome" title="Turner syndrome">Turner syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphedema%E2%80%93distichiasis_syndrome" title="Lymphedema–distichiasis syndrome">lymphedema–distichiasis syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_nail_syndrome" title="Yellow nail syndrome">yellow nail syndrome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Klippel%E2%80%93Tr%C3%A9naunay_syndrome" title="Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome">Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One defined genetic cause for hereditary lymphedema is <a href="/wiki/GATA2_deficiency" title="GATA2 deficiency">GATA2 deficiency</a>. This deficiency is a grouping of several disorders caused by a single defect: familial or sporadic <a href="/wiki/Mutation#By_effect_on_function" title="Mutation">inactivating mutations</a> in one of the two parental <i><a href="/wiki/GATA2" title="GATA2">GATA2</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Autosomal_dominant" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal dominant">autosomal dominant</a> mutations cause a reduction, i.e. a <a href="/wiki/Haploinsufficiency" title="Haploinsufficiency">haploinsufficiency</a>, in the cellular levels of the gene's product, <a href="/wiki/GATA2" title="GATA2">GATA2</a>. The GATA2 <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factor</a> critical for the <a href="/wiki/Embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryogenesis">development</a>, maintenance, and functionality of <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood-forming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic-forming</a>, and other tissue-forming <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cells</a>. Due to these mutations cellular levels of GATA2 are deficient and over time individuals develop hematological, immunological, lymphatic, and other disorders. GATA2 deficiency-induced defects in the lymphatic vessels and valves underlies the development of lymphedema, primarily in the lower extremities but may also occur in places such as the face or <a href="/wiki/Hydrocele_testis" title="Hydrocele testis">testes</a>. This form of the deficiency, when coupled with <a href="/wiki/Sensorineural_hearing_loss" title="Sensorineural hearing loss">sensorineural hearing loss</a>, which may also be due to faulty development of the lymphatic system, is sometimes termed <a href="/wiki/Emberger_syndrome" title="Emberger syndrome">Emberger syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Primary lymphedema occurs in approximately one to three births out of every 10,000 births, with a female to male ratio of 3.5:1. In North America, the incidence of primary lymphedema is approximately 1.15 births out of every 100,000 births.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles"><span title="This text contradicts material elsewhere on this page. (September 2023)">contradictory</span></a></i>]</sup> Compared to secondary lymphedema, primary lymphedema is relatively rare.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inflammatory_lymphedema">Inflammatory lymphedema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Inflammatory lymphedema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_lower_extremity_inflammatory_lymphedema" title="Bilateral lower extremity inflammatory lymphedema">Bilateral lower extremity inflammatory lymphedema</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_lower_extremity_inflammatory_lymphedema" title="Bilateral lower extremity inflammatory lymphedema">Bilateral lower extremity inflammatory lymphedema</a> (BLEIL) is a distinct type of lymphedema occurring in a setting of acute and prolonged standing, such as in new recruits during <a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">basic training</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possible underlying mechanisms may include venous congestion and inflammatory vasculitis.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology">Physiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lymph" title="Lymph">Lymph</a> is formed from the fluid that filters out of blood and contains proteins, cellular debris, bacteria, etc. This fluid is collected by the initial lymph collectors that are blind-ended <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">endothelial</a>-lined vessels with fenestrated openings that allow fluids and particles as large as cells to enter. Once inside the <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">lumen</a> of the lymphatic vessels, the fluid is guided along increasingly larger vessels, first with rudimentary valves to prevent backflow, later with complete valves similar to the venous valve. Once the lymph enters the fully valved lymphatic vessels, it is pumped by a rhythmic <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristaltic</a>-like action by smooth muscle cells within the lymphatic vessel walls. This peristaltic action is the primary driving force moving lymph within its vessel walls. The <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic nervous system</a> regulates the frequency and power of the contractions. Lymph movement can be influenced by the pressure of nearby muscle contraction, arterial pulse pressure and the vacuum created in the chest cavity during respiration, but these passive forces contribute only a minor percentage of lymph transport. The fluids collected are pumped into continually larger vessels and through lymph nodes, which remove debris and police the fluid for dangerous microbes. The lymph ends its journey in the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct, which drain into the blood circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Visual_Guide_to_Lymphedema_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visual_Guide_to_Lymphedema-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several research groups have hypothesized that chronic inflammation is a key regulator in the development of lymphedema. Th cells, particularly Th2 differentiation, play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of lymphedema. Research has shown that increased expression of Th2-inducing cytokines in the epidermal cells of the lymphoedematous limb. Treatment with QBX258 has been found to decrease hyperkeratosis and fibrosis, reduce the number of CD4+ cells, and normalize the expression of Th2-inducing cytokines and IL13R by keratinocytes. These findings suggest that epidermal cells may initiate or coordiate chronic Th2 responses in lymphedema.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_T-Cell_inflammation_and_Th2_response">Role of T-Cell inflammation and Th2 response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Role of T-Cell inflammation and Th2 response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lymphedema involves a complex interplay of inflammatory processes. Recent research has shed light on the role of T-cell inflammation and the Th2 immune response in the initiation of lymphedema.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="T-Cell_inflammation_and_fibrosis">T-Cell inflammation and fibrosis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: T-Cell inflammation and fibrosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Studies have revealed that sustained lymphatic stasis results in the infiltration of CD4+ T-cells, leading to inflammation and fibrosis within affected tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diagnosis is generally based on signs and symptoms, with testing used to rule out other potential causes.<sup id="cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An accurate diagnosis and staging may help with management.<sup id="cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A swollen limb can result from different conditions that require different treatments. Diagnosis of lymphedema is currently based on history, physical exam, and limb measurements. Imaging studies such as lymphoscintigraphy and indocyanine green lymphography are only required when surgery is being considered.<sup id="cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the ideal method of staging to guide treatment is controversial because of several different proposed protocols.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lymphedema can occur in both the upper and lower extremities, and in some cases, the head and neck. Assessment of the extremities first begins with a visual inspection; color, presence of hair, visible veins, size and any sores or ulcerations are noted. Lack of hair may indicate an arterial circulation problem.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarvis2004_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarvis2004-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cases of swelling, the extremities' circumference is measured over time for reference. In early stages of lymphedema, elevating the limb may reduce or eliminate the swelling. Palpation of the wrist or ankle can determine the degree of swelling; assessment includes a check of the pulses. The axillary or inguinal lymph nodes may be enlarged due to the swelling. Enlargement of the nodes lasting more than three weeks may indicate infection or other illnesses (such as sequela from breast cancer surgery) requiring further medical attention.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarvis2004_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarvis2004-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diagnosis or early detection of lymphedema is difficult. The first signs may be subjective observations such as a feeling of heaviness in the affected extremity. These may be symptomatic of early-stage lymphedema where accumulation of lymph is mild and not detectable by changes in volume or circumference. As lymphedema progresses, definitive diagnosis is commonly based upon an objective measurement of differences between the affected or at-risk limb and the opposite unaffected limb, e.g. in volume or circumference. No generally accepted criterion is definitively diagnostic, although a volume difference of 200 ml between limbs or a 4 cm (1.6 in) difference (at a single measurement site or set intervals along the limb) is often used. <a href="/wiki/Bioelectrical_impedance_analysis" title="Bioelectrical impedance analysis">Bioimpedance</a> measurement (which measures the amount of fluid in a limb) offers greater sensitivity than other methods.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Devices like SOZO <sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> utilize Bioimpedence Analysis (BIA) by sending a current through the body and measuring the resultant impedance. Another approach involves Tissue Dielectric Constant (TDC) measurement, used by devices such as Delfin Technology's MoistureMeterD and LymphScanner,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which employ microwaves to detect changes in the dielectric properties of tissue. These innovative techniques have become integral to official protocols for lymphedema detection.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chronic venous stasis changes can mimic early lymphedema, but are more often bilateral and symmetric. <a href="/wiki/Lipedema" title="Lipedema">Lipedema</a> can also mimic lymphedema, however lipedema characteristically spares the feet beginning abruptly at the <a href="/wiki/Malleolus" title="Malleolus">malleolus</a> (ankle).<sup id="cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a part of the initial work-up before diagnosing lymphedema, it may be necessary to exclude other potential causes of lower extremity swelling such as <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypoalbuminemia" title="Hypoalbuminemia">hypoalbuminemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">congestive heart-failure</a>, protein-losing <a href="/wiki/Kidney_disease" title="Kidney disease">kidney disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension">pulmonary hypertension</a>, obesity, pregnancy and drug-induced <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheng%27s_Lymphedema_Grading.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Cheng%27s_Lymphedema_Grading.png/350px-Cheng%27s_Lymphedema_Grading.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Cheng%27s_Lymphedema_Grading.png/525px-Cheng%27s_Lymphedema_Grading.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Cheng%27s_Lymphedema_Grading.png/700px-Cheng%27s_Lymphedema_Grading.png 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>Cheng's Lymphedema Grading</figcaption></figure> <p>The International Society of Lymphology (ISL) Staging System is based solely on subjective symptoms, making it prone to substantial observer bias. Imaging modalities have been suggested as useful adjuncts to the ISL staging to clarify the diagnosis, such as Cheng's Lymphedema Grading tool, which assesses the severity of extremity lymphedema based on objective limb measurements and provides appropriate options for management.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="I._Grading">I. Grading</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: I. Grading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:590px;max-width:590px"><div class="thumbimage" style=";height:250px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Upper_limb_lymphedema.jpg/588px-Upper_limb_lymphedema.jpg" decoding="async" width="588" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Upper_limb_lymphedema.jpg/882px-Upper_limb_lymphedema.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Upper_limb_lymphedema.jpg/1176px-Upper_limb_lymphedema.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="631" /></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Severity of upper extremity lymphedema in different stages<sup id="cite_ref-Cheng2015_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheng2015-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:590px;max-width:590px"><div class="thumbimage" style=";height:250px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lower_Limb_Lymphedema.png/588px-Lower_Limb_Lymphedema.png" decoding="async" width="588" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lower_Limb_Lymphedema.png/882px-Lower_Limb_Lymphedema.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lower_Limb_Lymphedema.png/1176px-Lower_Limb_Lymphedema.png 2x" data-file-width="1483" data-file-height="632" /></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Severity of lower extremity lymphedema in different stages<sup id="cite_ref-Cheng2015_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheng2015-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <ul><li><b>Grade 1</b>: Spontaneously reversible on elevation. Mostly pitting edema.</li> <li><b>Grade 2</b>: Non-spontaneously reversible on elevation. Mostly non-pitting edema.</li> <li><b>Grade 3</b>: Gross increase in volume and circumference of Grade 2 lymphedema, with eight stages of severity given below based on clinical assessments.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="II._Staging">II. Staging</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: II. Staging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As described by the Fifth <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a> Expert Committee on <a href="/wiki/Filariasis" title="Filariasis">Filariasis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and endorsed by the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Lymphology" class="mw-redirect" title="American Society of Lymphology">American Society of Lymphology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the staging system helps to identify the severity of lymphedema. With the assistance of medical imaging, such as <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">MRI</a> or <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT</a>, staging can be established by the physician, and therapeutic or medical interventions may be applied:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Stage 0</b>: The lymphatic vessels have sustained some damage that is not yet apparent. Transport capacity is sufficient for the amount of lymph being removed. Lymphedema is not present.</li> <li><b>Stage 1</b> : Swelling increases during the day and disappears overnight as the patient lies flat in bed. Tissue is still at the pitting stage: when pressed by the fingertips, the affected area indents and reverses with elevation. Usually, upon waking in the morning, the limb or affected area is normal or almost normal in size. Treatment is not necessarily required at this point.</li> <li><b>Stage 2</b>: Swelling is not reversible overnight, and does not disappear without proper management. The tissue now has a spongy consistency and is considered non-pitting: when pressed by the fingertips, the affected area bounces back without indentation. <a href="/wiki/Fibrosis" title="Fibrosis">Fibrosis</a> found in Stage 2 lymphedema marks the beginning of the hardening of the limbs and increasing size.</li> <li><b>Stage 3</b>: Swelling is irreversible and usually the limb(s) or affected area becomes increasingly large. The tissue is hard (fibrotic) and unresponsive; some patients consider undergoing reconstructive surgery, called "debulking". This remains controversial, however, since the risks may outweigh the benefits and further damage done to the lymphatic system may make the lymphedema worse.</li> <li><b>Stage 4</b>: The size and circumference of the affected limb(s) become noticeably larger. Bumps, lumps, or protrusions (also called knobs) on the skin begin to appear.</li> <li><b>Stage 5</b>: The affected limb(s) become grossly large; one or more deep skin folds is present.</li> <li><b>Stage 6</b>: Knobs of small elongated or rounded sizes cluster together, giving mossy-like shapes on the limb. Mobility of the patient becomes increasingly impaired.</li> <li><b>Stage 7</b>: The person becomes "handicapped", and is unable to independently perform daily routine activities such as walking, bathing and cooking. Assistance from the family and health care system is needed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grades">Grades</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Grades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lymphedema can also be categorized by its severity (usually compared to a healthy extremity):<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Grade 1</b> (mild edema): Involves the distal parts such as a forearm and hand or a lower leg and foot. The difference in circumference is less than 4 cm (1.6 in) and no other tissue changes are present.</li> <li><b>Grade 2</b> (moderate edema): Involves an entire limb or corresponding quadrant of the trunk. Difference in circumference is 4–6 cm (1.6–2.4 in). Tissue changes, such as pitting, are apparent. The patient may experience <a href="/wiki/Erysipelas" title="Erysipelas">erysipelas</a>.</li> <li><b>Grade 3a</b> (severe edema): Lymphedema is present in one limb and its associated trunk quadrant. Circumferential difference is greater than 6 cm (2.4 in). Significant skin alterations, such as <a href="/wiki/Keratin#Cornification" title="Keratin">cornification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keratosis" title="Keratosis">keratosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cysts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cysts">cysts</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fistulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fistulae">fistulae</a>, are present. Additionally, the patient may experience repeated attacks of <a href="/wiki/Erysipelas" title="Erysipelas">erysipelas</a>.</li> <li><b>Grade 3b</b> (massive edema): The same symptoms as grade 3a, except that two or more extremities are affected.</li> <li><b>Grade 4</b> (gigantic edema): In this stage of lymphedema, the affected extremities are huge, due to almost complete blockage of the lymph channels.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differential">Differential</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Differential"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lymphedema should not be confused with edema arising from <a href="/wiki/Chronic_venous_insufficiency" title="Chronic venous insufficiency">chronic venous insufficiency</a>, which is caused by compromise of venous drainage rather than lymphatic drainage. However, untreated venous insufficiency can progress into a combined venous/lymphatic disorder known as <a href="/wiki/Edema#Veins" title="Edema">phlebetic lymphedema</a> (or phlebolymphedema).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While there is no cure, treatment may improve outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This commonly include compression therapy, good skin care, exercise, <a href="/wiki/Manual_lymphatic_drainage" title="Manual lymphatic drainage">manual lymphatic drainage</a> (MLD) and the use of an intermittent pneumatic compression pump, which together is known as combined decongestive therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MLD is most effective in mild to moderate disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Ezzo2015_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ezzo2015-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In breast cancer-related lymphedema, MLD is safe and may offer added benefit to compression bandages for reducing swelling.<sup id="cite_ref-Ezzo2015_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ezzo2015-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most people with lymphedema can be medically managed with conservative treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diuretics are not useful.<sup id="cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surgery is generally only used if symptoms are not improved by other measures.<sup id="cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compression">Compression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Compression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Garments">Garments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Garments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lymphedema_Compression_sleeve_November_2106_Second_Skin_016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lymphedema_Compression_sleeve_November_2106_Second_Skin_016.jpg/200px-Lymphedema_Compression_sleeve_November_2106_Second_Skin_016.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lymphedema_Compression_sleeve_November_2106_Second_Skin_016.jpg/300px-Lymphedema_Compression_sleeve_November_2106_Second_Skin_016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lymphedema_Compression_sleeve_November_2106_Second_Skin_016.jpg/400px-Lymphedema_Compression_sleeve_November_2106_Second_Skin_016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5371" data-file-height="3581" /></a><figcaption>Lymphedema compression sleeve on a mannequin</figcaption></figure> <p>Once a person is diagnosed with lymphedema, compression becomes imperative in the management of the condition. Garments are often intended to be worn all day but may be taken off for sleep, unless otherwise prescribed. <a href="/wiki/Compression_stockings" title="Compression stockings">Elastic compression garments</a> are worn on the affected limb following complete de-congestive therapy to maintain edema reduction. Inelastic garments provide containment and reduction.<sup id="cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Available styles, options, and prices vary widely. A professional garment fitter or certified lymphedema therapist can help determine the best option for the patient.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bandaging">Bandaging</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bandaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compression bandaging, also called wrapping, is the application of layers of padding and short-stretch bandages to the involved areas. Short-stretch bandages are preferred over long-stretch bandages (such as those normally used to treat sprains), as the long-stretch bandages cannot produce the proper therapeutic tension necessary to safely reduce lymphedema and may produce a <a href="/wiki/Tourniquet" title="Tourniquet">tourniquet</a> effect. Compression bandages provide resistance that assists in pumping fluid out of the affected area during exercise. This counter-force results in increased lymphatic drainage and therefore a decrease in size of the swollen area.<sup id="cite_ref-tan-2019_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tan-2019-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intermittent_pneumatic_compression_therapy">Intermittent pneumatic compression therapy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Intermittent pneumatic compression therapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Intermittent pneumatic compression therapy (IPC) utilizes a multi-chambered pneumatic sleeve with overlapping cells to promote movement of lymph fluid.<sup id="cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pump therapy should only be used in addition to other treatments such as compression bandaging and manual lymph drainage. Pump therapy has been used in the past to help with controlling lymphedema. In some cases, pump therapy helps soften fibrotic tissue and therefore potentially enable more efficient lymphatic drainage.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, reports link pump therapy to increased incidence of edema proximal to the affected limb, such as genital edema arising after pump therapy in the lower limb.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current literature has suggested the use of IPC treatment in conjunction with an <a href="/wiki/Elastic_therapeutic_tape" title="Elastic therapeutic tape">elastic therapeutic tape</a> is more effective in the overall reduction of lymphedema as well as increasing shoulder <a href="/wiki/Range_of_motion" title="Range of motion">range of motion</a> than the traditional treatment of IPC paired with complete decongestive therapy. The tape is an elastic cotton strip with an acrylic adhesive that is used commonly used to relieve the discomfort and disability associated with sports injuries, but in the context of lymphedema, this increases the space between the dermis and the muscle which increases the opportunity for lymphatic fluid to flow out naturally.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_Kinesio_Taping_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_Kinesio_Taping-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of IPC treatments with tape, as well as subsequent lymphatic drainage, has proven to significantly reduce the circumference of lymphatic limbs in patients experiencing lymphedema secondary to breast cancer post-mastectomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_Kinesio_Taping_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_Kinesio_Taping-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exercise_and_massage">Exercise and massage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Exercise and massage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In those with lymphedema or at risk of developing lymphedema, such as following breast cancer treatment, resistance training did not increase swelling and led to decreases in some, in addition to other potential beneficial effects on cardiovascular health.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, resistance training and other forms of exercise were not associated with an increased risk of developing lymphedema in people who previously received breast cancer-related treatment. Compression garments should be worn during exercise.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Physical therapy for patients with lymphedema may include <a href="/wiki/Myofascial_trigger_point" title="Myofascial trigger point">trigger point</a> release, soft tissue massage, postural improvement, patient education on condition management, strengthening, and stretching exercises.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exercises may increase in intensity and difficulty over time, beginning with passive movements to increase range of motion and progressing towards using external weights and resistance in various postures.<sup id="cite_ref-tan-2019_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tan-2019-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgery">Surgery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Surgery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The treatment of lymphedema is usually conservative, however the use of surgery is proposed for some cases.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suction assisted lipectomy (SAL), also known as <a href="/wiki/Liposuction" title="Liposuction">liposuction</a> for lymphedema, may help improve chronic non pitting edema.<sup id="cite_ref-Granzow2013_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Granzow2013-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The procedure removes fat and protein and is done alongside continued compression therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-Granzow2013_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Granzow2013-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vascularized lymph node transfers (VLNT) and lymphovenous bypass are supported by tentative evidence as of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> but are associated with a number of complications.<sup id="cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (September 2023)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laser_therapy">Laser therapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Laser therapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Low-level_laser_therapy" title="Low-level laser therapy">Low-level laser therapy</a> (LLLT) was cleared by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Drug Administration (United States)">US Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) for the treatment of lymphedema in November 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the US <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a>, LLLT may be effective in reducing lymphedema in some women. Two cycles of laser treatment were found to reduce the volume of the affected arm in approximately one-third of people with post-mastectomy lymphedema at three months post-treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new therapeutic approach involving the drug QBX258 has shown promising results in the treatment of lymphedema. Although it did not reach statistical significance, QBX258 treatment modestly decreased periostin expression and the number of CD4+ and CD4+IL4+ cells in lymphoedematous skin. Notably, QBX258 significantly reduced the expression of Th2-inducing cytokines, improving physical and social quality-of-life measures for patients. However, psychological improvements were not observed.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lymphedema affects approximately 200 million people worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-grada-2017_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grada-2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJoosBourgeoisFamaey1993" class="citation journal cs1">Joos E, Bourgeois P, Famaey JP (June 1993). "Lymphatic disorders in rheumatoid arthritis". <i>Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism</i>. <b>22</b> (6). Elsevier BV: 392–398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0049-0172%2805%2980031-9">10.1016/s0049-0172(05)80031-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8342046">8342046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Arthritis+and+Rheumatism&rft.atitle=Lymphatic+disorders+in+rheumatoid+arthritis&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=392-398&rft.date=1993-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0049-0172%2805%2980031-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8342046&rft.aulast=Joos&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Bourgeois%2C+P&rft.au=Famaey%2C+JP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALymphedema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lymphedema_Diagnostic_workup_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGradaPhillips2017" class="citation journal cs1">Grada AA, Phillips TJ (December 2017). "Lymphedema: Diagnostic workup and management". <i>Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology</i>. <b>77</b> (6): 995–1006. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaad.2017.03.021">10.1016/j.jaad.2017.03.021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29132859">29132859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Lymphedema%3A+Diagnostic+workup+and+management&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=995-1006&rft.date=2017-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jaad.2017.03.021&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29132859&rft.aulast=Grada&rft.aufirst=AA&rft.au=Phillips%2C+TJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALymphedema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSleighManna2020" class="citation book cs1">Sleigh BC, Manna B (January 2020). "Lymphedema". <i>StatPearls [Internet]</i>. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725924">30725924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lymphedema&rft.btitle=StatPearls+%5BInternet%5D&rft.place=Treasure+Island+%28FL%29&rft.pub=StatPearls+Publishing&rft.date=2020-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30725924&rft.aulast=Sleigh&rft.aufirst=BC&rft.au=Manna%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALymphedema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grada-2017-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grada-2017_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grada-2017_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grada-2017_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grada-2017_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grada-2017_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grada-2017_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGradaPhillips2017" class="citation journal cs1">Grada AA, Phillips TJ (December 2017). 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"Systematic Review of the Surgical Treatment of Extremity Lymphedema". <i>Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery</i>. <b>33</b> (6): 412–425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0037-1599100">10.1055/s-0037-1599100</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28235214">28235214</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7791985">7791985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Reconstructive+Microsurgery&rft.atitle=Systematic+Review+of+the+Surgical+Treatment+of+Extremity+Lymphedema&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=412-425&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7791985%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28235214&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1055%2Fs-0037-1599100&rft.aulast=Carl&rft.aufirst=HM&rft.au=Walia%2C+G&rft.au=Bello%2C+R&rft.au=Clarke-Pearson%2C+E&rft.au=Hassanein%2C+AH&rft.au=Cho%2C+B&rft.au=Pedreira%2C+R&rft.au=Sacks%2C+JM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALymphedema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Granzow2013-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Granzow2013_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Granzow2013_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranzowSoderbergKajiDauphine2014" class="citation journal cs1">Granzow JW, Soderberg JM, Kaji AH, Dauphine C (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1245%2Fs10434-014-3518-8">"Review of current surgical treatments for lymphedema"</a>. <i>Annals of Surgical Oncology</i>. <b>21</b> (4): 1195–1201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1245%2Fs10434-014-3518-8">10.1245/s10434-014-3518-8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24558061">24558061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Surgical+Oncology&rft.atitle=Review+of+current+surgical+treatments+for+lymphedema&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1195-1201&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1245%2Fs10434-014-3518-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24558061&rft.aulast=Granzow&rft.aufirst=JW&rft.au=Soderberg%2C+JM&rft.au=Kaji%2C+AH&rft.au=Dauphine%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1245%252Fs10434-014-3518-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALymphedema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dotmed.com/news/story/3067/">dotmed.com December 27, 2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100107145043/http://www.dotmed.com/news/story/3067">Archived</a> January 7, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Low Level Laser FDA Cleared for the Treatment of Lymphedema</i>. (accessed 9 November 09)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/supportivecare/lymphedema/HealthProfessional/page3#Section_68">National Cancer Institute: Low-level laser therapy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090924235935/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/supportivecare/lymphedema/HealthProfessional/page3">Archived</a> 2009-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> accessed 9 November 09</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaratiAndersonGannonPiller2003" class="citation journal cs1">Carati CJ, Anderson SN, Gannon BJ, Piller NB (September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcncr.11641">"Treatment of postmastectomy lymphedema with low-level laser therapy: a double blind, placebo-controlled trial"</a>. <i>Cancer</i>. <b>98</b> (6): 1114–1122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcncr.11641">10.1002/cncr.11641</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12973834">12973834</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7043788">7043788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+postmastectomy+lymphedema+with+low-level+laser+therapy%3A+a+double+blind%2C+placebo-controlled+trial&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1114-1122&rft.date=2003-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7043788%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12973834&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcncr.11641&rft.aulast=Carati&rft.aufirst=CJ&rft.au=Anderson%2C+SN&rft.au=Gannon%2C+BJ&rft.au=Piller%2C+NB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fcncr.11641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALymphedema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lymphedema" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lymphedema">Lymphedema</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q916398" class="extiw" title="d:Q916398">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#956579408">BD93</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1787075383">BE1B.0</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/Q82.0">Q82.0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/I97.2">I97.2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/I89.0">I89.0</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=457.0">457.0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=457.1">457.1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=757.0">757.0</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/153100">153100</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D008209">D008209</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb7679.htm">7679</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1087313-overview">article/1087313</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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title="Genodermatosis">Genodermatosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Congenital_ichthyosis/erythrokeratodermia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congenital_ichthyosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital ichthyosis">Congenital ichthyosis</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Erythrokeratodermia" title="Erythrokeratodermia">erythrokeratodermia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autosomal_dominant" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal dominant">AD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosis_vulgaris" title="Ichthyosis vulgaris">Ichthyosis vulgaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autosomal_recessive" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_ichthyosiform_erythroderma" title="Congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma">Congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma</a>: <a href="/wiki/Epidermolytic_hyperkeratosis" title="Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis">Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamellar_ichthyosis" title="Lamellar ichthyosis">Lamellar ichthyosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harlequin-type_ichthyosis" title="Harlequin-type ichthyosis">Harlequin-type ichthyosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netherton_syndrome" title="Netherton syndrome">Netherton syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHIME_syndrome" title="CHIME syndrome">CHIME syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren%E2%80%93Larsson_syndrome" title="Sjögren–Larsson syndrome">Sjögren–Larsson syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X-linked_recessive" class="mw-redirect" title="X-linked recessive">XR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_ichthyosis" title="X-linked ichthyosis">X-linked ichthyosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosis_bullosa_of_Siemens" title="Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens">Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosis_follicularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyosis follicularis">Ichthyosis follicularis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosis_prematurity_syndrome" title="Ichthyosis prematurity syndrome">Ichthyosis prematurity syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosis%E2%80%93sclerosing_cholangitis_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyosis–sclerosing cholangitis syndrome">Ichthyosis–sclerosing cholangitis syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonbullous_congenital_ichthyosiform_erythroderma" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonbullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma">Nonbullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosis_linearis_circumflexa" title="Ichthyosis linearis circumflexa">Ichthyosis linearis circumflexa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosis_hystrix" title="Ichthyosis hystrix">Ichthyosis hystrix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa" title="Epidermolysis bullosa">EB</a><br />and related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex" title="Epidermolysis bullosa simplex">EBS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalized epidermolysis bullosa simplex">EBS-K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localized_epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Localized epidermolysis bullosa simplex">EBS-WC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_herpetiformis" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermolysis bullosa herpetiformis">EBS-DM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex_of_Ogna" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermolysis bullosa simplex of Ogna">EBS-OG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex_with_muscular_dystrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy">EBS-MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex_with_mottled_pigmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with mottled pigmentation">EBS-MP</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junctional_epidermolysis_bullosa_(medicine)" title="Junctional epidermolysis bullosa (medicine)">JEB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junctional_epidermolysis_bullosa_gravis" class="mw-redirect" title="Junctional epidermolysis bullosa gravis">JEB-H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junctional_epidermolysis_bullosa_(medicine)" title="Junctional epidermolysis bullosa (medicine)">Mitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junctional_epidermolysis_bullosa_(medicine)" title="Junctional epidermolysis bullosa (medicine)">Generalized atrophic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junctional_epidermolysis_bullosa_with_pyloric_atresia" class="mw-redirect" title="Junctional epidermolysis bullosa with pyloric atresia">JEB-PA</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_dystrophica" title="Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica">DEB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_dystrophic_epidermolysis_bullosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominant dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa">DDEB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recessive_dystrophic_epidermolysis_bullosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa">RDEB</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>related: <a href="/wiki/Costello_syndrome" title="Costello syndrome">Costello syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindler_syndrome" title="Kindler syndrome">Kindler syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngoonychocutaneous_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Laryngoonychocutaneous syndrome">Laryngoonychocutaneous syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_fragility_syndrome" title="Skin fragility syndrome">Skin fragility syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ectodermal_dysplasia" title="Ectodermal dysplasia">Ectodermal dysplasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naegeli_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Naegeli syndrome">Naegeli syndrome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dermatopathia_pigmentosa_reticularis" title="Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis">Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Wells_syndrome" title="Hay–Wells syndrome">Hay–Wells syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypohidrotic_ectodermal_dysplasia" title="Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia">Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_dermal_hypoplasia" title="Focal dermal hypoplasia">Focal dermal hypoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis%E2%80%93van_Creveld_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellis–van Creveld syndrome">Ellis–van Creveld syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapp%E2%80%93Hodgkin_syndrome" title="Rapp–Hodgkin syndrome">Rapp–Hodgkin syndrome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Wells_syndrome" title="Hay–Wells syndrome">Hay–Wells syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elastic_fiber" title="Elastic fiber">Elastic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue_disease" title="Connective tissue disease">Connective</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ehlers%E2%80%93Danlos_syndrome" title="Ehlers–Danlos syndrome">Ehlers–Danlos syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutis_laxa" title="Cutis laxa">Cutis laxa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gerodermia_osteodysplastica" title="Gerodermia osteodysplastica">Gerodermia osteodysplastica</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popliteal_pterygium_syndrome" title="Popliteal pterygium syndrome">Popliteal pterygium syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoxanthoma_elasticum" title="Pseudoxanthoma elasticum">Pseudoxanthoma elasticum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Woude_syndrome" title="Van der Woude syndrome">Van der Woude syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hyperkeratosis" title="Hyperkeratosis">Hyperkeratosis</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Keratin_disease" title="Keratin disease">keratinopathy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palmoplantar_keratoderma" title="Palmoplantar keratoderma">PPK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palmoplantar_keratoderma" title="Palmoplantar keratoderma">diffuse</a>: <a href="/wiki/Palmoplantar_keratoderma" title="Palmoplantar keratoderma">Diffuse epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmoplantar_keratoderma" title="Palmoplantar keratoderma">Diffuse nonepidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmoplantar_keratoderma" title="Palmoplantar keratoderma">Palmoplantar keratoderma of Sybert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meleda_disease" title="Meleda disease">Meleda disease</a></li></ul> <ul><li>syndromic <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Connexin" title="Connexin">connexin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bart%E2%80%93Pumphrey_syndrome" title="Bart–Pumphrey syndrome">Bart–Pumphrey syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clouston%27s_hidrotic_ectodermal_dysplasia" title="Clouston's hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia">Clouston's hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vohwinkel_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Vohwinkel syndrome">Vohwinkel syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneodermatoosseous_syndrome" title="Corneodermatoosseous syndrome">Corneodermatoosseous syndrome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plakoglobin" title="Plakoglobin">plakoglobin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_syndrome" title="Naxos syndrome">Naxos syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scleroatrophic_syndrome_of_Huriez" class="mw-redirect" title="Scleroatrophic syndrome of Huriez">Scleroatrophic syndrome of Huriez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmsted_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmsted syndrome">Olmsted syndrome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cathepsin_C" title="Cathepsin C">Cathepsin C</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papillon%E2%80%93Lef%C3%A8vre_syndrome" title="Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome">Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haim%E2%80%93Munk_syndrome" title="Haim–Munk syndrome">Haim–Munk syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camisa_disease" title="Camisa disease">Camisa disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmoplantar_keratoderma" title="Palmoplantar keratoderma">focal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Palmoplantar_keratoderma" title="Palmoplantar keratoderma">Focal palmoplantar keratoderma with oral mucosal hyperkeratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_palmoplantar_and_gingival_keratosis" title="Focal palmoplantar and gingival keratosis">Focal palmoplantar and gingival keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howel%E2%80%93Evans_syndrome" title="Howel–Evans syndrome">Howel–Evans syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachyonychia_congenita" title="Pachyonychia congenita">Pachyonychia congenita</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pachyonychia_congenita_type_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachyonychia congenita type I">Pachyonychia congenita type I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachyonychia_congenita_type_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachyonychia congenita type II">Pachyonychia congenita type II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmoplantar_keratoderma" title="Palmoplantar keratoderma">Striate palmoplantar keratoderma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosinemia_type_II" title="Tyrosinemia type II">Tyrosinemia type II</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palmoplantar_keratoderma" title="Palmoplantar keratoderma">punctate</a>: <a href="/wiki/Acrokeratoelastoidosis_of_Costa" title="Acrokeratoelastoidosis of Costa">Acrokeratoelastoidosis of Costa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_acral_hyperkeratosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Focal acral hyperkeratosis">Focal acral hyperkeratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratosis_punctata_palmaris_et_plantaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Keratosis punctata palmaris et plantaris">Keratosis punctata palmaris et plantaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratosis_punctata_of_the_palmar_creases" title="Keratosis punctata of the palmar creases">Keratosis punctata of the palmar creases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6pf%E2%80%93Schulz%E2%80%93Passarge_syndrome" title="Schöpf–Schulz–Passarge syndrome">Schöpf–Schulz–Passarge syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porokeratosis_plantaris_discreta" class="mw-redirect" title="Porokeratosis plantaris discreta">Porokeratosis plantaris discreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiny_keratoderma" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiny keratoderma">Spiny keratoderma</a></li></ul> <ul><li>ungrouped: <a href="/wiki/Palmoplantar_keratoderma" title="Palmoplantar keratoderma">Palmoplantar keratoderma and spastic paraplegia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desmoplakin" title="Desmoplakin">desmoplakin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palmoplantar_keratoderma" title="Palmoplantar keratoderma">Carvajal syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Connexin" title="Connexin">connexin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythrokeratodermia_variabilis" title="Erythrokeratodermia variabilis">Erythrokeratodermia variabilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hystrix-like_ichthyosis%E2%80%93deafness_syndrome" title="Hystrix-like ichthyosis–deafness syndrome">HID</a>/<a href="/wiki/Keratitis%E2%80%93ichthyosis%E2%80%93deafness_syndrome" title="Keratitis–ichthyosis–deafness syndrome">KID</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meleda_disease" title="Meleda disease">Meleda disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratosis_pilaris" title="Keratosis pilaris">Keratosis pilaris</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ATP2A2" title="ATP2A2">ATP2A2</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darier%27s_disease" title="Darier's disease">Darier's disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyskeratosis_congenita" title="Dyskeratosis congenita">Dyskeratosis congenita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelis_syndrome" title="Lelis syndrome">Lelis syndrome</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyskeratosis_congenita" title="Dyskeratosis congenita">Dyskeratosis congenita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratolytic_winter_erythema" title="Keratolytic winter erythema">Keratolytic winter erythema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratosis_follicularis_spinulosa_decalvans" title="Keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans">Keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratosis_linearis_with_ichthyosis_congenita_and_sclerosing_keratoderma_syndrome" title="Keratosis linearis with ichthyosis congenita and sclerosing keratoderma syndrome">Keratosis linearis with ichthyosis congenita and sclerosing keratoderma syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratosis_pilaris_atrophicans_faciei" title="Keratosis pilaris atrophicans faciei">Keratosis pilaris atrophicans faciei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratosis_pilaris" title="Keratosis pilaris">Keratosis pilaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cadherin" title="Cadherin">cadherin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EEM_syndrome" title="EEM syndrome">EEM syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a></i> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hereditary lymphedema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastocytosis" title="Mastocytosis">Mastocytosis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Urticaria_pigmentosa" title="Urticaria pigmentosa">Urticaria pigmentosa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailey%E2%80%93Hailey_disease" title="Hailey–Hailey disease">Hailey–Hailey</a></li></ul> <p><i>see also <a href="/wiki/Template:Congenital_malformations_and_deformations_of_skin_appendages" title="Template:Congenital malformations and deformations of skin appendages">Template:Congenital malformations and deformations of skin appendages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Template:Phakomatoses" title="Template:Phakomatoses">Template:Phakomatoses</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Pigmentation_disorders" title="Template:Pigmentation disorders">Template:Pigmentation disorders</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Template:DNA_replication_and_repair-deficiency_disorder" title="Template:DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder">Template:DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder</a></i> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developmental<br />anomalies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermoid_cyst" title="Dermoid cyst">Dermoid cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encephalocele" title="Encephalocele">Encephalocele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_glioma" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal glioma">Nasal glioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHACE_association" class="mw-redirect" title="PHACE association">PHACE association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinus_pericranii" title="Sinus pericranii">Sinus pericranii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nevus" title="Nevus">Nevus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capillary_hemangioma" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillary hemangioma">Capillary hemangioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port-wine_stain" title="Port-wine stain">Port-wine stain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevus_flammeus_nuchae" title="Nevus flammeus nuchae">Nevus flammeus nuchae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other/ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aplasia_cutis_congenita" title="Aplasia cutis congenita">Aplasia cutis congenita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amniotic_band_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Amniotic band syndrome">Amniotic band syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branchial_cyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Branchial cyst">Branchial cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavernous_venous_malformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavernous venous malformation">Cavernous venous malformation</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_nail_of_the_fifth_toe" title="Accessory nail of the fifth toe">Accessory nail of the fifth toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchogenic_cyst" title="Bronchogenic cyst">Bronchogenic cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_cartilaginous_rest_of_the_neck" title="Congenital cartilaginous rest of the neck">Congenital cartilaginous rest of the neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_hypertrophy_of_the_lateral_fold_of_the_hallux" title="Congenital hypertrophy of the lateral fold of the hallux">Congenital hypertrophy of the lateral fold of the hallux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_lip_pit" title="Congenital lip pit">Congenital lip pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_malformations_of_the_dermatoglyphs" title="Congenital malformations of the dermatoglyphs">Congenital malformations of the dermatoglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_preauricular_fistula" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital preauricular fistula">Congenital preauricular fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_smooth_muscle_hamartoma" title="Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma">Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystic_lymphatic_malformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cystic lymphatic malformation">Cystic lymphatic malformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_raphe_cyst" title="Median raphe cyst">Median raphe cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanotic_neuroectodermal_tumor_of_infancy" title="Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy">Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_spot" title="Mongolian spot">Mongolian spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasolacrimal_duct_cyst" title="Nasolacrimal duct cyst">Nasolacrimal duct cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omphalomesenteric_duct_cyst" title="Omphalomesenteric duct cyst">Omphalomesenteric duct cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland_anomaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Poland anomaly">Poland anomaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapidly_involuting_congenital_hemangioma" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma">Rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenthal%E2%80%93Kloepfer_syndrome" title="Rosenthal–Kloepfer syndrome">Rosenthal–Kloepfer syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_dimple" title="Skin dimple">Skin dimple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_lymphatic_malformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Superficial lymphatic malformation">Superficial lymphatic malformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroglossal_duct_cyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroglossal duct cyst">Thyroglossal duct cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrucous_vascular_malformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Verrucous vascular malformation">Verrucous vascular malformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birthmark" title="Birthmark">Birthmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lymphatic_disease:_organ_and_vessel_diseases" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lymphatic_organ_and_vessel_disease" title="Template:Lymphatic organ and vessel disease"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lymphatic_organ_and_vessel_disease" title="Template talk:Lymphatic organ and vessel disease"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lymphatic_organ_and_vessel_disease" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lymphatic organ and vessel disease"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lymphatic_disease:_organ_and_vessel_diseases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_disease" title="Lymphatic disease">Lymphatic disease</a>: organ and vessel diseases</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">Thymus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abscess_of_thymus" title="Abscess of thymus">Abscess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymus_hyperplasia" title="Thymus hyperplasia">Hyperplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymic_hypoplasia" title="Thymic hypoplasia">Hypoplasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DiGeorge_syndrome" title="DiGeorge syndrome">DiGeorge syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectopic_thymus" title="Ectopic thymus">Ectopic thymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymoma" title="Thymoma">Thymoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymic_carcinoma" title="Thymic carcinoma">Thymic carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spleen#Clinical_significance" title="Spleen">Spleen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asplenia" title="Asplenia">Asplenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asplenia_with_cardiovascular_anomalies" title="Asplenia with cardiovascular anomalies">Asplenia with cardiovascular anomalies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_spleen" title="Accessory spleen">Accessory spleen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysplenia" title="Polysplenia">Polysplenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandering_spleen" title="Wandering spleen">Wandering spleen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splenomegaly" title="Splenomegaly">Splenomegaly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banti%27s_syndrome" title="Banti's syndrome">Banti's syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splenic_infarction" title="Splenic infarction">Splenic infarction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splenic_tumor" title="Splenic tumor">Splenic tumor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">Lymph node</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lymphadenopathy" title="Lymphadenopathy">Lymphadenopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_lymphadenopathy" title="Generalized lymphadenopathy">Generalized lymphadenopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castleman%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Castleman's disease">Castleman's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intranodal_palisaded_myofibroblastoma" title="Intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma">Intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikuchi_disease" title="Kikuchi disease">Kikuchi disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonsils" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonsils">Tonsils</a> <ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Respiratory_pathology" title="Template:Respiratory pathology">Template:Respiratory pathology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">Lymphatic vessels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lymphangitis" title="Lymphangitis">Lymphangitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphangiectasia" title="Lymphangiectasia">Lymphangiectasia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lymphedema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_lymphedema" title="Primary lymphedema">Primary lymphedema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_lymphedema" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital lymphedema">Congenital lymphedema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphedema_praecox" title="Lymphedema praecox">Lymphedema praecox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphedema_tarda" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphedema tarda">Lymphedema tarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphedema%E2%80%93distichiasis_syndrome" title="Lymphedema–distichiasis syndrome">Lymphedema–distichiasis syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milroy%27s_disease" title="Milroy's disease">Milroy's disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_lymphedema" title="Secondary lymphedema">Secondary lymphedema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullous_lymphedema" title="Bullous lymphedema">Bullous lymphedema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factitial_lymphedema" title="Factitial lymphedema">Factitial lymphedema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postinflammatory_lymphedema" title="Postinflammatory lymphedema">Postinflammatory lymphedema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmastectomy_lymphangiosarcoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmastectomy lymphangiosarcoma">Postmastectomy lymphangiosarcoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldmann_disease" title="Waldmann disease">Waldmann disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Disorders_of_volume_state" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Disorders_of_volume_state" title="Template:Disorders of volume state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Disorders_of_volume_state" title="Template talk:Disorders of volume state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disorders_of_volume_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disorders of volume state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Disorders_of_volume_state" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Disorders of <a href="/wiki/Volume_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Volume status">volume state</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volume_contraction" title="Volume contraction">Volume contraction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">Dehydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypovolemia" title="Hypovolemia">Hypovolemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypervolemia" title="Hypervolemia">Hypervolemia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">Edema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anasarca" title="Anasarca">Anasarca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_edema" title="Cerebral edema">cerebral edema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">pulmonary edema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">Angioedema</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lymphedema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cause of fluid collection <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exudate" title="Exudate">exudate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transudate" title="Transudate">transudate</a></li></ul></li> <li>By site <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothorax" title="Hydrothorax">hydrothorax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascites" title="Ascites">ascites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosalpinx" title="Hydrosalpinx">hydrosalpinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperaemia" title="Hyperaemia">hyperaemia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&oldid=1243566764">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lymphedema&oldid=1243566764</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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