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Music in society and religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Music_in_society_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Popular_song_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_song_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Popular song types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_song_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry_and_drama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry_and_drama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Poetry and drama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry_and_drama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mythical_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythical_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Mythical origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythical_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orpheus_myth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orpheus_myth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Orpheus myth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orpheus_myth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marsyas_myth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marsyas_myth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Marsyas myth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marsyas_myth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_musical_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_musical_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Greek musical instruments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Greek_musical_instruments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Greek musical instruments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Greek_musical_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-String" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#String"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>String</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-String-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Wind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Percussion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Percussion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Percussion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Percussion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Music and philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music_and_philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Music and philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Music_and_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pythagoras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pythagoras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pythagoras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pythagoras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plato" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plato"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Plato</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plato-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aristotle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aristotle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Aristotle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aristotle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surviving_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surviving_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Surviving music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Surviving_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Surviving music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Surviving_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Classical Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hellenistic Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_imperial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_imperial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Roman imperial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_imperial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Music of ancient Greece</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85" title="موسيقى اليونان القديم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسيقى اليونان القديم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%85%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A8" title="Հին Յունաստանի Երաժշտութիւնը – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հին Յունաստանի Երաժշտութիւնը" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_de_l%27antiga_Gr%C3%A8cia" title="Música de l'antiga Grècia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Música de l'antiga Grècia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_der_griechischen_Antike" title="Musik der griechischen Antike – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Musik der griechischen Antike" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanakreeka_muusika" title="Vanakreeka muusika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vanakreeka muusika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Αρχαία ελληνική μουσική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχαία ελληνική μουσική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_de_la_Antigua_Grecia" title="Música de la Antigua Grecia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Música de la Antigua Grecia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muziko_de_Antikva_Grekio" title="Muziko de Antikva Grekio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Muziko de Antikva Grekio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="موسیقی یونان باستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موسیقی یونان باستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_de_la_Gr%C3%A8ce_antique" title="Musique de la Grèce antique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique de la Grèce antique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_Yunani_kuno" title="Musik Yunani kuno – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Musik Yunani kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_nell%27antica_Grecia" title="Musica nell'antica Grecia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Musica nell'antica Grecia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ძველი ბერძნული მუსიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძველი ბერძნული მუსიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_Graeca_antiqua" title="Musica Graeca antiqua – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Musica Graeca antiqua" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud-Griekse_muziek" title="Oud-Griekse muziek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oud-Griekse muziek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD" title="古代ギリシアの音楽 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古代ギリシアの音楽" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzyka_staro%C5%BCytnej_Grecji" title="Muzyka starożytnej Grecji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muzyka starożytnej Grecji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_da_Gr%C3%A9cia_Antiga" title="Música da Grécia Antiga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Música da Grécia Antiga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Музыка Древней Греции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Музыка Древней Греции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9cka_hudba_obdobia_antiky" title="Grécka hudba obdobia antiky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Grécka hudba obdobia antiky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasba_v_anti%C4%8Dni_Gr%C4%8Diji" title="Glasba v antični Grčiji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Glasba v antični Grčiji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_grekiska_antikens_musik" title="Den grekiska antikens musik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Den grekiska antikens musik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Давньогрецька музика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Давньогрецька музика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="古希腊音乐 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古希腊音乐" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1139787#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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href="/wiki/File:Salpinx_player_MAR_Palermo_NI1853.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Salpinx_player_MAR_Palermo_NI1853.jpg/260px-Salpinx_player_MAR_Palermo_NI1853.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Salpinx_player_MAR_Palermo_NI1853.jpg/390px-Salpinx_player_MAR_Palermo_NI1853.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Salpinx_player_MAR_Palermo_NI1853.jpg/520px-Salpinx_player_MAR_Palermo_NI1853.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Greek warrior playing the <i><a href="/wiki/Salpinx" title="Salpinx">salpinx</a></i>, late 6th–early 5th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">Attic black-figure</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lekythos" title="Lekythos">lekythos</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Music was almost universally present in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> society, from marriages, funerals, and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in ancient Greece">religious ceremonies</a> to <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">theatre</a>, folk music, and the ballad-like reciting of epic poetry. This played an integral role in the lives of ancient <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>. There are some fragments of actual Greek <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many literary references, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_vase_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek vase painting">depictions</a> on <a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">ceramics</a> and relevant <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> remains, such that some things can be known—or reasonably surmised—about what the music sounded like, the general role of music in society, the economics of music, the importance of a professional caste of musicians, etc. </p><p>The word <i>music</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a>, the daughters of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and patron goddesses of creative and intellectual endeavours. </p><p>Concerning the origin of music and musical instruments: the history of music in ancient Greece is so closely interwoven with Greek mythology and legend that it is often difficult to surmise what is historically true and what is myth. The music and music theory of ancient Greece laid the foundation for western music and western music theory, as it would go on to influence the ancient Romans, the early Christian church and the medieval composers.<sup id="cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landels-1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: x">: x </span></sup> Our understanding of ancient Greek music theory, musical systems, and musical ethos comes almost entirely from the surviving teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristoxenus" title="Aristoxenus">Aristoxenus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philodemus" title="Philodemus">Philodemus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aristides_Quintilianus" title="Aristides Quintilianus">Aristides</a>. </p><p>Some ancient Greek philosophers discussed the study of music in ancient Greece. <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> in particular believed that music was subject to the same mathematical laws of harmony as the mechanics of the cosmos, evolving into an idea known as the <a href="/wiki/Musica_universalis" title="Musica universalis">music of the spheres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landels-1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 130–131">: 130–131 </span></sup> The Pythagoreans focused on the mathematics and the acoustical science of sound and music. They developed tuning systems and harmonic principles that focused on simple integers and ratios, laying a foundation for acoustic science; however, this was not the only school of thought in ancient Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landels-1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 132">: 132 </span></sup> Aristoxenus, who wrote a number of musicological treatises, for example, studied music with a more empirical tendency. Aristoxenus believed that intervals should be judged by ear instead of mathematical ratios,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though Aristoxenus was influenced by Pythagoras and used mathematics terminology and measurements in his research. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_in_society_and_religion">Music in society and religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Music in society and religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niobid_Painter_-_Red-Figure_Amphora_with_Musical_Scene_-_Walters_482712_-_Side_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Niobid_Painter_-_Red-Figure_Amphora_with_Musical_Scene_-_Walters_482712_-_Side_A.jpg/190px-Niobid_Painter_-_Red-Figure_Amphora_with_Musical_Scene_-_Walters_482712_-_Side_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Niobid_Painter_-_Red-Figure_Amphora_with_Musical_Scene_-_Walters_482712_-_Side_A.jpg/285px-Niobid_Painter_-_Red-Figure_Amphora_with_Musical_Scene_-_Walters_482712_-_Side_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Niobid_Painter_-_Red-Figure_Amphora_with_Musical_Scene_-_Walters_482712_-_Side_A.jpg/380px-Niobid_Painter_-_Red-Figure_Amphora_with_Musical_Scene_-_Walters_482712_-_Side_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1799" /></a><figcaption>Musical scene with three women painted by the <a href="/wiki/Niobid_Painter" title="Niobid Painter">Niobid painter</a>. Side A of a red-figure <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Music played an integral role in ancient Greek society. Pericles' teacher Damon said, according to Plato in the <i>Republic</i>, "when fundamental modes of music change, the fundamental modes of the state change with them." Music and <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastics</a> comprised the main divisions in one's schooling. "The word 'music' expressed the entire education".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instrumental music served a religious and entertaining role in ancient Greece as it would often accompany religious events, rituals, and festivals. Music was also used for entertainment when it accompanied drinking-parties or <i><a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">symposia</a></i>. A popular type of piece to be played while drinking at these drinking parties was the <i><a href="/wiki/Skolion" title="Skolion">skolion</a>,</i> a piece composed to be heard while drinking.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before and after the Greek drinking parties, religious <a href="/wiki/Libation" title="Libation">libations</a>, or the religious the act of partaking and pouring out drink, would be made to deities, usually the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympic gods</a>, the heroes, and <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>. The offering of libations were often accompanied by a special libation melody called the <i>spondeion,</i> which was often accompanied by an <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">aulos</a> player.<sup id="cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landels-1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p><p>Music occupied an important role in the Greek sacrificial ceremonies. The sarcophagus of Hagia Triada shows that the aulos was present during sacrifices as early as 1300 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Quasten-1983_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quasten-1983-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 2">: 2 </span></sup> Music was also present during times of initiation, worship, and religious celebration, playing very integral parts of the sacrificial cults of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Quasten-1983_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quasten-1983-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p><p>Music (along with intoxication of potions, fasting, and honey) was also integral in preparing for and catalyzing divination, as music would often induce prophets into religious ecstasy and revelation, so much so that the expression for "making music" and "prophesying" were identical in ancient Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-Quasten-1983_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quasten-1983-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 39">: 39 </span></sup> </p><p>Instruments were also present in war time, though it may not have been considered music entirely. Specific notes of the trumpet were played to dictate commands to soldiers on the battlefield. The aulos and percussion instruments also accompanied the verbal commands given to oarsmen by the boatswain. The instruments were used mainly to help keep the oarsmen in time with one another.<sup id="cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landels-1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_song_types">Popular song types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Popular song types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><dl><dt>Hymn</dt></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd>A <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymn</a> is a metric composition whose text addresses a god, either directly or indirectly. They are the earliest formal type in Greek music, and survive in relatively large numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathiesen-1999_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathiesen-1999-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 29–30">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apolloslyregreek00math/page/n44">29</a>–30 </span></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><dl><dt>Paean</dt></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Paean" title="Paean">Paeans</a> were most commonly sung in honor or worship of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>. They usually solemnly expressed the hope for deliverance from a peril, or were sung in thanksgiving after a victory or escape.<sup id="cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landels-1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 3">: 3 </span></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><dl><dt>Prosodion</dt></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd>A type of hymn or processional that invoked or praised a god. <a href="/wiki/Prosodion" title="Prosodion">Prosodions</a> were usually sung on the road to an altar or shrine, before or after a paean.<sup id="cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landels-1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 3">: 3 </span></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><dl><dt>Hyporchema</dt></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hyporchema" title="Hyporchema">Hyporchema</a> was a dance-song with a marked rhythmic movement, commonly associated with the paean, and often difficult to distinguish from it. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Delphic_Hymns#First_Delphic_Hymn" title="Delphic Hymns">First Delphic Hymn</a> is titled "Paean or Hyporchema".<sup id="cite_ref-Mathiesen-1999_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathiesen-1999-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 88">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apolloslyregreek00math/page/n103">88</a> </span></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><dl><dt>Dithyrambs</dt></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd>Usually merrily sung in celebration at festivals, performed especially in dedication to <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>, the god of wine. <a href="/wiki/Dithyramb" title="Dithyramb">Dithyrambs</a> featured choirs (<i>choros</i>) of men and boys who were accompanied by an <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">aulos</a> player.<sup id="cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landels-1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 4">: 4 </span></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry_and_drama">Poetry and drama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Poetry and drama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whether or not long narrative poetry, or epic poetry like those of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, was sung is not entirely known. As in Plato's dialogue <i>Ion</i>, <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> uses both the words "sing" and "speak" in connection with the Homeric epics,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> however there are heavy implications that they have been at least recited unaccompanied by instruments, in a sing-song chant.<sup id="cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landels-1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 10">: 10 </span></sup> </p><p>Music was also present in ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric poetry</a>, which by definition is poetry or a song accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a>. Lyric poetry eventually branched into two paths, monodic lyric which were performed by a singular person, and choral lyric which were sung and sometimes danced by a group of people <i>choros</i>. Famous lyric poets include Alkaios and <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a> from the Island of <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, Sappho being one of the few women whose poetry has been preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landels-1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup> </p><p>Music was also heavily prevalent in ancient Greek Drama. In his <i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> links the origins of <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragic drama</a> to dithyrambs.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaders of dithyrambs were the ones who led the song and dance moves, which would then be responded to by the group. Aristotle implies that this relationship between a single person and a group began the tragic drama, which in its earliest stages had a single actor who played all the parts through either song or speech. The single actor engaged in dialogue with the <i>choros.</i> The <i>choros</i> narrated most of the story through song and dance. In ancient Greece, the playwright was expected to not only write the script but also expected to compose the music and dance moves.<sup id="cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landels-1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 13–14">: 13–14 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mythology">Mythology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eustache_Le_Sueur_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Eustache_Le_Sueur_002.jpg/220px-Eustache_Le_Sueur_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Eustache_Le_Sueur_002.jpg/330px-Eustache_Le_Sueur_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Eustache_Le_Sueur_002.jpg/440px-Eustache_Le_Sueur_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2029" /></a><figcaption>A 17th-century representation of the Greek muses <a href="/wiki/Clio_(muse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clio (muse)">Clio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thalia_(muse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalia (muse)">Thalia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Euterpe" title="Euterpe">Euterpe</a> playing a transverse flute, presumably the Greek <i>photinx</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The ancient Greek myths were never codified or documented into one form; what exists are several different versions from several different authors, across multiple centuries, which can lead to variations and even contradictions among authors and even the same author. According to <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, music, instruments, and the aural arts are attributed to divine origin, and the art of music was gift of the gods to men.<sup id="cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landels-1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 149">: 149 </span></sup> </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> was prominently considered the god of music and harmony, several legendary gods and demigods were purported to have created some aspect of music as well as contributed to its development. Some gods, and especially the <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a>, represented specific aspects or elements of music. The 'inventions' or 'findings' of all ancient Greek instruments were accredited to the gods as well. The performance of music was integrated into many different modes of Greek story-telling and art related to mythology, including drama, and poetry, and there are a large number of ancient Greek myths related to music and musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landels-1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 148">: 148 </span></sup> </p><p>In Greek mythology: <a href="/wiki/Amphion" title="Amphion">Amphion</a> learned music from <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> and then with a golden lyre built Thebes by moving the stones into place with the sound of his playing; <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>, the master-musician and lyre-player, played so magically that he could soothe wild beasts; the Orphic <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation myths</a> have <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a> "playing on a brazen drum, and compelling man's attention to the oracles of the goddess";<sup id="cite_ref-Graves-1955_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graves-1955-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 30">: 30 </span></sup> or Hermes [showing to Apollo] "... his newly-invented tortoise-shell lyre and [playing] such a ravishing tune on it with the <a href="/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">plectrum</a> he had also invented, at the same time singing to praise Apollo's nobility<sup id="cite_ref-Graves-1955_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graves-1955-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 64">: 64 </span></sup> that he was forgiven at once ..."; or Apollo's musical victories over <a href="/wiki/Marsyas" title="Marsyas">Marsyas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan (mythology)">Pan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Graves-1955_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graves-1955-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 77">: 77 </span></sup> </p><p>There are many such references that indicate that music was an integral part of the Greek perception of how their race had even come into existence and how their destinies continued to be watched over and controlled by the Gods. It is no wonder, then, that music was omnipresent at the <a href="/wiki/Pythian_Games" title="Pythian Games">Pythian Games</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>, religious ceremonies, leisure activities, and even the beginnings of drama as an outgrowth of the <a href="/wiki/Dithyramb" title="Dithyramb">dithyrambs</a> performed in honor of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It may be that the actual sounds of the music heard at rituals, games, dramas, etc. underwent a change after the traumatic fall of Athens in 404 BC at the end of the first <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a>. Indeed, one reads of the "revolution" in Greek culture, and <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s lament that the new music "... used high musical talent, showmanship and virtuosity ... consciously rejecting educated standards of judgement."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although instrumental virtuosity was prized, this complaint included excessive attention to instrumental music such as to interfere with accompanying the human voice, and the falling away from the traditional <i>ethos</i> in music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mythical_origins">Mythical origins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mythical origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_black_bird_AM_Delphi_8140.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Apollo_black_bird_AM_Delphi_8140.jpg/182px-Apollo_black_bird_AM_Delphi_8140.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Apollo_black_bird_AM_Delphi_8140.jpg/273px-Apollo_black_bird_AM_Delphi_8140.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Apollo_black_bird_AM_Delphi_8140.jpg/364px-Apollo_black_bird_AM_Delphi_8140.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1766" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cylix_of_Apollo" title="Cylix of Apollo">Cylix of Apollo</a> with the tortoise-shell (<i><a href="/wiki/Chelys" title="Chelys">chelys</a></i>) <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a>, on a 5th century BC drinking cup (<i><a href="/wiki/Kylix_(drinking_cup)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kylix (drinking cup)">kylix</a></i>)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><dl><dt>Lyre</dt></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd>According to the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeric_Hymn_to_Hermes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homeric Hymn to Hermes (page does not exist)">Homeric Hymn to Hermes</a></i>, after stealing his brother Apollo's sacred cattle, <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> was inspired to build an instrument out of a tortoise shell; he attached horns, and gut-string, to the shell and invented the first <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a>. Afterwards, Hermes gave his lyre to Apollo, who took interest in the instrument, in repayment for the stolen cattle. In other accounts, Hermes gave his newly invented lyre to <a href="/wiki/Amphion" title="Amphion">Amphion</a>, a son of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and a skilled musician.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><dl><dt>Aulos</dt></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd>According to <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>'s <i>Twelfth Pythian Ode</i>, after <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a> beheaded <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> 'found' or 'invented' the <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">aulos</a> in order to reproduce the lamentation of Medusa's sisters. Since the same Greek word is used for 'find' and 'invent', it is unclear; however, the writer Telestes in the 5th century states that Athena found the instrument in a thicket. In <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>'s essay <i>On the Restraint of Anger</i>, he writes that Athena, after seeing her reflection while playing the aulos, threw the instrument away because it distorted her facial features when played, after which <a href="/wiki/Marsyas" title="Marsyas">Marsyas</a> a <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyr</a>, picked up her aulos and took it up as his own.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoli,_museo_archeologico_(18172538700).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Napoli%2C_museo_archeologico_%2818172538700%29.jpg/220px-Napoli%2C_museo_archeologico_%2818172538700%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Napoli%2C_museo_archeologico_%2818172538700%29.jpg/330px-Napoli%2C_museo_archeologico_%2818172538700%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Napoli%2C_museo_archeologico_%2818172538700%29.jpg/440px-Napoli%2C_museo_archeologico_%2818172538700%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a> instructing <a href="/wiki/Daphnis" title="Daphnis">Daphnis</a> on the <i><a href="/wiki/Syrinx" title="Syrinx">syrinx</a></i></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><dl><dt>Syrinx / Pan flute</dt></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd>According to <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Ovid's <i>Metamorpheses</i></a>, the original <a href="/wiki/Syrinx" title="Syrinx">Syrinx</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Naiad" title="Naiad">Naiad</a>, a water nymph, who ran away from Pan after he tried to woo her. While she fled, she came upon an uncrossable river and prayed to her sisters to transform her so that she may escape Pan. Her Nymph sisters transformed Syrinx into a bundle of reeds which Pan found and fashioned an instrument out of, the <a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">Pan flute</a> or syrinx.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orpheus_myth">Orpheus myth</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Orpheus myth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> is a significant figure in the ancient Greek mythology of music. Orpheus was a legendary poet and musician, his lineage is unclear as some sources note him as the son of Apollo, the son of the Muse <a href="/wiki/Calliope" title="Calliope">Calliope</a>, or the son of mortal parents. Orpheus was the pupil and brother of Linus. Linus by some accounts is the son of Apollo and the Muse <a href="/wiki/Urania" title="Urania">Urania</a>; Linus was the first to be gifted the ability to sing by the Muses, which he passed to Orpheus. Other accounts state that Apollo gave Orpheus a golden lyre and taught him to play, while the muses taught Orpheus to sing. </p><p>Orpheus was said to be such a skilled musician that he could charm inanimate objects.<sup id="cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landels-1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 151">: 151 </span></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a>,</i> Orpheus in his adventures with <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a>, was able to play music more beautiful and louder than the bewitching sirens, allowing the Argonauts to travel safely without being charmed by the sirens.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Orpheus' wife, <a href="/wiki/Eurydice" title="Eurydice">Eurydice</a>, died, he played a song so mournful that it caused the gods and all the nymphs to weep. Orpheus was then able to travel to the underworld, and with music, softened the heart of <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> enough that he was allowed to return with his wife; however, under the condition that he must not set eyes upon his wife until they finished their travel out of the underworld. Orpheus was unable to fulfill this condition and tragically, his wife vanished forever.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landels-1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 151">: 151 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marsyas_myth">Marsyas myth</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Marsyas myth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera_003.jpg/220px-Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera_003.jpg/330px-Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera_003.jpg/440px-Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1614" /></a><figcaption>Apollo <a href="/wiki/Flaying" title="Flaying">flaying</a> Marsyas in <i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_and_Marsyas_(Ribera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo and Marsyas (Ribera)">Apollo and Marsyas</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Ribera">José de Ribera</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to Pseudo-Apollodorus in <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheca</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Marsyas" title="Marsyas">Marsyas</a> the Phrygian satyr once boasted of his skills in the aulos; a musical contest between Marsyas and Apollo was then conducted, where the victor could do "whatever they wanted" to the loser.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marsyas played his aulos so wildly that everyone burst into dance, while Apollo played his lyre so beautifully that everyone cried. </p><p>The muses judged the first round to be a draw. According to one account, Apollo then played his lyre upside down, which Marsyas could not do with the aulos. In another account Apollo sang beautifully, which Marsyas could not do. In another account, Marsyas played out of tune and accepted defeat. In all accounts, Apollo then <a href="/wiki/Flaying" title="Flaying">flayed</a> Marsyas alive for losing. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greek_musical_instruments">Greek musical instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Greek musical instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following were among the instruments used in the music of ancient Greece. The <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cithara" class="mw-redirect" title="Cithara">cithara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">aulos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbiton" title="Barbiton">barbiton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydraulis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulis">hydraulis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salpinx" title="Salpinx">salpinx</a> all found their way into the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman music">music of ancient Rome</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="String">String</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: String"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boscoreale_fresco_woman_kithara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Boscoreale_fresco_woman_kithara.jpg/180px-Boscoreale_fresco_woman_kithara.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Boscoreale_fresco_woman_kithara.jpg/270px-Boscoreale_fresco_woman_kithara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Boscoreale_fresco_woman_kithara.jpg/360px-Boscoreale_fresco_woman_kithara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>A later vivid Roman representation of a woman playing the <i>kithara</i>, <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> painting, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 30-40 BC</span></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><dl><dt>Lyre</dt></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd>A strummed and occasionally <a href="/wiki/Plucked_string_instrument" title="Plucked string instrument">plucked string instrument</a>, essentially a hand-held <a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">zither</a> built on a tortoise-shell (<i>chelys</i>) frame, generally with seven or more strings tuned to the notes of one of the modes. The <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a> was a folk-instrument, associated with the cult of Apollo. It was used to accompany others or even oneself for recitation and song, and was the conventional training-instrument for an aristocratic education.</dd></dl> <ul><li><dl><dt>Cithara</dt></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cithara" class="mw-redirect" title="Cithara">Cithara</a> was a professional version of the lyre used by paid musicians. The <i>kithara</i> had a box-type frame with strings stretched from the cross-bar at the top to the <a href="/wiki/Sounding_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Sounding box">sounding box</a> at the bottom; it was held upright and played with a <a href="/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">plectrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strings were tunable by adjusting wooden wedges along the cross-bar. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> describes the cithara as an "<i>organon technikon</i>", or an artist's instrument, requiring training.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%92%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_Barbiton_Barbit%C3%B3n_ancient_greek_instrument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%CE%92%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_Barbiton_Barbit%C3%B3n_ancient_greek_instrument.jpg/180px-%CE%92%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_Barbiton_Barbit%C3%B3n_ancient_greek_instrument.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%CE%92%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_Barbiton_Barbit%C3%B3n_ancient_greek_instrument.jpg/270px-%CE%92%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_Barbiton_Barbit%C3%B3n_ancient_greek_instrument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%CE%92%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_Barbiton_Barbit%C3%B3n_ancient_greek_instrument.jpg/360px-%CE%92%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_Barbiton_Barbit%C3%B3n_ancient_greek_instrument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>A seated woman playing the <i>barbiton</i> (detail), Attic <a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">red-figure</a> amphora, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 460 BC</span></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><dl><dt>Barbiton</dt></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd>A larger, bass-version of the cithara, considered to be east-Ionian, an exotic and somewhat foreign instrument. The <a href="/wiki/Barbiton" title="Barbiton">barbiton</a> was the primary instrument of the highly regarded ancient lyricist <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a>, as well as often associated with satyrs.</dd></dl> <ul><li><dl><dt>Kanonaki</dt></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd>A trapezoidal <a href="/wiki/Psaltery" title="Psaltery">psaltery</a>, invented by the Pythagoreans in the 6th century BC, however, may have had Mycenaean origins. The <a href="/wiki/Qanun_(instrument)" title="Qanun (instrument)">kanonaki</a> was held on the thighs of the player, and plucked with both hands with bone pickings.</dd></dl> <ul><li><dl><dt>Harp</dt></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">Harps</a> are among the oldest known string instruments, and were in use by Sumerians and Egyptians long before they were present in Greece. The ancient version of the harp resembles a bow, with the strings connecting to the top and bottom of the arch. The strings are perpendicular to the soundbox, while the strings on a lyre are parallel.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wind">Wind</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Wind"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Not_far_from_the_painter_of_the_Kleimachos-Amphora_-_ABV_85.1_-_music_contest_-_youth_and_horseman_-_Athens_NM_559_-_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Not_far_from_the_painter_of_the_Kleimachos-Amphora_-_ABV_85.1_-_music_contest_-_youth_and_horseman_-_Athens_NM_559_-_02.jpg/200px-Not_far_from_the_painter_of_the_Kleimachos-Amphora_-_ABV_85.1_-_music_contest_-_youth_and_horseman_-_Athens_NM_559_-_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Not_far_from_the_painter_of_the_Kleimachos-Amphora_-_ABV_85.1_-_music_contest_-_youth_and_horseman_-_Athens_NM_559_-_02.jpg/300px-Not_far_from_the_painter_of_the_Kleimachos-Amphora_-_ABV_85.1_-_music_contest_-_youth_and_horseman_-_Athens_NM_559_-_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Not_far_from_the_painter_of_the_Kleimachos-Amphora_-_ABV_85.1_-_music_contest_-_youth_and_horseman_-_Athens_NM_559_-_02.jpg/400px-Not_far_from_the_painter_of_the_Kleimachos-Amphora_-_ABV_85.1_-_music_contest_-_youth_and_horseman_-_Athens_NM_559_-_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3631" data-file-height="4356" /></a><figcaption>A youth playing the <i>aulon</i> to a bearded man and his goose. Attic <a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">black-figure</a> amphora, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><dl><dt>Aulos</dt></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd>Usually double, consisting of two double-reed (like an oboe) pipes, not joined but generally played with a mouth-band to hold both pipes steadily between the player's lips. Modern reconstructions of the <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">aulos</a> indicate that they produced a low, clarinet-like sound. There is some confusion about the exact nature of the instrument; alternate descriptions indicate single-reeds instead of double reeds. It was associated with the cult of Dionysus.</dd></dl> <ul><li><dl><dt>Syrinx or Pan flute</dt></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Syrinx</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σύριγξ</span></span>), also known as <a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">Pan flute</a>, is an ancient musical instrument based on the principle of the stopped pipe, consisting of a series of such pipes of gradually increasing length, tuned (by cutting) to a desired scale. Sound is produced by blowing across the top of the open pipe (like blowing across a bottle top).</dd></dl> <ul><li><dl><dt>Hydraulis</dt></dl></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydraulis_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hydraulis_001.jpg/150px-Hydraulis_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Hydraulis_001.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption>The <i>hydraulis</i>. Note the presence of the curved trumpet, called the <i>bukanē</i> by the Greeks and, later, <i><a href="/wiki/Cornu_(horn)" title="Cornu (horn)">cornu</a></i> by the Romans.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>A keyboard instrument, the forerunner of the modern pipe organ. As the name indicates, the <a href="/wiki/Water_organ" title="Water organ">hydraulis</a> used water to supply a constant flow of pressure to the pipes. Two detailed descriptions have survived: that of Vitruvius<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Heron of Alexandria.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These descriptions deal primarily with the keyboard mechanism and with the apparatus that supplied the instrument with air.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><dl><dt>Salpinx</dt></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd>A brass trumpet used for military calls, and even <a href="/wiki/Herald_and_Trumpet_contest" title="Herald and Trumpet contest">contested in the Olympics</a>. A number of sources mention <a href="/wiki/Salpinx" title="Salpinx">this metal instrument</a> with a bone mouthpiece.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Percussion">Percussion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Percussion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><dl><dt>Tympanum</dt></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(hand_drum)" title="Tympanum (hand drum)">Tympanum</a>, also called <i>tympanon</i>, is a type of <a href="/wiki/Frame_drum" title="Frame drum">frame drum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">tambourine</a>. It was circular, shallow, and beaten with the palm of the hand or a stick.</dd></dl> <ul><li><dl><dt>Crotalum</dt></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd>The <a href="/wiki/Crotalum" title="Crotalum">crotalum</a> was a kind of <a href="/wiki/Clapper_(musical_instrument)" title="Clapper (musical instrument)">clapper</a> or <a href="/wiki/Castanet" class="mw-redirect" title="Castanet">castanet</a> used in religious dances by groups.</dd></dl> <ul><li><dl><dt>Koudounia</dt></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd>The <a href="/wiki/Koudounia" title="Koudounia">Koudounia</a> are bell-like percussion instruments made of copper.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_and_philosophy">Music and philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Music and philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pythagoras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning" title="Pythagorean tuning">Pythagorean tuning</a></div> <p>The enigmatic ancient Greek figure of <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> with mathematical devotion laid the foundations of our knowledge of the study of <a href="/wiki/Harmonics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonics">harmonics</a>—how strings and columns of air vibrate, how they produce <a href="/wiki/Overtones" class="mw-redirect" title="Overtones">overtones</a>, how the overtones are related arithmetically to one another, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was common to hear of the "<a href="/wiki/Musica_universalis" title="Musica universalis">music of the spheres</a>" from the Pythagoreans. After studying the sound hammers made in a blacksmith's forge, Pythagoras invented the <a href="/wiki/Monochord" title="Monochord">monochord</a>, which has a movable bridge along with a string stretched over a sounding board. Using the monochord, he found the association between the vibrations and the lengths of the strings.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plato">Plato</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Plato"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At a certain point, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> complained about the new music: </p> <blockquote><p>Our music was once divided into its proper forms ... It was not permitted to exchange the melodic styles of these established forms and others. Knowledge and informed judgment penalized disobedience. There were no whistles, unmusical mob-noises, or clapping for applause. The rule was to listen silently and learn; boys, teachers, and the crowd were kept in order by threat of the stick. ... But later, an unmusical anarchy was led by poets who had natural talent, but were ignorant of the laws of music ... Through foolishness they deceived themselves into thinking that there was no right or wrong way in music, that it was to be judged good or bad by the pleasure it gave. By their works and their theories they infected the masses with the presumption to think themselves adequate judges. So our theatres, once silent, grew vocal, and aristocracy of music gave way to a pernicious <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/theatrocracy" class="extiw" title="wikt:theatrocracy">theatrocracy</a> ... the criterion was not music, but a reputation for promiscuous cleverness and a spirit of law-breaking.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delphichymn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Delphichymn.jpg/220px-Delphichymn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Delphichymn.jpg/330px-Delphichymn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Delphichymn.jpg/440px-Delphichymn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of the original stone at Delphi containing the <a href="/wiki/Delphic_Hymns#Second_Delphic_Hymn" title="Delphic Hymns">second of the two hymns to Apollo</a>. The music notation is the line of occasional symbols above the main, uninterrupted line of Greek lettering.</figcaption></figure> <p>From his references to "established forms" and "laws of music" we can assume that at least some of the formality of the Pythagorean system of harmonics and consonance had taken hold of Greek music, at least as it was performed by professional musicians in public, and that Plato was complaining about the falling away from such principles into a "spirit of law-breaking". </p><p>Playing what "sounded good" violated the established <i><a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">ethos</a></i> of modes that the Greeks had developed by the time of Plato: a complex system of relating certain emotional and spiritual characteristics to certain <a href="/wiki/Mode_(music)" title="Mode (music)">modes (scales)</a>. The names for the various modes derived from the names of Greek tribes and peoples, the temperament and emotions of which were said to be characterized by the unique sound of each mode. Thus, Dorian modes were "harsh", Phrygian modes "sensual", and so forth. In his <i>Republic</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plato talks about the proper use of various modes, the <a href="/wiki/Dorian_mode" title="Dorian mode">Dorian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_mode" title="Phrygian mode">Phrygian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lydian_mode" title="Lydian mode">Lydian</a>, etc. It is difficult for the modern listener to relate to that concept of <i>ethos</i> in music except by comparing our own perceptions that a minor scale is used for melancholy and a major scale for virtually everything else, from happy to heroic music. </p><p>The sounds of scales vary depending on the placement of <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">tones</a>. Modern Western scales use the placement of whole tones, such as C to D on a modern piano keyboard, and half tones, such as C to C-sharp, but not quarter-tones ("in the cracks" on a modern keyboard) at all. This limit on tone types creates relatively few kinds of scales in modern Western music compared to that of the Greeks, who used the placement of whole-tones, half-tones, and even quarter-tones (or still smaller intervals) to develop a large repertoire of scales, each with a unique <i>ethos</i>. The Greek concepts of scales (including the names) found its way into later Roman music and then the European Middle Ages to the extent that one can find references to, for example, a "Lydian <a href="/wiki/Church_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Church mode">church mode</a>", although name is simply a historical reference with no relationship to the original Greek sound or <i>ethos</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piero_di_Cosimo_041.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Piero_di_Cosimo_041.jpg/170px-Piero_di_Cosimo_041.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Piero_di_Cosimo_041.jpg/255px-Piero_di_Cosimo_041.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Piero_di_Cosimo_041.jpg/340px-Piero_di_Cosimo_041.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2476" /></a><figcaption>Detail from <a href="/wiki/Piero_di_Cosimo" title="Piero di Cosimo">Piero di Cosimo</a>'s 16th-century version of <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a> rescuing <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_(mythology)" title="Andromeda (mythology)">Andromeda</a>. The instrument in the hands of the musician is an <a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronism</a> and appears to be an imaginary combination of a plucked <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instrument</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoon</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>From the descriptions that have come down to us through the writings of those such as <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristoxenus" title="Aristoxenus">Aristoxenus</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, later, <a href="/wiki/Anicius_Manlius_Severinus_Boethius" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius">Boethius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> we can say with some caution that the ancient Greeks, at least before Plato, heard music that was primarily monophonic; that is, music built on single melodies based on a system of modes / scales, themselves built on the concept that notes should be placed between consonant intervals. It is a commonplace of musicology to say that harmony, in the sense of a developed system of composition, in which many tones at once contribute to the listener's expectation of resolution, was invented in the European Middle Ages and that ancient cultures had no developed system of harmony—that is, for example, playing the third and seventh above the dominant, in order to create the expectation for the listener that the tritone will resolve to the third. </p><p>Plato's <i>Republic</i> notes that Greek musicians sometimes played more than one note at a time, although this was apparently considered an advanced technique. The <i><a href="/wiki/Orestes_(play)" title="Orestes (play)">Orestes</a></i> fragment of Euripides seems to clearly call for more than one note to be sounded at once.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the field of music from the ancient Mediterranean—decipherings of cuneiform music script—argue for the sounding of different pitches simultaneously and for the theoretical recognition of a "scale" many centuries before the Greeks learned to write, which they would have done before they developed their system for notating music and recorded the written evidence for simultaneous tones. All we can say from the available evidence is that, while Greek musicians clearly employed the technique of sounding more than one note at the same time, the most basic, common texture of Greek music was monophonic. </p><p>That much seems evident from another passage from Plato: </p> <blockquote><p>... The lyre should be used together with the voices ... the player and the pupil producing note for note in unison, <a href="/wiki/Heterophony" title="Heterophony">Heterophony</a> and embroidery by the lyre—the strings throwing out melodic lines different from the <i>melodia</i> which the poet composed; crowded notes where his are sparse, quick time to his slow ... and similarly all sorts of rhythmic complications against the voices—none of this should be imposed upon pupils ...<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aristotle">Aristotle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Aristotle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_Room_20a_Phiale_Painter_Girls_dancing_19022019_6748.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/British_Museum_Room_20a_Phiale_Painter_Girls_dancing_19022019_6748.jpg/175px-British_Museum_Room_20a_Phiale_Painter_Girls_dancing_19022019_6748.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/British_Museum_Room_20a_Phiale_Painter_Girls_dancing_19022019_6748.jpg/263px-British_Museum_Room_20a_Phiale_Painter_Girls_dancing_19022019_6748.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/British_Museum_Room_20a_Phiale_Painter_Girls_dancing_19022019_6748.jpg/351px-British_Museum_Room_20a_Phiale_Painter_Girls_dancing_19022019_6748.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="2664" /></a><figcaption>Girls dancing with an instructress and a youth, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 430 BC</span>, found at Capua. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> had a strong belief that music should be a part of one's education, alongside reading and writing, and gymnastics. Just as men must work hard in their duties, they must also be able to relax well. According to Aristotle, all men could agree that music was one of the most pleasurable things, so to have this as a means of leisure was only logical. Amusing oneself was not considered a viable hobby, or else we would not want to help in society. Since music combined relaxing ourselves, along with others, Aristotle claimed that learning an instrument was essential to our development.<sup id="cite_ref-Mark-2008_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark-2008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 10">: 10 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics" title="Aristotelian ethics">Virtues</a> is a topic that Aristotle is widely known for, and he also used them to justify why music should be involved in education. Since virtues consist of loving and rejoicing in something, then music could be pursued without issue. Music forms our character, so it should also be a part of our education. Aristotle also comments on how getting children involved in music would be a way to keep them occupied and quiet. It is important to note that since music helps in forming the character, it could cause either adverse or pleasant effects. The way in which music is taught can have a large impact on development.<sup id="cite_ref-Mark-2008_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark-2008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 16">: 16 </span></sup> </p><p>Learning music should not interfere with the younger years, nor should it damage the body in a way that a person is unable to fulfill duties in the military. Those that have learned music in education should not be at the same level as a professional, but they should have a greater knowledge than the slaves and other commoners.<sup id="cite_ref-Mark-2008_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark-2008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 15">: 15 </span></sup> Aristotle was specific in what instruments should be learned. The <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a> should not be taught in school, as they are too complicated. Additionally, only certain melodies have benefits in an educational setting. Ethical melodies should be taught, but melodies of passion and melodies of action should be for performances.<sup id="cite_ref-Mark-2008_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark-2008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 16">: 16 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surviving_music">Surviving music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Surviving music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_Period">Classical Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Classical Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Eleusis inv. 907 (trumpet signal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>, Comp. 63 f.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Orestes_(play)" title="Orestes (play)">Orestes</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Katolophyromai" title="Katolophyromai">Papyrus Vienna G 2315</a></li> <li>Papyrus Leiden inv. P. 510 (Euripides, <i><a href="/wiki/Iphigenia_in_Aulis" title="Iphigenia in Aulis">Iphigenia in Aulis</a></i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_Period">Hellenistic Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hellenistic Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Papyrus Ashm. inv. 89B/31, 33</li> <li>Papyrus Ashm. inv. 89B/29-32 (citharodic nomes)</li> <li>Papyrus Hibeh 231</li> <li>Papyrus Zeno 59533</li> <li>Papyrus Vienna G 29825 a/b recto</li> <li>Papyrus Vienna G 29825 a/b verso</li> <li>Papyrus Vienna G 29825 c</li> <li>Papyrus Vienna G 29825 d-f</li> <li>Papyrus Vienna G 13763/1494</li> <li>Papyrus Berlin 6870</li> <li>Epidaurus, SEG 30. 390 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn_to_Asclepius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hymn to Asclepius (page does not exist)">Hymn to Asclepius</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_imperial_period">Roman imperial period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Roman imperial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delphic_Hymns" title="Delphic Hymns">Delphic Hymns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seikilos_epitaph" title="Seikilos epitaph">Seikilos epitaph</a></li> <li>Hymns of <a href="/wiki/Mesomedes" title="Mesomedes">Mesomedes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomos_(music)" title="Nomos (music)">Nomos (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_hymn" title="Oxyrhynchus hymn">Oxyrhynchus hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman music">Ancient Roman music</a></li> <li>For a technical discussion, <a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical system of ancient greece">Musical system of ancient Greece</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_Musical_Notation" title="Ancient Greek Musical Notation">Ancient Greek Musical Notation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A well-preserved Hydraulis model made of pottery was found at <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> in 1885. Essentially, the air to the pipes that produce the sound comes from a wind-chest connected by a pipe to a dome; air is pumped in to compress water, and the water rises in the dome, compressing the air, and causing a steady supply of air to the pipes.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ulrich and Pisk, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landels-1999-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landels-1999_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLandels2001" class="citation book cs1">Landels, John G. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicinancientgr0000land"><i>Music in Ancient Greece and Rome</i></a></span> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415248433" title="Special:BookSources/9780415248433"><bdi>9780415248433</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780415248433&rft.aulast=Landels&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicinancientgr0000land&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBélis2001" class="citation book cs1">Bélis, Annie (2001). <i>Aristoxenus</i>. Oxford Music Online. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.01248">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristoxenus&rft.series=Oxford+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.01248&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9lis&rft.aufirst=Annie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmond_Pottier1908" class="citation book cs1">Edmond Pottier (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dourisandpainte00harrgoog/page/n144"><i>Douris and the Painters of Greek Vases</i></a>. J. Murray. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Douris+and+the+Painters+of+Greek+Vases&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Edmond+Pottier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdourisandpainte00harrgoog%2Fpage%2Fn144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2001" class="citation book cs1">Katz, Israel J. (2001). <i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Szendrei" title="Alfred Szendrei">Alfred Szendrei</a></i>. Oxford Music Online. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.25401">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.25401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+Szendrei&rft.series=Oxford+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.25401&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Israel+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quasten-1983-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quasten-1983_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quasten-1983_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quasten-1983_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuasten1983" class="citation book cs1">Quasten, Johannes (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicworshipinpa0000quas/page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Music and Worship in Pagan and Christian Antiquity</i></a></span>. NPM Studies in Church Music and Liturgy. Translated by Ramsay, Boniface O.P. Washington, DC: National Association of Pastoral Musicians. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780960237876" title="Special:BookSources/9780960237876"><bdi>9780960237876</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+and+Worship+in+Pagan+and+Christian+Antiquity&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=NPM+Studies+in+Church+Music+and+Liturgy&rft.pub=National+Association+of+Pastoral+Musicians&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780960237876&rft.aulast=Quasten&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicworshipinpa0000quas%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mathiesen-1999-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mathiesen-1999_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathiesen-1999_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathiesen,_Thomas1999" class="citation book cs1">Mathiesen, Thomas (1999). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apolloslyregreek00math"><i>Apollo's Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages</i></a></span>. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-3079-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-3079-6"><bdi>0-8032-3079-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollo%27s+Lyre%3A+Greek+Music+and+Music+Theory+in+Antiquity+and+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Lincoln+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8032-3079-6&rft.au=Mathiesen%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fapolloslyregreek00math&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBussanich2018" class="citation book cs1">Bussanich, John (18 January 2018). "Plato and yoga". <i>Universe and Inner Self in Early Indian and Early Greek Thought</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9781474410991.003.0007">10.3366/edinburgh/9781474410991.003.0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474410991" title="Special:BookSources/9781474410991"><bdi>9781474410991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plato+and+yoga&rft.btitle=Universe+and+Inner+Self+in+Early+Indian+and+Early+Greek+Thought&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2018-01-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9781474410991.003.0007&rft.isbn=9781474410991&rft.aulast=Bussanich&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Aristotle, Rapin, Brecht". <i>Making Sense of Aristotle: Essays in Poetics</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781472597847.0013">10.5040/9781472597847.0013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472597847" title="Special:BookSources/9781472597847"><bdi>9781472597847</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aristotle%2C+Rapin%2C+Brecht&rft.btitle=Making+Sense+of+Aristotle%3A+Essays+in+Poetics&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5040%2F9781472597847.0013&rft.isbn=9781472597847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graves-1955-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Graves-1955_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graves-1955_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graves-1955_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraves,_Robert1955" class="citation book cs1">Graves, Robert (1955). <i>The Greek Myths</i>. Mt. Kisco, NY: Moyer Bell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Myths&rft.place=Mt.+Kisco%2C+NY&rft.pub=Moyer+Bell&rft.date=1955&rft.au=Graves%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ulrich and Pisk, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson p. 395.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2010" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Nicholas (22 April 2010). <i>Three Homeric Hymns</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511840296">10.1017/cbo9780511840296</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521451581" title="Special:BookSources/9780521451581"><bdi>9780521451581</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Homeric+Hymns&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-04-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511840296&rft.isbn=9780521451581&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsonBowra1970" class="citation journal cs1">Robertson, Noel; Bowra, C. M. (1970). "The Odes of Pindar. With an Introduction". <i>The Classical World</i>. <b>63</b> (9): 303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4347215">10.2307/4347215</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8418">0009-8418</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4347215">4347215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+World&rft.atitle=The+Odes+of+Pindar.+With+an+Introduction&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=303&rft.date=1970&rft.issn=0009-8418&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4347215%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4347215&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft.au=Bowra%2C+C.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2007" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Peter (2007). "Glossary of technical literary terms". <i>Reading Ovid: Stories from the Metamorphoses</i>. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511814198.003">10.1017/cbo9780511814198.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521849012" title="Special:BookSources/9780521849012"><bdi>9780521849012</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glossary+of+technical+literary+terms&rft.btitle=Reading+Ovid%3A+Stories+from+the+Metamorphoses&rft.pages=17-18&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511814198.003&rft.isbn=9780521849012&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Pew2010" class="citation journal cs1">de Pew, Mary (20 May 2010). "Book Review: Anatole Mori, The Politics of Apollonius Rhodius' Argonautica (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 260 pp". <i>International Journal of the Classical Tradition</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 292–295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12138-010-0193-4">10.1007/s12138-010-0193-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1073-0508">1073-0508</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154779967">154779967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Classical+Tradition&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+Anatole+Mori%2C+The+Politics+of+Apollonius+Rhodius%27+Argonautica+%28Cambridge%3A+Cambridge+University+Press%2C+2008%29%2C+260+pp.&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=292-295&rft.date=2010-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154779967%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1073-0508&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12138-010-0193-4&rft.aulast=de+Pew&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterfield1996" class="citation journal cs1">Waterfield, R. (1 January 1996). "A. Nehamas, P. Woodruff (tr.): Plato: Phaedrus. Translated, with Introduction and Notes. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co., Inc., 1995". <i>The Classical Review</i> (book review). <b>46</b> (1): 10–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcr%2F46.1.10">10.1093/cr/46.1.10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-840X">0009-840X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Review&rft.atitle=A.+Nehamas%2C+P.+Woodruff+%28tr.%29%3A+Plato%3A+Phaedrus.+Translated%2C+with+Introduction+and+Notes.+Indianapolis%3A+Hackett+Publishing+Co.%2C+Inc.%2C+1995&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10-11&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcr%2F46.1.10&rft.issn=0009-840X&rft.aulast=Waterfield&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Landels, William, (Willie), (born 14 June 1928), painter, typographer". <i>Who's Who</i>. Oxford University Press. 1 December 2007. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u23721">10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u23721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Landels%2C+William%2C+%28Willie%29%2C+%28born+14+June+1928%29%2C+painter%2C+typographer&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u23721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (January 2019)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2005" class="citation book cs1">West, Martin L. (2005). <i>Ancient Greek music</i> (Repr ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814975-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814975-0"><bdi>978-0-19-814975-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+music&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=Repr&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814975-0&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Martin+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle, <i>Politics</i>, Book VIII <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0057%3Abook%3D8%3Asection%3D1341a">1341a</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1992" class="citation book cs1">West, M.L. (1992). <i>Ancient Greek Music</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=M.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vitruvius, <i>De architectura</i>, x, 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heron of Alexandria, <i>Pneumatica</i>, I, 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Reference-Weiss-2008">Weiss and Taruskin (2008)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q1eobgND8H4C&pg=PA3">p. 3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaleon,_I.Ramanathan,_S.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Caleon, I.; Ramanathan, S. (2008). "From music to physics: The undervalued legacy of Pythagoras". <i>Sci Educ</i>. <b>17</b> (4): 449–456. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sc&Ed..17..449C">2008Sc&Ed..17..449C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11191-007-9090-x">10.1007/s11191-007-9090-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123254243">123254243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sci+Educ&rft.atitle=From+music+to+physics%3A+The+undervalued+legacy+of+Pythagoras&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=449-456&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A123254243%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11191-007-9090-x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Sc%26Ed..17..449C&rft.au=Caleon%2C+I.&rft.au=Ramanathan%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, <i>Laws</i> 700-701a. cited in Wellesz, p. 395.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, <i>Republic</i>, cited in Strunk, pp. 4–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristoxenus.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boethius.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">West, pp. 206–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kilmer and Crocker.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, <i>Laws</i> 812d., cited in Henderson, p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mark-2008-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mark-2008_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mark-2008_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mark-2008_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mark-2008_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark2008" class="citation book cs1">Mark, Michael (2008). <i>Music Education: Source readings from ancient Greece to today</i>. New York, NY: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+Education%3A+Source+readings+from+ancient+Greece+to+today&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li>Aristotle, and S. H. Butcher. <i>Aristotle's poetics</i>. New York: Hill and Wang, 1961. Print.</li> <li>Aristoxenus (1902). <i>The Harmonics of Aristoxenus</i>, translated by H. S. Macran (Oxford, Calrendon; facs. Hildesheim, G. Olms, 1974).</li> <li>Boethius (1989). <i>Fundamentals of Music (De institutione musica)</i>, translated by Calvin Bower. edited by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Palisca" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Palisca">Claude Palisca</a>, New Haven and London: Yale University Press.</li> <li>Calter, Paul (1998). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/math5.geometry/unit3/unit3.html">Pythagoras & Music of the Spheres</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125013047/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/math5.geometry/unit3/unit3.html">Archived</a> 25 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Course syllabus, Math 5: Geometry in Art and Architecture, unit 3. Dartmouth .edu (accessed 1 October 2014).</li> <li>Graves, Robert (1955). <i>The Greek Myths</i>. Mt. Kisco, New York: Moyer Bell.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobel_Henderson" title="Isobel Henderson">Henderson, Isobel</a>(1957). "Ancient Greek Music". In <i>The New Oxford History of Music, vol.1: Ancient and Oriental Music</i>, edited by Egon Wellesz, pp. 336–403. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn, and Richard L. Crocker. (1976) <i>Sounds from Silence: Recent Discoveries in Ancient Near Eastern Music</i>. (CD BTNK 101 plus booklet) Berkeley: Bit Enki Records.</li> <li>Landels, John G. (1999). <i>Music in Ancient Greece and Rome</i>. London and New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-27050-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-27050-9">978-0-203-27050-9</a>.</li> <li>Olson, Harry Ferdinand. (1967). <i>Music, Physics and Engineering</i>, second edition. New York: Dover Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-21769-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-21769-8">0-486-21769-8</a>.</li> <li>Ovid (1989). <i>Ovid's Metamorphoses</i>. Dallas, Texas: Spring Publications.</li> <li>Pindar (1969). <i>The Odes of Pindar</i>, edited and translated by C. M. Bowra. Harmondsworth: Penguin.</li> <li>Plato. <i>Laws</i>, (700-701a).</li> <li>Plato. <i>Republic</i>, (398d-399a).</li> <li>Quasten, Johannes (1983). <i>Music and Worship in Pagan and Christian Antiquity</i>. Washington, D.C.: National Association of Pastoral Musicians.</li> <li>Richardson, N. J. (2010). <i>Three Homeric Hymns: To Apollo, Hermes, and Aphrodite : Hymns 3, 4, and 5</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Sendrey, Alfred (1974). <i>Music in the Social and Religious Life of Antiquity</i>. Rutherford N.J: Fairleigh Dickinson University.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Strunk" title="Oliver Strunk">Strunk, Oliver</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leo_Treitler" title="Leo Treitler">Leo Treitler</a>, and Thomas Mathiesen (eds.) (1997). <i>Source Readings in Music History: Greek Views of Music</i>, revised edition. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.</li> <li>Trehub, Sandra (2000). "Human Processing Predispositions and Musical Universals". In <i>The Origins of Music</i>, edited by Nils L. Wallin, Björn Merker, and Steven Brown. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.</li> <li>Ulrich, Homer, and Paul Pisk (1963). <i>A History of Music and Musical Style</i>. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanoich.</li> <li>Virgil (1830). <i>The Eclogues Translated by Wrangham, the Georgics by Sotheby, and the Æneid by Dryden</i>, edited by William Sotheby. 2 vols. London. Reprinted, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1834.</li> <li>Virgil (1909). <i>Virgil's Æneid</i>, translated by John Dryden. The Harvard Classics, edited by C. W. Eliot. New York: P. F. Collier & Son.</li> <li>Virgil (1938). <i>The Aeneid of Virgil</i>, translated by John Dryden, selections, edited by Bruce Pattison. The Scholar's Library. London: Macmillan Publishers.</li> <li>Virgil (1944). <i>Virgil, the Æneid</i>, translated by John Dryden with Mr. Dryden's introduction; illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Carlotta_Petrina" title="Carlotta Petrina">Carlotta Petrina</a>. New York: Heritage Press. Reissued Norwalk, Connecticut: Heritage Press, 1972.</li> <li>Virgil (1975). <i>The Aeneid of Virgil, in the Verse Translation of John Dryden</i>, illustrated with the woodcuts of John Grüninger. The Oxford Library of the World's Great Books. Franklin Center, Pa.: Franklin Library. Reissued 1982.</li> <li>Virgil (1989). <i>Vergil's Aeneid and Fourth ("Messianic") Eclogue</i>, translated by John Dryden, edited, with introduction and notes, by Howard W. Clarke. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-00651-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-00651-X">0-271-00651-X</a>.</li> <li>Virgil (1997). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v7lmGmCZJywC&q=Virgil+Dryden+Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i>, translated by John Dryden, with an introduction by James Morwood. Wordsworth Classics of World Literature. Ware: Wordsworth Editions. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85326-777-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85326-777-5">1-85326-777-5</a>.</li> <li>Wellesz, Egon (ed.) (1957). <i>Ancient and Oriental Music</i>. New Oxford History of Music 1. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Reprinted 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-316301-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-316301-2">0-19-316301-2</a>.</li> <li>West, M.L. <i>Ancient Greek Music</i> (1992). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814897-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814897-6">0-19-814897-6</a>. (Clarendon Paperback reprint 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814975-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814975-1">0-19-814975-1</a>.)</li> <li>Williams, C. F. (1903). <i>The Story of the Organ</i>. New York: Charles Scribner & Sons.</li> <li>Ruck, Carl A.P. and Danny Staples, <i>The World of Classical Myth</i> (Carolina Academic Press) 1994.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anderson, Warren D. (1966). <i>Ethos and Education in Greek Music: The Evidence of Poetry and Philosophy</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</li> <li>Anderson, Warren D. (1994). <i>Music and Musicians in Ancient Greece</i>. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3083-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-3083-6">0-8014-3083-6</a> (cloth); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3030-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-3030-5">0-8014-3030-5</a> (pbk).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Barker_(classicist)" title="Andrew Barker (classicist)">Barker, Andrew</a> (ed.) (1984–89). <i>Greek Musical Writings</i>, 2 vols. Cambridge Readings in the Literature of Music. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Limited preview of vol. 1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XX_A_hOLUI8C&q=intitle:Greek+intitle:Musical+intitle:Writings+inauthor:Barker">online.</a></li> <li>Barker, Andrew (2007). <i>The Science of Harmonics in Classical Greece</i>. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521879514" title="Special:BookSources/9780521879514">9780521879514</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBundrick2005" class="citation book cs1">Bundrick, Sheramy (2005). <i>Music and Image in Classical Athens</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+and+Image+in+Classical+Athens&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bundrick&rft.aufirst=Sheramy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Comotti, Giovanni (1989). <i>Music in Greek and Roman Culture</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-3364-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-3364-7">0-8018-3364-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagel2010" class="citation book cs1">Hagel, Stefan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WxHhdrPkPrUC"><i>Ancient Greek Music: A New Technical History</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51764-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51764-5"><bdi>978-0-521-51764-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Music%3A+A+New+Technical+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51764-5&rft.aulast=Hagel&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWxHhdrPkPrUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kramarz, Andreas (2016). <i>The Power and Value of Music. Its Effect and Ethos in Classical Authors and Contemporary Music Theory.</i> New York/Bern: Peter Lang Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781433133787" title="Special:BookSources/9781433133787">9781433133787</a>.</li> <li>Landels, John G. (1999). <i>Music in Ancient Greece and Rome.</i> London and New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16776-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16776-0">0-415-16776-0</a> (cloth); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-24843-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-24843-4">0-415-24843-4</a> (pbk reprint, 2001). Limited preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H-iGSC70j8wC&q=intitle:Music+intitle:in+intitle:Ancient+intitle:Greece+intitle:and+intitle:Rome+inauthor:Landels">online.</a></li> <li>Le Ven, Pauline A. (2014). <i>The Many-Headed Muse. Tradition and Innovation in Late Classical Greek Lyric Poetry.</i> Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107018532" title="Special:BookSources/9781107018532">9781107018532</a>.</li> <li>Lord, Albert B. (1960). <i>The Singer of Tales.</i> Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</li> <li>Maas, Martha, and Jane McIntosh Snyder (1989) <i>Stringed Instruments of Ancient Greece.</i> New Haven: Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-03686-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-03686-8">0-300-03686-8</a>. Limited preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aVry7fdxUskC&dq=intitle:Stringed+intitle:Instruments+intitle:of+intitle:Ancient+intitle:Greece&pg=PP1">online.</a></li> <li>Mathiesen, Thomas J. (1999). <i>Apollo's Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages.</i> Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Limited preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apolloslyregreek0000math">online.</a></li> <li>Mathiesen, Thomas J. (1974). <i>Bibliography of Sources for the Study of Ancient Greek Music</i>. New Jersey: Joseph Boonin, Inc.</li> <li>Michaelides, S. (1978) <i>The Music of Ancient Greece: An Encyclopaedia</i>. London: Faber & Faber.</li> <li>Monro, David Binning (1894). <i>The Modes of Ancient Greek Music.</i> Oxford: Clarendon Press. Republished as an unabridged facsimile by Elibron, limited preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X2SfaS3cLXoC&q=intitle:Ancient+intitle:Greek+intitle:music">online.</a></li> <li>Murray, Penelope, and Peter Wilson (eds.) (2004). <i>Music and the Muses: The Culture of 'Mousike' in the Classical Athenian City</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-924239-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-924239-9">0-19-924239-9</a>. Limited preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tC79KhiftxMC&q=intitle:Music+intitle:and+intitle:the+intitle:Muses">online.</a></li> <li>Pöhlmann, Egert, and Martin L. West (2001). <i>Documents of Ancient Greek Music: The Extant Melodies and Fragments Edited and Transcribed with Commentary</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815223-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-815223-X">0-19-815223-X</a>.</li> <li>Power, Timothy (2010). <i>The Culture of </i>Kitharôidia (Hellenic Studies: 15). Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England: Center for Hellenic Studies, Trustees for Harvard University. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674021389" title="Special:BookSources/9780674021389">9780674021389</a>.</li> <li>Sachs, Curt (1943). <i>The Rise of Music in the Ancient World.</i> NY: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.</li> <li>Webster, T. B. L. (1970). <i>The Greek Chorus.</i> London: Methuen anc Co. Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-416-16350-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-416-16350-5">0-416-16350-5</a>.</li> <li>Winnington-Ingram, R. P. (1968). <i>Mode in Ancient Greek Music.</i> Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert.</li> <li>Plato. <i>The Symposium</i>. Trans. Alexander Nehamas and Pay Woodruff. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1989. Print.</li> <li>Apollonius, Rhodius. <i>The Argonautica.</i>Cambridge, Mass. : London :Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann, 1961. Print.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kerylos.fr/index_en.php">Ensemble Kérylos</a>, a music group led by scholar <a href="/wiki/Annie_B%C3%A9lis" title="Annie Bélis">Annie Bélis</a> and dedicated to the recreation of ancient Greek and Roman music.</li> <li>Ensemble <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northpacificmusic.com/Greeks.html">De Organographia</a>, Music from the Ancient Greeks, 24 recordings on historical instruments from the documents published by Pöhlmann and West.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oeaw.ac.at/kal/agm/">Ancient Greek music</a> at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Audio-edition of the published fragments; reconstructed instruments played.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061005205839/http://www.culture.gr/2/23/232/epked/en/00_standard_menu/00a_ydraulis/00a.htm">A modern reconstruction of an ancient <i>hydraulis</i>.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_composers">Ancient Greek scores from IMSLP</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melpomen.ch/home_english.html">Ancient Greek poetry performed with Ancient Greek instruments</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UAmuQBnNty8">Rediscovering Ancient Greek Music: A performance reconstructs the past</a> by Aeon</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_music" title="Template:Ancient music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_music" title="Template talk:Ancient music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">Ancient music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mesopotamia" title="Music of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_music" title="Hittite music">Hittites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_ancient_India" title="Music in ancient India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_music" title="Ancient Tamil music">Ancient Tamil music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese music">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran#The_history_of_music_construction_in_Iranian_culture" title="Music of Iran">Persia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_music" title="Achaemenid music">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_music" title="Parthian music">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_music" title="Sasanian music">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_music" title="Maya music">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Celtic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extant music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delphic_Hymns" title="Delphic Hymns">Delphic Hymns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_songs" title="Hurrian songs">Hurrian songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katolophyromai" title="Katolophyromai">Katolophyromai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_hymn" title="Oxyrhynchus hymn">Oxyrhynchus hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seikilos_epitaph" title="Seikilos epitaph">Seikilos epitaph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By millennium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC_in_music" title="2nd millennium BC in music">2nd millennium BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_millennium_BC_in_music" title="1st millennium BC in music">1st millennium BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_millennium_in_music" title="1st millennium in music">1st millennium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greece" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" 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