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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logga in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sidor för utloggade redigerare <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lp:Introduktion" aria-label="Läs mer om redigering"><span>läs mer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mina_bidrag" title="En lista över redigeringar från denna IP-adress [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Min_diskussion" title="Diskussion om redigeringar från det här IP-numret [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Konvoj_till_sjöss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konvoj_till_sjöss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Konvoj till sjöss</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Konvoj_till_sjöss-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Konvoj till sjöss</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Konvoj_till_sjöss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historisk_utveckling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historisk_utveckling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Historisk utveckling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historisk_utveckling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Första_världskriget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Första_världskriget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Första världskriget</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Första_världskriget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Andra_världskriget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andra_världskriget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Andra världskriget</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andra_världskriget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Referenser</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Källor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Innehållsförteckning" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Konvoj</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 31 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قافلة أمنية – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قافلة أمنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karvan_(n%C9%99qliyyat)" title="Karvan (nəqliyyat) – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karvan (nəqliyyat)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comboi" title="Comboi – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comboi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvoj" title="Konvoj – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konvoj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llynges_osgordd" title="Llynges osgordd – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llynges osgordd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvoj" title="Konvoj – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konvoj" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voor_(transport)" title="Voor (transport) – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Voor (transport)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Convoy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Convoy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karavano" title="Karavano – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karavano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konboi" title="Konboi – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Konboi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoi_(transport)" title="Convoi (transport) – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Convoi (transport)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conbhua" title="Conbhua – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Conbhua" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EC%86%A1" title="호송 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호송" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvoj" title="Konvoj – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Konvoj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="שיירה – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvoj" title="Konvoj – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Konvoj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvooi" title="Konvooi – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Konvooi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvoy" title="Konvoy – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Konvoy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konw%C3%B3j" title="Konwój – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konwój" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comboio_militar" title="Comboio militar – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comboio militar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolona" title="Kolona – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kolona" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Convoy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvoj_(organizovan%C3%A1_skupina_vozidiel)" title="Konvoj (organizovaná skupina vozidiel) – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Konvoj (organizovaná skupina vozidiel)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvoj" title="Konvoj – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Konvoj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98" title="Конвој – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Конвој" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvoj" title="Konvoj – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konvoj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saattue" title="Saattue – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saattue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komboy" title="Komboy – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Komboy" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvoy_(ta%C5%9F%C4%B1t)" title="Konvoy (taşıt) – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Konvoy (taşıt)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%A4%E8%88%AA%E9%98%9F" title="护航队 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="护航队" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q370330#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Konvoj" title="Visa innehållssidan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Konvoj" rel="discussion" title="Diskussion om innehållssidan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ändra språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">svenska</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visningar"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Konvoj"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvoj&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvoj&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvoj&action=history" title="Tidigare versioner av sidan [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktyg" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktyg</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><div class="noexcerpt noprint hanvisning_bas hatnote"> <dl><dd><i>För filmen, se <a href="/wiki/Konvoj_(film)" title="Konvoj (film)">Konvoj (film)</a>.  För romanen, se <a href="/wiki/Konvoj_(roman)" title="Konvoj (roman)">Konvoj (roman)</a>.  </i></dd></dl></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:BaghdadWindshield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/BaghdadWindshield.jpg/300px-BaghdadWindshield.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/BaghdadWindshield.jpg/450px-BaghdadWindshield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/BaghdadWindshield.jpg/600px-BaghdadWindshield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1363" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>Utsikt framåt från ett fordon i en konvoj (<a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a> 2005).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Konvoj</b> är alla slag av militära transporter som medför livsmedel, ammunition, fångar eller annat. </p><p>En konvoj kan vara en fordonstransport som eskorteras av en militär truppstyrka för skydd eller bevakning och ofta inbegrips eskorten i begreppet konvoj. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Konvoj_till_sjöss"><span id="Konvoj_till_sj.C3.B6ss"></span>Konvoj till sjöss</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvoj&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Konvoj till sjöss" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvoj&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Konvoj till sjöss"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Till sjöss är en konvoj en samling <a href="/wiki/Handelsfartyg" title="Handelsfartyg">handels-</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Transportfartyg" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportfartyg">transportfartyg</a>, som färdas under skydd av <a href="/wiki/%C3%96rlogsfartyg" title="Örlogsfartyg">örlogsfartyg</a>. Ofta benämns endast de senare konvoj eller eskort. Ibland menas både handelsfartygen/transportfartygen och örlogsfartygen (hela konvojen). </p><p>Begreppet används även inom isbrytning, när flera fartyg i grupp assisteras genom isen av en eller flera <a href="/wiki/Isbrytare" title="Isbrytare">isbrytare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historisk_utveckling">Historisk utveckling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvoj&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historisk utveckling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvoj&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historisk utveckling"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ett av de första organiserade exemplen på konvojering till sjöss var de spanska transporterna från <a href="/wiki/Koloni" title="Koloni">kolonierna</a> i Amerika till <a href="/wiki/Spanien" title="Spanien">Spanien</a> från 1500-talet och framåt. De användes för att skydda mot brittiska <a href="/wiki/Kapare" title="Kapare">kapare</a> som vill åt de rika lasterna<sup id="cite_ref-Maritime_History_2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maritime_History_2007-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>I Sverige var det <a href="/wiki/Axel_Oxenstierna" title="Axel Oxenstierna">Axel Oxenstierna</a> som i augusti 1653 genomförde beslut om att svenska handelsfartyg, som drabbats hårt av det pågående <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rsta_engelsk-nederl%C3%A4ndska_kriget" title="Första engelsk-nederländska kriget">kriget mellan England och Holland</a>, skulle segla i grupp och skyddas av örlogsfartyg. Den nya konvojinrättningen kom dock inte att tillämpas i praktiken på grund av att <a href="/w/index.php?title=Freden_i_Westminster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freden i Westminster [inte skriven än]">freden i Westminster</a> 1654 gjorde slut på kriget. Flera länder införde dock den svenska idén genom liknande system, bland andra Holland (1656) och Danmark (1683)<sup id="cite_ref-runeberg.org|nfbn|0507.html_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-runeberg.org|nfbn|0507.html-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Från 1690 skickade Sverige årligen konvojer, och ett speciellt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kommissariat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kommissariat [inte skriven än]">kommissariat</a> instiftades i Göteborg under <a href="/wiki/Amiralitetet" title="Amiralitetet">amiralitetet</a>. Deltagande handelsfartyg finansierade kostnaderna för örlogseskorten, åtminstone delvis, genom en avgift på en procent av varornas värde. Kommissariatet fick 1724 namnet <a href="/wiki/Konvojkommissariatet" title="Konvojkommissariatet">Konvojkommissariatet</a>, och flyttade 1741 till Stockholm. Det var verksamt fram till 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sverige införde 1723 en speciell konvojavgift (en så kallad <i>extra licent</i>) för alla importerade och exporterade varor, oavsett om de fraktats i konvoj eller ej. Avgiften skulle dels finansiera kostnaderna för konvojer, men dels även användas till årliga avgifter till <a href="/wiki/Marocko" title="Marocko">Marocko</a> och <a href="/wiki/Barbareskstaterna" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbareskstaterna">Barbareskstaterna</a> för att undvika eller minska sjöröveri från dessa länders <a href="/wiki/Pirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirat">pirater</a> och kapare<sup id="cite_ref-runeberg.org|nfbn|0507.html_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-runeberg.org|nfbn|0507.html-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Franska_revolutionen" title="Franska revolutionen">franska revolutionen</a> och de därpå följande <a href="/wiki/Napoleonkrigen" title="Napoleonkrigen">Napoleonkrigen</a> (1792-1815) använde England och dess allierade konvojering för att skydda den kommersiella handeln mot franska angrepp, understött av den starkt framväxande engelska försäkringsbranschen som satte extremt höga försäkringsavgifter för fartyg som valde att stå utanför konvojsystemet. Det <a href="/wiki/Brittiska_Ostindiska_Kompaniet" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittiska Ostindiska Kompaniet">Brittiska Ostindiska Kompaniets</a> fartyg gick regelmässigt i konvoj närmast Europa där riskerna för fientliga angrepp var störst<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>I perioden efter Napoleonkrigen kom systemet ur bruk, och glömdes bort som en metod att skydda sjöfart. Det berodde i huvudsak på den långa fredsperioden, men glömskan kom att orsaka stora problem i början på 1900-talet när <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rsta_v%C3%A4rldskriget" title="Första världskriget">första världskriget</a> medförde det första större kriget med <a href="/wiki/U-b%C3%A5tar" class="mw-redirect" title="U-båtar">u-båtar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maritime_History_2007_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maritime_History_2007-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Första_världskriget"><span id="F.C3.B6rsta_v.C3.A4rldskriget"></span>Första världskriget</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvoj&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Första världskriget" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvoj&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Första världskriget"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:WWI_convoy_approaching_Brest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/WWI_convoy_approaching_Brest.jpg/250px-WWI_convoy_approaching_Brest.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/WWI_convoy_approaching_Brest.jpg/375px-WWI_convoy_approaching_Brest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/WWI_convoy_approaching_Brest.jpg/500px-WWI_convoy_approaching_Brest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>En konvoj med 25 fartyg på väg mot Brest i Frankrike i världskrigets slutskede hösten 1918. Bilden tagen från ett amerikanskt eskortfartyg</figcaption></figure> <p>De allierade hade ingen beredskap för konvojering för att skydda handelsfartyg när världskriget inleddes. Den allmänna uppfattningen var att u-båtar visserligen var en ny vapengren, men att de var omgärdade med sådana regler att de inte kunde vara ett större hot mot handelsfartyg. När Tyskland deklarerade ”oinskränkt u-båtskrig” blev problemet akut. Under mer än två år valde britterna att bara satsa på att attackera och bekämpa u-båtarna; konvojering infördes däremot inte. </p><p>Vid slutet av 1916 föreslog Frankrike, som var starkt beroende av kolimport från England, att konvojer skulle användas över <a href="/wiki/Engelska_kanalen" title="Engelska kanalen">Engelska kanalen</a> för att skydda den centrala energiimporten som drabbats mycket hårt av u-båtarnas angrepp. Metoden visade sig omedelbart mycket effektiv, och sänkningarna avtog markant. Den engelske befälhavaren för skyddet av dessa kol-konvojer i Kanalen, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Henderson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reginald Henderson [inte skriven än]">Reginald Henderson</a>, ansåg att konvojsystemet skulle kunna användas också på världshaven. Ett försök med konvojering från <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> till England inleddes i maj 1917. Det blev en sådan framgång att konvojer infördes på alla u-båtsutsatta trader.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andra_världskriget"><span id="Andra_v.C3.A4rldskriget"></span>Andra världskriget</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvoj&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Andra världskriget" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvoj&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Andra världskriget"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:A_British_Convoy_Under_the_Protection_of_Royal_Air_Force_Coastal_Command,_1943_C2644.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/A_British_Convoy_Under_the_Protection_of_Royal_Air_Force_Coastal_Command%2C_1943_C2644.jpg/250px-A_British_Convoy_Under_the_Protection_of_Royal_Air_Force_Coastal_Command%2C_1943_C2644.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/A_British_Convoy_Under_the_Protection_of_Royal_Air_Force_Coastal_Command%2C_1943_C2644.jpg/375px-A_British_Convoy_Under_the_Protection_of_Royal_Air_Force_Coastal_Command%2C_1943_C2644.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/A_British_Convoy_Under_the_Protection_of_Royal_Air_Force_Coastal_Command%2C_1943_C2644.jpg/500px-A_British_Convoy_Under_the_Protection_of_Royal_Air_Force_Coastal_Command%2C_1943_C2644.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5234" data-file-height="3939" /></a><figcaption>En brittisk konvoj fotograferad från ett RAF-flygplan. Den genomsnittliga allierade konvojen hade år 1943 30 till 50 handelsfartyg och en eskort på omkring åtta örlogsfartyg<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Britterna införde tidigt konvojsystemet, men den allierade sjöfarten drabbades likväl hårt, speciellt efter att Tyskland 1940 fått tillgång till baser för u-båtarna på den franska Atlantkusten (bland annat i <a href="/wiki/Lorient" title="Lorient">Lorient</a>) och slapp ta den norra vägen runt Skottland för att komma åt Atlanttrafiken. Bristen på tillräcklig mängd fullgoda eskortfartyg begränsade till en början konvojernas effektivitet, och Storbritanniens möjligheter att försörja befolkningen och de väpnade styrkorna var allvarligt hotad. Nya fartygstyper som <a href="/wiki/Korvetter" class="mw-redirect" title="Korvetter">korvetter</a>, bättre utrustning för u-båtsjakt, och utveckling av eskorternas <a href="/wiki/Taktik" title="Taktik">taktik</a> ledde efter den svåraste tiden 1942-1942 till att det akuta hotet från u-båtarna så småningom minskade. </p><p>När <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a> kom med i kriget 1940 infördes till en början inte konvojtrafik längs den amerikanska östkusten, vilket inledningsvis ledde till stora förluster av fartyg, last och sjömän när ett antal tyska u-båtar förflyttades dit. Först efter ett antal månader infördes gradvis konvojering, först längs östkusten, därefter till <a href="/wiki/Mexikanska_golfen" title="Mexikanska golfen">Mexikanska golfen</a> och sedan till <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stindien" title="Västindien">Karibien</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> visade trots sitt enorma behov av import, både för försörjning och för krigsförnödenheter, inget intresse för konvojsystemet eller andra effektiva metoder för att skydda handelssjöfarten. Amerikanska u-båtar kunde därmed genomföra andra världskrigets mest effektiva u-båtskampanj som slog ut i det närmaste hela den japanska handelssjöfarten. Detta fick allvarliga effekter för Japans förmåga att upprätthålla sin offensiv i Stilla havet.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvoj&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvoj&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvoj&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvoj&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=83&artikel=410441">http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=83&artikel=410441</a> läst 2014-09-18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maritime_History_2007-2">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Maritime_History_2007_2-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maritime_History_2007_2-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History (2007), uppslagsord ”Convoy”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-runeberg.org|nfbn|0507.html-3">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-runeberg.org|nfbn|0507.html_3-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-runeberg.org|nfbn|0507.html_3-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfbn/0507.html">Nordisk familjebok, 2:a upplagan, uppslagsord <i>Konvoj</i></a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfbn/0508.html">Nordisk familjebok, 2:a upplagan, uppslagsord <i>Konvojkommissariatet</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <span class="reference-text">MacGregor, David: Merchant Sailing Ships, s 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History (2007), uppslagsord ”Convoy”, underrubrik ”World War I”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Lavery, B: Skepp, sid 316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History (2007), uppslagsord ”Convoy”, underrubrik ”World War II”</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvoj&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvoj&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfbn/0507.html">Konvoj</a> i <i><a href="/wiki/Nordisk_familjebok" title="Nordisk familjebok">Nordisk familjebok</a></i> (andra upplagan, 1911)</li> <li>Hattendorf, John B. (red.): "The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History", Oxford University Press 2007 <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-19-513075-1" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-19-513075-1">ISBN 978-0-19-513075-1</a></li> <li>Lavery, Brian (red.): "Skepp - 5000 år av äventyr till sjöss", Fischer&Co 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-91-85183-96-8" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-91-85183-96-8">ISBN 978-91-85183-96-8</a></li> <li>MacGregor, David: Merchant Sailing Ships 1775-1815, Watford 1980</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> Wikisource har originalverk som rör <a href="https://sv.wikisource.org/wiki/Om_Stockholms_stads_handel" class="extiw" title="src:Om Stockholms stads handel">Konvojkommissariatet</a>. <div class="interProject wikisource" style="display:none;"><a href="https://sv.wikisource.org/wiki/Om_Stockholms_stads_handel" class="extiw" title="src:Om Stockholms stads handel">Konvojkommissariatet</a></div></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hämtad från ”<a dir="ltr" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konvoj&oldid=54245555">https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konvoj&oldid=54245555</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorier" title="Wikipedia:Kategorier">Kategorier</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sj%C3%B6fart" title="Kategori:Sjöfart">Sjöfart</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Transport" title="Kategori:Transport">Transport</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Handel" title="Kategori:Handel">Handel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Krig" title="Kategori:Krig">Krig</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:F%C3%B6rsta_v%C3%A4rldskriget" title="Kategori:Första världskriget">Första världskriget</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Andra_v%C3%A4rldskriget" title="Kategori:Andra världskriget">Andra världskriget</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Sidan redigerades senast den 17 december 2023 kl. 01.53.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Wikipedias text är tillgänglig under licensen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sv">Creative Commons Erkännande-dela-lika 4.0 Unported</a>. 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