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href="#Burgundian_and_Habsburg_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Burgundian and Habsburg influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burgundian_and_Habsburg_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Prince-Bishopric of Liège</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AC" title="أسقفية أمير لييج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسقفية أمير لييج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Льежскае біскупства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Льежскае біскупства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Лиежко епископство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лиежко епископство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pri%C3%B1selezh_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Priñselezh Liège – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Priñselezh Liège" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principat_de_Lieja" title="Principat de Lieja – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Principat de Lieja" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luty%C5%A1sk%C3%A9_kn%C3%AD%C5%BEec%C3%AD_biskupstv%C3%AD" title="Lutyšské knížecí biskupství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lutyšské knížecí biskupství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrstbisped%C3%B8mmet_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Fyrstbispedømmet Liège – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fyrstbispedømmet Liège" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochstift_L%C3%BCttich" title="Hochstift Lüttich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hochstift Lüttich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge%27i_piiskopkond" title="Liège'i piiskopkond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Liège'i piiskopkond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Επισκοπή της Λιέγης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επισκοπή της Λιέγης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principado_de_Lieja" title="Principado de Lieja – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Principado de Lieja" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princepiskopujo_Lie%C4%9Do" title="Princepiskopujo Lieĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Princepiskopujo Lieĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principaut%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Principauté de Liège – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Principauté de Liège" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%90%EC%A3%BC_%EC%A3%BC%EA%B5%90%ED%9B%84%EA%B5%AD" title="리에주 주교후국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리에주 주교후국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keuskupan-Kepangeranan_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Keuskupan-Kepangeranan Liège – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keuskupan-Kepangeranan Liège" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principato_vescovile_di_Liegi" title="Principato vescovile di Liegi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Principato vescovile di Liegi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%27" title="בישופות לייז' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בישופות לייז'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principatus_episcopalis_Leodiensis" title="Principatus episcopalis Leodiensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Principatus episcopalis Leodiensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%ABnzbistum_L%C3%A9ck" title="Prënzbistum Léck – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Prënzbistum Léck" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lje%C5%BEo_vyskupija" title="Lježo vyskupija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lježo vyskupija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principaa_vescovil_de_Liegi" title="Principaa vescovil de Liegi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Principaa vescovil de Liegi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge-i_P%C3%BCsp%C3%B6ks%C3%A9g" title="Liège-i Püspökség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Liège-i Püspökség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinsbisdom_Luik" title="Prinsbisdom Luik – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Prinsbisdom Luik" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E5%8F%B8%E6%95%99%E9%A0%98" title="リエージュ司教領 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リエージュ司教領" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrstbisped%C3%B8mmet_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Fyrstbispedømmet Liège – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fyrstbispedømmet Liège" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrstbisped%C3%B8met_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Fyrstbispedømet Liège – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fyrstbispedømet Liège" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskupstwo_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Biskupstwo Liège – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biskupstwo Liège" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principado-Bispado_de_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Principado-Bispado de Liège – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Principado-Bispado de Liège" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principatul_episcopal_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Principatul episcopal Liège – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Principatul episcopal Liège" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Льежское епископство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Льежское епископство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luty%C5%A1sk%C3%A9_knie%C5%BEatstvo" title="Lutyšské kniežatstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lutyšské kniežatstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kne%C5%BEevina-biskupija_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Kneževina-biskupija Liège – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kneževina-biskupija Liège" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furstbiskopsd%C3%B6met_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Furstbiskopsdömet Liège – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Furstbiskopsdömet Liège" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8C" title="ราชรัฐมุขนายกลีแยฌ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชรัฐมุขนายกลีแยฌ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%94%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%94%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Льєзьке єпископство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Льєзьке єпископство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_ph%E1%BA%ADn_v%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_quy%E1%BB%81n_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Giáo phận vương quyền Liège – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo phận vương quyền Liège" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princip%C3%A5t%C3%A9_d%27_Lidje" title="Principåté d' Lidje – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Principåté d' Lidje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinsbisdom_Luuk" title="Prinsbisdom Luuk – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Prinsbisdom Luuk" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%97%E6%97%A5%E9%87%87%E9%82%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%8C%BA" title="列日采邑主教区 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="列日采邑主教区" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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(980–1795)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow 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.ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Prince-Bishopric of Liège</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fürstbistum Lüttich</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Principatus episcopalis Leodiensis</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Principauté de Liège</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Prinsbisdom Luik</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>)</span></li> <li><span title="Walloon-language text"><i lang="wa">Principåté d' Lidje</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">Prinsbisdom Luuk</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">980–1789<br />1791–1792<br />1793–1795</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LuikVlag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Liege"><img alt="Flag of Liege" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/LuikVlag.svg/125px-LuikVlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/LuikVlag.svg/188px-LuikVlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/LuikVlag.svg/250px-LuikVlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div>Flag</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Bistum_L%C3%BCttich.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Liege"><img alt="Coat of arms of Liege" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Wappen_Bistum_L%C3%BCttich.png/85px-Wappen_Bistum_L%C3%BCttich.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Wappen_Bistum_L%C3%BCttich.png/128px-Wappen_Bistum_L%C3%BCttich.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Wappen_Bistum_L%C3%BCttich.png/170px-Wappen_Bistum_L%C3%BCttich.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="448" /></a></span></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Low_Countries_Locator_Prince-Bischopric_of_Liege.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Prince-Bishopric of Liège around 1350."><img alt="The Prince-Bishopric of Liège around 1350." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Low_Countries_Locator_Prince-Bischopric_of_Liege.svg/250px-Low_Countries_Locator_Prince-Bischopric_of_Liege.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Low_Countries_Locator_Prince-Bischopric_of_Liege.svg/375px-Low_Countries_Locator_Prince-Bischopric_of_Liege.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Low_Countries_Locator_Prince-Bischopric_of_Liege.svg/500px-Low_Countries_Locator_Prince-Bischopric_of_Liege.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Prince-Bishopric of Liège around 1350.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastic">Ecclesiastic</a> <a href="/wiki/States_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="States of the Holy Roman Empire">state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>, becoming <a href="/wiki/Francien_language" title="Francien language">Francien</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>), <a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Elective principality</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-Bishop">Prince-Bishop</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 340s–384 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Servatius_of_Tongeren" title="Servatius of Tongeren">Saint Servatius</a> (first bishop, at <a href="/wiki/Tongeren" title="Tongeren">Tongeren</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• approximately 670–700 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lambert_of_Maastricht" title="Lambert of Maastricht">Saint Lambert</a> (at <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 972–1008 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Notker_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Notker of Liège">Notger</a> (first prince-bishop)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1792–1794 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Antoine_Marie_Constantin_de_M%C3%A9an_et_de_Beaurieux" title="François Antoine Marie Constantin de Méan et de Beaurieux">François-Antoine-Marie de Méan</a></i></span> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Creation of diocese </div></th><td class="infobox-data">340s</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Secular powers obtained </div></th><td class="infobox-data">980</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Purchased <a href="/wiki/Lords_of_Bouillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lords of Bouillon">Lordship<br />of Bouillon</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><br />1096</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Annexed <a href="/wiki/County_of_Loon" title="County of Loon">County of Loon</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1366</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Acquired <a href="/wiki/County_of_Horne" title="County of Horne">County of Horne</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1568</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Revolution" title="Liège Revolution">Liège Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1789–1791</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1795_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars">Annexed by France</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1795</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat</a> accepts dissolution of Bishopric </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><br />10 September 1801</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Republic of Liège">Republic of Liège</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/LuikVlag.svg/20px-LuikVlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/LuikVlag.svg/30px-LuikVlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/LuikVlag.svg/40px-LuikVlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a><br /><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Belgium" title="Category:History of Belgium">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">History of <span class="fn org label">Belgium</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joannes_van_Deutecum_-_Leo_Belgicus_1650_-_published_by_Claes_Jansz_Visscher_Amsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leo Belgicus"><img alt="Leo Belgicus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Joannes_van_Deutecum_-_Leo_Belgicus_1650_-_published_by_Claes_Jansz_Visscher_Amsterdam.jpg/150px-Joannes_van_Deutecum_-_Leo_Belgicus_1650_-_published_by_Claes_Jansz_Visscher_Amsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Joannes_van_Deutecum_-_Leo_Belgicus_1650_-_published_by_Claes_Jansz_Visscher_Amsterdam.jpg/225px-Joannes_van_Deutecum_-_Leo_Belgicus_1650_-_published_by_Claes_Jansz_Visscher_Amsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Joannes_van_Deutecum_-_Leo_Belgicus_1650_-_published_by_Claes_Jansz_Visscher_Amsterdam.jpg/300px-Joannes_van_Deutecum_-_Leo_Belgicus_1650_-_published_by_Claes_Jansz_Visscher_Amsterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4004" data-file-height="3249" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium#Prehistory" title="History of Belgium">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_flint_mines_of_Spiennes" title="Neolithic flint mines of Spiennes">Neolithic flint mines of Spiennes</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 4300–2200 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium#Celtic_and_Roman_periods" title="History of Belgium">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a> & <a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> ~51 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 58–50 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Ambiorix%27s_revolt" title="Ambiorix's revolt">Ambiorix's revolt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 54–53 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Roman rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 51 BC–c.500 AD</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium#Early_Middle_Ages" title="History of Belgium">Early Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 481–751</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 751–987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prince-Bishopric of Liège</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 980–1789</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium#13th–16th_centuries" title="History of Belgium">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_War" title="Franco-Flemish War">Franco-Flemish War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1297–1305</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1384–1482</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Wars of Liège">Wars of Liège</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1465–68</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1482–1556</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 15th–16th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1556–1714</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1549–81</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Dutch Revolt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1568–1648</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1714–93</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Brabant_Revolution" title="Brabant Revolution">Brabant Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1789–90</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Revolution" title="Liège Revolution">Liège Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1789–91</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_period" title="French period">French rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1793–1815</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="Belgium in the long nineteenth century">19th century</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Dutch rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1815–30</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1830–31</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Reign of Leopold I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1831–65</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">Treaty of London</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1839</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">Reign of Leopold II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1865–1909</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/First_School_War" title="First School War">School War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1879–84</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1885–1908</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">20th and 21st centuries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1908–60</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Belgium" title="Albert I of Belgium">Reign of Albert I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1909–34</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1914–18</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">Invasion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Atrocities</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">German occupation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1914–18</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1922–62</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium" title="Leopold III of Belgium">Reign of Leopold III</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1934–51</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1940–45</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">Invasion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1940</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War II">German occupation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1940–44</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Holocaust</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1941–44</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Royal_question" title="Royal question">Royal Question</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1944–50</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Baudouin_of_Belgium" title="Baudouin of Belgium">Reign of Baudouin</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1951–93</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Belgium" title="Albert II of Belgium">Reign of Albert II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1993–2013</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium" title="Philippe of Belgium">Reign of Philippe</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2013~</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Belgian_history" title="Timeline of Belgian history">Timeline</a> • <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Belgium">Military</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belgium" title="History of the Jews in Belgium">Jewish history</a> • <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Belgium" title="LGBT history in Belgium">LGBT</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/16px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/24px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/32px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belgium" title="Portal:Belgium">Belgium portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Belgium" title="Template:History of Belgium"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Belgium" title="Template talk:History of Belgium"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Belgium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Belgium"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Prince-Bishopric of Liège</b> or <b>Principality of Liège</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hochstift" title="Hochstift">ecclesiastical principality</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> that was situated for the most part in present-day <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. It was an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial State">Imperial Estate</a>, so the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Li%C3%A8ge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Liège">bishop of Liège</a>, as its prince, had a seat and a vote in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prince-Bishopric of Liège should not be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Li%C3%A8ge" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Liège">Diocese of Liège</a>, which was larger and over which the prince-bishop exercised only the usual responsibilities of a bishop. </p><p>The bishops of <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a> acquired their status as <a href="/wiki/Prince-bishop" title="Prince-bishop">prince-bishops</a> between 980 and 985 when Bishop <a href="/wiki/Notker_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Notker of Liège">Notker of Liège</a>, who had been the bishop since 972, received secular control of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Huy" title="County of Huy">County of Huy</a> from <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Otto_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Otto II">Emperor Otto II</a>. </p><p>From 1500, the prince-bishopric belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhenish%E2%80%93Westphalian_Circle" title="Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle">Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle</a>. Its territory included most of the present Belgian provinces of <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liège (province)">Liège</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Belgium)" title="Limburg (Belgium)">Limburg</a>, and some exclaves in other parts of Belgium and the Netherlands. </p><p>It briefly became a republic (the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Republic of Liège">Republic of Liège</a>) from 1789 to 1791, before reverting to a prince-bishopric in 1791. The role of the bishop as prince permanently ended when the state was annexed by France in 1795. In 1815 the territories it had held became part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>, and in 1830 they were within the part of that kingdom which split off to become <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. </p><p>The principality ruled by the bishops of Liège was never part of the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a> or the Spanish and Austrian <a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a>, but from the 16th century onwards its politics were strongly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">dukes of Burgundy</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburgs</a>. </p><p>In 1559 its 1,636 <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parishes</a> were grouped into eight <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">archdeaconries</a>, and twenty-eight councils, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">chrétientés</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Deanery" title="Deanery">deaneries</a>). The most important cities (<i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">bonnes villes</i></span></i>) of the bishopric were: Liège, <a href="/wiki/Beringen,_Belgium" title="Beringen, Belgium">Beringen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilzen" title="Bilzen">Bilzen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borgloon" title="Borgloon">Borgloon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bree,_Belgium" title="Bree, Belgium">Bree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2telet,_Belgium" title="Châtelet, Belgium">Châtelet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciney" title="Ciney">Ciney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Couvin" title="Couvin">Couvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinant" title="Dinant">Dinant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fosses-la-Ville" title="Fosses-la-Ville">Fosses-la-Ville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamont-Achel" title="Hamont-Achel">Hamont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasselt" title="Hasselt">Hasselt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herk-de-Stad" title="Herk-de-Stad">Herk-de-Stad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huy" title="Huy">Huy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maaseik" title="Maaseik">Maaseik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peer,_Belgium" title="Peer, Belgium">Peer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sint-Truiden" title="Sint-Truiden">Sint-Truiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dilsen-Stokkem" title="Dilsen-Stokkem">Stokkem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thuin" title="Thuin">Thuin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongeren" title="Tongeren">Tongeren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verviers" title="Verviers">Verviers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vis%C3%A9" title="Visé">Visé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waremme" title="Waremme">Waremme</a>. </p><p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a> fell under the <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">joint jurisdiction</a> of the prince-bishop of Liège and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">duke of Brabant</a> (later the <a href="/wiki/States-General_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="States-General of the Netherlands">States-General of the United Provinces</a>). The second city of the prince-bishopric thus kept its special status throughout the <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ancien régime</i></span></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_prince-bishopric">Medieval prince-bishopric</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medieval prince-bishopric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgian_Medieval_Dioceses.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Belgian_Medieval_Dioceses.png/220px-Belgian_Medieval_Dioceses.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Belgian_Medieval_Dioceses.png/330px-Belgian_Medieval_Dioceses.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Belgian_Medieval_Dioceses.png/440px-Belgian_Medieval_Dioceses.png 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="2284" /></a><figcaption>This map shows the pre-1559 medieval <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Li%C3%A8ge" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Liège">Diocese of Liège</a> (in green) which evolved from the <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Civitas Tungrorum</i></span></i> and probably had similar boundaries.</figcaption></figure> <p>The large diocese of the medieval bishops was, until 1559, much larger than the princedom which was in their possession. However, the princely domain was gradually enlarged by donations and by acquisitions. In the 10th century, the bishops received <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> lordship over the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Huy" title="County of Huy">county of Huy</a>, which lay within the <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a>. Bishop <a href="/wiki/Notker_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Notker of Liège">Notger</a> (972–1008) and his successors are thus referred to as princes within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. This situation continued until the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, and throughout that period of nearly eight centuries the Prince-Bishopric of Liège succeeded in maintaining a level of autonomy, though it remained under the emperor. This virtual independence was owed largely to the ability of its bishops, who on several occasions played an important part in international politics, being strategically positioned between <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Throughout the Middle Ages, the prince-bishopric was further expanded with the <a href="/wiki/Lords_of_Bouillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lords of Bouillon">lordship of Bouillon</a> in 1096 (ceded to France in 1678), the acquisition of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Loon" title="County of Loon">county of Loon</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Looz</i>) in 1366 and the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Horne" title="County of Horne">county of Horne</a> in 1568. </p><p>Notger, the founder of the principality, also rebuilt the cathedral of St Lambert, as well as the episcopal palace. He was also involved in other building activities in the city, which flourished under his rule (churches of St Paul, St. John the Evangelist, Sainte-Croix and St Denis). This bishop also strengthened the parochial organization of the city. He was one of the first church leaders to spread the observance of <a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a>, which he authorized for his diocese. Under Notger's administration, following up on the work of Heraclius, educational institutions in Liège flourished. With these two bishops (and <a href="/wiki/Wazo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazo">Wazo</a>) "The schools of Liège were, in fact, at that time one of the brightest literary foci of the period". In the 11th century the city was indeed known as the <i>Athens of the North</i>. "Liège for more than a century occupied among the nations a position in regard to science which it has never recovered". Subsequent bishops, Balderic of Looz (1008–1018), <a href="/wiki/Wolbodo" title="Wolbodo">Wolbodo</a> (1018–1021), Durandus (1021–1025), Reginard (1025–1038), Nitard (1038–1042), the learned <a href="/wiki/Wazo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazo">Wazo</a>, and Theoduin (1048–1075), valiantly sustained the heritage of Notger. The schools formed many brilliant scholars, and gave the Catholic Church popes <a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IX" title="Pope Stephen IX">Stephen IX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_II" title="Pope Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a>. The diocese also supplied the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> with a number of important doctors — <a href="/wiki/William_of_Saint-Thierry" class="mw-redirect" title="William of Saint-Thierry">William of Saint-Thierry</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerard_of_Li%C3%A8ge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerard of Liège (page does not exist)">Gerard of Liège</a> and <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Fontaines" title="Godfrey of Fontaines">Godfrey of Fontaines</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alger_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Alger of Liège">Alger of Liège</a> (1055–1131) was an important intellectual of the period. He was first appointed deacon of <a href="/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_Church,_Li%C3%A8ge" class="mw-redirect" title="St Bartholomew's Church, Liège">church of St Bartholomew</a> and finally retired at the monastery of <a href="/wiki/Cluny" title="Cluny">Cluny</a>. </p><p>In the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Verdun" title="Henry of Verdun">Henry of Verdun</a> (1075–1091) a tribunal was instituted (<i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">tribunal de la paix</i></span></i>) to prevent war and enforce the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of God">Peace of God</a>. <a href="/wiki/Otbert_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Otbert of Liège">Otbert</a> (1091–1119) increased the territory of the principality by purchasing the <a href="/wiki/Lords_of_Bouillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lords of Bouillon">Lordship of Bouillon</a>. He remained faithful to emperor <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a>, who died as his guest. Henry of Namur (1119–1121) was venerated as a martyr. During the administration of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Juliers" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander of Juliers">Alexander of Juliers</a> (1128–1134) the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">emperor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">St Bernard of Clairvaux</a> visited Liège. The episcopate of <a href="/wiki/Raoul_of_Zachringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Raoul of Zachringen">Raoul of Zachringen</a> was marked by the preaching of the reformer <a href="/wiki/Lambert_le_B%C3%A8gue" title="Lambert le Bègue">Lambert le Bègue</a>, who is credited with founding the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9guine" class="mw-redirect" title="Béguine">Béguines</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Louvain" title="Albert of Louvain">Albert of Louvain</a> was elected Bishop of Liège in 1191, but <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Henry_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Henry VI">Emperor Henry VI</a>, on the pretext that the election was doubtful, gave the see to Lothair of Hochstadt. Albero's election was confirmed by the pope but in 1192, shortly after he took office, he was assassinated by three German knights at <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>. It is probable that the emperor was privy to this murder but Albero was canonized. In 1195, Albert de Cuyck (1195–1200) formally recognized the <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">political franchise</a> of the people of Liège. During the 12th century, the cathedral <a href="/wiki/Chapter_(religion)" title="Chapter (religion)">chapter</a>, along with the bishop, assumed a more important role in the history of the principality. </p><p>The struggles between the upper and lower classes, in which the prince-bishops frequently intervened, developed through the 13th and 14th centuries, and culminate in the 15th century in the pillage and destruction of the episcopal city. In the reign of Robert of Thourotte (1240–1246), <a href="/wiki/Juliana_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Juliana of Liège">Saint Juliana</a> — a nun of <a href="/wiki/Cornillon_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornillon Abbey">Cornillon Abbey</a> — was led by certain visions to the project of having a feast established in honour of the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Sacrament" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Sacrament">Blessed Sacrament</a>. After much hesitation, the bishop approved of her idea but death prevented the institution of the feast. The completion of the work was left to a former <a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">prior</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> in Liège, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint-Cher" title="Hugh of Saint-Cher">Hugh of Saint-Cher</a>, who returned to the city as papal legate. In 1252 Hugh made the feast of the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Sacrament" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Sacrament">Blessed Sacrament</a> an obligation throughout his diocese. John of Troyes, who, after having been archdeacon at Liège, was elected pope as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV" title="Pope Urban IV">Urban IV</a>, encouraged the observance of the feast of <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_(feast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Christi (feast)">Corpus Christi</a> in the whole Church. Another archdeacon of Liège became pope under the name <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Gregory X</a> and deposed the unworthy Henry of <a href="/wiki/Gueldres" class="mw-redirect" title="Gueldres">Gueldres</a> (1247–1274). The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_of_Fexhe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peace of Fexhe (page does not exist)">Peace of Fexhe</a>, signed in 1316 during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Adolph_II_de_la_Marck_(Bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolph II de la Marck (Bishop)">Adolph II de la Marck</a> (1313–1344), regulated the relations between the prince-bishop and his subjects. Nevertheless, internal discord continued and the episcopate of Arnold of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Horne" title="County of Horne">Horne</a> (1378–1389) was marked by the triumph of the popular party. In 1366, the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Loon" title="County of Loon">county of Loon</a> was annexed to the bishopric. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burgundian_and_Habsburg_influence">Burgundian and Habsburg influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Burgundian and Habsburg influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Court_concert_at_Li%C3%A8ge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Court_concert_at_Li%C3%A8ge.jpg/220px-Court_concert_at_Li%C3%A8ge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Court_concert_at_Li%C3%A8ge.jpg/330px-Court_concert_at_Li%C3%A8ge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Court_concert_at_Li%C3%A8ge.jpg/440px-Court_concert_at_Li%C3%A8ge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Prince-Bishop Johann Theodor of Bavaria at a court concert at Liège</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Het_paleis_van_de_prins-bisschoppen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Het_paleis_van_de_prins-bisschoppen.jpg/220px-Het_paleis_van_de_prins-bisschoppen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Het_paleis_van_de_prins-bisschoppen.jpg/330px-Het_paleis_van_de_prins-bisschoppen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Het_paleis_van_de_prins-bisschoppen.jpg/440px-Het_paleis_van_de_prins-bisschoppen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>The Archiepiscopal Palace at Liège</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon the death of <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis II of Flanders">Louis of Male</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Flanders" title="Count of Flanders">count of Flanders</a>, in 1384, the Low Countries began their unification within the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a>. Though the principality was still nominally independent, the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Dukes of Burgundy</a> have had an increasing influence on its government. <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bourbon,_Bishop_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Louis de Bourbon, Bishop of Liège">Louis of Bourbon</a> (1456–1482) was placed on the throne of Liège by the political machinations of <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good,_Duke_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy">Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy</a>. The population resisted Burgundian rule leading to the <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Liège Wars">Liège Wars</a>, the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Dinant" title="Dinant">Dinant</a> in 1466, and of Liège in 1468 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bold" title="Charles the Bold">Charles the Bold</a>, marking the ending of democratic ascendancy in the principality. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> completed the union of the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a> in the 1540s, and unofficially also controlled the principality.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He nominated <a href="/wiki/%C3%89rard_de_La_Marck" class="mw-redirect" title="Érard de La Marck">Érard de La Marck</a> (1505–1538) who brought a period of restoration. Erard was an enlightened protector of the arts. It was he who commenced the struggle against the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant reformers</a>, which his successors carried forth, especially Gerard of Groesbeeck (1564–1580). With the object of assisting in this struggle, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Paul IV</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Bull</a> (<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_Universi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Super Universi (page does not exist)">Super Universi</a></i></span></i>, 12 May 1559), created new bishoprics in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>. The new bishoprics were created largely at the expense of the diocese of Liège; many of its parishes were given to the dioceses of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Roermond" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Roermond">Roermond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Bois-le-Duc" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Bois-le-Duc">'s-Hertogenbosch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Namur" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Namur">Namur</a>, or were added to the existing dioceses of <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Mechelen-Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Mechelen-Brussels">Mechelen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Antwerp" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Antwerp">Antwerp</a>. The number of deaneries in the diocese of Liège was reduced to 13. </p><p>Liège formed the last link in the chain of Habsburg allies that made up the so-called <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a>, a military corridor between Spanish-controlled <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>. Completely encircled by Spanish territory, Liège was protected by treaties of neutrality which permitted the passage of Spanish troops through the prince-bishop's territory provided that they spent no more than two nights in one place. The importance of the prince-bishopric to Habsburg military logistics in the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty Years War">Eighty Years War</a> prompted Spanish intervention foiling a Dutch invasion in 1595.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the bishops in the 17th century were foreigners, many of them holding several bishoprics at once. Their frequent absences gave free scope for those feuds of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiroux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiroux (page does not exist)">Chiroux</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grignoux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grignoux (page does not exist)">Grignoux</a> to which <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Henry_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian Henry of Bavaria">Maximilian Henry of Bavaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Cologne" title="Archbishop of Cologne">archbishop of Cologne</a>, 1650–1688) put a stop by the Edict of 1681. In the middle of the 18th century the ideas of the French <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedist" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedist">encyclopedists</a> began to be received at Liège; Bishop <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Charles_de_Velbr%C3%BCck" title="François-Charles de Velbrück">de Velbrück</a> (1772–1784), encouraged their propagation and thus prepared the way for the 1789 <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Revolution" title="Liège Revolution">Liège Revolution</a>. Partially connected with the French Revolution, a protest against the absolutist rule of prince bishop <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar-Constantin-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Hoensbroeck" title="César-Constantin-François de Hoensbroeck">César-Constantin-François de Hoensbroeck</a> developed into the Liège Revolution. At the beginning of 1791, the revolution was crushed by troops on the orders of the Holy Roman Empire. </p><p>The prince-bishopric was dissolved in 1795, when it was annexed by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Its territory was divided amongst the départements of <a href="/wiki/Meuse-Inf%C3%A9rieure" title="Meuse-Inférieure">Meuse-Inférieure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ourthe_(d%C3%A9partement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ourthe (département)">Ourthe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sambre-et-Meuse" title="Sambre-et-Meuse">Sambre-et-Meuse</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_g6n6tci5cy07qtuitltwefewpbckilp"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" coords="351,175,487,196" title="Belgian Revolution" alt="Belgian Revolution" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" coords="375,135,500,155" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands" alt="United Kingdom of the Netherlands" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" coords="347,94,477,114" title="First French Empire" alt="First French Empire" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Revolution" coords="341,53,472,74" title="Liège Revolution" alt="Liège Revolution" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/County_of_Horne" coords="526,254,645,275" title="County of Horne" alt="County of Horne" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/County_of_Loon" coords="403,213,516,234" title="County of Loon" alt="County of Loon" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Charlemagne" coords="25,132,122,152" title="Charlemagne" alt="Charlemagne" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Saint_Hubert" coords="10,91,96,111" title="Saint Hubert" alt="Saint Hubert" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Lambert_of_Maastricht" coords="0,50,91,71" title="Lambert of Maastricht" alt="Lambert of Maastricht" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_g6n6tci5cy07qtuitltwefewpbckilp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/g6n6tci5cy07qtuitltwefewpbckilp.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Chokier_de_Surlet" title="Jean de Chokier de Surlet">Jean de Chokier de Surlet</a> (1571–1656), canon lawyer and political writer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Prince-Bishopric of Liège</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St-Lambert-Li%C3%A8ge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The martyrdom of Saint Lambert"><img alt="The martyrdom of Saint Lambert" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/St-Lambert-Li%C3%A8ge.jpg/113px-St-Lambert-Li%C3%A8ge.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/St-Lambert-Li%C3%A8ge.jpg/169px-St-Lambert-Li%C3%A8ge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/St-Lambert-Li%C3%A8ge.jpg/225px-St-Lambert-Li%C3%A8ge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1411" data-file-height="2126" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The martyrdom of <a href="/wiki/Lambert_of_Maastricht" title="Lambert of Maastricht">Saint Lambert</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_martin01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The building of Saint Martin began 965 under the reign of Heraclius"><img alt="The building of Saint Martin began 965 under the reign of Heraclius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/St_martin01.jpg/160px-St_martin01.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/St_martin01.jpg/240px-St_martin01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/St_martin01.jpg/320px-St_martin01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="449" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The building of Saint Martin began 965 under the reign of Heraclius</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stavelot.Triptych.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Stavelot Triptych is an example of Mosan art, The Morgan Library & Museum, New York City"><img alt="The Stavelot Triptych is an example of Mosan art, The Morgan Library & Museum, New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Stavelot.Triptych.jpg/160px-Stavelot.Triptych.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Stavelot.Triptych.jpg/240px-Stavelot.Triptych.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Stavelot.Triptych.jpg/320px-Stavelot.Triptych.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1299" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Stavelot_Triptych" title="Stavelot Triptych">Stavelot Triptych</a> is an example of <a href="/wiki/Mosan_art" title="Mosan art">Mosan art</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Morgan_Library_%26_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="The Morgan Library & Museum">The Morgan Library & Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Urban_IV.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pope Urban IV, archdeacon of Liège"><img alt="Pope Urban IV, archdeacon of Liège" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pope_Urban_IV.jpg/122px-Pope_Urban_IV.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pope_Urban_IV.jpg/183px-Pope_Urban_IV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pope_Urban_IV.jpg/244px-Pope_Urban_IV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pope <a href="/wiki/Urban_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban IV">Urban IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">archdeacon</a> of Liège</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Li%C3%A8ge-palais-st-lambert.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Lambert's Cathedral and the palace of the Prince-Bishops (18th century)"><img alt="St. Lambert's Cathedral and the palace of the Prince-Bishops (18th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Li%C3%A8ge-palais-st-lambert.jpg/160px-Li%C3%A8ge-palais-st-lambert.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Li%C3%A8ge-palais-st-lambert.jpg/240px-Li%C3%A8ge-palais-st-lambert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Li%C3%A8ge-palais-st-lambert.jpg/320px-Li%C3%A8ge-palais-st-lambert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="629" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Lambert%27s_Cathedral,_Li%C3%A8ge" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lambert's Cathedral, Liège">St. Lambert's Cathedral</a> and the palace of the Prince-Bishops (18th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vermeyen-Marck.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Érard de La Marck (c. 1528)"><img alt="Portrait of Érard de La Marck (c. 1528)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Vermeyen-Marck.png/138px-Vermeyen-Marck.png" decoding="async" width="138" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Vermeyen-Marck.png/207px-Vermeyen-Marck.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Vermeyen-Marck.png/277px-Vermeyen-Marck.png 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="735" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89rard_de_La_Marck" class="mw-redirect" title="Érard de La Marck">Érard de La Marck</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1528</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Low_Countries.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Prince-Bishopric enclaved in the Low Countries, 1556–1648"><img alt="The Prince-Bishopric enclaved in the Low Countries, 1556–1648" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_Low_Countries.png/145px-The_Low_Countries.png" decoding="async" width="145" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_Low_Countries.png/218px-The_Low_Countries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_Low_Countries.png/290px-The_Low_Countries.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="1011" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Prince-Bishopric enclaved in the Low Countries, 1556–1648</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brunnen_der_Drei_Grazien_L%C3%BCttich,_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The perron of Liège stands as a symbol for the city rights acquired by the burghers from the prince-bishop"><img alt="The perron of Liège stands as a symbol for the city rights acquired by the burghers from the prince-bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Brunnen_der_Drei_Grazien_L%C3%BCttich%2C_2004.jpg/98px-Brunnen_der_Drei_Grazien_L%C3%BCttich%2C_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Brunnen_der_Drei_Grazien_L%C3%BCttich%2C_2004.jpg/147px-Brunnen_der_Drei_Grazien_L%C3%BCttich%2C_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Brunnen_der_Drei_Grazien_L%C3%BCttich%2C_2004.jpg/197px-Brunnen_der_Drei_Grazien_L%C3%BCttich%2C_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>perron</i> of Liège stands as a symbol for the city rights acquired by the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">burghers</a> from the prince-bishop</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EUROPE_LIEGE%5E_-JETON_1744-63%5E_a_-_Flickr_-_woody1778a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin perhaps from the reign of Johann Theodor of Bavaria, 1744–1763"><img alt="Coin perhaps from the reign of Johann Theodor of Bavaria, 1744–1763" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/EUROPE_LIEGE%5E_-JETON_1744-63%5E_a_-_Flickr_-_woody1778a.jpg/160px-EUROPE_LIEGE%5E_-JETON_1744-63%5E_a_-_Flickr_-_woody1778a.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/EUROPE_LIEGE%5E_-JETON_1744-63%5E_a_-_Flickr_-_woody1778a.jpg/240px-EUROPE_LIEGE%5E_-JETON_1744-63%5E_a_-_Flickr_-_woody1778a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/EUROPE_LIEGE%5E_-JETON_1744-63%5E_a_-_Flickr_-_woody1778a.jpg/320px-EUROPE_LIEGE%5E_-JETON_1744-63%5E_a_-_Flickr_-_woody1778a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="1589" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coin perhaps from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Theodor_of_Bavaria" title="Johann Theodor of Bavaria">Johann Theodor of Bavaria</a>, 1744–1763</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bishops_and_prince-bishops_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="List of bishops and prince-bishops of Liège">List of bishops and prince-bishops of Liège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Revolution" title="Liège Revolution">Liège Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_in_Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baroque in Prince-Bishopric of Liège (page does not exist)">Baroque in Prince-Bishopric of Liège</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barok_in_het_prinsbisdom_Luik" class="extiw" title="nl:Barok in het prinsbisdom Luik">nl</a>]</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGross2001" class="citation book cs1">Gross, Joan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=prnrifdrT4oC&q=liège&pg=PA14"><i>Speaking in Other Voices: An Ethnography of Walloon Puppet Theaters</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 14–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0272-5110-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-0272-5110-7"><bdi>978-9-0272-5110-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speaking+in+Other+Voices%3A+An+Ethnography+of+Walloon+Puppet+Theaters&rft.pages=14-17&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-9-0272-5110-7&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DprnrifdrT4oC%26q%3Dli%C3%A8ge%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince-Bishopric+of+Li%C3%A8ge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name of the city and prince-bishopric was spelled Liége until the early 20th century and that spelling is still occasionally found in the title of old newspapers, etc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0012_0_12513.html">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vote number 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmundson1922" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Edmundson" title="George Edmundson">Edmundson, George</a> (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.authorama.com/history-of-holland-4.html">"Chapter II: Habsburg Rule in the Netherlands"</a>. <i>History of Holland</i>. Cambridge University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Holland&rft.atitle=Chapter+II%3A+Habsburg+Rule+in+the+Netherlands&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Edmundson&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.authorama.com%2Fhistory-of-holland-4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince-Bishopric+of+Li%C3%A8ge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1972" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Geoffrey (1972). <i>The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 1567–1659: The Logistics of Spanish Victory and Defeat in the Low Countries' Wars</i>. London: Cambridge University Press. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Army+of+Flanders+and+the+Spanish+Road%2C+1567%E2%80%931659%3A+The+Logistics+of+Spanish+Victory+and+Defeat+in+the+Low+Countries%27+Wars&rft.place=London&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince-Bishopric+of+Li%C3%A8ge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09236a.htm">Article Liège of the Catholic Encyclopedia (1910)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dlieg.html">Diocese of Liège at www.catholic-hierarchy.org</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Prince-Bishopric of Liège</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoeckmann.de/germany/limburg-map.htm">Map of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège in 1789 (Northern part)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoeckmann.de/germany/luxemburgkarte.htm">Map of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège in 1789 (Southern part)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Lower_Rhenish–Westphalian_Circle_(1500–1806)_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lower_Rhenish%E2%80%93Westphalian_Circle" title="Template:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lower_Rhenish%E2%80%93Westphalian_Circle" title="Template talk:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lower_Rhenish%E2%80%93Westphalian_Circle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Lower_Rhenish–Westphalian_Circle_(1500–1806)_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhenish%E2%80%93Westphalian_Circle" title="Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle">Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle</a> (1500–1806) of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prince-bishop" title="Prince-bishop">Prince-bishops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cambrai" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai">Cambrai</a> <small>(until 1678)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Abbey_of_Corvey" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Abbey of Corvey">Corvey</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Minden" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Minden">Minden</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Prince-Bishopric of Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Paderborn" title="Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Utrecht</a> <small>(until 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Verden" title="Prince-Bishopric of Verden">Verden</a> <small>(until 1648)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_Westphalian_Circle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of a large region (in white) including all the territory of modern Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium and the Netherlands, plus parts of most neighbouring countries, including most of Northern Italy. Some of the northwest part region is highlighted in color, including Münster, most of the Netherlands and parts of modern Belgium." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Locator_Westphalian_Circle.svg/200px-Locator_Westphalian_Circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Locator_Westphalian_Circle.svg/300px-Locator_Westphalian_Circle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Locator_Westphalian_Circle.svg/400px-Locator_Westphalian_Circle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>The Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle (red) within the Holy Roman Empire (white) after 1548</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prince-abbot" title="Prince-abbot">Prince-abbots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princely_Abbey_of_Corvey" title="Princely Abbey of Corvey">Corvey</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essen_Abbey" title="Essen Abbey">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford_Abbey" title="Herford Abbey">Herford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelim%C3%BCnster_Abbey" title="Kornelimünster Abbey">Kornelimünster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_Abbey_of_Stavelot-Malmedy" title="Princely Abbey of Stavelot-Malmedy">Stavelot–Malmedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorn_Abbey" title="Thorn Abbey">Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werden_Abbey" title="Werden Abbey">Werden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrst" title="Fürst">Secular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arenberg" title="Arenberg">Arenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cleves" title="Duchy of Cleves">Cleves</a> with <a href="/wiki/County_of_Mark" title="County of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_East_Frisia" title="County of East Frisia">East Frisia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_J%C3%BClich" title="Duchy of Jülich">Jülich</a>–<a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Berg" title="Duchy of Berg">Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a> <small>(until 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a> <small>(until 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Minden" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Minden">Minden</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Moers" title="County of Moers">Moers</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau-Dillenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau-Dillenburg">Nassau-Dillenburg</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen-Verden" title="Bremen-Verden">Verden</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Graf" title="Graf">Counts</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">From 1500</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Bentheim" title="County of Bentheim">Bentheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronkhorst" title="Bronkhorst">Bronkhorst</a> <small>(until 1719)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepholz" title="Diepholz">Diepholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Drenthe" title="County of Drenthe">Drenthe</a> <small>(until 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_East_Frisia" title="County of East Frisia">East Frisia</a> <small>(until 1667)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Groningen" title="Lordship of Groningen">Groningen</a> <small>(until 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a> <small>(until 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Horne" title="County of Horne">Horne</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> <small>(until 1614)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Hoya" title="County of Hoya">Hoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingen,_Germany" title="Lingen, Germany">Lingen</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Manderscheid" title="County of Manderscheid">Manderscheid</a> <small>(until 1546)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Moers" title="County of Moers">Moers</a> <small>(until 1541)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Nassau" title="County of Nassau">Nassau</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nassau-Diez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nassau-Diez (page does not exist)">Diez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau-Hadamar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau-Hadamar">Hadamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau-Dillenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau-Dillenburg">Dillenburg</a> <small>(until 1664)</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Oldenburg" title="County of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Overijssel" title="Lordship of Overijssel">Overijssel</a> <small>(until 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Pyrmont" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Pyrmont">Pyrmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Ravensberg" title="County of Ravensberg">Ravensberg</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lordship_of_Reichenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lordship of Reichenstein (page does not exist)">Reichenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Rietberg" title="County of Rietberg">Rietberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salm-Reifferscheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Salm-Reifferscheid">Salm-Reifferscheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayn" title="Sayn">Sayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Schaumburg" title="County of Schaumburg">Schaumburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Tecklenburg" title="County of Tecklenburg">Tecklenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Virneburg" title="County of Virneburg">Virneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Wied" title="County of Wied">Wied</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lordship_of_Winneburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lordship of Winneburg (page does not exist)">Winneburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Beilstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Lordship of Beilstein">Beilstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Zutphen" title="County of Zutphen">Zutphen</a> <small>(until 1548)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">From 1792</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anholt,_Netherlands" title="Anholt, Netherlands">Anholt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Blankenheim_and_Gerolstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County of Blankenheim and Gerolstein (page does not exist)">Blankenheim and Gerolstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemen" title="Gemen">Gemen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lordship_of_Gimborn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lordship of Gimborn (page does not exist)">Gimborn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Gronsfeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County of Gronsfeld (page does not exist)">Gronsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Hallermund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County of Hallermund (page does not exist)">Hallermund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Holzappel" title="County of Holzappel">Holzappel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Kerpen-Lommersum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County of Kerpen-Lommersum (page does not exist)">Kerpen-Lommersum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Myllendonk" title="Lordship of Myllendonk">Myllendonk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Reckheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County of Reckheim (page does not exist)">Reckheim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Schleiden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County of Schleiden (page does not exist)">Schleiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Wickrath" title="Lordship of Wickrath">Wickrath</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lordship_of_Wittem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lordship of Wittem (page does not exist)">Wittem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Utrecht" title="Lordship of Utrecht">Utrecht</a> <small>(until 1548)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Status<br />uncertain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Delmenhorst" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Delmenhorst">Delmenhorst</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Fagnolle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County of Fagnolle (page does not exist)">Fagnolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Schauenburg_and_Holstein" title="Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein">Schaumburg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schaumburg-Hesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaumburg-Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Lippe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Spiegelberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County of Spiegelberg (page does not exist)">Spiegelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Steinfurt" title="County of Steinfurt">Steinfurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Aachen" title="Free Imperial City of Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Cologne" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Imperial City of Cologne">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a><sup><small>?</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a><sup><small>?</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verden_an_der_Aller" class="mw-redirect" title="Verden an der Aller">Verden</a> <small>(until 1648)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warburg" title="Warburg">Warburg</a><sup><small>?</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> from 1648 <span class="nowrap">   </span> <sup><small>2</small></sup> until 1648 <span class="nowrap">   </span> <sup><small>3</small></sup> without seat in <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a> <span class="nowrap">   </span> <sup><small>?</small></sup> status uncertain <p>Circles est. 1500: <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Circle" title="Bavarian Circle">Bavarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swabian_Circle" title="Swabian Circle">Swabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhenish_Circle" title="Upper Rhenish Circle">Upper Rhenish</a>, <b>Lower Rhenish–Westphalian</b>, <a href="/wiki/Franconian_Circle" title="Franconian Circle">Franconian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxon_Circle" title="Lower Saxon Circle">(Lower) Saxon</a> </p> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Circles est. 1512: <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Circle" title="Austrian Circle">Austrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Circle" title="Burgundian Circle">Burgundian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_Circle" title="Upper Saxon Circle">Upper Saxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Rhenish_Circle" title="Electoral Rhenish Circle">Electoral Rhenish</a>  </li><li>  <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_outside_the_Imperial_Circles" title="Territories of the Holy Roman Empire outside the Imperial Circles">Unencircled territories</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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