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Cobden–Chevalier Treaty - Wikipedia

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.infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;">Cobden–Chevalier Treaty</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord-Palmerston-Addressing-The-House-Of-Commons-During-The-Debates-On-The-Treaty-Of-France-In-February-1860,-1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lord-Palmerston-Addressing-The-House-Of-Commons-During-The-Debates-On-The-Treaty-Of-France-In-February-1860%2C-1863.jpg/200px-Lord-Palmerston-Addressing-The-House-Of-Commons-During-The-Debates-On-The-Treaty-Of-France-In-February-1860%2C-1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lord-Palmerston-Addressing-The-House-Of-Commons-During-The-Debates-On-The-Treaty-Of-France-In-February-1860%2C-1863.jpg/300px-Lord-Palmerston-Addressing-The-House-Of-Commons-During-The-Debates-On-The-Treaty-Of-France-In-February-1860%2C-1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lord-Palmerston-Addressing-The-House-Of-Commons-During-The-Debates-On-The-Treaty-Of-France-In-February-1860%2C-1863.jpg/400px-Lord-Palmerston-Addressing-The-House-Of-Commons-During-The-Debates-On-The-Treaty-Of-France-In-February-1860%2C-1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="362" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Palmerston" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a> addressing the House of Commons during the debates on the Cobden–Chevalier Treaty in February 1860, as painted by <a href="/wiki/John_Phillip" title="John Phillip">John Phillip</a> (1863)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed</th><td class="infobox-data">23 October 1860<span style="display:none">&#160;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">23 October 1860</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original<br />signatories</th><td class="infobox-data attendee plainlist"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Cobden–Chevalier Treaty</b> was an Anglo-French <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreement</a> signed between the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a> on 23 January 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> After Britain began <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> policies in 1846, there remained tariffs with France. The 1860 treaty ended tariffs on the main items of trade—wine, brandy and silk goods from France, and coal, iron and industrial goods from Britain. </p><p>The new policy was widely copied across Europe. According to <a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Krasner" title="Stephen D. Krasner">Stephen Krasner</a>, the treaty set off a "golden age of free trade" in Europe, which lasted until the late 1870s.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It was the first of eight "<a href="/wiki/Most_favoured_nation" title="Most favoured nation">most favoured nation</a>" treaties the British negotiated in the 1860s. By the 1880s, however, the rise of protectionism in Germany, the United States and elsewhere made the treaty less relevant.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It was the first modern free trade agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is named after the main British and French originators of the treaty, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Richard Cobden</a> MP and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Chevalier" title="Michel Chevalier">Michel Chevalier</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_negotiations">Origins and negotiations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobden%E2%80%93Chevalier_Treaty&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and negotiations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a Parliamentary session of 1859, Cobden's friend and political ally <a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">John Bright</a> asked why, instead of spending money on armaments against a possible French invasion, did not the British government attempt to persuade French Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> to trade freely with Britain. Upon reading this speech Chevalier wrote to Cobden and arranged to meet him in England. He discovered that Cobden was planning to visit Paris for family reasons in the winter. Chevalier urged Cobden to meet with the emperor to try to persuade him of the benefits of <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>. In September, Cobden visited <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> and they both agreed that a commercial treaty between Britain and France was a good idea. </p><p>After talks with Chevalier and French Minister of Commerce <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher" title="Eugène Rouher">Eugène Rouher</a> in Paris, Cobden had his first audience with the emperor on 27 October 1859. They discussed free trade and the Emperor informed him that he could alter <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> by decree if it were part of an international treaty but that he was worried that free trade would throw French workers out of their jobs. Cobden replied that free trade tended to increase rather than diminish the demand for <a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">labour</a> and that because of his tariff reforms <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Peel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel</a> came to have great fame and reputation in Britain. The Emperor replied: "I am charmed and flattered at the idea of performing a similar work in my country; but it is very difficult in France to make reforms; we make revolutions in France, not reforms".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 December, Chevalier told Cobden that Rouher had drawn up a plan for a commercial treaty which would be submitted for approval by the emperor the next day. However, the Emperor was concerned over the definite advantages France would gain in adopting free trade: Britain was so dependent on trade that she was constantly in fear of war whilst France could endure war with much less inconvenience. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Gilbert_Victor_Fialin,_duc_de_Persigny" title="Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, duc de Persigny">Persigny</a>, the French ambassador to Britain, warned the Emperor that war with Britain was a real possibility unless some kind of alliance with Britain was signed, and that with such an alliance in being it did not matter what other European states thought. Rouher presented the Emperor with his commercial plan with sixty pages of favourable arguments, which the Emperor approved. The Emperor announced the treaty in a letter published on 15 January 1860 and it caused fury among the protectionist interests. </p><p>Princeton University economist <a href="/wiki/Gene_Grossman" title="Gene Grossman">Gene Grossman</a> described the treaty as the "first modern trade agreement."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Krasner" title="Stephen D. Krasner">Stephen Krasner</a>, the treaty set off a "golden age of free trade".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signing">Signing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobden%E2%80%93Chevalier_Treaty&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Signing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 23 January 1860 at the British <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)">Foreign Office</a>, the plenipotentiaries of both nations signed and <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">sealed</a> the treaty. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wellesley,_1st_Earl_Cowley" title="Henry Wellesley, 1st Earl Cowley">Lord Cowley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Ambassador_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ambassador to France">British Ambassador to France</a>, and Cobden signed on behalf of Britain, and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Baroche" title="Jules Baroche">Jules Baroche</a>, the French Foreign Minister, and Rouher for France. However, it was then discovered that it had been written in the treaty of <i>English</i> coke and coal rather than British, and <i>harbour</i> when it was meant shipping. The treaty was re-written and signed and sealed on 29 January. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobden%E2%80%93Chevalier_Treaty&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The treaty reduced French <a href="/wiki/Duty_(tax)" title="Duty (tax)">duties</a> on most British manufactured goods to levels not above 30% and reduced British duties on French wines and brandy. In consequence the value of British exports to France more than doubled in the 1860s and the importation of French wines into Britain also doubled.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> France ended the treaty in 1892 in favour of the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9line_tariff" title="Méline tariff">Méline tariff</a>. </p><p>According to a 2022 study, the treaty substantially increased trade between members of the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobden%E2%80%93Chevalier_Treaty&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="France–United Kingdom relations">France–United Kingdom relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom">Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobden%E2%80%93Chevalier_Treaty&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBecuweBlanchetonMeissner2021" class="citation journal cs1">Becuwe, Stéphane; Blancheton, Bertrand; Meissner, Christopher M. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050721000371">"The French (Trade) Revolution of 1860: Intra-Industry Trade and Smooth Adjustment"</a>. <i>Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>81</b> (3): 688–722. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050721000371">10.1017/S0022050721000371</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204446912">204446912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+History&amp;rft.atitle=The+French+%28Trade%29+Revolution+of+1860%3A+Intra-Industry+Trade+and+Smooth+Adjustment&amp;rft.volume=81&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=688-722&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050721000371&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A204446912%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Becuwe&amp;rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&amp;rft.au=Blancheton%2C+Bertrand&amp;rft.au=Meissner%2C+Christopher+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FS0022050721000371&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobden%E2%80%93Chevalier+Treaty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrasner1976" class="citation journal cs1">Krasner, Stephen D. (1976). "State Power and the Structure of International Trade". <i>World Politics</i>. <b>28</b> (3): 317–347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2009974">10.2307/2009974</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-8871">0043-8871</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2009974">2009974</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154472532">154472532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=World+Politics&amp;rft.atitle=State+Power+and+the+Structure+of+International+Trade&amp;rft.volume=28&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=317-347&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.issn=0043-8871&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154472532%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2009974%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2009974&amp;rft.aulast=Krasner&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobden%E2%80%93Chevalier+Treaty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Belchem, and Richard Price, eds. <i>A Dictionary of Nineteenth-Century World History</i> (1994) p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman2016" class="citation journal cs1">Grossman, Gene M. (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw22070">"The Purpose of Trade Agreements"</a>. <i>NBER Working Paper No. 22070</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw22070">10.3386/w22070</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=NBER+Working+Paper+No.+22070&amp;rft.atitle=The+Purpose+of+Trade+Agreements&amp;rft.date=2016-03&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3386%2Fw22070&amp;rft.aulast=Grossman&amp;rft.aufirst=Gene+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3386%252Fw22070&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobden%E2%80%93Chevalier+Treaty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorley1905" class="citation book cs1">Morley, John (1905). <i>The Life of Richard Cobden</i>. London: T. Fisher Unwin. p.&#160;711.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Richard+Cobden&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pages=711&amp;rft.pub=T.+Fisher+Unwin&amp;rft.date=1905&amp;rft.aulast=Morley&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobden%E2%80%93Chevalier+Treaty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward1962" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, Llewellyn (1962). <i>The Age of Reform, 1815–1870</i> (Second&#160;ed.). Oxford University Press. p.&#160;179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Reform%2C+1815%E2%80%931870&amp;rft.pages=179&amp;rft.edition=Second&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1962&amp;rft.aulast=Woodward&amp;rft.aufirst=Llewellyn&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobden%E2%80%93Chevalier+Treaty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimini2022" class="citation journal cs1">Timini, Jacopo (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014498322000584">"Revisiting the 'Cobden-Chevalier network' trade and welfare effects"</a>. <i>Explorations in Economic History</i>. <b>89</b>: 101480. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eeh.2022.101480">10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101480</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-4983">0014-4983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Explorations+in+Economic+History&amp;rft.atitle=Revisiting+the+%27Cobden-Chevalier+network%27+trade+and+welfare+effects&amp;rft.volume=89&amp;rft.pages=101480&amp;rft.date=2022&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.eeh.2022.101480&amp;rft.issn=0014-4983&amp;rft.aulast=Timini&amp;rft.aufirst=Jacopo&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0014498322000584&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobden%E2%80%93Chevalier+Treaty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobden%E2%80%93Chevalier_Treaty&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunham1930" class="citation book cs1">Dunham, Arthur. L. (1930). <i>The Anglo-French Treaty of Commerce of 1860 and the Progress of the Industrial Revolution in France</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Anglo-French+Treaty+of+Commerce+of+1860+and+the+Progress+of+the+Industrial+Revolution+in+France&amp;rft.place=Ann+Arbor&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&amp;rft.date=1930&amp;rft.aulast=Dunham&amp;rft.aufirst=Arthur.+L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobden%E2%80%93Chevalier+Treaty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dunham, Arthur L. "The Influence of the Anglo-French Treaty of Commerce of 1860 on the Development of the Iron Industry in France." <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics</i> 41.2 (1927): 317–337.</li> <li>Dunham, Arthur L. "The development of the cotton industry in France and the Anglo-French Treaty of Commerce of 1860." <i>Economic History Review</i> 1#2 (1928): 281–307.</li> <li>Godell, Stephen. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/wp.towson.edu/dist/b/55/files/2019/12/Spring-1968-Article-No.3.pdf">The Heyday of Free Trade: The Treaty of Commerce of 1860 Between England and France.</a>" <i>Townson University Journal of International Affairs</i> 2#2 (1968): 77–96.</li> <li>Iliasu, A. A. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2637902">The Cobden-Chevalier Commercial Treaty of 1860.</a>" <i>Historical Journal</i> 14#1 (1971): 67–98.</li> <li>Moraze, P. (1940). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2590282">The Treaty of 1860 and the Industry of the Department of the North</a>". <i>The Economic History Review</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 18–28.</li> <li>Nye, John V. C. (2007). <i>War, Wine, and Taxes: The Political Economy of Anglo-French Trade, 1689-1900</i>. Princeton University Press.</li> <li>Ratcliffe, Barrie M. "Napoleon and the Anglo-French Commercial Treaty of 1860: A Reconsideration." <i>Journal of European Economic History</i> 2#3 (1973): 582.</li> <li>Smith, Michael S. <i>Tariff reform in France, 1860–1900: the politics of economic interest</i> (Cornell University Press, 1980).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/39px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/52px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom">Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Bilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Australia–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Trade_Continuity_Agreement" title="Canada–United Kingdom Trade Continuity Agreement">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_Agreement" title="Japan–United Kingdom Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="New Zealand–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Singapore–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93Vietnam_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="United Kingdom–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Multilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93Crown_Dependencies_Customs_Union" title="United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union">Crown Dependencies Customs Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Negotiating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Bilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Gulf Cooperation Council–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="India–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Israel–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Mexico–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="South Korea–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Switzerland–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Turkey–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="United Kingdom–United States Free Trade Agreement">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Multilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_CPTPP" title="Accession of the United Kingdom to CPTPP">Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership</a> (<a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_and_Progressive_Agreement_for_Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership">CPTPP</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Bilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a> (1860–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Belgian_Treaty_of_Commerce_and_Navigation" title="Anglo-Belgian Treaty of Commerce and Navigation">Belgium</a> (1862–1897)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Multilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> (1960–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> (1973–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Union" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Union">European Union</a> (1993–2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐qdh76 Cached time: 20241122145553 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.369 seconds Real time usage: 0.443 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1302/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 41207/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1914/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 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