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id="toc-Controversy_with_Eutychius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Papacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Papacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Papacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Papacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Alms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liturgical_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liturgical_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Liturgical reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liturgical_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Divine_Liturgy_of_the_Presanctified_Gifts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divine_Liturgy_of_the_Presanctified_Gifts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divine_Liturgy_of_the_Presanctified_Gifts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gregorian_chant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gregorian_chant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Gregorian chant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gregorian_chant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification_of_three_figures_in_the_Gospels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification_of_three_figures_in_the_Gospels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Identification of three figures in the Gospels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification_of_three_figures_in_the_Gospels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Iconography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_quotes_and_anecdotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_quotes_and_anecdotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Famous quotes and anecdotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_quotes_and_anecdotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Memorials subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Relics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Lives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Throne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Throne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Throne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Throne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feast_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feast_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Feast day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feast_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Written_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Written_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Written works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Written_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Written works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Written_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Modern editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pope Gregory I</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pous_Gregorius_I" title="Pous Gregorius I – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pous Gregorius I" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_der_Gro%C3%9Fe" title="Gregor der Große – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gregor der Große" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorius_P%C4%81pa_I" title="Gregorius Pāpa I – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gregorius Pāpa I" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84" title="غريغوري الأول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غريغوري الأول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_Magno" title="Gregorio Magno – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gregorio Magno" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Qriqori" title="I Qriqori – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="I Qriqori" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0u-h%C3%B4ng_Gregorius_1-s%C3%A8" title="Kàu-hông Gregorius 1-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kàu-hông Gregorius 1-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9_I_(%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96)" title="Грыгорый I (Папа Рымскі) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грыгорый I (Папа Рымскі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8E%D1%81_I_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96)" title="Грыгорыюс I (папа рымскі) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грыгорыюс I (папа рымскі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Gregorio_I" title="Papa Gregorio I – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Papa Gregorio I" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_I" title="Григорий I – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Григорий I" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_I." title="Gregor I. – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Gregor I." data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Ia%C3%B1" title="Gregor Iañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gregor Iañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregori_el_Gran" title="Gregori el Gran – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gregori el Gran" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_I" title="Gregorio I – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Gregorio I" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98eho%C5%99_I._Velik%C3%BD" title="Řehoř I. Veliký – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Řehoř I. Veliký" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregoriu_Magnu" title="Gregoriu Magnu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Gregoriu Magnu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pab_Grigor_I" title="Pab Grigor I – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pab Grigor I" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave_Gregor_1." title="Pave Gregor 1. – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pave Gregor 1." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_der_Gro%C3%9Fe" title="Gregor der Große – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gregor der Große" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorius_I" title="Gregorius I – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gregorius I" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%B3%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%84" title="Πάπας Γρηγόριος Α΄ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάπας Γρηγόριος Α΄" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_Magno" title="Gregorio Magno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gregorio Magno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_la_1-a" title="Gregorio la 1-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gregorio la 1-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_I.a" title="Gregorio I.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gregorio I.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85" title="پاپ گریگوری یکم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاپ گریگوری یکم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorius_I_p%C3%A1vi" title="Gregorius I pávi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Gregorius I pávi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9goire_Ier" title="Grégoire Ier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grégoire Ier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_Gr%C3%A9ag%C3%B3ir_I" title="Pápa Gréagóir I – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pápa Gréagóir I" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_I,_papa" title="Gregorio I, papa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gregorio I, papa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kau-f%C3%B2ng_Gregorius_1-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Kau-fòng Gregorius 1-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kau-fòng Gregorius 1-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%99%A9_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EA%B3%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4_1%EC%84%B8" title="교황 그레고리오 1세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교황 그레고리오 1세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80_I_(%D5%80%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BA)" title="Գրիգոր I (Հռոմի պապ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրիգոր I (Հռոմի պապ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE" title="पोप ग्रीगरी प्रथम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पोप ग्रीगरी प्रथम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grgur_I." title="Grgur I. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grgur I." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papo_Gregorius_la_1ma" title="Papo Gregorius la 1ma – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Papo Gregorius la 1ma" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Gregorio_I" title="Papa Gregorio I – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Papa Gregorio I" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Gregorius_I" title="Paus Gregorius I – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paus Gregorius I" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Gregorio_I" title="Papa Gregorio I – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Papa Gregorio I" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F" title="גרגוריוס הראשון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרגוריוס הראשון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Gregorius_I" title="Paus Gregorius I – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paus Gregorius I" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A_I_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98)" title="გრიგოლ I (პაპი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრიგოლ I (პაპი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Gregori_I" title="Papa Gregori I – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Papa Gregori I" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorius_Magnus" title="Gregorius Magnus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gregorius Magnus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregors_I" title="Gregors I – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gregors I" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigalius_I" title="Grigalius I – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Grigalius I" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Grig%C5%93u" title="San Grigœu – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="San Grigœu" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Grigoeu_I" title="Papa Grigoeu I – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Papa Grigoeu I" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Gergely_p%C3%A1pa" title="I. Gergely pápa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Gergely pápa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98_I" title="Папа Григориј I – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Папа Григориј I" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%C3%B4rio_Lehibe" title="Gregôrio Lehibe – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gregôrio Lehibe" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA" title="ഗ്രിഗോറിയസ് ഒന്നാമൻ മാർപ്പാപ്പ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്രിഗോറിയസ് ഒന്നാമൻ മാർപ്പാപ്പ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="पोप ग्रेगोरी पहिला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोप ग्रेगोरी पहिला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="القديس جريجورى الاول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القديس جريجورى الاول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="گرگوری اول – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گرگوری اول" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Gregorius_I" title="Paus Gregorius I – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paus Gregorius I" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1u-hu%C3%B2ng_Gregorius_1-si%C3%A9" title="Gáu-huòng Gregorius 1-sié – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gáu-huòng Gregorius 1-sié" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Gregorius_I" title="Paus Gregorius I – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paus Gregorius I" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B91%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E6%95%99%E7%9A%87)" title="グレゴリウス1世 (ローマ教皇) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グレゴリウス1世 (ローマ教皇)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_I_den_store" title="Gregor I den store – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gregor I den store" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave_Gregor_den_store" title="Pave Gregor den store – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pave Gregor den store" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%C3%B2ri_Ier" title="Gregòri Ier – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gregòri Ier" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_I." title="Gregor I. – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gregor I." data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzegorz_I" title="Grzegorz I – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grzegorz I" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Greg%C3%B3rio_I" title="Papa Gregório I – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papa Gregório I" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Grigore_I_cel_Mare" title="Papa Grigore I cel Mare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Papa Grigore I cel Mare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griguryu_I" title="Griguryu I – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Griguryu I" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9_I_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9)" title="Григорій I (папа римськый) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Григорій I (папа римськый)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_I_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9)" title="Григорий I (папа римский) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Григорий I (папа римский)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregoriu_su_Mannu" title="Gregoriu su Mannu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gregoriu su Mannu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregori_I" title="Gregori I – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gregori I" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigoriu_Magnu" title="Grigoriu Magnu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Grigoriu Magnu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pope Gregory I" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_I._(p%C3%A1pe%C5%BE)" title="Gregor I. (pápež) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gregor I. (pápež)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape%C5%BE_Gregor_I." title="Papež Gregor I. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Papež Gregor I." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80_I" title="Папа Гргур I – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Папа Гргур I" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grgur_Veliki" title="Grgur Veliki – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grgur Veliki" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorius_I" title="Gregorius I – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gregorius I" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorius_I" title="Gregorius I – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gregorius I" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Gregorio_I" title="Papa Gregorio I – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Papa Gregorio I" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88)" title="முதலாம் கிரகோரி (திருத்தந்தை) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதலாம் கிரகோரி (திருத்தந்தை)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1" title="สมเด็จพระสันตะปาปาเกรกอรีที่ 1 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมเด็จพระสันตะปาปาเกรกอรีที่ 1" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Gregorius" title="I. Gregorius – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Gregorius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9_I" title="Григорій I – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Григорій I" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="گریگوری اول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گریگوری اول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Gregorio_I" title="Papa Gregorio I – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Papa Gregorio I" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_ho%C3%A0ng_Gr%C3%AAg%C3%B4ri%C3%B4_I" title="Giáo hoàng Grêgôriô I – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo hoàng Grêgôriô I" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Gregorio_I" title="Papa Gregorio I – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Papa Gregorio I" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E9%A2%9D%E6%88%91%E7%95%A5%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="教宗额我略一世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="教宗额我略一世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3p%C3%B9_Gregory_1k" title="Pópù Gregory 1k – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pópù Gregory 1k" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%9C%8B%E7%91%9E%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="聖國瑞一世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖國瑞一世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorius_I" title="Gregorius I – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Gregorius I" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%8D%E6%88%91%E7%95%A5%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="額我略一世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="額我略一世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42827#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">64th Bishop of Rome, Head of the Roman Catholic Church from 590 to 604</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Saint Gregory" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Saint_Gregory_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Saint Gregory (disambiguation)">Saint Gregory (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #F7D79C;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Saint" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Saint">Pope Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline" class="fn">Gregory I</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregory_the_Great_with_the_Holy_Spirit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gregory_the_Great_with_the_Holy_Spirit.jpg/220px-Gregory_the_Great_with_the_Holy_Spirit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gregory_the_Great_with_the_Holy_Spirit.jpg/330px-Gregory_the_Great_with_the_Holy_Spirit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gregory_the_Great_with_the_Holy_Spirit.jpg/440px-Gregory_the_Great_with_the_Holy_Spirit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1375" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Miniature of Gregory the Great writing, in a 12th-century copy of his Dialogues, <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian Christianity</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Papacy began</th><td class="infobox-data">3 September 590</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Papacy ended</th><td class="infobox-data">12 March 604</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pelagius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagius II">Pelagius II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sabinian" title="Pope Sabinian">Sabinian</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">3 September 590</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Gregorius Anicius</div><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 540</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Rome, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 March 604<span style="display:none">(604-03-12)</span> (aged 63–64)<br />Rome, Eastern Roman Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">Buried</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> (1606)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence</th><td class="infobox-data label">Rome</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data">Gordianus and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Silvia" title="Saint Silvia">Silvia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Sainthood</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Feast day</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>3 September (<a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>)</li><li>12 March (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> pre-1969, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Churches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Attributes</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara">Papal tiara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_vestments" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal vestments">Papal vestments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_cross" title="Papal cross">Papal cross</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">book</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Quill" title="Quill">quill</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Patronage</th><td class="infobox-data">Musicians, singers, students, and teachers</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pope Gregory (disambiguation)">Other popes named Gregory</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pope Gregory I</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Gregorius I</i>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 540</span> – 12 March 604), commonly known as <b>Saint Gregory the Great</b>, was the 64th <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a> from 3 September 590 to his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddleston1909_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddleston1909-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TheGreat_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheGreat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is known for instituting the first recorded large-scale mission from Rome, the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_mission" title="Gregorian mission">Gregorian mission</a>, to convert the then largely <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> Anglo-Saxons to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlechner201547_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlechner201547-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory is also well known for his writings, which were more prolific than those of any of his predecessors as pope.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The epithet <b>Saint Gregory the Dialogist</b> has been attached to him in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a> because of his <i><a href="/wiki/Dialogues_(Pope_Gregory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialogues (Pope Gregory)">Dialogues</a></i>. English translations of Eastern texts sometimes list him as Gregory "Dialogos" from the Greek <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">διάλογος</span></span> (<i>dialogos</i>, conversation), or the Anglo-Latinate equivalent "Dialogus".<sup id="cite_ref-OCA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the second of the three <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a> listed in the <a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a> with the title "the Great",<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alongside Popes <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Roman_senator" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman senator">Roman senator</a>'s son and himself the <a href="/wiki/Prefect_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefect of Rome">prefect of Rome</a> at 30, Gregory lived in a <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> that he established on his family estate before becoming a papal ambassador and then pope. Before becoming Pope, he challenged the theological views of <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Eutychius_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople">Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople</a> before the emperor <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius II">Tiberius II</a>. Although he was the first pope from a <a href="/wiki/Monastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic">monastic</a> background, his prior political experiences may have helped him to be a talented administrator. During his papacy, his administration greatly surpassed that of the emperors in improving the welfare of the people of Rome. Gregory regained papal authority in <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Spain" title="Catholic Church in Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">France</a> and sent missionaries to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in England">England</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paulinus_of_York" title="Paulinus of York">Paulinus of York</a>. The realignment of barbarian allegiance to Rome from their <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> Christian alliances shaped medieval Europe. Gregory saw <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> align with Rome in religion. He also combated the <a href="/wiki/Donatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Donatist">Donatist</a> heresy, popular particularly in North Africa at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-OCA_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the Middle Ages, he was known as "the Father of Christian Worship" because of his exceptional efforts in revising the Roman worship of his day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllard1948125_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllard1948125-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His contributions to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy_of_the_Presanctified_Gifts" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts">Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts</a>, still in use in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a>, were so significant that he is generally recognized as its <i>de facto</i> author. </p><p>Gregory is one of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Fathers">Latin Fathers</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingstone1997415_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstone1997415-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is considered a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> denominations, and other <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> denominations. Immediately after his death, Gregory was canonized by popular acclaim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005710_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005710-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Protestant reformer <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> admired Gregory greatly and declared in his <a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_the_Christian_Religion" title="Institutes of the Christian Religion"><i>Institutes</i></a> that Gregory was the last good pope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvin1845125Bk_IV,_Ch._7_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvin1845125Bk_IV,_Ch._7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittle1963145–157_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittle1963145–157-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of musicians and teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-scborromeo.org_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scborromeo.org-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gregory was born around 540<sup id="cite_ref-Totila_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Totila-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, then recently <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535-554)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic War (535-554)">reconquered</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a>. His parents named him <i>Gregorius</i>, which according to <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_of_Eynsham" title="Ælfric of Eynsham">Ælfric of Eynsham</a> in <i>An Homily on the Birth-Day of S. Gregory,</i> "is a Greek Name, which signifies in the Latin Tongue, <i>Vigilantius</i>, that is in English, Watchful".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÆlfric17094_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÆlfric17094-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The medieval writer who provided this etymology<sup id="cite_ref-translator_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-translator-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> did not hesitate to apply it to the life of Gregory. Ælfric states, "He was very diligent in God's Commandments."<sup id="cite_ref-grēgorein_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grēgorein-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gregory was born into a wealthy noble Roman family with close connections to the church. His father, Gordianus, a patrician<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddleston1909_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddleston1909-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who served as a senator and for a time was the Prefect of the City of Rome,<sup id="cite_ref-Thornton_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornton-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also held the position of <a href="/wiki/Regionarius" title="Regionarius">Regionarius</a> in the church, though nothing further is known about that position. Gregory's mother, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Silvia" title="Saint Silvia">Silvia</a>, was well-born, and had a married sister, Pateria, in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. His mother and two paternal aunts, <a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a>, are honored by Catholic and Orthodox churches as saints.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornton_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornton-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OCA_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory's great-grandfather had been <a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Pope Felix III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IIIorIV_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIIorIV-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dud4_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dud4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory's election to the throne of St. Peter made his family the most distinguished clerical dynasty of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1980_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1980-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The family owned and resided in a <i><a href="/wiki/Villa_suburbana" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa suburbana">villa suburbana</a></i> on the <a href="/wiki/Clivus_Scauri" title="Clivus Scauri">Clivus Scauri</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Caelian_Hill" title="Caelian Hill">Caelian Hill</a>, (now the Via di San Gregorio). It branched from the road having the former palaces of the Roman emperors on the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a> opposite. The north of the street runs into the <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a>; the south, the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a>. In Gregory's day the ancient buildings were in ruins and were privately owned.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Villas covered the area. Gregory's family also owned working estates in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and around Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards198025_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards198025-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory later had portraits of his parents frescoed in their former home on the Caelian and these were described 300 years later by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hymonides" title="Johannes Hymonides">John the Deacon</a>. Gordianus was tall with a long face and light eyes. He wore a beard. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Silvia" title="Saint Silvia">Silvia</a> was tall, had a round face, blue eyes and a cheerful look. They had another son whose name and fate are unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gregory was born into a period of upheaval in Italy. From 542 the so-called <a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian" title="Plague of Justinian">Plague of Justinian</a> swept through the provinces of the empire, including Italy. The plague caused famine, panic, and sometimes rioting. In some parts of the country, over a third of the population was wiped out or destroyed, with heavy spiritual and emotional effects on the people of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkus19974–5_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkus19974–5-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politically, although the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> had long since vanished in favor of the Gothic kings of Italy, during the 540s <a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Italy</a> was gradually retaken from the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> by <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>, emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> ruling from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. As the fighting was mainly in the north, the young Gregory probably saw little of it. <a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila</a> <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(546)" title="Sack of Rome (546)">sacked and vacated Rome</a> in 546, destroying most of its population, but in 549 he invited those who were still alive to return to the empty and ruined streets. It has been hypothesized that young Gregory and his parents retired during that intermission to their Sicilian estates, to return in 549.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">war</a> was over in Rome by 552, and a subsequent invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> was defeated in 554. </p><p>Like most young men of his position in Roman society, Gregory was well educated, learning grammar, rhetoric, the sciences, literature, and law; he excelled in all these fields.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornton_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornton-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a> reported that "in grammar, dialectic and rhetoric ... he was second to none".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards198026_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards198026-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote correct Latin but did not read or write Greek. He knew Latin authors, natural science, history, mathematics and music and had such a "fluency with imperial law" that he may have trained in it "as a preparation for a career in public life".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards198026_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards198026-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, he became a government official, advancing quickly in rank to become, like his father, Prefect of Rome, the highest civil office in the city, when only thirty-three years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornton_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornton-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The monks of the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Andrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of Saint Andrew">Monastery of St. Andrew</a>, established by Gregory at the ancestral home on the Caelian, had a portrait of him made after his death, which John the Deacon also saw in the 9th century. He reports the picture of a man who was "rather bald" and had a "tawny" beard like his father's and a face that was intermediate in shape between his mother's and father's. The hair that he had on the sides was long and carefully curled. His nose was "thin and straight" and "slightly aquiline". "His forehead was high." He had thick, "subdivided" lips and a chin "of a comely prominence" and "beautiful hands".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards198044_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards198044-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the modern era, Gregory is often depicted as a man at the border, poised between the Roman and Germanic worlds, between East and West, and above all, perhaps, between the ancient and medieval epochs.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monastic_years">Monastic years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Monastic years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On his father's death, Gregory converted his family <i>villa</i> into a <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew the Apostle</a> (after his death it was rededicated as <a href="/wiki/San_Gregorio_Magno_al_Celio" title="San Gregorio Magno al Celio">San Gregorio Magno al Celio</a>). In his life of contemplation, Gregory concluded that "in that silence of the heart, while we keep watch within through contemplation, we are as if asleep to all things that are without."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gregory had a deep respect for the monastic life and particularly the vow of poverty. Thus, when it came to light that a monk lying on his death bed had stolen three gold pieces, Gregory, as a remedial punishment, forced the monk to die alone, then threw his body and coins on a manure heap to rot with a condemnation, "Take your money with you to perdition." Gregory believed that punishment of sins can begin, even in this life before death.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in time, after the monk's death, Gregory had 30 Masses offered for the man to <a href="/wiki/Prayer_for_the_dead" title="Prayer for the dead">assist his soul</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Final_judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Final judgment">final judgment</a>. He viewed being a monk as the "ardent quest for the vision of our Creator."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkus199769_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkus199769-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His three paternal aunts were nuns renowned for their sanctity. However, after the eldest two, <a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a>, died after seeing a vision of their ancestor <a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Pope Felix III</a>, the youngest soon abandoned the religious life and married the steward of her estate. Gregory's response to this family scandal was that "many are called but few are chosen."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards198026_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards198026-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory's mother, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Silvia" title="Saint Silvia">Silvia</a>, is herself a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a>. </p><p>Eventually, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_II" title="Pope Pelagius II">Pope Pelagius II</a> ordained Gregory a <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> and solicited his help in trying to heal the <a href="/wiki/Schism_of_the_Three_Chapters" title="Schism of the Three Chapters">schism of the Three Chapters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a>. However, this schism was not healed until well after Gregory was gone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkus19973_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkus19973-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apocrisiariate_(579–585)"><span id="Apocrisiariate_.28579.E2.80.93585.29"></span>Apocrisiariate (579–585)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Apocrisiariate (579–585)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moralia_in_Job_MS_dragonslayer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Moralia_in_Job_MS_dragonslayer.jpg/170px-Moralia_in_Job_MS_dragonslayer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Moralia_in_Job_MS_dragonslayer.jpg/255px-Moralia_in_Job_MS_dragonslayer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Moralia_in_Job_MS_dragonslayer.jpg/340px-Moralia_in_Job_MS_dragonslayer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption>Illumination in a 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> of a letter of Gregory's to <a href="/wiki/Leander_of_Seville" title="Leander of Seville">Leander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Seville" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Seville">bishop of Seville</a> (Bibl. Municipale, MS 2, <a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 579, Pelagius II chose Gregory as his <i><a href="/wiki/Apocrisiarius" title="Apocrisiarius">apocrisiarius</a></i> (ambassador to the imperial court in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>), a post Gregory would hold until 586.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory was part of the Roman delegation (both lay and clerical) that arrived in Constantinople in 578 to ask the emperor for military aid against the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-e9_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e9-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the Byzantine military <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sassanid_War_of_572%E2%80%93591" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Sassanid War of 572–591">focused on the East</a>, these entreaties proved unsuccessful; in 584, Pelagius II wrote to Gregory as <i>apocrisiarius</i>, detailing the hardships that Rome was experiencing under the Lombards and asking him to ask <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Maurice" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Maurice">Emperor Maurice</a> to send a relief force.<sup id="cite_ref-e9_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e9-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maurice, however, had long ago determined to limit his efforts against the Lombards to intrigue and diplomacy, pitting the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> against them.<sup id="cite_ref-e9_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e9-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It soon became obvious to Gregory that the Byzantine emperors were unlikely to send such a force, given their more immediate difficulties with the Persians in the East and the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> to the North.<sup id="cite_ref-e10_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e10-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Ekonomou, "if Gregory's principal task was to plead Rome's cause before the emperor, there seems to have been little left for him to do once imperial policy toward Italy became evident. Papal representatives who pressed their claims with excessive vigor could quickly become a nuisance and find themselves excluded from the imperial presence altogether".<sup id="cite_ref-e10_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e10-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory had already drawn an imperial rebuke for his lengthy canonical writings on the subject of the legitimacy of <a href="/wiki/John_III_Scholasticus" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Scholasticus">John III Scholasticus</a>, who had occupied the Patriarchate of Constantinople for twelve years prior to the return of <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Eutychius_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople">Eutychius</a> (who had been driven out by Justinian).<sup id="cite_ref-e10_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e10-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory turned to cultivating connections with the Byzantine elite of the city, where he became extremely popular with the city's upper class, "especially aristocratic women".<sup id="cite_ref-e10_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e10-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ekonomou surmises that "while Gregory may have become spiritual father to a large and important segment of Constantinople's aristocracy, this relationship did not significantly advance the interests of Rome before the emperor".<sup id="cite_ref-e10_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e10-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the writings of John the Deacon claim that Gregory "labored diligently for the relief of Italy", there is no evidence that his tenure accomplished much towards any of the objectives of Pelagius II.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gregory's theological disputes with Patriarch Eutychius would leave a "bitter taste for the theological speculation of the East" with Gregory that continued to influence him well into his own papacy.<sup id="cite_ref-e11_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e11-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Western sources, Gregory's very public debate with Eutychius culminated in an exchange before <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius II">Tiberius II</a> where Gregory cited a biblical passage<sup id="cite_ref-Palpate_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palpate-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in support of the view that Christ was corporeal and palpable after his Resurrection; allegedly as a result of this exchange, Tiberius II ordered Eutychius's writings burned.<sup id="cite_ref-e11_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e11-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ekonomou views this argument, though exaggerated in Western sources, as Gregory's "one achievement of an otherwise fruitless <i>apokrisiariat</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-e12_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e12-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reality, Gregory was forced to rely on Scripture because he could not read the untranslated Greek authoritative works.<sup id="cite_ref-e12_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e12-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gregory left Constantinople for Rome in 585, returning to his monastery on the <a href="/wiki/Caelian_Hill" title="Caelian Hill">Caelian Hill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-e13_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e13-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory was elected by <a href="/wiki/Acclamation" title="Acclamation">acclamation</a> to succeed Pelagius II in 590, when the latter died of the <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> spreading through the city.<sup id="cite_ref-e13_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e13-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory was approved by an Imperial <i><a href="/wiki/Iussio" class="mw-redirect" title="Iussio">iussio</a></i> from Constantinople the following September (as was the norm during the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Papacy" title="Byzantine Papacy">Byzantine Papacy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-e13_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e13-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy_with_Eutychius">Controversy with Eutychius</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Controversy with Eutychius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Constantinople, Gregory took issue with the aged <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Eutychius_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople">Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople</a>, who had recently published a treatise, now lost, on the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">General Resurrection</a>. Eutychius maintained that the resurrected body "will be more subtle than air, and no longer palpable".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithWace1880415_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithWace1880415-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory opposed and used the palpability of the risen Christ in Luke 24:39 as evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the dispute could not be settled, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a>, undertook to arbitrate. He decided in favor of palpability and ordered Eutychius' book to be <a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">burned</a>. Shortly after both Gregory and Eutychius became ill; Gregory recovered, but Eutychius died on 5 April 582, at age 70. On his deathbed Eutychius recanted impalpability and Gregory dropped the matter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Papacy">Papacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Papacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pictures_of_English_History_Plate_V_-_Saint_Augustine_and_the_Saxons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pictures_of_English_History_Plate_V_-_Saint_Augustine_and_the_Saxons.jpg/220px-Pictures_of_English_History_Plate_V_-_Saint_Augustine_and_the_Saxons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pictures_of_English_History_Plate_V_-_Saint_Augustine_and_the_Saxons.jpg/330px-Pictures_of_English_History_Plate_V_-_Saint_Augustine_and_the_Saxons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pictures_of_English_History_Plate_V_-_Saint_Augustine_and_the_Saxons.jpg/440px-Pictures_of_English_History_Plate_V_-_Saint_Augustine_and_the_Saxons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="1336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a> on <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_mission" title="Gregorian mission">his mission</a> to <a href="/wiki/Anglo_Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Gregory was more inclined to remain retired into the monastic lifestyle of contemplation.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In texts of all genres, especially those produced in his first year as pope, Gregory bemoaned the burden of office and mourned the loss of the undisturbed life of prayer he had once enjoyed as a monk.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he became pope in 590, among his first acts was writing a series of letters disavowing any ambition to the throne of Peter and praising the contemplative life of the monks. At that time, for various reasons, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> had not exerted effective leadership in the West since the pontificate of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a>. The episcopacy in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> was drawn from the great territorial families, and identified with them: the parochial horizon of Gregory's contemporary, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a>, may be considered typical; in <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigothic</a> Spain the bishops had little contact with Rome; in Italy the territories which had <i>de facto</i> fallen under the administration of the papacy were beset by the violent <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> dukes and the rivalry of the Byzantines in the <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a> and in the south. </p><p>Pope Gregory had strong convictions on missions: "Almighty God places good men in authority that He may impart through them the gifts of His mercy to their subjects. And this we find to be the case with the British over whom you have been appointed to rule, that through the blessings bestowed on you the blessings of heaven might be bestowed on your people also."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is credited with re-energizing the Church's missionary work among the non-Christian peoples of northern Europe. He is most famous for sending a mission, often called the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_mission" title="Gregorian mission">Gregorian mission</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a>, prior of Saint Andrew's, where he had perhaps succeeded Gregory, to evangelize the pagan <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> of Britain. It seems that the pope had never forgotten the Anglo-Saxon slaves whom he had once seen in the Roman Forum.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission was successful, and it was from England that missionaries later set out for the Netherlands and Germany. The preaching of non-heretical Christian faith and the elimination of all deviations from it was a key element in Gregory's worldview, and it constituted one of the major continuing policies of his pontificate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1980228_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1980228-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope Gregory the Great urged his followers on the <a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">value of bathing</a> as a bodily need.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESquatriti200254_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESquatriti200254-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is said he was <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">declared a saint</a> immediately after his death by "popular acclamation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddleston1909_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddleston1909-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his official documents, Gregory was the first to make extensive use of the term "<a href="/wiki/Servant_of_the_Servants_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Servant of the Servants of God">Servant of the Servants of God</a>" (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">servus servorum Dei</i></span>) as a papal title, thus initiating a practice that was to be followed by most subsequent popes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeehan1912_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeehan1912-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alms">Alms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Alms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Church had a practice from early times of passing on a large portion of the donations it received from its members as <a href="/wiki/Alms" title="Alms">alms</a>. Gregory is known for his extensive administrative system of charitable relief of the poor at Rome. The poor were predominantly refugees from the incursions of the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>. The philosophy under which he devised this system is that the wealth belonged to the poor and the church was only its steward. He received lavish donations from the wealthy families of Rome, who, following his own example, were eager, by doing so, to expiate their sins. He gave alms equally as lavishly both individually and en masse. He wrote in letters:<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "I have frequently charged you ... to act as my representative ... to relieve the poor in their distress" and "I hold the office of steward to the property of the poor". </p><p>In Gregory's time, the Church in Rome received donations of many different kinds: <a href="/wiki/Consumables" title="Consumables">consumables</a> such as food and clothing; investment property: real estate and works of art; and <a href="/wiki/Capital_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital goods">capital goods</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue</a>-generating property, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicilian</a> <a href="/wiki/Latifundia" class="mw-redirect" title="Latifundia">latifundia</a>, or agricultural estates. The Church already had a system for circulating the consumables to the poor: associated with each of the main city churches was a <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a>. He was given a building from which the poor could apply for assistance at any time.<sup id="cite_ref-Later_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Later-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithCheetham1875549_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithCheetham1875549-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The circumstances in which Gregory became pope in 590 were of ruination. The Lombards held the greater part of Italy. Their depredations had brought the economy to a standstill. They camped nearly at the gates of Rome. The city itself was crowded with refugees from all walks of life, who lived in the streets and had few of the necessities of life. The seat of government was far from Rome in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and appeared unable to undertake the relief of Italy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mass_of_St._Gregory,_c._1490,_attributed_to_Diego_de_la_Cruz,_oil_and_gold_on_panel_(Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mass_of_St._Gregory%2C_c._1490%2C_attributed_to_Diego_de_la_Cruz%2C_oil_and_gold_on_panel_%28Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg/170px-Mass_of_St._Gregory%2C_c._1490%2C_attributed_to_Diego_de_la_Cruz%2C_oil_and_gold_on_panel_%28Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mass_of_St._Gregory%2C_c._1490%2C_attributed_to_Diego_de_la_Cruz%2C_oil_and_gold_on_panel_%28Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg/255px-Mass_of_St._Gregory%2C_c._1490%2C_attributed_to_Diego_de_la_Cruz%2C_oil_and_gold_on_panel_%28Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Mass_of_St._Gregory%2C_c._1490%2C_attributed_to_Diego_de_la_Cruz%2C_oil_and_gold_on_panel_%28Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_St._Gregory" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass of St. Gregory">Mass of St. Gregory</a></i>, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1490</span>, attributed to Diego de la Cruz, oil and gold on panel (<a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 590, Gregory could wait for Constantinople no longer. He organized the resources of the church into an administration for general relief. In doing so he evidenced a talent for and intuitive understanding of the principles of accounting, which was not to be invented for centuries. The church already had basic accounting documents: every <a href="/wiki/Expense" title="Expense">expense</a> was recorded in <a href="/wiki/Double-entry_bookkeeping_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-entry bookkeeping system">journals</a> called <i>regesta</i>, "lists" of amounts, recipients and circumstances. Revenue was recorded in <i>polyptici</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Bookkeeping" title="Bookkeeping">books</a>". Many of these polyptici were <a href="/wiki/Ledger" title="Ledger">ledgers</a> recording the operating expenses of the church and the <a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">assets</a>, the <i>patrimonia</i>. A central papal administration, the <i>notarii</i>, under a chief, the <i>primicerius notariorum</i>, kept the ledgers and issued <i>brevia patrimonii</i>, or lists of property for which each <i><a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">rector</a></i> was responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann1914322_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann1914322-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gregory began by aggressively requiring his churchmen to seek out and relieve needy persons and reprimanded them if they did not. In a letter to a subordinate in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> he wrote: "I asked you most of all to take care of the poor. And if you knew of people in poverty, you should have pointed them out ... I desire that you give the woman, Pateria, forty <a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">solidi</a> for the children's shoes and forty bushels of grain".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrosiniWillis199666–67_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrosiniWillis199666–67-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon he was replacing administrators who would not cooperate with those who would and at the same time adding more in a build-up to a great plan that he had in mind. He understood that expenses must be matched by income. To pay for his increased expenses he liquidated the investment property and paid the expenses in cash according to a budget recorded in the polyptici. The churchmen were paid four times a year and also personally given a golden coin for their trouble.<sup id="cite_ref-dud248_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dud248-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Money, however, was no substitute for food in a city that was on the brink of famine. The church now owned between 1,300 and 1,800 square miles (3,400 and 4,700 km<sup>2</sup>) of revenue-generating farmland divided into large sections called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">patrimonia</i></span>. It produced goods of all kinds, which were sold, but Gregory intervened and had the goods shipped to Rome for distribution in the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">diaconia</i></span>. He gave orders to step up production, set quotas and put an administrative structure in place to carry it out. At the bottom was the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">rusticus</i></span> who produced the goods. Some <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">rustici</i></span> were or owned slaves. He turned over part of his produce to a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">conductor</i></span> from whom he leased the land. The latter reported to an <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">actionarius</i></span>, who reported to a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">defensor</i></span>, who reported to a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">rector</i></span>. Grain, wine, cheese, meat, fish, and oil began to arrive at Rome in large quantities, where it was given away for nothing as alms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeanesly196922–24_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeanesly196922–24-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Distributions to qualified persons were monthly. However, a certain proportion of the population lived in the streets or were too ill or infirm to pick up their monthly food supply. To them Gregory sent out a small army of charitable persons, mainly monks, every morning with prepared food. It is said that he would not dine until the indigent were fed. When he did dine he shared the family table, which he had saved (and which still exists), with 12 indigent guests. To the needy living in wealthy homes he sent meals he had cooked with his own hands as gifts to spare them the indignity of receiving charity. Hearing of the death of an indigent in a back room he was depressed for days, entertaining for a time the conceit that he had failed in his duty and was a murderer.<sup id="cite_ref-dud248_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dud248-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These and other good deeds and charitable frame of mind completely won the hearts and minds of the Roman people. They now looked to the papacy for government, ignoring the state at Constantinople. The office of urban prefect went without candidates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liturgical_reforms">Liturgical reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Liturgical reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John the Deacon wrote that Pope Gregory I made a general revision of the liturgy of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Tridentine_Mass" title="Pre-Tridentine Mass">Pre-Tridentine Mass</a>, "removing many things, changing a few, adding some". In his own letters, Gregory remarks that he moved the <i><a href="/wiki/Pater_Noster" class="mw-redirect" title="Pater Noster">Pater Noster</a></i> (Our Father) to immediately after the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Canon">Roman Canon</a> and immediately before the <a href="/wiki/Fraction_(religion)" title="Fraction (religion)">Fraction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEden2004487_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEden2004487-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This position is still maintained today in the Roman Liturgy. The pre-Gregorian position is evident in the <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a>. Gregory added material to the <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Canon#Hanc_Igitur" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Canon">Hanc Igitur</a></i> of the Roman Canon and established the nine <i><a href="/wiki/Kyrie" title="Kyrie">Kyries</a></i> (a vestigial remnant of the <a href="/wiki/Litany" title="Litany">litany</a> which was originally at that place) at the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Mass_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass (Catholic Church)">Mass</a>. He forbade deacons to perform any of the musical portions of the Mass other than singing the Gospel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddleston1909_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddleston1909-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sacramentary" title="Sacramentary">Sacramentaries</a> directly influenced by Gregorian reforms are referred to as <i>Sacrementaria Gregoriana</i>. Roman and other <a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Western liturgies</a> since this era have a number of prayers that change to reflect the feast or liturgical season; these variations are visible in the <a href="/wiki/Collect" title="Collect">collects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preface_(liturgy)" title="Preface (liturgy)">prefaces</a> as well as in the Roman Canon itself.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Divine_Liturgy_of_the_Presanctified_Gifts">Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>, Gregory is credited as the primary influence in constructing the more penitential <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy_of_the_Presanctified_Gifts" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts">Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts</a>, a fully separate form of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a> adapted to the needs of the season of <a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> equivalent is the <a href="/wiki/Mass_of_the_Presanctified" title="Mass of the Presanctified">Mass of the Presanctified</a> used only on <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a> Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts continues to be used in the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara Rite</a>, a variant of the <a href="/wiki/West_Syrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="West Syrian Rite">West Syrian Rite</a> historically practiced in the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and now practiced by the several churches that descended from it and at some occasions in the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChupungco199717_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChupungco199717-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gregorian_chant">Gregorian chant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gregorian chant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregory_I_-_Antiphonary_of_Hartker_of_Sankt_Gallen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gregory_I_-_Antiphonary_of_Hartker_of_Sankt_Gallen.jpg/170px-Gregory_I_-_Antiphonary_of_Hartker_of_Sankt_Gallen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gregory_I_-_Antiphonary_of_Hartker_of_Sankt_Gallen.jpg/255px-Gregory_I_-_Antiphonary_of_Hartker_of_Sankt_Gallen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gregory_I_-_Antiphonary_of_Hartker_of_Sankt_Gallen.jpg/340px-Gregory_I_-_Antiphonary_of_Hartker_of_Sankt_Gallen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5272" data-file-height="6376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antiphonary" title="Antiphonary">Antiphonary</a> of Hartker of the monastery of Saint Gall</figcaption></figure> <p>The mainstream form of Western <a href="/wiki/Plainchant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plainchant">plainchant</a>, standardized in the late 9th century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy19987_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy19987-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was attributed to Pope Gregory I and so took the name of Gregorian chant. The earliest such attribution is in John the Deacon's 873 biography of Gregory, almost three centuries after the pope's death, and the chant that bears his name "is the result of the fusion of Roman and Frankish elements which took place in the Franco-German empire under <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> and their successors".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray19633–4_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray19633–4-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writings">Writings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Window,_Gregory_the_Great,_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Window%2C_Gregory_the_Great%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd.jpg/170px-Window%2C_Gregory_the_Great%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Window%2C_Gregory_the_Great%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd.jpg/255px-Window%2C_Gregory_the_Great%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Window%2C_Gregory_the_Great%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd.jpg/340px-Window%2C_Gregory_the_Great%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>St. Gregory the Great window, Episcopal <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_(Rosemont,_Pennsylvania)" title="Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)">Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)</a> US</figcaption></figure> <p>Gregory is commonly credited with founding the medieval papacy and so many attribute the beginning of medieval spirituality to him.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory is the only pope between the fifth and the eleventh centuries whose correspondence and writings have survived enough to form a comprehensive corpus. Some of his writings are: </p> <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Moralia_in_Job" title="Moralia in Job">Moralia in Job</a></i></span>. This is one of the longest patristic works. It was possibly finished as early as 591. It is based on talks Gregory gave on the Book of Job to his 'brethren' who accompanied him to Constantinople. The work as we have it is the result of Gregory's revision and completion of it soon after his accession to the papal office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkus199715_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkus199715-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_Care" title="Pastoral Care">Pastoral Care</a></i> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Liber regulae pastoralis</i></span>), in which he contrasted the role of bishops as pastors of their flock with their position as nobles of the church: the definitive statement of the nature of the episcopal office. This was probably begun before his election as pope and finished in 591.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dialogues_(Pope_Gregory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialogues (Pope Gregory)">Dialogues</a></i>, a collection of four books of miracles, signs, wonders, and healings done by the holy men, mostly monastic, of sixth-century Italy, with the second book entirely devoted to a popular life of <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Saint Benedict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1911_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1911-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermons" class="mw-redirect" title="Sermons">Sermons</a>, including: <ul><li>The 22 <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Homilae in Hiezechielem</i></span> (<i>Homilies on Ezekiel</i>), dealing with Ezekiel 1.1–4.3 in Book One, and Ezekiel 40 in Book 2. These were preached during 592–593, the years that the Lombards besieged Rome, and contain some of Gregory's most profound mystical teachings. They were revised eight years later.</li> <li>The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Homilae xl in Evangelia</i></span> (<i>Forty Homilies on the Gospels</i>) for the liturgical year, delivered during 591 and 592, which were seemingly finished by 593. A papyrus fragment from this codex survives in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, London, UK.<sup id="cite_ref-britishlibrary_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britishlibrary-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Expositio in Canticis Canticorum</i></span>. Only two of these sermons on the Song of Songs survive, discussing the text up to Song 1.9.</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">In Librum primum regum expositio</i></span> (<i>Commentary on 1 Kings</i>), which scholars now think that this is a work by 12th century monk, <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Cava" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter of Cava">Peter of Cava</a>, who used no longer extant Gregorian material.</li> <li>Copies of some 854 letters have survived. During Gregory's time, copies of papal letters were made by scribes into a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Registrum</i></span> (<i>Register</i>), which was then kept in the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">scrinium</i></span>. It is known that in the 9th century, when John the Deacon composed his <i>Life</i> of Gregory, the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Registrum</i></span> of Gregory's letters was formed of 14 papyrus rolls (though it is difficult to estimate how many letters this may have represented). Though these original rolls are now lost, the 854 letters have survived in copies made at various later times, the largest single batch of 686 letters being made by order of <a href="/wiki/Adrian_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrian I">Adrian I</a> (772–795).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkus199715_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkus199715-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the copies, dating from the 10th to the 15th century, are stored in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrosiniWillis199663–64_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrosiniWillis199663–64-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Gregory wrote over 850 letters in the last 13 years of his life (590–604) that give us an accurate picture of his work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkus1997i_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkus1997i-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A truly autobiographical presentation is nearly impossible for Gregory. The development of his mind and personality remains purely speculative in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkus19972_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkus19972-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opinions of the writings of Gregory vary. "His character strikes us as an ambiguous and enigmatic one," historian <a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Cantor" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman F. Cantor">Norman Cantor</a> observed. "On the one hand he was an able and determined administrator, a skilled and clever diplomat, a leader of the greatest sophistication and vision; but on the other hand, he appears in his writings as a superstitious and credulous <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monk</a>, hostile to learning, crudely limited as a theologian, and excessively devoted to saints, <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identification_of_three_figures_in_the_Gospels">Identification of three figures in the Gospels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Identification of three figures in the Gospels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gregory was among those who identified <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a>, whom John 12:1-8 recounts as having <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">anointed Jesus</a> with precious ointment,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an event that some interpret as being the same as the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Two_Debtors" title="Parable of the Two Debtors">anointing of Jesus</a> performed by a woman that Luke (alone among the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">synoptic Gospels</a>) recounts as a sinner.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preaching on the passage in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>, Gregory remarked: "This woman, whom Luke calls a sinner<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and John calls Mary,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I think is the Mary from whom Mark reports<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that seven demons were cast out."<sup id="cite_ref-HancVero_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HancVero-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern biblical scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2021)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> distinguish these as three separate figures/persons.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, within the general populace they are still believed to refer to the same person.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisch1998156Ch.10_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch1998156Ch.10-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregorythegreat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Gregorythegreat.jpg/170px-Gregorythegreat.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Gregorythegreat.jpg/255px-Gregorythegreat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Gregorythegreat.jpg/340px-Gregorythegreat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><i>Saint Gregory the Great</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Ribera">José de Ribera</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In art Gregory is usually shown in full pontifical robes with the <a href="/wiki/Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara">tiara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_cross" title="Patriarchal cross">double cross</a>, despite his actual habit of dress. Earlier depictions are more likely to show a monastic <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsure</a> and plainer dress. Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Icons" class="mw-redirect" title="Icons">icons</a> traditionally show St. Gregory vested as a bishop holding a <a href="/wiki/Gospel_Book" title="Gospel Book">Gospel Book</a> and blessing with his right hand. It is recorded that he permitted his depiction with a <a href="/wiki/Square_halo" class="mw-redirect" title="Square halo">square halo</a>, then used for the living.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietmann1911_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietmann1911-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A dove is his <a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">attribute</a>, from the well-known story attributed to his friend Peter the Deacon,<sup id="cite_ref-Colgrave_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colgrave-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who tells that when the pope was dictating his homilies on <a href="/wiki/Ezechiel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezechiel">Ezechiel</a> a curtain was drawn between his secretary and himself. As, however, the pope remained silent for long periods at a time, the servant made a hole in the curtain and, looking through, beheld a dove seated upon Gregory's head with its beak between his lips. When the dove withdrew its beak the pope spoke and the secretary took down his words; but when he became silent the servant again applied his eye to the hole and saw the dove had replaced its beak between his lips.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddleston1909_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddleston1909-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ribera's oil painting of <i>Saint Gregory the Great</i> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1614</span>) is from the Giustiniani collection. The painting is conserved in the <a href="/wiki/Galleria_Nazionale_d%27Arte_Antica" title="Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica">Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica</a>, Rome. The face of Gregory is a caricature of the features described by John the Deacon: total baldness, outthrust chin, beak-like nose, whereas John had described partial baldness, a mildly protruding chin, slightly aquiline nose and strikingly good looks. In this picture also Gregory has his monastic back on the world, which the real Gregory, despite his reclusive intent, was seldom allowed to have. </p><p>This scene is shown as a version of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Evangelist_portrait" title="Evangelist portrait">Evangelist portrait</a> (where the <a href="/wiki/Evangelist_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelist symbols">Evangelists' symbols</a> are also sometimes shown dictating) from the tenth century onwards. An early example is the <a href="/wiki/Dedication_miniature" class="mw-redirect" title="Dedication miniature">dedication miniature</a> from an eleventh-century manuscript of Gregory's <i>Moralia in Job</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The miniature shows the scribe, Bebo of <a href="/wiki/Seeon_Abbey" title="Seeon Abbey">Seeon Abbey</a>, presenting the manuscript to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II</a>. In the upper left the author is seen writing the text under divine inspiration. Usually the dove is shown whispering in Gregory's ear for a clearer composition. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mass_of_Saint_Gregory_(1440)_by_Robert_Campin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mass_of_Saint_Gregory_%281440%29_by_Robert_Campin.jpg/170px-Mass_of_Saint_Gregory_%281440%29_by_Robert_Campin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mass_of_Saint_Gregory_%281440%29_by_Robert_Campin.jpg/255px-Mass_of_Saint_Gregory_%281440%29_by_Robert_Campin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mass_of_Saint_Gregory_%281440%29_by_Robert_Campin.jpg/340px-Mass_of_Saint_Gregory_%281440%29_by_Robert_Campin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1812" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_St._Gregory" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass of St. Gregory">Mass of St. Gregory</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Campin" title="Robert Campin">Robert Campin</a>, 15th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The late medieval subject of the <a href="/wiki/Mass_of_St._Gregory" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass of St. Gregory">Mass of St. Gregory</a> shows a version of a 7th-century story that was elaborated in later <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a>. Gregory is shown saying Mass when Christ as the <a href="/wiki/Man_of_Sorrows" title="Man of Sorrows">Man of Sorrows</a> appears on the altar. The subject was most common in the 15th and 16th centuries, and reflected growing emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Real_Presence" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Presence">Real Presence</a>, and after the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> was an assertion of the doctrine against Protestant theology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1991308_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1991308-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_quotes_and_anecdotes">Famous quotes and anecdotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Famous quotes and anecdotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_Cathedral_Non_Angli_sed_Angeli_si_Christiani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Westminster_Cathedral_Non_Angli_sed_Angeli_si_Christiani.jpg/170px-Westminster_Cathedral_Non_Angli_sed_Angeli_si_Christiani.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Westminster_Cathedral_Non_Angli_sed_Angeli_si_Christiani.jpg/255px-Westminster_Cathedral_Non_Angli_sed_Angeli_si_Christiani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Westminster_Cathedral_Non_Angli_sed_Angeli_si_Christiani.jpg/340px-Westminster_Cathedral_Non_Angli_sed_Angeli_si_Christiani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2196" data-file-height="2539" /></a><figcaption>19th-century <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Cathedral" title="Westminster Cathedral">Westminster Cathedral</a>, <i>Non Angli sed Angeli</i></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>Non <strong>Angli</strong>, sed <strong>angeli</strong>, si forent Christiani.</i>– "They are not <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>, if they were Christian".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuckermann2003117_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuckermann2003117-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">Aphorism</a>, summarizing words reported to have been spoken by Gregory when he first encountered pale-skinned English boys at a <a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">slave market</a>, sparking his dispatch of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">St. Augustine of Canterbury</a> to England to convert the English, according to <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBede1999Book_II_Ch._I_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBede1999Book_II_Ch._I-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said: "Well named, for they have angelic faces and ought to be co-heirs with the angels in heaven."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntPoole1905115_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntPoole1905115-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discovering that their province was <a href="/wiki/Deira" title="Deira">Deira</a>, he went on to add that they would be rescued <i>de ira</i>, "from the wrath", and that their king was named <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lla_of_Deira" title="Ælla of Deira">Aella</a>, <i>Alleluia</i>, he said.<sup id="cite_ref-Earliest_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earliest-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Locusta</i>, literally, "<a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locust</a>". However, the word sounds very much like "<i>loco sta</i>", meaning, "Stay in place!" Gregory himself wanted to go to England as a missionary and started out for there. On the fourth day of the journey, as they stopped for lunch, a locust landed on the edge of the Bible which Gregory was reading. He exclaimed, <i>locusta!</i> (locust). Reflecting on it, he understood it as a sign from Heaven whereby God wanted him to <i>loco sta</i>, that is, remain in his own place. Within the hour an emissary of the pope<sup id="cite_ref-BenPel_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BenPel-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arrived to recall him.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntPoole1905115_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntPoole1905115-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"I beg that you will not take the present amiss. For anything, however trifling, which is offered from the prosperity of St. Peter should be regarded as a great blessing, seeing that he will have power both to bestow on you greater things, and to hold out to you eternal benefits with Almighty God."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (October 2022)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Pro cuius amore in eius eloquio nec mihi parco</i> – "For the love of whom (God) I do not spare myself from His Word."<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregoryn.d.Cod._Sang._211_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryn.d.Cod._Sang._211-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sense is that since the creator of the human race and redeemer of him unworthy gave him the power of the tongue so that he could witness, what kind of a witness would he be if he did not use it but preferred to speak infirmly?</li> <li>"For the place of heretics is very pride itself...for the place of the wicked is pride just as conversely humility is the place of the good."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1980228_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1980228-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Whoever calls himself universal bishop, or desires this title, is, by his pride, the precursor to the Antichrist."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Non enim pro locis res, sed pro bonis rebus loca amanda sunt</i> – "Things are not to be loved for the sake of a place, but places are to be loved for the sake of their good things." When Augustine asked whether to use <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican</a> customs in the Mass in England, Gregory said, in paraphrase, that it was not the place that imparted goodness but good things that graced the place, and it was more important to be pleasing to the Almighty. They should pick out what was "pia", "religiosa" and "recta" from any church whatever and set that down before the English minds as practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBede1999Book_I_section_27_part_II_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBede1999Book_I_section_27_part_II-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"For the rule of justice and reason suggests that one who desires his own orders to be observed by his successors should undoubtedly keep the will and ordinances of his predecessor."<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his letters, Gregory often emphasized the importance of giving proper deference to last wills and testaments, and of respecting property rights.</li> <li>"Compassion should be shown first to the faithful and afterwards to the enemies of the church."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1980232_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1980232-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"At length being anxious to avoid all these inconveniences, I sought the haven of the monastery... For as the vessel that is negligently moored, is very often (when the storm waxes violent) tossed by the water out of its shelter on the safest shore, so under the cloak of the Ecclesiastical office, I found myself plunged on a sudden in a sea of secular matters, and because I had not held fast the tranquillity of the monastery when in possession, I learnt by losing it, how closely it should have been held."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Moralia, sive Expositio in Job</i> ("Commentary on Job," also known as <i>Magna Moralia</i>), Gregory describes to the Bishop Leander the circumstances under which he became a monk.</li> <li>"Illiterate men can contemplate in the lines of a picture what they cannot learn by means of the written word."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarasch2013_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarasch2013-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Age quod agis</i> (Do what you are doing).<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the centuries, this would become a repeated maxim of Catholic mystics and spiritual directors encouraging one to keep focus on what one is doing in trying to serve the Lord.</li> <li>"Repentance is weeping for what one has done and not doing what one weeps for."<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relics">Relics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Relics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roma_2010_(5047768606).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Roma_2010_%285047768606%29.jpg/170px-Roma_2010_%285047768606%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Roma_2010_%285047768606%29.jpg/255px-Roma_2010_%285047768606%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Roma_2010_%285047768606%29.jpg/340px-Roma_2010_%285047768606%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Altar of Saint Gregory in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, which contains the remains of Pope Gregory. </figcaption></figure> <p>The relics of Saint Gregory are enshrined in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lives">Lives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Britain, appreciation for Gregory remained strong even after his death, with him being called <i>Gregorius noster</i> ("our Gregory") by the British.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamp2000ix_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamp2000ix-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in Britain, at a monastery in <a href="/wiki/Whitby_Abbey" title="Whitby Abbey">Whitby</a>, that the first full-length <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">life</a> of Gregory was written, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 713</span>, by a monk or, possibly, a nun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnonymous_Monk_of_Whitby1985_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnonymous_Monk_of_Whitby1985-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Appreciation of Gregory in Rome and Italy itself, however, did not come until later. The first <i>vita</i> of Gregory written in Italy was not produced until <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hymonides" title="Johannes Hymonides">Johannes Hymonides</a> (aka John the Deacon) in the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monuments">Monuments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The namesake church of <a href="/wiki/San_Gregorio_al_Celio" class="mw-redirect" title="San Gregorio al Celio">San Gregorio al Celio</a> (largely rebuilt from the original edifices during the 17th and 18th centuries) remembers his work. One of the three oratories annexed, the oratory of Saint Silvia, is said to lie over the tomb of Gregory's mother. </p><p>In England, Gregory, along with <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a>, is revered as the apostle of the land and the source of the nation's conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1980260_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1980260-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Throne">Throne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Throne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Gregorio_al_Celio_throne_of_st_gregory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Throne of Pope Gregory the Great" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/San_Gregorio_al_Celio_throne_of_st_gregory.jpg/224px-San_Gregorio_al_Celio_throne_of_st_gregory.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/San_Gregorio_al_Celio_throne_of_st_gregory.jpg/336px-San_Gregorio_al_Celio_throne_of_st_gregory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/San_Gregorio_al_Celio_throne_of_st_gregory.jpg/448px-San_Gregorio_al_Celio_throne_of_st_gregory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Throne of Pope Gregory the Great in <a href="/wiki/San_Gregorio_Magno_al_Celio" title="San Gregorio Magno al Celio">San Gregorio Magno al Celio</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An ancient marble chair, which is believed to be the chair of Pope Gregory the Great, is kept in the church <a href="/wiki/San_Gregorio_Magno_al_Celio" title="San Gregorio Magno al Celio">San Gregorio Magno al Celio</a> in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italian composer <a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Ottorino Respighi</a> composed a piece named <i>St. Gregory the Great</i> <i>(San Gregorio Magno)</i> that features as the fourth and final part of his <i>Church Windows</i> (<i>Vetrate di Chiesa</i>) works, written in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feast_day">Feast day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Feast day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a>, revised in 1969 as instructed by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-vatican.va_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vatican.va-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> celebrates Saint Gregory the Great on 3 September. Before that, it assigned his feast day to 12 March, the day of his death in 604. Following the imposition of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Rubrics" title="Code of Rubrics">Code of Rubrics</a> in 1961, celebration of Saint Gregory's feast day was made practically impossible, as John XXIII's reforms forbade the full observance of most feasts during Lent, during which 12 March invariably falls. For this reason, Saint Gregory's feast day was moved to 3 September, the day of his episcopal <a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecration</a> in 590,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as part of the liturgical reforms of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> and those <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> which follow the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a> continue to commemorate Saint Gregory on 12 March which is during <a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a>, the only time when the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy_of_the_Presanctified_Gifts" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts">Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts</a>, which names Saint Gregory as its author, is used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other churches also honour Gregory the Great: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod</a> <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Lutheran)" title="Calendar of saints (Lutheran)">remember</a> him with a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/commemoration" class="extiw" title="wikt:commemoration">commemoration</a> on 3 September,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a> <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Lutheran)" title="Calendar of saints (Lutheran)">remember</a> him with a commemoration on 12 March,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)">Episcopal Church of the United States</a> honors him on 12 March<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglican Church of Canada</a> <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Anglican_Church_of_Canada)" title="Calendar of saints (Anglican Church of Canada)">remember</a> him with a <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(liturgy)" title="Memorial (liturgy)">Memorial</a> on 3 September.<sup id="cite_ref-prayerbook.ca_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prayerbook.ca-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gregory the Great is <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">remembered</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Festival_(Anglicanism)" title="Lesser Festival (Anglicanism)">Lesser Festival</a> on 3 September.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A traditional <a href="/wiki/Procession" title="Procession">procession</a> is held in <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBejtun" title="Żejtun">Żejtun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, in honour of Saint Gregory (San Girgor) on Easter Wednesday, which most often falls in April, the range of possible dates being 25 March to 28 April.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The feast day of Saint Gregory also serves as a commemorative day for the former pupils of <a href="/wiki/Downside_School" title="Downside School">Downside School</a>, called Old Gregorians. Traditionally, OG ties are worn by all of the society's members on this day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Written_works">Written works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Written works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGregoryn.d." class="citation book cs1">Gregory (n.d.). "Cod. Sang. 211". <i>Homiliae in Ezechielem I-XXII</i>. St. Gallen, Abbey Library. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5076%2Fe-codices-csg-0211">10.5076/e-codices-csg-0211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cod.+Sang.+211&rft.btitle=Homiliae+in+Ezechielem+I-XXII&rft.pub=St.+Gallen%2C+Abbey+Library&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5076%2Fe-codices-csg-0211&rft.au=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_editions">Modern editions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Modern editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><i>Homiliae in Hiezechihelem prophetam</i>, ed. Marcus Adriaen, CCSL 142 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1971)</li> <li><i>Dialogorum libri quattuor seu De miraculis patrum italicorum: Grégoire le Grand, Dialogues</i>, ed. Adalbert de Vogüé, 3 vols., Sources crétiennes 251, 260, 265 (Paris, 1978–1980) – also available via the Brepols Library of Latin Texts online database at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brepols.net/Pages/BrowseBySeries.aspx?TreeSeries=LLT-O">Library of Latin Texts – online (LLT-O)</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i>Moralia in Iob</i>, ed. Marcus Adriaen, 3 vols. CCSL 143, 143A, 143B (Turnhout: Brepols, 1979-1985)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations">Translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><i>The Dialogues of Saint Gregory the Great</i>, trans. Edmund G. Gardner (London & Boston, 1911).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_Care" title="Pastoral Care">Pastoral Care</a></i>, trans. Henry Davis, ACW 11 (Newman Press, 1950).</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jbKkzWquzWsC">The Book of Pastoral Rule</a></i>, trans. with intro and notes by George E. Demacopoulos (<a href="/wiki/Crestwood,_Yonkers" title="Crestwood, Yonkers">Crestwood, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vladimir%27s_Orthodox_Theological_Seminary" title="Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary">St. Vladimir's Seminary Press</a>, 2007).</li> <li><i>Reading the Gospels with Gregory the Great: Homilies on the Gospels, 21–26</i>, trans. Santha Bhattacharji (Petersham, Massachusetts, 2001) (translations of the 6 <i>Homilies</i> covering Easter Day to the Sunday after Easter).</li> <li><i>The Letters of Gregory the Great</i>, trans. with intro and notes by John R. C. Martyn (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2004). (3 volume translation of the <i>Registrum epistularum</i>.)</li> <li><i>Gregory the Great: On the Song of Songs</i>, CS244 (Collegeville, Minnesota, 2012).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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title="Portal:Catholicism/Patron Archive/September 3">Pope Saint Gregory I, patron saint archive</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Sinner" title="The Holy Sinner">The Holy Sinner</a></i>, a German novel written by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-TheGreat-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheGreat_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory had come to be known as 'the Great' by the late ninth century, a title which is still applied to him. See <a href="#CITEREFMoorhead2005">Moorhead 2005</a>, p. 1 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Totila-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Totila_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory mentions in Dialogue 3.2 that he was alive when <a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila</a> attempted to murder Carbonius, Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Populonia" title="Populonia">Populonia</a>, probably in 546. In a letter of 598 (<i>Register</i>, Book 9, Letter 1) he rebukes Bishop Januarius of <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>, Sardinia, excusing himself for not observing 1 Timothy 5.1, which cautions against rebuking elders. Timothy 5.9 defines elderly women to be 60 and over, which would probably apply to all. Gregory appears not to consider himself an elder, limiting his birth to no earlier than 539, but 540 is the typical selection. See <a href="#CITEREFDudden1905">Dudden 1905</a>, pp. 3, notes 1–3 The presumption of 540 has continued in modern times – see for example <a href="#CITEREFRichards1980">Richards 1980</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-translator-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-translator_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The translator goes on to state that "<a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paulus Diaconus</a>, who first writ the life of St. Gregory, and is followed by all the after Writers on that subject, observes that <i>ex Greco eloquio in nostra lingua ... invigilator, seu vigilant sonnet.</i>" However, Paul the deacon is too late for the first <i>vita</i>, or life.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grēgorein-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grēgorein_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name is biblical, derived from <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> contexts: grēgorein is a present, continuous aspect, meaning to be watchful of forsaking Christ. It is derived from a more ancient perfect, egrēgora, "roused from sleep", of egeirein, "to awaken someone." see <a href="#CITEREFThayer1962">Thayer 1962</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IIIorIV-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IIIorIV_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whether III or IV depends on whether <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Felix_II" title="Antipope Felix II">Antipope Felix II</a> is to be considered pope.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palpate-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Palpate_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>Palpate et videte, quia spiritus carnem et ossa non-habet, sicut me videtis habere</i>, or "touch me, and look; a spirit has not flesh and bones, as you see that I have." - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2024:39&version=nrsv">Luke 24:39</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The dictionary account is apparently based on <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>, Book II, Chapter 1, who used the expression "...impalpable, of finer texture than wind and air."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Later-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Later_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Later these deacons became cardinals and from the oratories attached to the buildings grew churches</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HancVero-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HancVero_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Hanc vero quam Lucas peccatricem mulierem, Ioannes Mariam nominat, illam esse Mariam credimus de qua Marcus septem daemonia eiecta fuisse testatur" (<i>Patrologia Latina</i> 76:1239)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colgrave-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Colgrave_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the various literary accounts, see <a href="#CITEREFAnonymous_Monk_of_Whitby1985">Anonymous Monk of Whitby 1985</a>, p. 157, n. 110 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Earliest-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Earliest_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The earliest life written a generation earlier than Bede at Whitby relates the same story but in it the English are merely visitors to Rome questioned by Gregory (see Holloway, who translates from the manuscript kept at <a href="/wiki/Abbey_library_of_St._Gallen" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey library of St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a>). The earlier story is not necessarily the more accurate, as Gregory is known to have instructed presbyter Candidus in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> by letter to buy young English slaves for placement in monasteries. These were intended for missionary work in England: See <a href="#CITEREFAmbrosiniWillis1996">Ambrosini & Willis 1996</a>, p. 71 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BenPel-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BenPel_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_I" title="Pope Benedict I">Benedict I</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pelagius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagius II">Pelagius II</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddleston1909-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddleston1909_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddleston1909_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddleston1909_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddleston1909_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddleston1909_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuddleston1909">Huddleston 1909</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlechner201547-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlechner201547_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlechner2015">Flechner 2015</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekonomou, 2007, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCA_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCA_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCA_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oca.org/saints/lives/0216/03/12/100789-st-gregory-dialogus-the-pope-of-rome">"St. Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome"</a>. <i>oca.org, <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">Orthodox Church in America</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oca.org%2C+Orthodox+Church+in+America&rft.atitle=St.+Gregory+Dialogus%2C+the+Pope+of+Rome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foca.org%2Fsaints%2Flives%2F0216%2F03%2F12%2F100789-st-gregory-dialogus-the-pope-of-rome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Annuario Pontificio</i>. Holy See.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annuario+Pontificio&rft.pub=Holy+See&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllard1948125-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllard1948125_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllard1948">Ellard 1948</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstone1997415-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingstone1997415_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivingstone1997">Livingstone 1997</a>, p. 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005710-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005710_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, p. 710.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvin1845125Bk_IV,_Ch._7-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvin1845125Bk_IV,_Ch._7_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalvin1845">Calvin 1845</a>, p. 125, Bk IV, Ch. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittle1963145–157-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittle1963145–157_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittle1963">Little 1963</a>, pp. 145–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scborromeo.org-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scborromeo.org_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scborromeo.org/saints/gregory.htm">"St. Gregory the Great"</a>. Web site of Saint Charles Borromeo Catholic Church<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Gregory+the+Great&rft.pub=Web+site+of+Saint+Charles+Borromeo+Catholic+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scborromeo.org%2Fsaints%2Fgregory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÆlfric17094-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÆlfric17094_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÆlfric1709">Ælfric 1709</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thornton-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thornton_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thornton_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thornton_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thornton_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thornton, pp 163–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dud4-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dud4_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden (1905), page 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1980-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1980_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1980">Richards 1980</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden (1905), pages 11–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden (1905), pages 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards198025-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards198025_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1980">Richards 1980</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden (1905), pages 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkus19974–5-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkus19974–5_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkus1997">Markus 1997</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden (1905), pages 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards198026-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards198026_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards198026_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards198026_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1980">Richards 1980</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards198044-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards198044_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1980">Richards 1980</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leyser pg 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cavadini pg 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Straw pg 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkus199769-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkus199769_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkus1997">Markus 1997</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkus19973-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkus19973_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkus1997">Markus 1997</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekonomou, 2007, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e9-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e9_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e9_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e9_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekonomou, 2007, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e10-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e10_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e10_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e10_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e10_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e10_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekonomou, 2007, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekonomou, 2007, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e11-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e11_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e11_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekonomou, 2007, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e12-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e12_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e12_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekonomou, 2007, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e13-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e13_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e13_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e13_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekonomou, 2007, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithWace1880415-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithWace1880415_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithWace1880">Smith & Wace 1880</a>, p. 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#24:39" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 24:39</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Straw p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cavadini p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1980228-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1980228_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1980228_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1980">Richards 1980</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESquatriti200254-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESquatriti200254_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSquatriti2002">Squatriti 2002</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeehan1912-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeehan1912_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeehan1912">Meehan 1912</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden (1905) page 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithCheetham1875549-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithCheetham1875549_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithCheetham1875">Smith & Cheetham 1875</a>, p. 549.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann1914322-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann1914322_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMann1914">Mann 1914</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrosiniWillis199666–67-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrosiniWillis199666–67_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrosiniWillis1996">Ambrosini & Willis 1996</a>, pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dud248-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dud248_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dud248_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden (1905) pp. 248–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeanesly196922–24-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeanesly196922–24_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeanesly1969">Deanesly 1969</a>, p. 22–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEden2004487-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEden2004487_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEden2004">Eden 2004</a>, p. 487.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09296a.htm">Fortescue, Adrian. "Liturgical Books." The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChupungco199717-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChupungco199717_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChupungco1997">Chupungco 1997</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy19987-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy19987_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy1998">Levy 1998</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray19633–4-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray19633–4_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurray1963">Murray 1963</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Straw pg 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkus199715-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkus199715_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkus199715_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkus1997">Markus 1997</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1911-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1911_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGardner1911">Gardner 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britishlibrary-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britishlibrary_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/2014/02/a-papyrus-puzzle-and-some-purple-parchment.html">"A Papyrus Puzzle and Some Purple Parchment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. 12 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Papyrus+Puzzle+and+Some+Purple+Parchment&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=2014-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbritishlibrary.typepad.co.uk%2Fdigitisedmanuscripts%2F2014%2F02%2Fa-papyrus-puzzle-and-some-purple-parchment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrosiniWillis199663–64-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrosiniWillis199663–64_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrosiniWillis1996">Ambrosini & Willis 1996</a>, pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkus1997i-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkus1997i_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkus1997">Markus 1997</a>, p. i.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkus19972-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkus19972_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkus1997">Markus 1997</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cantor (1993) page 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/John+12:1">John 12:1–8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Luke+7:36">Luke 7:36–50</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Matthew+26:6">Matthew 26:6–13</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2014:3–9&version=nrsv">Mark 14:3–9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Luke+7:37">Luke 7:37</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2012:3&version=nrsv">John 12:3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Mark+16:9">Mark 16:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchenk2017" class="citation book cs1">Schenk, Christine (2017). <i>Crispina and her sisters: women and authority in early Christianity</i>. Minneapolis (Minn.): Fortress press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-1188-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-1188-0"><bdi>978-1-5064-1188-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crispina+and+her+sisters%3A+women+and+authority+in+early+Christianity&rft.place=Minneapolis+%28Minn.%29&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Fortress+press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5064-1188-0&rft.aulast=Schenk&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch1998156Ch.10-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisch1998156Ch.10_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaisch1998">Maisch 1998</a>, p. 156, Ch.10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietmann1911-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietmann1911_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGietmann1911">Gietmann 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bamberg_State_Library" title="Bamberg State Library">Bamberg State Library</a>, Msc.Bibl.84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1991308-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1991308_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubin1991">Rubin 1991</a>, p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuckermann2003117-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuckermann2003117_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZuckermann2003">Zuckermann 2003</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBede1999Book_II_Ch._I-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBede1999Book_II_Ch._I_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBede1999">Bede 1999</a>, Book II Ch. I.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntPoole1905115-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntPoole1905115_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntPoole1905115_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuntPoole1905">Hunt & Poole 1905</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Vita</i> by the "anonymous monk of Whitby", Chapter 9; see Colgrave's edition below; Colgrave, Bertram, "The Earliest Life of St Gregory the Great, written by a Whitby Monk", in <i>Celt and Saxon</i>, 1964, Cambridge UP, [<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X_w8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA124">https://books.google.com/books?id=X_w8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA124</a> pp 123-124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden pg 317</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryn.d.Cod._Sang._211-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregoryn.d.Cod._Sang._211_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregoryn.d.">Gregory n.d.</a>, Cod. Sang. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter of Pope Gregory I to John the Faster.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBede1999Book_I_section_27_part_II-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBede1999Book_I_section_27_part_II_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBede1999">Bede 1999</a>, Book I section 27 part II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory the Great. <i>The Letters of Gregory the Great</i>. Trans. John R. C. Martyn. 3 vols. (2004). Book VI, Epistle XII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1980232-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1980232_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1980">Richards 1980</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pope Gregory I, <i>Moralia, sive Expositio in Job</i>, published by Nicolaus Kessler Basel, 1496.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarasch2013-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarasch2013_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarasch2013">Barasch 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Ev. 2.37.9; Dial. 4.58.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Ev. 2.34.15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReardon2004" class="citation book cs1">Reardon, Wendy J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deathsofpopes00wend"><i>The Deaths of the Popes</i></a>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. pp. 46–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1527-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1527-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-1527-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Deaths+of+the+Popes&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pages=46-48&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1527-4&rft.aulast=Reardon&rft.aufirst=Wendy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeathsofpopes00wend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamp2000ix-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamp2000ix_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChamp2000">Champ 2000</a>, p. ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnonymous_Monk_of_Whitby1985-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnonymous_Monk_of_Whitby1985_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnonymous_Monk_of_Whitby1985">Anonymous Monk of Whitby 1985</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-diacono_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/">P. Chiesa, Giovanni Diacono, <i>Dizionaria Biografico degli Italiani</i>, vol. 56 (2001, Rome), 4-7.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1980260-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1980260_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1980">Richards 1980</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2024/01/anglican-and-catholic-bishops-at-ecumenical-summit-prepare-to-travel-to-canterbury.aspx">"Anglican and Catholic bishops at Ecumenical Summit prepare to travel to Canterbury"</a>. <i>AnglicanNews.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AnglicanNews.org&rft.atitle=Anglican+and+Catholic+bishops+at+Ecumenical+Summit+prepare+to+travel+to+Canterbury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglicannews.org%2Fnews%2F2024%2F01%2Fanglican-and-catholic-bishops-at-ecumenical-summit-prepare-to-travel-to-canterbury.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleteia.org/2021/03/26/virtually-visit-the-basilica-of-santo-stefano-al-celio-tribute-to-martyrs/">"Virtually visit the Basilica of Santo Stefano al Celio, tribute to martyrs"</a>. <i>Aleteia</i>. 26 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eClassical&rft.atitle=Ottorino+Respighi&rft.pages=9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eclassical.com%2Fshop%2F17115%2Fart97%2F4815697-407e9f-095115244524.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf2024" class="citation web cs1">Wolf, Chris (8 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classic107.com/articles/intermezzo-at-1-pm-the-music-of-ottorino-respighi-">"Intermezzo at 1 p.m.: The music of Ottorino Respighi"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intermezzo+at+1+p.m.%3A+The+music+of+Ottorino+Respighi&rft.date=2024-07-08&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclassic107.com%2Farticles%2Fintermezzo-at-1-pm-the-music-of-ottorino-respighi-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vatican.va-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vatican.va_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html">"Sacrosanctum concilium"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Sacrosanctum+concilium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1969), pp. 100 and 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lcms.org/worship/church-year/commemorations">"Commemorations - Church Year - The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod"</a>. <i>www.lcms.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lcms.org&rft.atitle=Commemorations+-+Church+Year+-+The+Lutheran+Church%E2%80%94Missouri+Synod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lcms.org%2Fworship%2Fchurch-year%2Fcommemorations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calendar.zoznam.sk/church_nameday-enlut.php">"Lutheran - Religious calendar 2021 - Calendar.sk"</a>. <i>calendar.zoznam.sk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=calendar.zoznam.sk&rft.atitle=Lutheran+-+Religious+calendar+2021+-+Calendar.sk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalendar.zoznam.sk%2Fchurch_nameday-enlut.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W3e7DwAAQBAJ"><i>Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018</i></a>. Church Publishing, Inc. 1 December 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-234-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-234-7"><bdi>978-1-64065-234-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lesser+Feasts+and+Fasts+2018&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2019-12-01&rft.isbn=978-1-64065-234-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW3e7DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prayerbook.ca-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prayerbook.ca_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022221459/http://prayerbook.ca/resources/bcponline/calendar/">"The Calendar"</a>. 16 October 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prayerbook.ca/resources/bcponline/calendar/">the original</a> on 22 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+England&rft.atitle=The+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fcommon-worship%2Fchurchs-year%2Fcalendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/easter">"The Date of Easter"</a>. <i>aa.usno.navy.mil</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aa.usno.navy.mil&rft.atitle=The+Date+of+Easter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faa.usno.navy.mil%2Ffaq%2Feaster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÆlfric1709" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_of_Abingdon" title="Ælfric of Abingdon">Ælfric</a> (1709). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anenglishsaxonh01elstgoog/page/n79"><i>An English-Saxon Homily on the Birth-day of St. Gregory: Anciently Used in the English-Saxon Church, Giving an Account of the Conversion of the English from Paganism to Christianity</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Elstob" title="Elizabeth Elstob">Elstob, Elizabeth</a>. London: W. Bowyer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+English-Saxon+Homily+on+the+Birth-day+of+St.+Gregory%3A+Anciently+Used+in+the+English-Saxon+Church%2C+Giving+an+Account+of+the+Conversion+of+the+English+from+Paganism+to+Christianity&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W.+Bowyer&rft.date=1709&rft.au=%C3%86lfric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanenglishsaxonh01elstgoog%2Fpage%2Fn79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous_Monk_of_Whitby1985" class="citation book cs1">Anonymous Monk of Whitby (1985). Bertram Colgrave (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8RhH0dliZLwC&pg=PA157"><i>The Earliest Life of Gregory the Great</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31384-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31384-1"><bdi>978-0-521-31384-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earliest+Life+of+Gregory+the+Great&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31384-1&rft.au=Anonymous+Monk+of+Whitby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8RhH0dliZLwC%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrosiniWillis1996" class="citation book cs1">Ambrosini, Maria Luisa; Willis, Mary (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretarchivesof00ambr/page/63"><i>The Secret Archives of the Vatican</i></a>. Barnes & Noble. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780760701256" title="Special:BookSources/9780760701256"><bdi>9780760701256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Archives+of+the+Vatican&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780760701256&rft.aulast=Ambrosini&rft.aufirst=Maria+Luisa&rft.au=Willis%2C+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretarchivesof00ambr%2Fpage%2F63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarasch2013" class="citation book cs1">Barasch, Moshe (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9fnZAAAAQBAJ"><i>Theories of Art: 1. From Plato to Winckelmann</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-19979-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-19979-1"><bdi>978-1-135-19979-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theories+of+Art%3A+1.+From+Plato+to+Winckelmann&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-19979-1&rft.aulast=Barasch&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9fnZAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBede1999" class="citation book cs1">Bede (1999). McClure, Judith (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ecclesiasticalhi00bede_1"><i>The Ecclesiastical History of the English People: The Greater Chronicle; Bede's Letter to Egbert</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192838667" title="Special:BookSources/9780192838667"><bdi>9780192838667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecclesiastical+History+of+the+English+People%3A+The+Greater+Chronicle%3B+Bede%27s+Letter+to+Egbert&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780192838667&rft.au=Bede&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fecclesiasticalhi00bede_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvin1845" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Calvin, John (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/institutesofchrbeve03calv/page/124/mode/2up"><i>Institutes of the Christian Religion</i></a>. Vol. Third. Translated by Henry Beveridge. Edinburgh: Calvin Translation Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Institutes+of+the+Christian+Religion&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Calvin+Translation+Society&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=Calvin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finstitutesofchrbeve03calv%2Fpage%2F124%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantor1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Cantor" title="Norman Cantor">Cantor, Norman F.</a> (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilizationofmi00cant"><i>The Civilization of the Middle Ages</i></a></span>. New York: Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060170332" title="Special:BookSources/9780060170332"><bdi>9780060170332</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civilization+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780060170332&rft.aulast=Cantor&rft.aufirst=Norman+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcivilizationofmi00cant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavadini1995" class="citation book cs1">Cavadini, John, ed. (1995). <i>Gregory the Great: A Symposium</i>. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gregory+the+Great%3A+A+Symposium&rft.place=Notre+Dame&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamp2000" class="citation book cs1">Champ, Judith F. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qh1no5VRd-cC&pg=PR9"><i>The English Pilgrimage to Rome: A Dwelling for the Soul</i></a>. Gracewing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85244-373-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85244-373-6"><bdi>978-0-85244-373-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Pilgrimage+to+Rome%3A+A+Dwelling+for+the+Soul&rft.pub=Gracewing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-85244-373-6&rft.aulast=Champ&rft.aufirst=Judith+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQh1no5VRd-cC%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChupungco1997" class="citation book cs1">Chupungco, Anscar J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MG1f9kuVBz0C&pg=PA17"><i>Handbook for Liturgical Studies: Introduction to the liturgy</i></a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-6161-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-6161-1"><bdi>978-0-8146-6161-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+for+Liturgical+Studies%3A+Introduction+to+the+liturgy&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-6161-1&rft.aulast=Chupungco&rft.aufirst=Anscar+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMG1f9kuVBz0C%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1988" class="citation journal cs1">Clark, Francis (1988). "St. Gregory the Great, Theologian of Christian Experience". <i>American Benedictine Review</i>. <b>39</b> (3): 261–276.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Benedictine+Review&rft.atitle=St.+Gregory+the+Great%2C+Theologian+of+Christian+Experience&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=261-276&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Leslie_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Leslie Cross">Cross, Frank Leslie</a>; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA710">"Gregory I"</a>. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gregory+I&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+Leslie&rft.au=Livingstone%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDagens1977" class="citation book cs1">Dagens, Claud (1977). <i>Saint Grégoire le Grand: Culture et expérience chrétiennes</i>. Paris: Études augustiniennes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2851210166" title="Special:BookSources/978-2851210166"><bdi>978-2851210166</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint+Gr%C3%A9goire+le+Grand%3A+Culture+et+exp%C3%A9rience+chr%C3%A9tiennes&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89tudes+augustiniennes&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-2851210166&rft.aulast=Dagens&rft.aufirst=Claud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeanesly1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Deanesly" title="Margaret Deanesly">Deanesly, Margaret</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bveVVnZ3vA4C"><i>A History of the Medieval Church, 590-1500</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-03959-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-03959-8"><bdi>978-0-415-03959-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Medieval+Church%2C+590-1500&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-415-03959-8&rft.aulast=Deanesly&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbveVVnZ3vA4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDidron1851" class="citation book cs1">Didron, Adolphe Napoléon (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=peUYAAAAYAAJ"><i>Christian Iconography: Comprising the History of the Nimbus, the Aureole, and the Glory, the History of God the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost</i></a>. Henry G. Bohn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780790580258" title="Special:BookSources/9780790580258"><bdi>9780790580258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Iconography%3A+Comprising+the+History+of+the+Nimbus%2C+the+Aureole%2C+and+the+Glory%2C+the+History+of+God+the+Father%2C+the+Son%2C+and+the+Holy+Ghost&rft.pub=Henry+G.+Bohn&rft.date=1851&rft.isbn=9780790580258&rft.aulast=Didron&rft.aufirst=Adolphe+Napol%C3%A9on&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpeUYAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemacopoulos2015" class="citation book cs1">Demacopoulos, George E. (2015). <i>Gregory the Great: Ascetic, Pastor, and First Man of Rome</i>. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0268026219" title="Special:BookSources/978-0268026219"><bdi>978-0268026219</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gregory+the+Great%3A+Ascetic%2C+Pastor%2C+and+First+Man+of+Rome&rft.place=Notre+Dame&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0268026219&rft.aulast=Demacopoulos&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudden1905" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Homes_Dudden" title="Frederick Homes Dudden">Dudden, Frederick Holmes</a> (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VDg-AAAAYAAJ&q=dudden+Gregory+the+Great.&pg=PA276"><i>Gregory the Great: His Place in History and Thought (In Two Volumes)</i></a>. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780837079363" title="Special:BookSources/9780837079363"><bdi>9780837079363</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/502650100">502650100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gregory+the+Great%3A+His+Place+in+History+and+Thought+%28In+Two+Volumes%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co&rft.date=1905&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F502650100&rft.isbn=9780837079363&rft.aulast=Dudden&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Holmes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVDg-AAAAYAAJ%26q%3Ddudden%2BGregory%2Bthe%2BGreat.%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEden2004" class="citation book cs1">Eden, Bradford L. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E2CTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT487">"Gregory I, Pope"</a>. In Christopher Kleinhenz (ed.). <i>Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94880-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94880-1"><bdi>978-1-135-94880-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gregory+I%2C+Pope&rft.btitle=Medieval+Italy%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-135-94880-1&rft.aulast=Eden&rft.aufirst=Bradford+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE2CTAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkonomou2007" class="citation book cs1">Ekonomou, Andrew J. (2007). <i>Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern influences on Rome and the papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590–752</i>. Lexington Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Rome+and+the+Greek+Popes%3A+Eastern+influences+on+Rome+and+the+papacy+from+Gregory+the+Great+to+Zacharias%2C+A.D.+590%E2%80%93752&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Ekonomou&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllard1948" class="citation book cs1">Ellard, Gerald (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PmFgHy8KwMEC&pg=PA125"><i>Christian Life and Worship</i></a>. Arno. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-10819-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-10819-8"><bdi>978-0-405-10819-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Life+and+Worship&rft.pub=Arno&rft.date=1948&rft.isbn=978-0-405-10819-8&rft.aulast=Ellard&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPmFgHy8KwMEC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlechner2015" class="citation book cs1">Flechner, Roy (2015). "Pope Gregory and the British: Mission as a Canonical Problem". In Hélène Bouget; Magali Coumert (eds.). <i>En Marge, Histoires des Bretagnes 5</i>. 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New York: Crossroad. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824516284" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824516284"><bdi>978-0824516284</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Growth+of+Mysticism%3A+Gregory+the+Great+Through+the+12+Century+%28The+Presence+of+God%29+%28v.+2%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crossroad&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0824516284&rft.aulast=McGinn&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGinn_Bernard2003" class="citation book cs1">McGinn Bernard, & McGinn Patricia Ferris (2003). <i>Early Christian Mystics: The Divine Vision of the Spiritual Masters</i>. 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Cary & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gregorian+Chant+According+to+the+Manuscripts&rft.pub=L.+J.+Cary+%26+Co.&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgregorianchantte0000klar%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicci2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ricci, Cristina (2002). <i>Mysterium dispensationis. Tracce di una teologia della storia in Gregorio Magno</i> (in Italian). Rome: Centro Studi S. Anselmo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mysterium+dispensationis.+Tracce+di+una+teologia+della+storia+in+Gregorio+Magno&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Centro+Studi+S.+Anselmo&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Ricci&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span>. Studia Anselmiana, volume 135.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Richards" title="Jeffrey Richards">Richards, Jeffrey</a> (1980). <i>Consul of God</i>. London: Routelege & Keatland Paul.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consul+of+God&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routelege+%26+Keatland+Paul&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin1991" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Miri (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MysXfB2ZdCAC&pg=PA308"><i>Corpus Christi: The Eucharist in Late Medieval Culture</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43805-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43805-6"><bdi>978-0-521-43805-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+Christi%3A+The+Eucharist+in+Late+Medieval+Culture&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43805-6&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Miri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMysXfB2ZdCAC%26pg%3DPA308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreiner,_Susan_E.1988" class="citation journal cs1">Schreiner, Susan E. (1988). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Where Shall Wisdom Be Found?': Gregory's Interpretation of Job". <i>American Benedictine Review</i>. <b>39</b> (3): 321–342.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Benedictine+Review&rft.atitle=%27Where+Shall+Wisdom+Be+Found%3F%27%3A+Gregory%27s+Interpretation+of+Job&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=321-342&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Schreiner%2C+Susan+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithCheetham1875" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a>; <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cheetham_(priest)" title="Samuel Cheetham (priest)">Cheetham, Samuel</a> (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofchri01smit/page/549"><i>A dictionary of Christian antiquities: Comprising the History, Institutions, and Antiquities of the Christian Church, from the Time of the Apostles to the Age of Charlemagne</i></a>. J. Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+Christian+antiquities%3A+Comprising+the+History%2C+Institutions%2C+and+Antiquities+of+the+Christian+Church%2C+from+the+Time+of+the+Apostles+to+the+Age+of+Charlemagne&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Cheetham%2C+Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofchri01smit%2Fpage%2F549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithWace1880" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Smith, William; Wace, Henry (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7OU5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA415"><i>A Dictionary of Christian Biography: Literature, Sects and Doctrines</i></a>. Vol. II Eaba – Hermocrates. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Christian+Biography%3A+Literature%2C+Sects+and+Doctrines&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Wace%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7OU5AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSquatriti2002" class="citation book cs1">Squatriti, Paolo (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KKrhJ9BbMkkC&pg=PA54"><i>Water and Society in Early Medieval Italy, AD 400-1000</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52206-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52206-9"><bdi>978-0-521-52206-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+and+Society+in+Early+Medieval+Italy%2C+AD+400-1000&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52206-9&rft.aulast=Squatriti&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKKrhJ9BbMkkC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraw1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carole_E._Straw" title="Carole E. Straw">Straw, Carole E.</a> (1988). <i>Gregory the Great: Perfection in Imperfection</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gregory+the+Great%3A+Perfection+in+Imperfection&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Straw&rft.aufirst=Carole+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThayer1962" class="citation book cs1">Thayer, Joseph Henry (1962). <i>Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament being Grimm's Wilke's Clavis Novi Testamenti Translated Revised and Enlarged</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek-English+Lexicon+of+the+New+Testament+being+Grimm%27s+Wilke%27s+Clavis+Novi+Testamenti+Translated+Revised+and+Enlarged&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Thayer&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornton2006" class="citation book cs1">Thornton, Father James (2006). <i>Made Perfect in Faith</i>. Etna, California, US: Center for Traditionalist Orthodox Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911165-60-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911165-60-9"><bdi>978-0-911165-60-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Made+Perfect+in+Faith&rft.place=Etna%2C+California%2C+US&rft.pub=Center+for+Traditionalist+Orthodox+Studies&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-911165-60-9&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=Father+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1947" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Leonhard (1947). <i>Hauptfragen der Moraltheologie Gregors des Grossen: Ein Bild Altchristlicher Lebensführung</i>. Freiburg in der Schweiz: Pauluscruckerei.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hauptfragen+der+Moraltheologie+Gregors+des+Grossen%3A+Ein+Bild+Altchristlicher+Lebensf%C3%BChrung&rft.place=Freiburg+in+der+Schweiz&rft.pub=Pauluscruckerei&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Leonhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilken,_Robert_Louis2001" class="citation journal cs1">Wilken, Robert Louis (2001). "Interpreting Job Allegorically: The <i>Moralia</i> of Gregory the Great". <i>Pro Ecclesia</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 213–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F106385120101000206">10.1177/106385120101000206</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211965328">211965328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pro+Ecclesia&rft.atitle=Interpreting+Job+Allegorically%3A+The+Moralia+of+Gregory+the+Great&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=213-226&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F106385120101000206&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211965328%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Wilken%2C+Robert+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckermann2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Zuckermann, G.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DteHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA117"><i>Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-3869-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-3869-5"><bdi>978-1-4039-3869-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Contact+and+Lexical+Enrichment+in+Israeli+Hebrew&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-3869-5&rft.aulast=Zuckermann&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDteHDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/15905">Works by Pope Gregory I</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gregorius_I_Magnus" class="extiw" title="commons:Gregorius I Magnus"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Gregorius I Magnus</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pope_Gregory_I" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Gregory_I" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Gregory I">Gregory I</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_0590-0604-_Gregorius_I,_Magnus,_Sanctus.html">"Documenta Catholica Omnia: Gregorius I Magnus"</a> (in Latin). Cooperatorum Veritatis Societas. 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documenta+Catholica+Omnia%3A+Gregorius+I+Magnus&rft.pub=Cooperatorum+Veritatis+Societas&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentacatholicaomnia.eu%2F01_01_0590-0604-_Gregorius_I%2C_Magnus%2C_Sanctus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span> Index of 70 downloadable .pdf files containing the texts of Gregory I.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190105104908/http://www.lectionarycentral.com/gregorymoraliaindex.html">"Complete English translation of Gregory's Moralia in Job"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lectionarycentral.com/GregoryMoraliaIndex.html">the original</a> on 5 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Complete+English+translation+of+Gregory%27s+Moralia+in+Job&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lectionarycentral.com%2FGregoryMoraliaIndex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span> Found on the website: Lectionary Central.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:22-dtl-0000004987">"Moralia in Iob (book 1–35) (Msc.Bibl.41)"</a> (in Latin).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moralia+in+Iob+%28book+1%E2%80%9335%29+%28Msc.Bibl.41%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnbn-resolving.de%2Furn%3Anbn%3Ade%3Abvb%3A22-dtl-0000004987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span> Digitized by the Staatsbibliothek Bamberg.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=100789">"St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">Orthodox Church in America</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+Gregory+Dialogus%2C+the+Pope+of+Rome&rft.pub=Orthodox+Church+in+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Focafs.oca.org%2FFeastSaintsViewer.asp%3FSID%3D4%26ID%3D1%26FSID%3D100789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Gregory+I" class="Z3988"></span> Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synaxarion" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaxarion">synaxarion</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/download/1860018/2907190">Noch ein Höhlengleichnis. Zu einem metaphorischen Argument bei Gregor dem Großen</a> by Meinolf Schumacher (in German).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221012054/https://epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/woman/136.html"><i>Women's Biography: Barbara and Antonina</i></a>, contains two of his letters.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colecciondeverda.com/2012/11/san-gregorio-magno-en-su-estudio.html">St. Gregory engraved by Anton Wierix from the De Verda Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianiconography.info/gregory.html">Saint Gregory the Great</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianiconography.info">Christian Iconography</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianiconography.info/goldenLegend/gregory.htm">Of St. Gregory the Pope</a> from Caxon's translation of the Golden Legend</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0028/html/ms_484_021.html">MS 484/21 Dialogorum ... libri quatuor de miraculis at OPenn</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_II" title="Pope Pelagius II">Pelagius II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Pope </b><br />590–604 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sabinian" title="Pope Sabinian">Sabinian</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes_(graphical)" title="List of popes (graphical)">graphical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canonised_popes" title="List of canonised popes">canonised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal names</a></li> <li>Tombs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">extant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-extant_papal_tombs" title="List of non-extant papal tombs">non-extant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Pope emeritus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">papal resignation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope-elect_Stephen" title="Pope-elect Stephen">Pope-elect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">1st–4th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleutherius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Liberius" title="Pope Liberius">Liberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">5th–8th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_II" title="Pope Anastasius II">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_II" title="Pope Boniface II">Boniface II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_II" title="Pope John II">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vigilius" title="Pope Vigilius">Vigilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_I" title="Pope Pelagius I">Pelagius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_III" title="Pope John III">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_I" title="Pope Benedict I">Benedict I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_II" title="Pope Pelagius II">Pelagius II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sabinian" title="Pope Sabinian">Sabinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_III" title="Pope Boniface III">Boniface III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_V" title="Pope Boniface V">Boniface V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_I" title="Pope Honorius I">Honorius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Severinus" title="Pope Severinus">Severinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IV" title="Pope John IV">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_I" title="Pope Theodore I">Theodore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Donus" title="Pope Donus">Donus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_V" title="Pope John V">John V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Conon" title="Pope Conon">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VI" title="Pope John VI">John VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VII" title="Pope John VII">John VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sisinnius" title="Pope Sisinnius">Sisinnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Constantine" title="Pope Constantine">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_II" title="Pope Stephen II">Stephen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_III" title="Pope Stephen III">Stephen III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Adrian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">9th–12th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_II" title="Pope Eugene II">Eugene II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Valentine" title="Pope Valentine">Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IV" title="Pope Gregory IV">Gregory IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_II" title="Pope Sergius II">Sergius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_III" title="Pope Benedict III">Benedict III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_II" title="Pope Adrian II">Adrian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">John VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_I" title="Pope Marinus I">Marinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_V" title="Pope Stephen V">Stephen V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Formosus" title="Pope Formosus">Formosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VI" title="Pope Boniface VI">Boniface VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VI" title="Pope Stephen VI">Stephen VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Romanus" title="Pope Romanus">Romanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_II" title="Pope Theodore II">Theodore II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IX" title="Pope John IX">John IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IV" title="Pope Benedict IV">Benedict IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_V" title="Pope Leo V">Leo V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_III" title="Pope Sergius III">Sergius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_III" title="Pope Anastasius III">Anastasius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lando" title="Pope Lando">Lando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_X" title="Pope John X">John X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VI" title="Pope Leo VI">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VII" title="Pope Stephen VII">Stephen VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XI" title="Pope John XI">John XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VII" title="Pope Leo VII">Leo VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VIII" title="Pope Stephen VIII">Stephen VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_II" title="Pope Marinus II">Marinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_II" title="Pope Agapetus II">Agapetus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XII" title="Pope John XII">John XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_V" title="Pope Benedict V">Benedict V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VIII" title="Pope Leo VIII">Leo VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIII" title="Pope John XIII">John XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VI" title="Pope Benedict VI">Benedict VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VII" title="Pope Benedict VII">Benedict VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV" title="Pope John XIV">John XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XV" title="Pope John XV">John XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_V" title="Pope Gregory V">Gregory V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_II" title="Pope Sylvester II">Sylvester II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVII" title="Pope John XVII">John XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVIII" title="Pope John XVIII">John XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_IV" title="Pope Sergius IV">Sergius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VIII" title="Pope Benedict VIII">Benedict VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIX" title="Pope John XIX">John XIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IX" title="Pope Benedict IX">Benedict IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_III" title="Pope Sylvester III">Sylvester III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VI" title="Pope Gregory VI">Gregory VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_II" title="Pope Clement II">Clement II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_II" title="Pope Damasus II">Damasus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_II" title="Pope Victor II">Victor II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IX" title="Pope Stephen IX">Stephen IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_II" title="Pope Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II" title="Pope Alexander II">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_III" title="Pope Victor III">Victor III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Paschal II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_II" title="Pope Gelasius II">Gelasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_II" title="Pope Callixtus II">Callixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_II" title="Pope Honorius II">Honorius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Innocent II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_II" title="Pope Celestine II">Celestine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_II" title="Pope Lucius II">Lucius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III" title="Pope Eugene III">Eugene III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_IV" title="Pope Anastasius IV">Anastasius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Adrian IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III" title="Pope Lucius III">Lucius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_III" title="Pope Urban III">Urban III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VIII" title="Pope Gregory VIII">Gregory VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_III" title="Pope Clement III">Clement III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Celestine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">13th–16th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III" title="Pope Honorius III">Honorius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_IV" title="Pope Celestine IV">Celestine IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Innocent IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Alexander IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV" title="Pope Urban IV">Urban IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IV" title="Pope Clement IV">Clement IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Gregory X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_V" title="Pope Innocent V">Innocent V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_V" title="Pope Adrian V">Adrian V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXI" title="Pope John XXI">John XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Nicholas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Martin IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_IV" title="Pope Honorius IV">Honorius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Nicholas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XI" title="Pope Benedict XI">Benedict XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">John XXII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XII" title="Pope Benedict XII">Benedict XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Clement VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VI" title="Pope Innocent VI">Innocent VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_V" title="Pope Urban V">Urban V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XI" title="Pope Gregory XI">Gregory XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VI" title="Pope Urban VI">Urban VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IX" title="Pope Boniface IX">Boniface IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VII" title="Pope Innocent VII">Innocent VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XII" title="Pope Gregory XII">Gregory XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_V" title="Pope Martin V">Martin V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Eugene IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Nicholas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Callixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_II" title="Pope Paul II">Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Innocent VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_III" title="Pope Pius III">Pius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Adrian VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Clement VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Paul III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Julius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_II" title="Pope Marcellus II">Marcellus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Paul IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Gregory XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VII" title="Pope Urban VII">Urban VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIV" title="Pope Gregory XIV">Gregory XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IX" title="Pope Innocent IX">Innocent IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Clement VIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">17th–21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XI" title="Pope Leo XI">Leo XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Paul V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV" title="Pope Gregory XV">Gregory XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII" title="Pope Urban VIII">Urban VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X" title="Pope Innocent X">Innocent X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII" title="Pope Alexander VII">Alexander VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IX" title="Pope Clement IX">Clement IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_X" title="Pope Clement X">Clement X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIII" title="Pope Alexander VIII">Alexander VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII" title="Pope Innocent XII">Innocent XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Clement XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XIII" title="Pope Innocent XIII">Innocent XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII" title="Pope Benedict XIII">Benedict XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII" title="Pope Clement XII">Clement XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIII" title="Pope Clement XIII">Clement XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Clement XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XII" title="Pope Leo XII">Leo XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VIII" title="Pope Pius VIII">Pius VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Gregory XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pius XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059" title="Papal selection before 1059">Antiquity and Early<br /> Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059#During_the_Roman_Empire" title="Papal selection before 1059">During the Roman Empire</a> (until 493) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_of_Rome_under_Constantine_the_Great" title="Bishops of Rome under Constantine the Great">Under Constantine</a> (312–337)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Papacy" title="Ostrogothic Papacy">Ostrogothic Papacy</a> (493–537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Papacy" title="Byzantine Papacy">Byzantine Papacy</a> (537–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_Papacy" title="Frankish Papacy">Frankish Papacy</a> (756–857)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saeculum_obscurum" title="Saeculum obscurum">Saeculum obscurum</a></i> (904–964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescentii" title="Crescentii">Crescentii era</a> (974–1012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">High and Late<br />Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tusculan_Papacy" title="Tusculan Papacy">Tusculan Papacy</a> (1012–1044 / 1048)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy_(1048%E2%80%931257)" title="History of the papacy (1048–1257)">Conflicts with the HRE</a> (1048–1257)</li> <li>Wandering Papacy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viterbo_Papacy" title="Viterbo Papacy">Viterbo</a>, 1257–1281</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Orvieto Papacy">Orvieto</a>, 1262–1297</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perugia_Papacy" title="Perugia Papacy">Perugia</a>, 1228–1304</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a> (1309–1378)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> (1378–1417)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Early Modern and<br /> Modern Era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Papacy" title="Renaissance Papacy">Renaissance Papacy</a> (1417–1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Papacy" title="Reformation Papacy">Reformation Papacy</a> (1534–1585)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque Papacy">Baroque Papacy</a> (1585–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church#Baroque,_Enlightenment_and_revolutions" title="History of the Catholic Church">Age of Enlightenment</a> (c. 1640–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popes_during_the_Age_of_Revolution" title="Popes during the Age of Revolution">Revolutionary Papacy</a> (1775–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a> (1870–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> (1929–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City in World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Cold War</a> (1945–1991)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Popes" title="Category:Popes">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medieval_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_music" title="Template:Medieval music"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medieval_music" title="Template talk:Medieval music"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval music"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medieval_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_composers" title="List of medieval composers">List of composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_music_theorists" title="List of medieval music theorists">List of music theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medieval musical instruments">List of musical instruments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music#Early_medieval_music_(500–1000)" title="Medieval music">Early (before 1150)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Gall" title="Abbey of Saint Gall">Abbey of Saint Gall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notker_the_Stammerer" title="Notker the Stammerer">Notker the Stammerer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuotilo" title="Tuotilo">Tuotilo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Stephen of Liège">Stephen of Liège</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Hucbald" title="Hucbald">Hucbald</a>*</span></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Cluny" title="Odo of Cluny">Odo of Cluny</a>*</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulbert_of_Chartres" title="Fulbert of Chartres">Fulbert of Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heriger_of_Lobbes" title="Heriger of Lobbes">Heriger of Lobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Martial_school" title="Saint Martial school">Saint Martial school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9mar_de_Chabannes" title="Adémar de Chabannes">Adémar de Chabannes</a></li></ul></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Arezzo" title="Odo of Arezzo">Odo of Arezzo</a>*</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notker_Physicus" title="Notker Physicus">Notker Physicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godric_of_Finchale" title="Godric of Finchale">St. Godric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Saint_Victor" title="Adam of Saint Victor">Adam of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_the_Cantor" title="Wulfstan the Cantor">Wulfstan the Cantor</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wipo_of_Burgundy" title="Wipo of Burgundy">Wipo of Burgundy</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music#High_medieval_music_(1000–1300)" title="Medieval music">High (1150–1300)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_antiqua" title="Ars antiqua">Ars antiqua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_school" title="Notre-Dame school">Notre-Dame school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Parisiensis" title="Albertus Parisiensis">Albertus Parisiensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onin" title="Léonin">Léonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rotin" title="Pérotin">Pérotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Chancellor" title="Philip the Chancellor">Philippe le Chancelier</a></li></ul></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Petrus_de_Cruce" title="Petrus de Cruce">Petrus de Cruce</a>*</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">Troubadour</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Trobairitz" title="Trobairitz">Trobairitz</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimeric_de_Peguilhan" title="Aimeric de Peguilhan">Aimeric de Peguilhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaut_Daniel" title="Arnaut Daniel">Arnaut Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaut_de_Mareuil" title="Arnaut de Mareuil">Arnaut de Mareuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernart_de_Ventadorn" title="Bernart de Ventadorn">Bernart de Ventadorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertran_de_Born" title="Bertran de Born">Bertran de Born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelloza" title="Castelloza">Castelloza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerver%C3%AD_de_Girona" title="Cerverí de Girona">Cerverí de Girona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comtessa_de_Dia" title="Comtessa de Dia">Comtessa de Dia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folquet_de_Marselha" title="Folquet de Marselha">Folquet de Marselha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaucelm_Faidit" title="Gaucelm Faidit">Gaucelm Faidit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giraut_de_Bornelh" title="Giraut de Bornelh">Giraut de Bornelh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiraut_Riquier" title="Guiraut Riquier">Guiraut Riquier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaufre_Rudel" title="Jaufre Rudel">Jaufre Rudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcabru" title="Marcabru">Marcabru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peire_d%27Alvernha" class="mw-redirect" title="Peire d'Alvernha">Peire d'Alvernha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peire_Cardenal" title="Peire Cardenal">Peire Cardenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peire_Vidal" title="Peire Vidal">Peire Vidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peirol" title="Peirol">Peirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdigon" title="Perdigon">Perdigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimbaut_d%27Aurenga" title="Raimbaut d'Aurenga">Raimbaut d'Aurenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimbaut_de_Vaqueiras" title="Raimbaut de Vaqueiras">Raimbaut de Vaqueiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimon_de_Miravalh" class="mw-redirect" title="Raimon de Miravalh">Raimon de Miravalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sordello" title="Sordello">Sordello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IX,_Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="William IX, Duke of Aquitaine">William IX, Duke of Aquitaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_troubadours_and_trobairitz" title="List of troubadours and trobairitz">Other troubadours and trobairitz...</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">Trouvère</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_la_Halle" title="Adam de la Halle">Adam de la Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrieu_Contredit_d%27Arras" title="Andrieu Contredit d'Arras">Andrieu Contredit d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audefroi_le_Bastart" title="Audefroi le Bastart">Audefroi le Bastart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blondel_de_Nesle" title="Blondel de Nesle">Blondel de Nesle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chastelain_de_Couci" title="Le Chastelain de Couci">Le Chastelain de Couci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Muset" title="Colin Muset">Colin Muset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conon_de_B%C3%A9thune" title="Conon de Béthune">Conon de Béthune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gace_Brul%C3%A9" title="Gace Brulé">Gace Brulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_de_Coincy" title="Gautier de Coincy">Gautier de Coincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_de_Dargies" title="Gautier de Dargies">Gautier de Dargies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_d%27Espinal" title="Gautier d'Espinal">Gautier d'Espinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillebert_de_Berneville" title="Gillebert de Berneville">Gillebert de Berneville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gontier_de_Soignies" title="Gontier de Soignies">Gontier de Soignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_le_Vinier" title="Guillaume le Vinier">Guillaume le Vinier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiot_de_Dijon" title="Guiot de Dijon">Guiot de Dijon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Bretel" title="Jehan Bretel">Jehan Bretel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Erart" title="Jehan Erart">Jehan Erart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_le_Cuvelier_d%27Arras" title="Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras">Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moniot_d%27Arras" title="Moniot d'Arras">Moniot d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrin_d%27Angicourt" title="Perrin d'Angicourt">Perrin d'Angicourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_R%C3%A9mi_(died_1265)" title="Philippe de Rémi (died 1265)">Philippe de Rémi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_de_Soissons" title="Raoul de Soissons">Raoul de Soissons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re#List_of_trouvères" title="Trouvère">Other trouvères...</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casella_(Divine_Comedy)" title="Casella (Divine Comedy)">Casella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliard" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliard">Goliards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese_lyric" title="Galician-Portuguese lyric">Galician-Portuguese lyric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician-Portuguese_troubadours" title="List of Galician-Portuguese troubadours">List of Galician-Portuguese troubadours</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music#Late_medieval_music_(1300–1400)" title="Medieval music">Late (1300–1400)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">Ars nova</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/F._Andrieu" title="F. Andrieu">F. Andrieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Le_Grant" title="Denis Le Grant">Denis Le Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_Franciscus" title="Magister Franciscus">Magister Franciscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimace_(composer)" title="Grimace (composer)">Grimace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_de_Lescurel" title="Jehan de Lescurel">Jehan de Lescurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Machaut" title="Guillaume de Machaut">Guillaume de Machaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._des_Molins" title="P. des Molins">P. des Molins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Vaillant" title="Jehan Vaillant">Jehan Vaillant</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Vitry" title="Philippe de Vitry">Philippe de Vitry</a>*</span></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Trecento" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Trecento" title="Music of the Trecento">Trecento</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Predecessors" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marchetto_da_Padova" title="Marchetto da Padova">Marchetto da Padova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Cascia" title="Giovanni da Cascia">Giovanni da Cascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_da_Bologna" title="Jacopo da Bologna">Jacopo da Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maestro_Piero" title="Maestro Piero">Maestro Piero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_da_Rimini" title="Vincenzo da Rimini">Vincenzo da Rimini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_de_Florentia" title="Andreas de Florentia">Andreas de Florentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donato_da_Cascia" title="Donato da Cascia">Donato da Cascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Landini" title="Francesco Landini">Francesco Landini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gherardello_da_Firenze" title="Gherardello da Firenze">Gherardello da Firenze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_da_Firenze" title="Lorenzo da Firenze">Lorenzo da Firenze</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_da_Firenze" title="Paolo da Firenze">Paolo da Firenze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartolino_da_Padova" title="Bartolino da Padova">Bartolino da Padova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonello_da_Caserta" title="Antonello da Caserta">Antonello da Caserta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ciconia" title="Johannes Ciconia">Johannes Ciconia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_da_Perugia" title="Matteo da Perugia">Matteo da Perugia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Mazzuoli" title="Giovanni Mazzuoli">Giovanni Mazzuoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazioso_da_Padova" title="Grazioso da Padova">Grazioso da Padova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_da_Perugia" title="Niccolò da Perugia">Niccolò da Perugia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippus_de_Caserta" title="Philippus de Caserta">Philippus de Caserta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Omer" title="Sant Omer">Sant Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacara_da_Teramo" title="Zacara da Teramo">Zacara da Teramo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borlet" title="Borlet">Borlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippus_de_Caserta" title="Philippus de Caserta">Philippus de Caserta</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ciconia" title="Johannes Ciconia">Johannes Ciconia</a>*</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conradus_de_Pistoria" title="Conradus de Pistoria">Conradus de Pistoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baude_Cordier" title="Baude Cordier">Baude Cordier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Cuvelier" title="Johannes Cuvelier">Johannes Cuvelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egardus" title="Egardus">Egardus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egidius_(Chantilly_Codex_composer)" title="Egidius (Chantilly Codex composer)">Egidius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Fabri" title="Martinus Fabri">Martinus Fabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_de_Goscalch" title="Petrus de Goscalch">Petrus de Goscalch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Symonis_Hasprois" title="Johannes Symonis Hasprois">Johannes Symonis Hasprois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matheus_de_Sancto_Johanne" title="Matheus de Sancto Johanne">Matheus de Sancto Johanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacian_Reyneau" title="Gacian Reyneau">Gacian Reyneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_Uciredor" title="S Uciredor">Rodericus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Senleches" title="Jacob Senleches">Jacob Senleches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solage" title="Solage">Solage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Susay" title="Johannes Susay">Johannes Susay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacara_da_Teramo" title="Zacara da Teramo">Antonio Zacara da Teramo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebor_(composer)" title="Trebor (composer)">Trebor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Alanus" title="Johannes Alanus">Johannes Alanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" title="John Dunstaple">John Dunstaple</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Contenance_angloise" title="Contenance angloise">Contenance angloise</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fabri" title="Thomas Fabri">Thomas Fabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Henry" title="Roy Henry">Roy Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_de_Lantins" title="Arnold de Lantins">Arnold de Lantins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonel_Power" title="Leonel Power">Leonel Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._de_Wycombe" title="W. de Wycombe">W. de Wycombe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_IV" title="Anonymous IV">Anonymous IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_of_Arezzo" title="Guido of Arezzo">Guido of Arezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_of_Cologne" title="Franco of Cologne">Franco of Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Cotto" title="Johannes Cotto">Johannes Cotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Garlandia_(music_theorist)" title="Johannes de Garlandia (music theorist)">Johannes de Garlandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Grocheio" title="Johannes de Grocheio">Johannes de Grocheio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacobus_de_Ispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Iacobus de Ispania">Iacobus de Ispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notker_Labeo" title="Notker Labeo">Notker Labeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Muris" title="Johannes de Muris">Johannes de Muris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Odington" title="Walter Odington">Walter Odington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berno_of_Reichenau" title="Berno of Reichenau">Berno of Reichenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian_of_R%C3%A9%C3%B4me" title="Aurelian of Réôme">Aurelian of Réôme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">Antiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canso_(song)" title="Canso (song)">Canso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_(music)" title="Carol (music)">Carol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanson" title="Chanson">Chanson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chansonnier" title="Chansonnier">Chansonnier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conductus" title="Conductus">Conductus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estampie" title="Estampie">Estampie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formes_fixes" title="Formes fixes">Formes fixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(forme_fixe)" title="Ballade (forme fixe)">Ballade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondeau_(forme_fixe)" title="Rondeau (forme fixe)">Rondeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai">Virelai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisslerlieder" title="Geisslerlieder">Geisslerlied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_(poetic_form)" title="Lai (poetic form)">Lai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tydorel" title="Tydorel">Tydorel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_drama" title="Liturgical drama">Liturgical drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(Trecento)" title="Madrigal (Trecento)">Madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">Motet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organum" title="Organum">Organum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planctus" title="Planctus">Planctus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_of_the_British_Isles" title="Early music of the British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Medieval_England" title="Music in Medieval England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Medieval_Scotland" title="Music in Medieval Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus#Medieval_music" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_France#Medieval_Period" title="Music history of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Minnesingers_and_Meistersingers" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_classical_music#Medieval_music" title="Italian classical music">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal#Medieval_music" title="Music history of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain#Medieval_period" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardcore" title="Bardcore">Bardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_folk_rock" title="Medieval folk rock">Medieval folk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_metal" title="Medieval metal">Medieval metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Medieval_music" title="Neo-Medieval music">Neo-Medieval music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_poetry" title="Medieval poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <ul><li>Also music theorist*</li></ul> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Renaissance_music" title="Template:Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a></b> →</div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_music" title="Category:Medieval music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seven_deadly_sins" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seven_Deadly_Sins" title="Template:Seven Deadly Sins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seven_Deadly_Sins" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Seven Deadly Sins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seven_Deadly_Sins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seven Deadly Sins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seven_deadly_sins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">The sins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluttony" title="Gluttony">Gluttony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloth_(deadly_sin)" title="Sloth (deadly sin)">Sloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Wrath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Describing the sins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evagrius_Ponticus" title="Evagrius Ponticus">Evagrius Ponticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Binsfeld" title="Peter Binsfeld">Peter Binsfeld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">In art and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio">Purgatorio</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Keys_to_the_Kingdom" title="The Keys to the Kingdom">The Keys to the Kingdom</a></i> (book series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_(play)" title="The Seven Deadly Sins (play)">The Seven Deadly Sins</a></i> (1585 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_and_the_Four_Last_Things" title="The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things">The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things</a></i> (painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_(ballet_chant%C3%A9)" title="The Seven Deadly Sins (ballet chanté)"><i>The Seven Deadly Sins</i></a> (1933 ballet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_(1952_film)" title="The Seven Deadly Sins (1952 film)"><i>The Seven Deadly Sins</i></a> (1952 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_(1962_film)" title="The Seven Deadly Sins (1962 film)"><i>The Seven Deadly Sins</i></a> (1962 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Muppet_Show:_Sex_and_Violence" title="The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence">The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_(1995_film)" title="Seven (1995 film)"><i>Seven</i></a> (1995 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fullmetal_Alchemist" title="Fullmetal Alchemist">Fullmetal Alchemist</a></i> (manga series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fullmetal_Alchemist_(TV_series)" title="Fullmetal Alchemist (TV series)">Fullmetal Alchemist</a></i> (2003 anime)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fullmetal_Alchemist:_Brotherhood" title="Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood">Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood</a></i> (2009 anime)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_(manga)" title="The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)"><i>The Seven Deadly Sins</i></a> (manga series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_of_Modern_Times" title="The Seven Deadly Sins of Modern Times">The Seven Deadly Sins of Modern Times</a></i> (painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re:Zero_%E2%88%92_Starting_Life_in_Another_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World">Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World</a> (light novel series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re:Zero_%E2%88%92_Starting_Life_in_Another_World#Anime" class="mw-redirect" title="Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World">Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World</a> (2016 anime)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Four_Last_Things_(video_game)" title="Four Last Things (video game)">Four Last Things</a></i> (video game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graveyard_Keeper" title="Graveyard Keeper">Graveyard Keeper</a></i> (2018 video game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Marvel_(DC_Comics)" title="Captain Marvel (DC Comics)">Shazam!</a></i> (comic book) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Deadly_Enemies_of_Man" title="Seven Deadly Enemies of Man">Seven Deadly Enemies of Man</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shazam!_(film)" title="Shazam! (film)">Shazam!</a></i> (2019 film)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helluva_Boss" title="Helluva Boss">Helluva Boss</a></i> (2020 animated series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Limbus_Company" title="Limbus Company">Limbus Company</a></i> (2023 video game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hazbin_Hotel" title="Hazbin Hotel">Hazbin Hotel</a></i> (2024 animated series)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven Heavenly Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Social_Sins" title="Seven Social Sins">Seven Social Sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Sin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Christian views on sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamartiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamartiology">Hamartiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Binsfeld" title="Peter Binsfeld">Peter Binsfeld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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href="/wiki/Servant_of_God#Catholic_Church" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable#Christianity" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Virgin Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God (Theotokos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (husband)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James of Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>  <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Kiev" title="Anthony of Kiev">Anthony of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_the_Confessor" title="Chariton the Confessor">Chariton the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Homobonus" title="Saint Homobonus">Homobonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Zographos" title="Lazarus Zographos">Lazarus Zographos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bertrand_(saint)" title="Louis Bertrand (saint)">Louis Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Synnada" title="Michael of Synnada">Michael of Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonius" title="Salonius">Salonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Pio of Pietrelcina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede the Venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church<br />Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abda_and_Abdisho" title="Abda and Abdisho">Abda and Abdisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Boris and Gleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">Canadian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Martyrs_of_Tlaxcala" title="Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala">Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Persia" title="Christina of Persia">Christina of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs" title="Four Crowned Martyrs">Four Crowned Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_martyr" title="Great martyr">Great Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">The Holy Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_martyrs" title="Lübeck martyrs">Martyrs of Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Versiglia" title="Luigi Versiglia">Luigi Versiglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Albania" title="Martyrs of Albania">Martyrs of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_martyrs_of_Algeria" title="19 martyrs of Algeria">Martyrs of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cajonos" title="Martyrs of Cajonos">Martyrs of Cajonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Martyrs of Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyrs of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum" title="Martyrs of Gorkum">Martyrs of Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_La_Rioja" title="Martyrs of La Rioja">Martyrs of La Rioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Damascus" title="Martyrs of Damascus">Martyrs of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Laos" title="Martyrs of Laos">Martyrs of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Natal" title="Martyrs of Natal">Martyrs of Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Prague" title="Martyrs of Prague">Martyrs of Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadok_and_48_Dominican_martyrs_from_Sandomierz" title="Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz">Martyrs of Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Zenta" title="Martyrs of Zenta">Martyrs of Zenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parenzo" title="Pietro Parenzo">Pietro Parenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasian_Martyrs" title="Thomasian Martyrs">17 Thomasian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_family" title="Ulma family">Ulma Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_and_Corona" title="Victor and Corona">Victor and Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanitas_and_Lazarus_of_Persia" title="Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia">Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Missionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Damien of Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evermode_of_Ratzeburg" title="Evermode of Ratzeburg">Evermode of Ratzeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Nino of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (father of Jesus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleuterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Seven Maccabees and their mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah (prophet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_the_Cross" title="Angela of the Cross">Angela of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bologna" title="Catherine of Bologna">Catherine of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Eulalia of Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_and_Liberata_of_Como" title="Faustina and Liberata of Como">Faustina and Liberata of Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve" title="Genevieve">Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltrude_of_Liessies" title="Hiltrude of Liessies">Hiltrude of Liessies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goretti" title="Maria Goretti">Maria Goretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Maravillas_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="María de las Maravillas de Jesús">María de las Maravillas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Narcisa de Jesús">Narcisa de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_of_Naples" title="Patricia of Naples">Patricia of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rosalia" title="Saint Rosalia">Rosalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_the_Andes" title="Teresa of the Andes">Teresa of the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaldesca_Taccini" title="Ubaldesca Taccini">Ubaldesca Taccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Bakhita" title="Josephine Bakhita">Josephine Bakhita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Marshals" title="Four Holy Marshals">Four Holy Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_of_charity" title="Martyr of charity">Martyr of charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Miles Christianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Church Militant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Champions_of_Christendom" title="Seven Champions of Christendom">Seven Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/16px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/24px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_Church_footer" title="Template:Latin Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Latin Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latin_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchates</a><br />(by <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">order of precedence</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a> ('<a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_West" title="Patriarch of the West">Patriarch of the West</a>'): <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a> (with <i><a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedra</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a>)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pierbattista_Pizzaballa" title="Pierbattista Pizzaballa">Pierbattista Pizzaballa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_the_East_Indies" title="Patriarchate of the East Indies">East Indies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Filipe_Neri_Ferr%C3%A3o" title="Filipe Neri Ferrão">Filipe Neri Ferrão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Lisbon" title="Patriarchate of Lisbon">Lisbon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rui_Val%C3%A9rio" title="Rui Valério">Rui Valério</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Venice" title="Patriarchate of Venice">Venice</a>: <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Moraglia" title="Francesco Moraglia">Francesco Moraglia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Carthage" title="Archdiocese of Carthage">Carthage</a> (?−1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a> (1276–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Latin Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a> (1098–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (1204–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_the_West_Indies" title="Patriarchate of the West Indies">West Indies</a> (1524–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Aquileia" title="Patriarchate of Aquileia">Aquileia</a> (560–1751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Ethiopia" title="Latin Patriarchate of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (1555–1663)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Grado" title="Patriarch of Grado">Grado</a> (560–1451)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church#History" title="Latin Church">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Historical development</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Martyrs_of_the_Church_of_Rome" title="First Martyrs of the Church of Rome">First Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_African_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early African church">Early African church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic sees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Siracusa" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Siracusa">Syracuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Malta" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Malta">Malta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan">Milan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Fathers">Church Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Pope Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>*</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope Gregory I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_use_of_Latin" title="Liturgical use of Latin">Liturgical use of Latin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Liturgical rites</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ranking_of_liturgical_days_in_the_Roman_Rite" title="Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite">Liturgical days</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Rite of Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Mass of Paul VI</a> (Ordinary form)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraordinary form">Extraordinary form</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire Use</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_order_liturgical_rite" title="Catholic order liturgical rite">Orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Rite" title="Benedictine Rite">Benedictine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Rite" title="Carmelite Rite">Carmelite Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian Rite">Carthusian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercian_Rite" title="Cistercian Rite">Cistercian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Rite" title="Dominican Rite">Dominican Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbertine_Rite" title="Norbertine Rite">Norbertine Rite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Rite" title="African Rite">African Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileian_Rite" title="Aquileian Rite">Aquileian Rite</a></li> <li>British <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Rite" title="Durham Rite">Durham Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Hereford" title="Use of Hereford">Hereford Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Sarum Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_York" title="Use of York">York Use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican Rite</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Nautica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa sicca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Venatoria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Tridentine_Mass" title="Pre-Tridentine Mass">Pre-Tridentine Mass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_cross" title="Latin cross">Latin cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_the_Middle_East" title="Latin Church in the Middle East">Latin Church in the Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Middle_Ages)" title="Latins (Middle Ages)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Church in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_titular_sees" title="List of Catholic titular sees">Titular sees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_the_Latin_Bishops_of_the_Arab_Regions" title="Conference of the Latin Bishops of the Arab Regions">Conference of the Latin Bishops of the Arab Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li>* also <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church#Latin_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_Church" title="Category:Latin Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a><br /></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a><br />(30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a><br />(180–451)<br /><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman<br />state church</a><br />(380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template talk:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Catholic_theology" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">History of Catholic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Key figures</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides_of_Athens" title="Aristides of Athens">Aristides of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatian" title="Novatian">Antipope Novatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> to<br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope Gregory I</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecthesis" title="Ecthesis">Ecthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Aquileia" title="Paulinus II of Aquileia">Paulinus II of Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius Radbertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a> and reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John of Ruusbroec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Heinrich Seuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Groote" title="Geert Groote">Geert Groote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna">Francisco de Osuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomassin" title="Louis Thomassin">Louis Thomassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Muzzarelli" title="Alfonso Muzzarelli">Alfonso Muzzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Sailer" title="Johann Michael Sailer">Johann Michael Sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Mary_Hofbauer" title="Clement Mary Hofbauer">Clement Mary Hofbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Lanteri" title="Bruno Lanteri">Bruno Lanteri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Luigi Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Henri Lacordaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Jaime Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Sanseverino" title="Gaetano Sanseverino">Gaetano Sanseverino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi" title="Giovanni Maria Cornoldi">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Giuseppe Pecci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hergenr%C3%B6ther" title="Joseph Hergenröther">Joseph Hergenröther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Scheeben" title="Matthias Joseph Scheeben">Matthias Joseph Scheeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Boutroux" title="Émile Boutroux">Émile Boutroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Léon Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Dominique_Chenu" title="Marie-Dominique Chenu">Marie-Dominique Chenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Daniel-Rops" title="Henri Daniel-Rops">Henri Daniel-Rops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Jean Guitton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Metz" title="Johann Baptist Metz">Johann Baptist Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Nouwen" title="Henri Nouwen">Henri Nouwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_von_Hildebrand" title="Alice von Hildebrand">Alice von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/307185644">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/758154381044030291947">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/283027091">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7802167867526223060008">7</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/305078616">8</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2167867486423060004">9</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/394158790634838852045">10</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/103646037">11</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7451167867524823060008">12</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8978167867569623060006">13</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5819168049046738410000">14</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/54148539">15</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1821692/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjBVKFD7kpxWw7DXV3b36X">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118541838">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79056801">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11886472r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11886472r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00513587">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gregorius I <papa>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV005166">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35149530">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002153698&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1110136">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1339486">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068317360">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90356143">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000109312&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000172149&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=85466">Greece</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=163947">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018F3503">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/xv8bdv3g5bdd3s3">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810608795905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/52853">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262060105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000119632">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521908006706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14120142">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA18506305?l=en">CiNii</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00499538?l=en">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500062911">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4e0ca300-35db-45b3-9f67-1855e6932b48">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/842782">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="GREGORIO I, papa, santo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gregorio-i-papa-santo_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118541838.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118541838">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026657929">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6r78h1r">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/361506">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&oldid=1257234548">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_I&oldid=1257234548</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pope_Gregory_I" title="Category:Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:540_births" title="Category:540 births">540 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:604_deaths" title="Category:604 deaths">604 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_Christian_mystics" title="Category:6th-century Christian mystics">6th-century Christian mystics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_Christian_theologians" title="Category:6th-century Christian theologians">6th-century Christian theologians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_Italian_writers" title="Category:6th-century Italian writers">6th-century Italian writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_writers_in_Latin" title="Category:6th-century writers in Latin">6th-century writers in Latin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_popes" title="Category:6th-century popes">6th-century popes</a></li><li><a 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