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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>World Population Estimates, 20 Countries and Regional Totals, AD 1–2000 (in thousands)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Population_Estimates,_20_Countries_and_Regional_Totals,_AD_1–2000_(in_thousands)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" 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navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Projections_of_population_growth#History_of_population_projections" class="mw-redirect" title="Projections of population growth">Historical projections of population growth</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_of_contemporary_and_past_human_populations_Our_World_in_Data.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Illustration_of_contemporary_and_past_human_populations_Our_World_in_Data.png/220px-Illustration_of_contemporary_and_past_human_populations_Our_World_in_Data.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Illustration_of_contemporary_and_past_human_populations_Our_World_in_Data.png/330px-Illustration_of_contemporary_and_past_human_populations_Our_World_in_Data.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Illustration_of_contemporary_and_past_human_populations_Our_World_in_Data.png/440px-Illustration_of_contemporary_and_past_human_populations_Our_World_in_Data.png 2x" data-file-width="5201" data-file-height="7747" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of humans living today with all previous generations</figcaption></figure> <p>This article lists current estimates of the <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a> in history. In summary, estimates for the progression of world population since the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> are in the following ranges: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>1400</th> <th>1500</th> <th>1600</th> <th>1700</th> <th>1800</th> <th>1900</th> <th>2000</th> <th>2100 </th></tr> <tr> <td>population<br />(in billions)</td> <td>0.35–0.40</td> <td>0.43–0.50</td> <td>0.50–0.58</td> <td>0.60–0.68</td> <td>0.89–0.98</td> <td>1.56–1.71</td> <td>6.06–6.15</td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 10–13 </td></tr> <tr> <td>growth p.a.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>>0%</td> <td><0.12%</td> <td>0.15–0.3%</td> <td>0.1–0.15%</td> <td>0.3–0.5%</td> <td>0.5–0.6%</td> <td>1.3–1.4%</td> <td>0.7–0.8% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Estimates for pre-modern times are necessarily fraught with great uncertainties, and few of the published estimates have <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">confidence intervals</a>; in the absence of a straightforward means to assess the error of such estimates, a rough idea of expert consensus can be gained by comparing the values given in independent publications. Population estimates cannot be considered accurate to more than two decimal digits; for example, the world population for the year 2012 was estimated at 7.02, 7.06, and 7.08 billion by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Population_Reference_Bureau" title="Population Reference Bureau">Population Reference Bureau</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, respectively, corresponding to a spread of estimates of the order of 0.8%. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deep_prehistory">Deep prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estimates_of_historical_world_population&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Deep prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_demography" title="Prehistoric demography">Prehistoric demography</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_curve.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Population_curve.svg/290px-Population_curve.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Population_curve.svg/435px-Population_curve.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Population_curve.svg/580px-Population_curve.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>Graph of world population over the past 12,000 years (<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>As a general rule, the confidence of estimates on historical world population decreases for the more distant past. Robust population data exist only for the last two or three centuries. Until the late 18th century, few governments had ever performed an accurate census. In many early attempts, such as in <a href="/wiki/Census_in_Egypt" title="Census in Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a>, the focus was on counting merely a subset of the population for purposes of taxation or military service.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Published estimates for the 1st century ("<a href="/wiki/AD_1" title="AD 1">AD 1</a>") suggest uncertainty of the order of 50% (estimates range between 150 and 330 million). Some estimates extend their timeline into deep prehistory, to "<a href="/wiki/10,000_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="10,000 BC">10,000</a> BC", i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">early Holocene</a>, when world population estimates range roughly between 1 and 10 million (with an uncertainty of up to an order of magnitude).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estimates for yet deeper prehistory, into the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a>, are of a different nature. At this time, human populations consisted entirely of non-sedentary <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> populations, with <a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern humans">anatomically modern humans</a> existing alongside <a href="/wiki/Archaic_humans" title="Archaic humans">archaic human varieties</a>, some of which are still ancestral to the modern human population due to <a href="/wiki/Archaic_human_admixture_with_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic human admixture with modern humans">interbreeding with modern humans</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>. Estimates of the size of these populations are a topic of <a href="/wiki/Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">paleoanthropology</a>. A late human <a href="/wiki/Population_bottleneck" title="Population bottleneck">population bottleneck</a> is postulated by some scholars at approximately 70,000 years ago, during the <a href="/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Toba catastrophe theory">Toba catastrophe</a>, when <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i> population may have dropped to as low as between 1,000 and 10,000 individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-ambrose1998_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambrose1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-robock2009_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robock2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the time of speciation of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i>, some 200,000 years ago, an <a href="/wiki/Effective_population_size" title="Effective population size">effective population size</a> of the order of 10,000 to 30,000 individuals has been estimated, with an actual "census population" of early <i>Homo sapiens</i> of roughly 100,000 to 300,000 individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Cumulative_population"></span><span class="anchor" id="Number_of_humans_who_have_ever_lived"></span> Estimates regarding the questions of "how many people have ever lived?" or "what percentage of people who have ever lived are alive today?" can be traced to the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more dramatic phrasing of "the living outnumber the dead" also dates to the 1970s, a time of <a href="/wiki/Population_explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Population explosion">population explosion</a> and growing fears of <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">human overpopulation</a> in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> and before the adoption of China's <a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">one-child policy</a>. The claim that "the living outnumber the dead" was never accurate. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> in <i>2001: A Space Odyssey</i> (1968) has the claim that "Behind every man, now alive stand 30 ghosts, for that is the ratio by which the dead outnumber the living", which was roughly accurate at the time of writing.<sup id="cite_ref-Stephenson,_BBC_New_2012.02.04:_do_the_dead_outnumber_the_living?_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephenson,_BBC_New_2012.02.04:_do_the_dead_outnumber_the_living?-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Curtin,_Scientific_American_2007.09_-_Do_the_living_outnumber_the_dead?_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtin,_Scientific_American_2007.09_-_Do_the_living_outnumber_the_dead?-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent estimates of the "total number of people who have ever lived" are in the order of 100 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-Curtin,_Scientific_American_2007.09_-_Do_the_living_outnumber_the_dead?_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtin,_Scientific_American_2007.09_-_Do_the_living_outnumber_the_dead?-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The answer depends on the definition of "people", i.e., whether only <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i> are to be counted, or all of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a>;</i> due to the small population sizes in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a>, however, the order of magnitude of the estimate is not affected by the choice of cut-off date substantially more than by the uncertainty of estimates throughout the Neolithic to Iron Age.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Importantly, the estimate is also affected by the estimate of <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortalities</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Stillborn" class="mw-redirect" title="Stillborn">stillborn</a> infants, due to the very high rate of infant mortality throughout the pre-modern period. An estimate on the "total number of people who have ever lived" as of 1995 was calculated by Haub (1995) at "about 105 billion births since the dawn of the human race" with a cut-off date at 50,000 BC (beginning of the Upper Paleolithic), and inclusion of a high infant mortality rate throughout pre-modern history.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_population">Historical population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estimates_of_historical_world_population&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_1950">Before 1950</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estimates_of_historical_world_population&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Before 1950"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table uses <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">astronomical year numbering</a> for dates, negative numbers corresponding roughly to the corresponding year BC (for example, −8,000 = 8,000 BC, etc.). The table starts counting approximately 10,000 years before present, or around 8,000 BC, during the middle <a href="/wiki/Greenlandian" title="Greenlandian">Greenlandian</a>, about 1,700 years after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a> and 1,800 years before the <a href="/wiki/8.2-kiloyear_event" title="8.2-kiloyear event">8.2-kiloyear event</a>. </p><p>From the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a> until the 20th century, world population has been characterized by a rapid growth. For the period of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, roughly 500 BC to AD 1500, there was also a general tendency of growth (estimated at a factor 4 to 5 over the 2,000-year period), but not strictly <a href="/wiki/Monotonic_function" title="Monotonic function">monotonic</a>: A noticeable dip in world population is assumed due to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> in the mid-14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Haub1650_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haub1650-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1253789634">@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,body.vector-sticky-header-visible .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,body.vector-sticky-header-visible .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,body.vector-sticky-header-visible .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{top:3.125rem}}@media screen and (min-width:851px){body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{top:3.51em}}@media screen and (max-width:639px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>caption{display:table-caption}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}</style> <table class="wikitable sticky-header" style="text-align:right;font-size:small;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Population_Reference_Bureau" title="Population Reference Bureau">PRB</a><br />(1973–2016)<sup id="cite_ref-Population_Reference_Bureau_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population_Reference_Bureau-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">UN</a><br />(2015)<sup id="cite_ref-The_World_at_Six_Billion,_1999_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_World_at_Six_Billion,_1999-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Angus_Maddison" title="Angus Maddison">Maddison</a><br />(2008)<sup id="cite_ref-www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>HYDE<br />(2010)<sup id="cite_ref-HYDE2010_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HYDE2010-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Biraben<br />(1980)<sup id="cite_ref-French_1980,_pp._1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French_1980,_pp._1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Colin_McEvedy" title="Colin McEvedy">McEvedy</a> &<br />Jones (1978)<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_Jones_1978_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard_Jones_1978-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Thomlinson<br />(1975)<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Durand<br />(1974)<sup id="cite_ref-John_D._Durand_1974_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_D._Durand_1974-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Colin_Clark_(economist)" title="Colin Clark (economist)">Clark</a><br />(1967)<sup id="cite_ref-Colin_Clark_1967_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colin_Clark_1967-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gapminder" class="mw-redirect" title="Gapminder">Gapminder</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>−10000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>2M<sup id="cite_ref-mnp.nl_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mnp.nl-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>4M</td> <td>1–10M</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>4M </td></tr> <tr> <td>−9000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>4M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−8000</td> <td>5M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>5M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>5–10M</td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−7000</td> <td>7M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>8M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−6000</td> <td>14M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>11M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−5000</td> <td>27M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>18M<sup id="cite_ref-mnp.nl_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mnp.nl-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>5M</td> <td>5–20M</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>5M </td></tr> <tr> <td>−4000</td> <td>50M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>28M</td> <td></td> <td>7M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>7M </td></tr> <tr> <td>−3000</td> <td>100M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>45M</td> <td></td> <td>14M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>14M </td></tr> <tr> <td>−2000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>72M</td> <td></td> <td>27M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>27M </td></tr> <tr> <td>−1000</td> <td>100M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>115M</td> <td></td> <td>50M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>50M </td></tr> <tr> <td>−500</td> <td>150M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−200</td> <td>227M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>150M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>150M </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>300M<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>300M</td> <td>231M<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>188M<sup id="cite_ref-mnp.nl_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mnp.nl-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>255M</td> <td>170M</td> <td>200M</td> <td>270–330M</td> <td>256M<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>170M </td></tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>195M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>200</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>202M</td> <td>256M</td> <td>190M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>190M </td></tr> <tr> <td>300</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>205M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>350</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>254M </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>400</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>209M</td> <td>206M</td> <td>190M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>190M </td></tr> <tr> <td>500</td> <td>280M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>210M<sup id="cite_ref-mnp.nl_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mnp.nl-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>206M</td> <td>190M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>190M </td></tr> <tr> <td>600</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>213M</td> <td>206M</td> <td>200M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>237M </td> <td>200M </td></tr> <tr> <td>700</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>226M</td> <td>207M</td> <td>210M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>207M </td></tr> <tr> <td>800</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>240M</td> <td>224M</td> <td>220M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>261M </td> <td>224M </td></tr> <tr> <td>900</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>269M</td> <td>226M</td> <td>240M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>226M </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000</td> <td>400M</td> <td>310M</td> <td>267M</td> <td>295M<sup id="cite_ref-mnp.nl_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mnp.nl-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>254M</td> <td>265M</td> <td></td> <td>275–345M</td> <td>280M </td> <td>254M </td></tr> <tr> <td>1100</td> <td>450M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>353M</td> <td>301M</td> <td>320M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>301M </td></tr> <tr> <td>1200</td> <td>500M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>393M</td> <td>400M</td> <td>360M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>384M </td> <td>400M </td></tr> <tr> <td>1250</td> <td></td> <td>400M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>416M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>416M </td></tr> <tr> <td>1300</td> <td>500M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>392M</td> <td>432M</td> <td>360M</td> <td>400M</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>432M </td></tr> <tr> <td>1340</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>443M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>378M </td> <td>443M </td></tr> <tr> <td>1400</td> <td>500M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>390M</td> <td>374M</td> <td>350M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>374M </td></tr> <tr> <td>1500</td> <td>600M</td> <td>500M</td> <td>438M</td> <td>461M<sup id="cite_ref-mnp.nl_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mnp.nl-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>425M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>440–540M</td> <td>427M </td> <td>460M </td></tr> <tr> <td>1600</td> <td>600M</td> <td></td> <td>556M</td> <td>554M<sup id="cite_ref-mnp.nl_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mnp.nl-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>579M</td> <td>545M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>498M </td> <td>579M </td></tr> <tr> <td>1650</td> <td>(<700M)<sup id="cite_ref-Haub1650_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haub1650-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>545M</td> <td>500M</td> <td></td> <td>516M </td> <td>579M </td></tr> <tr> <td>1700</td> <td>660M</td> <td></td> <td>1000M</td> <td>603M<sup id="cite_ref-mnp.nl_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mnp.nl-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1079M</td> <td>1000M</td> <td></td> <td>1041M </td> <td>1079M </td></tr> <tr> <td>1750</td> <td></td> <td>791M</td> <td></td> <td>814M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>700M</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>770M </td></tr> <tr> <td>1800</td> <td>1,000M</td> <td>978M</td> <td></td> <td>989M<sup id="cite_ref-mnp.nl_24-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mnp.nl-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>900M</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>985M </td></tr> <tr> <td>1820</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1,042M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>1,093M </td></tr> <tr> <td>1850</td> <td>1,265M</td> <td>1,262M</td> <td></td> <td>1,263M</td> <td>1,241M</td> <td>1,200M</td> <td>1,200M</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>1,278M </td></tr> <tr> <td>1870</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1,276M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>1,347M </td></tr> <tr> <td>1875</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1,325M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>1,383M </td></tr> <tr> <td>1900</td> <td>1,656M</td> <td>1,650M</td> <td>1,563M</td> <td>1,654M<sup id="cite_ref-mnp.nl_24-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mnp.nl-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1,633M</td> <td>1,625M</td> <td>1,600M</td> <td>1,650–1,710M</td> <td>1,668M </td> <td>1,645M </td></tr> <tr> <td>1910</td> <td></td> <td>1,750M</td> <td></td> <td>1,777M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>1,790M </td></tr> <tr> <td>1913</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1,793M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>1,829M </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920</td> <td></td> <td>1,860M</td> <td>1,863M</td> <td>1,912M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1,968M </td> <td>1,924M </td></tr> <tr> <td>1925</td> <td>2,000M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>2,000M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>2,007M </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930</td> <td></td> <td>2,070M</td> <td></td> <td>2,092M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>2,145M </td> <td>2,100M </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940</td> <td></td> <td>2,300M</td> <td>2,299M</td> <td>2,307M</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>2,340M </td> <td>2,324M </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950_to_2016">1950 to 2016</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estimates_of_historical_world_population&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1950 to 2016"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></span>, demographic data of some accuracy becomes available for a significant number of countries, and population estimates are often given as grand totals of numbers (typically given by country) of widely diverging accuracies. Some sources give these numbers rounded to the nearest million or the nearest thousand, while others give them without any rounding. </p><p>Taking these numbers at face value would be <a href="/wiki/False_precision" title="False precision">false precision</a>; in spite of being stated to four, seven, or even ten digits, they should not be interpreted as accurate to more than three digits at best (estimates by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations</a> differ by about 0.5–1.5%). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1253789634"> <table class="wikitable sticky-header" style="text-align:right;font-size:85%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-census.gov_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census.gov-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Population_Reference_Bureau" title="Population Reference Bureau">Population Reference Bureau</a> (1973–2016)<sup id="cite_ref-Population_Reference_Bureau_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population_Reference_Bureau-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a> (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-The_World_at_Six_Billion,_1999_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_World_at_Six_Billion,_1999-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Angus_Maddison" title="Angus Maddison">Maddison</a> (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>HYDE (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-mnp.nl_24-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mnp.nl-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Biraben (1980)<sup id="cite_ref-French_1980,_pp._1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French_1980,_pp._1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Colin_McEvedy" title="Colin McEvedy">McEvedy</a> & Jones (1978)<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_Jones_1978_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard_Jones_1978-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Thomlinson (1975)<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Durand (1974)<sup id="cite_ref-John_D._Durand_1974_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_D._Durand_1974-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Colin_Clark_(economist)" title="Colin Clark (economist)">Clark</a> (1967)<sup id="cite_ref-Colin_Clark_1967_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colin_Clark_1967-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1950</td> <td>2,557,628,654</td> <td>2,516,000,000</td> <td>2,525,149,000</td> <td>2,544,000,000</td> <td>2,527,960,000</td> <td>2,527,000,000</td> <td>2,500,000,000</td> <td>2,400,000,000</td> <td></td> <td>2,486,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951</td> <td>2,594,939,877</td> <td></td> <td>2,572,850,917</td> <td>2,571,663,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952</td> <td>2,636,772,306</td> <td></td> <td>2,619,292,068</td> <td>2,617,949,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1953</td> <td>2,682,053,389</td> <td></td> <td>2,665,865,392</td> <td>2,665,959,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954</td> <td>2,730,228,104</td> <td></td> <td>2,713,172,027</td> <td>2,716,927,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955</td> <td>2,782,098,943</td> <td></td> <td>2,761,650,981</td> <td>2,769,074,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956</td> <td>2,835,299,673</td> <td></td> <td>2,811,572,031</td> <td>2,822,502,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957</td> <td>2,891,349,717</td> <td></td> <td>2,863,042,795</td> <td>2,879,934,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958</td> <td>2,948,137,248</td> <td></td> <td>2,916,030,167</td> <td>2,939,254,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959</td> <td>3,000,716,593</td> <td></td> <td>2,970,395,814</td> <td>2,995,909,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960</td> <td>3,043,001,508</td> <td></td> <td>3,026,002,942</td> <td>3,041,507,000</td> <td>3,042,000,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961</td> <td>3,083,966,929</td> <td></td> <td>3,082,830,266</td> <td>3,082,161,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962</td> <td>3,140,093,217</td> <td></td> <td>3,141,071,531</td> <td>3,135,787,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>3,036,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963</td> <td>3,209,827,882</td> <td></td> <td>3,201,178,277</td> <td>3,201,354,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964</td> <td>3,281,201,306</td> <td></td> <td>3,263,738,832</td> <td>3,266,477,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965</td> <td>3,350,425,793</td> <td></td> <td>3,329,122,479</td> <td>3,333,138,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966</td> <td>3,420,677,923</td> <td></td> <td>3,397,475,247</td> <td>3,402,224,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>3,288,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967</td> <td>3,490,333,715</td> <td></td> <td>3,468,521,724</td> <td>3,471,464,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968</td> <td>3,562,313,822</td> <td></td> <td>3,541,674,891</td> <td>3,543,086,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969</td> <td>3,637,159,050</td> <td></td> <td>3,616,108,749</td> <td>3,615,743,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970</td> <td>3,712,697,742</td> <td></td> <td>3,691,172,616</td> <td>3,691,157,000</td> <td>3,710,000,000</td> <td>3,637,000,000</td> <td></td> <td>3,600,000,000</td> <td>3,600,000,000– 3,700,000,000</td> <td>3,632,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971</td> <td>3,790,326,948</td> <td></td> <td>3,766,754,345</td> <td>3,769,818,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972</td> <td>3,866,568,653</td> <td></td> <td>3,842,873,611</td> <td>3,846,499,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973</td> <td>3,942,096,442</td> <td></td> <td>3,919,182,332</td> <td>3,922,793,000</td> <td>3,923,000,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>3,860,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974</td> <td>4,016,608,813</td> <td></td> <td>3,995,304,922</td> <td>3,997,677,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975</td> <td>4,089,083,233</td> <td></td> <td>4,071,020,434</td> <td>4,070,671,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>3,900,000,000</td> <td>4,000,000,000</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976</td> <td>4,160,185,010</td> <td></td> <td>4,146,135,850</td> <td>4,141,445,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977</td> <td>4,232,084,578</td> <td></td> <td>4,220,816,737</td> <td>4,213,539,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978</td> <td>4,304,105,753</td> <td></td> <td>4,295,664,825</td> <td>4,286,317,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979</td> <td>4,379,013,942</td> <td></td> <td>4,371,527,871</td> <td>4,363,144,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td>4,451,362,735</td> <td></td> <td>4,449,048,798</td> <td>4,439,529,000</td> <td>4,461,000,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981</td> <td>4,534,410,125</td> <td></td> <td>4,528,234,634</td> <td>4,514,838,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982</td> <td>4,614,566,561</td> <td></td> <td>4,608,962,418</td> <td>4,587,307,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983</td> <td>4,695,736,743</td> <td></td> <td>4,691,559,840</td> <td>4,676,388,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984</td> <td>4,774,569,391</td> <td></td> <td>4,776,392,828</td> <td>4,756,521,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985</td> <td>4,856,462,699</td> <td></td> <td>4,863,601,517</td> <td>4,837,719,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986</td> <td>4,940,571,232</td> <td></td> <td>4,953,376,710</td> <td>4,920,968,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987</td> <td>5,027,200,492</td> <td></td> <td>5,045,315,871</td> <td>5,006,672,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988</td> <td>5,114,557,167</td> <td></td> <td>5,138,214,688</td> <td>5,093,306,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989</td> <td>5,201,440,110</td> <td></td> <td>5,230,000,000</td> <td>5,180,540,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td>5,288,955,934</td> <td></td> <td>5,320,816,667</td> <td>5,269,029,000</td> <td>5,308,000,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991</td> <td>5,371,585,922</td> <td></td> <td>5,408,908,724</td> <td>5,351,922,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992</td> <td>5,456,136,278</td> <td></td> <td>5,494,899,570</td> <td>5,435,722,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993</td> <td>5,538,268,316</td> <td></td> <td>5,578,865,109</td> <td>5,518,127,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994</td> <td>5,618,682,132</td> <td></td> <td>5,661,086,346</td> <td>5,599,396,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td>5,699,202,985</td> <td>5,760,000,000</td> <td>5,741,822,412</td> <td>5,681,575,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td>5,779,440,593</td> <td></td> <td>5,821,016,750</td> <td>5,762,212,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997</td> <td>5,857,972,543</td> <td>5,840,000,000</td> <td>5,898,688,337</td> <td>5,842,122,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998</td> <td>5,935,213,248</td> <td></td> <td>5,975,303,657</td> <td>5,921,366,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999</td> <td>6,012,074,922</td> <td></td> <td>6,051,478,010</td> <td>5,999,622,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>6,088,571,383</td> <td>6,067,000,000</td> <td>6,127,700,428</td> <td>6,076,558,000</td> <td>6,145,000,000</td> <td></td> <td>5,750,000,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>6,165,219,247</td> <td>6,137,000,000</td> <td>6,204,147,026</td> <td>6,154,791,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td>6,242,016,348</td> <td>6,215,000,000</td> <td>6,280,853,817</td> <td>6,231,704,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>6,318,590,956</td> <td>6,314,000,000</td> <td>6,357,991,749</td> <td>6,308,364,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>6,395,699,509</td> <td>6,396,000,000</td> <td>6,435,705,595</td> <td>6,374,056,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>6,473,044,732</td> <td>6,477,000,000</td> <td>6,514,094,605</td> <td>6,462,987,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>6,551,263,534</td> <td>6,555,000,000</td> <td>6,593,227,977</td> <td>6,540,214,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>6,629,913,759</td> <td>6,625,000,000</td> <td>6,673,105,937</td> <td>6,616,689,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>6,709,049,780</td> <td>6,705,000,000</td> <td>6,753,649,228</td> <td>6,694,832,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>6,788,214,394</td> <td>6,809,972,000</td> <td>6,834,721,933</td> <td>6,764,086,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>6,858,584,755</td> <td>6,892,319,000</td> <td>6,916,183,482</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>6,935,999,491</td> <td>6,986,951,000</td> <td>6,997,998,760</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>7,013,871,313</td> <td>7,057,075,000</td> <td>7,080,072,417</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>7,092,128,094</td> <td>7,136,796,000</td> <td>7,162,119,434</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>7,169,968,185</td> <td>7,238,184,000</td> <td>7,243,784,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>7,247,892,788</td> <td>7,336,435,000</td> <td>7,349,472,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>7,325,996,709</td> <td>7,418,151,841</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_world_region">By world region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estimates_of_historical_world_population&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: By world region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pop_continents_2000_2050.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pop_continents_2000_2050.png/250px-Pop_continents_2000_2050.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pop_continents_2000_2050.png/375px-Pop_continents_2000_2050.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pop_continents_2000_2050.png/500px-Pop_continents_2000_2050.png 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>UN estimates (as of 2017) for world population by continent in 2000 and in 2050 (pie chart size to scale)<br /> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:yellow; color:yellow;">    </span> Asia</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:black; color:black;">    </span> Africa</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:blue; color:blue;">    </span> Europe</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:red; color:red;">    </span> Central/South America</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:brown; color:brown;">    </span> North America</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:green; color:green;">    </span> Oceania</span> </figcaption></figure> <p>Population estimates for world regions based on Maddison (2007),<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in millions. The row showing total world population includes the average growth rate per year over the period separating each column from the preceding one. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>1 </th> <th>1000 </th> <th>1500 </th> <th>1600 </th> <th>1700 </th> <th>1820 </th> <th>1913 </th> <th>2000 </th> <th>2030 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Asia" title="Demographics of Asia">Asia</a> </td> <td>168 <br /> (74%) </td> <td>183 <br /> (69%) </td> <td>284 <br /> (65%) </td> <td>379 <br /> (68%) </td> <td>402 <br /> (67%) </td> <td>710 <br /> (68%) </td> <td>978 <br /> (55%) </td> <td>3,605 <br /> (59%) </td> <td>4,790 <br /> (59%) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> </td> <td>74 <br /> (33%) </td> <td>88 <br /> (33%) </td> <td>166 <br /> (38%) </td> <td>223 <br /> (40%) </td> <td>216 <br /> (36%) </td> <td>469 <br /> (45%) </td> <td>613 <br /> (34%) </td> <td>1,996 <br /> (33%) </td> <td>2,417 <br /> (30%) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of South Asia">South Asia</a> </td> <td>75 <br /> (33%) </td> <td>75 <br /> (28%) </td> <td>110 <br /> (25%) </td> <td>135 <br /> (24%) </td> <td>165 <br /> (27%) </td> <td>216 <br /> (21%) </td> <td>326 <br /> (18%) </td> <td>1,372 <br /> (23%) </td> <td>2,003 <br /> (25%) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe" title="Demographics of Europe">Europe</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>34 <br /> (15%) </td> <td>40 <br /> (15%) </td> <td>78 <br /> (18%) </td> <td>112 <br /> (20%) </td> <td>127 <br /> (21%) </td> <td>224 <br /> (21%) </td> <td>498 <br /> (28%) </td> <td>742 <br /> (13%) </td> <td>829 <br /> (11%) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Asia#Demographics" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">West Asia</a> </td> <td>19 <br /> (8%) </td> <td>20 <br /> (7%) </td> <td>18 <br /> (3%) </td> <td>21 <br /> (3%) </td> <td>21 <br /> (3%) </td> <td>25 <br /> (2%) </td> <td>39 <br /> (2%) </td> <td>237 <br /> (4%) </td> <td>370 <br /> (5%) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa" title="Demographics of Africa">Africa</a> </td> <td>17 <br /> (8%) </td> <td>32 <br /> (12%) </td> <td>47 <br /> (11%) </td> <td>55 <br /> (10%) </td> <td>61 <br /> (10%) </td> <td>74 <br /> (7%) </td> <td>125 <br /> (7%) </td> <td>798 <br /> (13%) </td> <td>1,449 <br /> (18%) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Latin America">Central/South America</a> </td> <td>6 <br /> (3%) </td> <td>11 <br /> (4%) </td> <td>18 <br /> (4%) </td> <td>9 <br /> (2%) </td> <td>12 <br /> (2%) </td> <td>22 <br /> (2%) </td> <td>81 <br /> (5%) </td> <td>520 <br /> (9%) </td> <td>702 <br /> (9%) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> </td> <td>1 <br /> (0%) </td> <td>1 <br /> (0%) </td> <td>2 <br /> (0%) </td> <td>2 <br /> (0%) </td> <td>1 <br /> (0%) </td> <td>11 <br /> (1%) </td> <td>105 <br /> (6%) </td> <td>314 <br /> (5%) </td> <td>413 <br /> (5%) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Oceania" title="Demographics of Oceania">Oceania</a> </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>23 <br /> (0%) </td> <td>28 <br /> (0%) </td></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold;"> <td style="text-align: left;">World </td> <td>226 </td> <td>267 </td> <td>438 </td> <td>556 </td> <td>603 </td> <td>1,041 </td> <td>1,791 </td> <td>6,062 </td> <td>8,175 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">World growth p.a. </td> <td> </td> <td>+0.0% </td> <td>+0.1% </td> <td>+0.2% </td> <td>+0.1% </td> <td>+0.5% </td> <td>+0.6% </td> <td>+1.4% </td> <td>+1.0% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Population_Estimates,_20_Countries_and_Regional_Totals,_AD_1–2000_(in_thousands)"><span id="World_Population_Estimates.2C_20_Countries_and_Regional_Totals.2C_AD_1.E2.80.932000_.28in_thousands.29"></span>World Population Estimates, 20 Countries and Regional Totals, AD 1–2000 (in thousands)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estimates_of_historical_world_population&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World Population Estimates, 20 Countries and Regional Totals, AD 1–2000 (in thousands)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-ggdc.net_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ggdc.net-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">1 </th> <th scope="col">1000 </th> <th scope="col">1500 </th> <th scope="col">1600 </th> <th scope="col">1700 </th> <th scope="col">1820 </th> <th scope="col">1870 </th> <th scope="col">1900 </th> <th scope="col">1950 </th> <th scope="col">1973 </th> <th scope="col">1998<sup id="cite_ref-ggdc.net_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ggdc.net-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Austria </td> <td>500 </td> <td>700 </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td>2,500 </td> <td>2,500 </td> <td>3,369 </td> <td>4,520 </td> <td>6,767 </td> <td>6,935 </td> <td>7,586 </td> <td>8,078 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Belgium </td> <td>300 </td> <td>400 </td> <td>1,400 </td> <td>1,600 </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td>3,424 </td> <td>5,096 </td> <td>7,666 </td> <td>8,640 </td> <td>9,738 </td> <td>10,197 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Denmark </td> <td>250 </td> <td>360 </td> <td>600 </td> <td>650 </td> <td>700 </td> <td>1,155 </td> <td>1,888 </td> <td>2,983 </td> <td>4,269 </td> <td>5,022 </td> <td>5,303 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Finland </td> <td>250 </td> <td>250 </td> <td>300 </td> <td>400 </td> <td>400 </td> <td>1,169 </td> <td>1,754 </td> <td>3,027 </td> <td>4,009 </td> <td>4,666 </td> <td>5,153 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">France </td> <td>5,000 </td> <td>6,500 </td> <td>15,000 </td> <td>18,500 </td> <td>21,471 </td> <td>31,246 </td> <td>38,440 </td> <td>41,463 </td> <td>41,836 </td> <td>52,118 </td> <td>58,805 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Germany </td> <td>3,000 </td> <td>3,500 </td> <td>12,000 </td> <td>16,000 </td> <td>15,000 </td> <td>24,905 </td> <td>39,231 </td> <td>65,058 </td> <td>68,371 </td> <td>78,956 </td> <td>82,029 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Italy </td> <td>7,000 </td> <td>6,000 </td> <td>10,500 </td> <td>13,100 </td> <td>13,300 </td> <td>20,176 </td> <td>27,888 </td> <td>37,248 </td> <td>47,105 </td> <td>54,751 </td> <td>57,592 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Netherlands </td> <td>200 </td> <td>300 </td> <td>950 </td> <td>1,500 </td> <td>1,900 </td> <td>2,355 </td> <td>3,615 </td> <td>6,164 </td> <td>10,114 </td> <td>13,438 </td> <td>15,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Norway </td> <td>250 </td> <td>400 </td> <td>300 </td> <td>400 </td> <td>500 </td> <td>970 </td> <td>1,735 </td> <td>2,447 </td> <td>3,265 </td> <td>3,961 </td> <td>4,432 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Sweden </td> <td>250 </td> <td>350 </td> <td>700 </td> <td>1,000 </td> <td>1,260 </td> <td>2,585 </td> <td>4,164 </td> <td>5,621 </td> <td>7,015 </td> <td>8,137 </td> <td>8,851 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Switzerland </td> <td>150 </td> <td>300 </td> <td>650 </td> <td>1,000 </td> <td>1,200 </td> <td>1,829 </td> <td>2,664 </td> <td>3,864 </td> <td>4,694 </td> <td>6,441 </td> <td>7,130 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">United Kingdom </td> <td>1,500 </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td>3,942 </td> <td>6,170 </td> <td>8,565 </td> <td>21,226 </td> <td>31,393 </td> <td>45,649 </td> <td>50,363 </td> <td>56,223 </td> <td>59,237 </td></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold;"> <td style="text-align: left;">12 Countries Total </td> <td>18,000 </td> <td>24,700 </td> <td>48,192 </td> <td>62,580 </td> <td>68,796 </td> <td>114,419 </td> <td>162,388 </td> <td>227,957 </td> <td>256,616 </td> <td>301,037 </td> <td>322,507 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Portugal </td> <td>800 </td> <td>900 </td> <td>1,000 </td> <td>1,100 </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td>3,297 </td> <td>4,353 </td> <td>6,004 </td> <td>8,512 </td> <td>8,634 </td> <td>9,968 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Spain </td> <td>4,500 </td> <td>4,000 </td> <td>6,800 </td> <td>8,240 </td> <td>8,770 </td> <td>12,203 </td> <td>16,201 </td> <td>20,263 </td> <td>27,868 </td> <td>34,810 </td> <td>39,371 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Other </td> <td>2,100 </td> <td>1,113 </td> <td>1,276 </td> <td>1,858 </td> <td>1,894 </td> <td>2,969 </td> <td>4,590 </td> <td>6,783 </td> <td>12,064 </td> <td>13,909 </td> <td>16,553 </td></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold;"> <td style="text-align: left;">Total Western Europe </td> <td>25,550 </td> <td>30,413 </td> <td>57,268 </td> <td>73,778 </td> <td>81,460 </td> <td>132,888 </td> <td>187,532 </td> <td>261,007 </td> <td>305,060 </td> <td>358,390 </td> <td>388,399 </td></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold;"> <td style="text-align: left;">Eastern Europe </td> <td>7,900 </td> <td>9,000 </td> <td>18,000 </td> <td>18,000 </td> <td>18,800 </td> <td>36,415 </td> <td>52,182 </td> <td>79,604 </td> <td>87,289 </td> <td>110,490 </td> <td>121,006 </td></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold;"> <td style="text-align: left;">Former USSR </td> <td>18,000 </td> <td>18,000 </td> <td>18,000 </td> <td>20,700 </td> <td>26,550 </td> <td>54,765 </td> <td>88,672 </td> <td>156,192 </td> <td>180,050 </td> <td>249,748 </td> <td>290,866 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">United States </td> <td>680 </td> <td>1,300 </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td>1,500 </td> <td>1,000 </td> <td>9,981 </td> <td>40,241 </td> <td>97,606 </td> <td>152,271 </td> <td>212,909 </td> <td>270,561 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Other Western Offshoots </td> <td>490 </td> <td>660 </td> <td>800 </td> <td>800 </td> <td>750 </td> <td>1,249 </td> <td>5,892 </td> <td>13,795 </td> <td>23,823 </td> <td>39,036 </td> <td>52,859 </td></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold;"> <td style="text-align: left;">Total Western Offshoots </td> <td>1,170 </td> <td>1,960 </td> <td>2,800 </td> <td>2,300 </td> <td>1,750 </td> <td>11,230 </td> <td>46,133 </td> <td>111,401 </td> <td>176,094 </td> <td>250,945 </td> <td>323,420 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Mexico </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>2,500 </td> <td>4,500 </td> <td>6,587 </td> <td>9,219 </td> <td>14,970 </td> <td>28,485 </td> <td>57,643 </td> <td>98,553 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Other Latin America </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>20,000 </td> <td>30,000 </td> <td>6,100 </td> <td>7,550 </td> <td>14,633 </td> <td>30,754 </td> <td>65,545 </td> <td>137,352 </td> <td>250,807 </td> <td>409,070 </td></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold;"> <td style="text-align: left;">Total Latin America </td> <td>20,000 </td> <td>30,000 </td> <td>40,000 </td> <td>8,600 </td> <td>12,050 </td> <td>21,220 </td> <td>39,973 </td> <td>80,515 </td> <td>165,837 </td> <td>308,450 </td> <td>507,623 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Japan </td> <td>3,000 </td> <td>7,500 </td> <td>15,400 </td> <td>18,500 </td> <td>27,000 </td> <td>31,000 </td> <td>34,437 </td> <td>51,672 </td> <td>83,563 </td> <td>108,660 </td> <td>126,469 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">China </td> <td>50,000 </td> <td>59,000 </td> <td>103,000 </td> <td>160,000 </td> <td>138,000 </td> <td>381,000 </td> <td>358,000 </td> <td>437,140 </td> <td>546,815 </td> <td>881,940 </td> <td>1,242,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">India </td> <td>60,000 </td> <td>75,000 </td> <td>110,000 </td> <td>135,000 </td> <td>165,000 </td> <td>209,000 </td> <td>253,000 </td> <td>303,700 </td> <td>359,000 </td> <td>580,000 </td> <td>975,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Other Asia </td> <td>66,000 </td> <td>41,400 </td> <td>55,400 </td> <td>65,000 </td> <td>71,800 </td> <td>89,366 </td> <td>119,619 </td> <td>185,092 </td> <td>392,481 </td> <td>677,214 </td> <td>1,172,243 </td></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold;"> <td style="text-align: left;">Total Asia </td> <td>179,000 </td> <td>175,400 </td> <td>268,400 </td> <td>360,000 </td> <td>374,800 </td> <td>679,366 </td> <td>730,619 </td> <td>925,932 </td> <td>1,298,296 </td> <td>2,139,154 </td> <td>3,389,943 </td></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold;"> <td style="text-align: left;">Africa </td> <td>35,000 </td> <td>33,000 </td> <td>46,000 </td> <td>55,000 </td> <td>61,000 </td> <td>74,208 </td> <td>90,466 </td> <td>124,697 </td> <td>228,342 </td> <td>387,645 </td> <td>759,954 </td></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold;"> <td style="text-align: left;">World </td> <td>300,000 </td> <td>268,273 </td> <td>437,818 </td> <td>555,828 </td> <td>603,410 </td> <td>1,041,092 </td> <td>1,270,014 </td> <td>1,791,020 </td> <td>2,524,531 </td> <td>3,913,482 </td> <td>5,907,680 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estimates_of_historical_world_population&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">range of estimates for average growth rates over the preceding century according to the data cited under <a href="#Historical_population">#Historical population</a>; The average growth rate for the 14th century is low as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurt, A. (1995). <i>The Ancient Near East, c. 3000–330 BCE</i>. Vol. 2. London: Routledge. p. 695.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomlinson (1975): "one to ten million".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPalaOlivieriAchilliAccetturo2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pala, M; Olivieri, A; Achilli, A; Accetturo, M; Metspalu, E; Reidla, M; Tamm, E; Karmin, M; Reisberg, T; Hooshiar Kashani, B; Perego, UA; Carossa, V; Gandini, F; Pereira, JB; Soares, P; Angerhofer, N; Rychkov, S; Al-Zahery, N; Carelli, V; Sanati, MH; Houshmand, M; Hatina, J; Macaulay, V; Pereira, L; Woodward, SR; Davies, W; Gamble, C; Baird, D; Semino, O; Villems, R; Torroni, A; Richards, MB (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3376494">"Mitochondrial DNA signals of late glacial recolonization of Europe from near eastern refugia"</a>. <i>Am. J. Hum. Genet</i>. <b>90</b> (5): 915–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2012.04.003">10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.04.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3376494">3376494</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22560092">22560092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Hum.+Genet.&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+DNA+signals+of+late+glacial+recolonization+of+Europe+from+near+eastern+refugia&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=915-24&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3376494%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22560092&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2012.04.003&rft.aulast=Pala&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Olivieri%2C+A&rft.au=Achilli%2C+A&rft.au=Accetturo%2C+M&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+E&rft.au=Reidla%2C+M&rft.au=Tamm%2C+E&rft.au=Karmin%2C+M&rft.au=Reisberg%2C+T&rft.au=Hooshiar+Kashani%2C+B&rft.au=Perego%2C+UA&rft.au=Carossa%2C+V&rft.au=Gandini%2C+F&rft.au=Pereira%2C+JB&rft.au=Soares%2C+P&rft.au=Angerhofer%2C+N&rft.au=Rychkov%2C+S&rft.au=Al-Zahery%2C+N&rft.au=Carelli%2C+V&rft.au=Sanati%2C+MH&rft.au=Houshmand%2C+M&rft.au=Hatina%2C+J&rft.au=Macaulay%2C+V&rft.au=Pereira%2C+L&rft.au=Woodward%2C+SR&rft.au=Davies%2C+W&rft.au=Gamble%2C+C&rft.au=Baird%2C+D&rft.au=Semino%2C+O&rft.au=Villems%2C+R&rft.au=Torroni%2C+A&rft.au=Richards%2C+MB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3376494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstimates+of+historical+world+population" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ambrose1998-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ambrose1998_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_H._Ambrose1998" class="citation journal cs1">Stanley H. Ambrose (1998). "Late Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and differentiation of modern humans". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Human_Evolution" title="Journal of Human Evolution">Journal of Human Evolution</a></i>. <b>34</b> (6): 623–651. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjhev.1998.0219">10.1006/jhev.1998.0219</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9650103">9650103</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33122717">33122717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Evolution&rft.atitle=Late+Pleistocene+human+population+bottlenecks%2C+volcanic+winter%2C+and+differentiation+of+modern+humans&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=623-651&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33122717%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9650103&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjhev.1998.0219&rft.au=Stanley+H.+Ambrose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstimates+of+historical+world+population" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose,_Stanley_H.2005" class="citation web cs1">Ambrose, Stanley H. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/evolution/">"Volcanic Winter, and Differentiation of Modern Humans"</a>. <i>Bradshaw Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bradshaw+Foundation&rft.atitle=Volcanic+Winter%2C+and+Differentiation+of+Modern+Humans&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Ambrose%2C+Stanley+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bradshawfoundation.com%2Fevolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstimates+of+historical+world+population" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-robock2009-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-robock2009_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobock,_A.,_C.M._Ammann,_L._Oman,_D._Shindell,_S._Levis,_and_G._Stenchikov2009" class="citation journal cs1">Robock, A., C.M. Ammann, L. Oman, D. Shindell, S. Levis, and G. Stenchikov (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2008JD011652">"Did the Toba volcanic eruption of ~74k BP produce widespread glaciation?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Geophysical_Research" title="Journal of Geophysical Research">Journal of Geophysical Research</a></i>. <b>114</b> (D10): D10107. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JGRD..11410107R">2009JGRD..11410107R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2008JD011652">10.1029/2008JD011652</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37420327">37420327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Did+the+Toba+volcanic+eruption+of+~74k+BP+produce+widespread+glaciation%3F&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=D10&rft.pages=D10107&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37420327%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2008JD011652&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JGRD..11410107R&rft.au=Robock%2C+A.%2C+C.M.+Ammann%2C+L.+Oman%2C+D.+Shindell%2C+S.+Levis%2C+and+G.+Stenchikov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2008JD011652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstimates+of+historical+world+population" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Per Sjödin, Agnès E Sjöstrand, Mattias Jakobsson and Michael G B Blum, "Resequencing data provide no evidence for a human bottleneck in Africa during the penultimate glacial period" Mol <i>Biol Evol</i> (2012) DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mss061. "A small human effective population size, on the order of 10,000 individuals, which is smaller than the effective population size of most great apes, has been interpreted as a result of a very long history, starting ~ 2 mya, of small population size, coined as the long-necked bottle model (Harpending et al. 1998; Hawks et al. 2000). Our findings are consistent with this hypothesis, but, depending on the mutation rate, we find either an effective population size of NA = 12,000 (95% C.I. = 9,000–15,500 when averaging over all three demographic models) using the mutation rate calibrated with the human-chimp divergence or an effective population size of NA = 32,500 individuals (95% C.I. = 27,500–34,500) using the mutation rate given by whole-genome trio analysis (The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium 2010) (supplementary figure 4 and table 6, Supplementary Material online). Not surprisingly, the estimated effective mutation rates θ = 4NAμ are comparable for the two mutation rates we considered, and are equal to 1.4 × 10<sup>−3</sup>/bp/generation (95% C.I. = (1.1–1.7) × 10<sup>−3</sup>). Relating the estimated effective population size to the census population size during the Pleistocene is a difficult task because there are many factors affecting the effective population size (Charlesworth 2009). Nevertheless, based on published estimates of the ratio between effective and census population size, a comprehensive value on the order of 10% has been found by Frankham (1995). This 10% rule roughly predicts that 120,000−325,[0]00 individuals (depending on the assumed mutation rate)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haub (1995): "at some time back in the 1970s, some now-forgotten writer made the statement that 75 percent of the people who had ever been born were alive at that moment." Haub (1995) is the basis of a 2007 article in Scientific American, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fact-or-fiction-living-outnumber-dead/">"Fact or Fiction"</a>. <i>Scientificamerican.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientificamerican.com&rft.atitle=Fact+or+Fiction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Ffact-or-fiction-living-outnumber-dead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstimates+of+historical+world+population" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephenson,_BBC_New_2012.02.04:_do_the_dead_outnumber_the_living?-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stephenson,_BBC_New_2012.02.04:_do_the_dead_outnumber_the_living?_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenson2012" class="citation news cs1">Stephenson, Wesley (4 Feb 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16870579">"Do the dead outnumber the living?"</a>. BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Do+the+dead+outnumber+the+living%3F&rft.date=2012-02-04&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=Wesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-16870579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstimates+of+historical+world+population" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curtin,_Scientific_American_2007.09_-_Do_the_living_outnumber_the_dead?-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Curtin,_Scientific_American_2007.09_-_Do_the_living_outnumber_the_dead?_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curtin,_Scientific_American_2007.09_-_Do_the_living_outnumber_the_dead?_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtin2007" class="citation journal cs1">Curtin, Ciara (September 2007). "Do living people outnumber the dead?". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>297</b> (3): 126. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007SciAm.297c.126C">2007SciAm.297c.126C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0907-126">10.1038/scientificamerican0907-126</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17784634">17784634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Do+living+people+outnumber+the+dead%3F&rft.volume=297&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=126&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17784634&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0907-126&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007SciAm.297c.126C&rft.aulast=Curtin&rft.aufirst=Ciara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstimates+of+historical+world+population" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kapitza, 'The phenomenological theory of world population growth', <i>Physics-Uspekhi</i> 39(1) 57–71 (1996) cites estimates ranging between 80 and 150 billion (Sergei P Kapitza, 'The phenomenological theory of world population growth', <i>Physics-Uspekhi</i> 39(1) 57–71, 1996), citing K. M. Weiss, <i>Human Biology</i> 56637, 1984, and N. Keyfitz, <i>Applied Mathematical Demography</i>, New York: Wiley, 1977). Haub (1995) cited 105 billion, updated to 107 billion as of 2011 in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaub2011" class="citation web cs1">Haub, Carl (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424014209/http://www.prb.org/Articles/2002/HowManyPeopleHaveEverLivedonEarth.aspx">"How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Population_Reference_Bureau" title="Population Reference Bureau">Population Reference Bureau</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/Articles/2002/HowManyPeopleHaveEverLivedonEarth.aspx">the original</a> on April 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Many+People+Have+Ever+Lived+on+Earth%3F&rft.pub=Population+Reference+Bureau&rft.date=2011-10&rft.aulast=Haub&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prb.org%2FArticles%2F2002%2FHowManyPeopleHaveEverLivedonEarth.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstimates+of+historical+world+population" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haub (1995): "Clearly, the period 8000 B.C. to 1 A.D. is key to the magnitude of our number, but, unfortunately, little is known about that era. ... of course, pushing the date of humanity's arrival on the planet before 50,000 B.C. would also raise the number, although perhaps not by terribly much."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haub (1995): "Life expectancy at birth probably averaged only about 10 years for most of human history. Estimates of average life expectancy in Iron Age France have been put at only 10 or 12 years. Under these conditions, the birth rate would have to be about 80 per 1,000 people just for the species to survive. ... Our birth rate assumption will greatly affect the estimate of the number of persons ever born. Infant mortality in the human race's earliest days is thought to have been very high—perhaps 500 infant deaths per 1,000 births, or even higher. ... Birth rates were set at 80 per 1,000 per year through 1 A.D. and at 60 per 1,000 from 2 A.D. to 1750. Rates then declined to the low 30s by the modern period. (For a brief bibliography of sources consulted in the course of this alchemy, see [Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones 1978])." "So, our estimate here is that about 5.5 percent of all people ever born are alive today." Using the UN estimates for birth rates (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=world+population&d=PopDiv&f=variableID%3A53%3BcrID%3A900">"UNdata: Crude birth rate"</a>. United Nations. 25 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNdata%3A+Crude+birth+rate&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2011-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.un.org%2FData.aspx%3Fq%3Dworld%2Bpopulation%26d%3DPopDiv%26f%3DvariableID%253A53%253BcrID%253A900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstimates+of+historical+world+population" class="Z3988"></span>) and world population (U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base), there were an estimated 3.0 billion births during 1995–2016, so that based on the estimate by Haub (1995), the figures for 2017 would be "about 108 billion births" and "about 7 percent of all people ever born are alive today."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haub1650-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haub1650_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haub1650_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haub (1995): "The average annual rate of growth was actually lower from 1 A.D. to 1650 than the rate suggested above for the 8000 B.C. to 1 A.D. period. One reason for this abnormally slow growth was the Black Plague. This dreaded scourge was not limited to 14th century Europe. The epidemic may have begun about 542 A.D. in Western Asia, spreading from there. It is believed that half the Byzantine Empire was destroyed in the 6th century, a total of 100 million deaths."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Population_Reference_Bureau-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Population_Reference_Bureau_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Population_Reference_Bureau_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Data from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/Home.aspx">Population Reference Bureau</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080520091122/http://www.prb.org/Home.aspx">Archived</a> 2008-05-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <br /> 2016 estimate: (a) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/pdf16/prb-wpds2016-web-2016.pdf">"2016 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170828162128/http://www.prb.org/pdf16/prb-wpds2016-web-2016.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-08-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <br /> 2015 estimate: (b) Toshiko Kaneda, 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/pdf15/2015-world-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf">"2015 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180219062132/http://www.prb.org/pdf15/2015-world-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-02-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <br />2014 estimate: (c) Carl Haub, 2014, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/pdf14/2014-world-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf">"2014 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218233032/http://www.prb.org/pdf14/2014-world-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-02-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <br />2013 estimate: (d) Carl Haub, 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/pdf13/2013-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf">"2013 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226072048/http://www.prb.org/pdf13/2013-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-02-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <br />2012 estimate: (e) Carl Haub, 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/pdf12/2012-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf">"2012 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140521191647/http://www.prb.org/pdf12/2012-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-05-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <br />2011 estimate: (f) Carl Haub, 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/pdf11/2011population-data-sheet_eng.pdf">"2011 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171118162350/http://www.prb.org/pdf11/2011population-data-sheet_eng.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-11-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <br />2010 estimate: (g) Carl Haub, 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/pdf10/10wpds_eng.pdf">"2010 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180109060416/http://www.prb.org/pdf10/10wpds_eng.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-01-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <br />2009 estimate: (h) Carl Haub, 2009, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf">"2009 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-04-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <br />2008 estimate: (i) Carl Haub, 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/pdf08/08WPDS_Eng.pdf">"2008 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171219150624/http://www.prb.org/pdf08/08WPDS_Eng.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-12-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <br />2007 estimate: (j) Carl Haub, 2007, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2007/2007WorldPopulationDataSheet.aspx">"2007 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110224205549/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2007/2007WorldPopulationDataSheet.aspx">Archived</a> 2011-02-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <br />2006 estimate: (k) Carl Haub, 2006, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2006/2006WorldPopulationDataSheet.aspx">"2006 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222075621/http://prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2006/2006WorldPopulationDataSheet.aspx">Archived</a> 2010-12-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <br />2005 estimate: (l) Carl Haub, 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2005/2005WorldPopulationDataSheet.aspx">"2005 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110414150237/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2005/2005WorldPopulationDataSheet.aspx">Archived</a> 2011-04-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <br />2004 estimate: (m) Carl Haub, 2004, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/pdf04/04WorldDataSheet_ENG.pdf">"2004 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329104249/http://www.prb.org/pdf04/04worlddatasheet_eng.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-03-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <br />2003 estimate: (n) Carl Haub, 2003, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~psc/WorldPopulationDS03_Eng.pdf">"2003 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190819182509/http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~psc/WorldPopulationDS03_Eng.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-08-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <br />2002 estimate: (o) Carl Haub, 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/pdf/worldpopulationds02_eng.pdf">"2002 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209093516/http://www.prb.org/pdf/WorldPopulationDS02_Eng.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-12-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <br />2001 estimate: (p) Carl Haub, 2001, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ined.fr/fichier/s_rubrique/18790/publi_pdf2_pop_and_soc_english_370.en.pdf">"2001 World Population Data Sheet"</a>. <br />2000 estimate: (q) 2000, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2000/9BillionWorldPopulationby2050.aspx">"9 Billion World Population by 2050"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180201050626/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2000/9BillionWorldPopulationby2050.aspx">Archived</a> 2018-02-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <br />1997 estimate: (r) 1997, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epidemiolog.net/evolving/DemographyBasics.pdf">"Studying Populations"</a>. <br />Estimates for 1995 and prior: (s) Carl Haub, 1995, <i>Population Today</i>, Vol. 23 (no. 2), pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_World_at_Six_Billion,_1999-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_World_at_Six_Billion,_1999_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_World_at_Six_Billion,_1999_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Data from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.</a> <br />1950–2100 estimates (only medium variants shown): (a) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esa.un.org/unpp/">World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429173209/http://esa.un.org/unpp/">Archived</a> 2011-04-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <br />Estimates prior to 1950: (b) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/sixbillion/sixbillion.htm">"The World at Six Billion", 1999.</a> <br />Estimates from 1950 to 2100: (c) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geohive.com/earth/his_history3.aspx">"Population of the entire world, yearly, 1950 - 2100", 2013.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119132504/http://www.geohive.com/earth/his_history3.aspx">Archived</a> November 19, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <br />2014: (d) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf">http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf</a> "2014 World Urbanization Prospects", 2014.] <br />2015: (e) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf">http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf</a>"2015 World Urbanization Prospects", 2015.] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140320035709/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm">Archived</a> March 20, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theworldeconomy.org/publications/worldeconomy/">Angus Maddison, 2003, <i>The World Economy: Historical Statistics</i>, Vol. 2, OECD, Paris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513232041/http://www.theworldeconomy.org/publications/worldeconomy/">Archived</a> May 13, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-64-10412-7" title="Special:BookSources/92-64-10412-7">92-64-10412-7</a>. <br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls">"Statistical Appendix"</a> (2008, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820-1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes. Figures for 1820 onwards are annual, wherever possible. For earlier years, benchmark figures are shown for 1 AD, 1000 AD, 1500, 1600 and 1700." "OECD countries GDP revised and updated 1991-2003 from National Accounts for OECD Countries, vol. I, 2006. Norway 1820-1990 GDP from Ola Grytten (2004), "The Gross Domestic Product for Norway, 1830-2003" in Eitrheim, Klovland and Qvigstad (eds), Historical Monetary Statistics for Norway, 1819-2003, Norges Bank, Oslo. Latin American GDP 2000-2003 revised and updated from ECLAC, Statistical Yearbook 2004 and preliminary version of the 2005 Yearbook supplied by Andre Hofman. For Chile, GDP 1820-2003 from Rolf Lűders (1998), "The Comparative Economic Performance of Chile 1810-1995", Estudios de Economia, vol. 25, no. 2, with revised population estimates from Diaz, J., R. Lűders, and G. Wagner (2005) Chili 1810-2000: la Republica en Cifras, mimeo, Instituto de Economia, Universidad Católica de Chile. For Peru, GDP 1896-1990 and population 1896-1949 from Bruno Seminario and Arlette Beltran, Crecimiento Economico en el Peru 1896-1995, Universidad del Pacifico, 1998. " "For Asia there are amendments to the GDP estimates for South and North Korea, 1911-74, to correct an error in Maddison (2003). Estimates for the Philippines, 1902-1940 were amended in line with Richard Hooley (2005), 'American Economic Policy in the Philippines, 1902-1940', Journal of Asian Economics, 16. 1820 estimates were amended for Hong Kong, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and Thailand." "Asian countries GDP revised and updated 1998-2003 from AsianOutlook, April 2005. Population estimates for all countries except China and Indonesia revised and updated 1950-2008 and 2030 from International Data Base, International Programs Center, Population Division, US Bureau of the Census, April 2005 version. China's population 1990-2003 from China Statistical Yearbook 2005, China Statistics Press, Beijing. Indonesian population 1950-2003 kindly supplied by Pierre van der Eng. The figures now include three countries previously omitted: Cook Islands, Nauru and Tuvalu."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HYDE2010-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HYDE2010_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein Goldewijk, K., A. Beusen, M. de Vos and G. van Drecht (2011). The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human induced land use change over the past 12,000 years, Global Ecology and Biogeography20(1): 73-86. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1466-8238.2010.00587.x">10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themasites.pbl.nl/tridion/en/themasites/hyde/download/index-2.html">pbl.nl</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423205228/https://themasites.pbl.nl/tridion/en/themasites/hyde/download/index-2.html">Archived</a> 2021-04-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). HYDE (History Database of the Global Environment), 2010. HYDE 3.1 gives estimates for 5000 BC, 1000 BC and "AD 0". HYDE estimates are higher than those by <a href="/wiki/Colin_McEvedy" title="Colin McEvedy">Colin McEvedy</a> (1978) but lower than those by Massimo Livi Bacci (1989, 2012). (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150221004127/http://itbulk.org/population/world-population-history/">graphs (itbulk.org)</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-French_1980,_pp._1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-French_1980,_pp._1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-French_1980,_pp._1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Slightly updated data from original paper in French: (a) Jean-Noël Biraben, 1980, "An Essay Concerning Mankind's Evolution", Population, Selected Papers, Vol. 4, pp. 1–13. Original paper in French: (b) Jean-Noël Biraben, 1979, "Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes", Population, Vol. 34 (no. 1), pp. 13–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richard_Jones_1978-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richard_Jones_1978_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richard_Jones_1978_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones, 1978, <i>Atlas of World Population History</i>, Facts on File, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-1031-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-1031-3">0-7139-1031-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Thomlinson" title="Ralph Thomlinson">Ralph Thomlinson</a>, 1975, <i>Demographic Problems: Controversy over population control</i>, 2nd Ed., Dickenson Publishing Company, Ecino, CA, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8221-0166-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8221-0166-1">0-8221-0166-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_D._Durand_1974-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_D._Durand_1974_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_D._Durand_1974_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John D. Durand, 1974, "Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation", University of Pennsylvania, Population Center, Analytical and Technical Reports, Number 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colin_Clark_1967-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colin_Clark_1967_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colin_Clark_1967_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin Clark, 1967, <i>Population Growth and Land Use</i>, St. Martin's Press, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-01126-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-01126-0">0-333-01126-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mnp.nl-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mnp.nl_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mnp.nl_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mnp.nl_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mnp.nl_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mnp.nl_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mnp.nl_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mnp.nl_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mnp.nl_24-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mnp.nl_24-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mnp.nl_24-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mnp.nl_24-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0959683609356587">Data</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themasites.pbl.nl/tridion/en/themasites/hyde/index.html">History Database of the Global Environment.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180227200550/http://themasites.pbl.nl/tridion/en/themasites/hyde/index.html">Archived</a> 2018-02-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> K. Klein Goldewijk, A. Beusen and P. Janssen, "HYDE 3.1: Long-term dynamic modeling of global population and built-up area in a spatially explicit way", from table on pg. 2, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haub (1995): "By 1 A.D., the world may have held about 300 million people. One estimate of the population of the Roman Empire, from Spain to Asia Minor, in 14 A.D. is 45 million. However, other historians set the figure twice as high, suggesting how imprecise population estimates of early historical periods can be."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The present figures are a revision and update of those presented on this website in 2003. The most significant changes are in the entries for the year 1, where gaps in previous tables have been filled with the new estimates for the Roman Empire in Maddison (2007). The estimates are in fact for 14 AD"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The estimates are in fact for 14 AD"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census.gov-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census.gov_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/worldpop/table_population.php">U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base</a> Retrieved on 28 Oct, 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angus Maddison, The World Economy: Historical Statistics, Statistical Appendix (2007, ggdc.net). Estimates cited are for the beginning of the 1st millennium ("year 0"), the beginning of the 2nd millennium ("year 1000"), and for the beginning each century since the 16th (years 1820 and 1913 are given for the 19th and 20th century, respectively, as Maddison presents detailed estimates for these years), and a projection for the year 2030.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">includes <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Central_Asia" title="Demographics of Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <br /> (listed under "<a href="/wiki/Former_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Former USSR">former USSR</a>")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ggdc.net-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ggdc.net_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ggdc.net_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddison2016" class="citation web cs1">Maddison (27 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/other_books/appendix_B.pdf">"Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Growth+of+World+Population%2C+GDP+and+GDP+Per+Capita+before+1820&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft.au=Maddison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ggdc.net%2Fmaddison%2Fother_books%2Fappendix_B.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstimates+of+historical+world+population" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estimates_of_historical_world_population&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaub2011" class="citation web cs1">Haub, Carl (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424014209/http://www.prb.org/Articles/2002/HowManyPeopleHaveEverLivedonEarth.aspx">"How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Population_Reference_Bureau" title="Population Reference Bureau">Population Reference Bureau</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/Articles/2002/HowManyPeopleHaveEverLivedonEarth.aspx">the original</a> on 24 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Many+People+Have+Ever+Lived+on+Earth%3F&rft.pub=Population+Reference+Bureau&rft.date=2011-10&rft.aulast=Haub&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prb.org%2FArticles%2F2002%2FHowManyPeopleHaveEverLivedonEarth.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstimates+of+historical+world+population" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioinfo.rpi.edu/bystrc/pub/pimentel.pdf">"Human population numbers as a function of food supply"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Russel Hopfenburg, David Pimentel, Duke University, Durham, NC; Cornell University, Ithaca, NY</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russel+Hopfenburg%2C+David+Pimentel%2C+Duke+University%2C+Durham%2C+NC%3B+Cornell+University%2C+Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.atitle=Human+population+numbers+as+a+function+of+food+supply&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioinfo.rpi.edu%2Fbystrc%2Fpub%2Fpimentel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstimates+of+historical+world+population" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuinnane2023" class="citation journal cs1">Guinnane, Timothy W. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050723000293">"We Do Not Know the Population of Every Country in the World for the Past Two Thousand Years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Economic_History" title="The Journal of Economic History">The Journal of Economic History</a></i>. <b>83</b> (3): 912–938. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050723000293">10.1017/S0022050723000293</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=We+Do+Not+Know+the+Population+of+Every+Country+in+the+World+for+the+Past+Two+Thousand+Years&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=912-938&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050723000293&rft.aulast=Guinnane&rft.aufirst=Timothy+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0022050723000293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstimates+of+historical+world+population" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estimates_of_historical_world_population&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/international-programs/historical-est-worldpop.html">Historical Estimates of World Population</a> – <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Estimates of historical world population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_momentum" title="Population momentum">Population momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projections_of_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Projections of population growth">Projections of population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_biology" title="Population biology">Population<br />biology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">Population decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_density" title="Physiological density">Physiological density</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_model" title="Population model">Population model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population<br />ecology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">Biocapacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I_%3D_PAT" title="I = PAT">I = P × A × T</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_identity" title="Kaya identity">Kaya identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malthusian growth model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot (population)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World3" title="World3">World3 model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and<br /> population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics"><i>Dys</i>genics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">Human population planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demography" title="Political demography">Political demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_addition_paradox" title="Mere addition paradox">Mere addition paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-identity_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-identity problem">Non-identity problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero population growth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Environment" title="Population and Environment">Population and Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Development_Review" title="Population and Development Review">Population and Development Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_housing_censuses_by_country" title="Population and housing censuses by country">Population and housing censuses by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population_milestones" title="World population milestones">World population milestones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Six_Billion" title="Day of Six Billion">6 billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Seven_Billion" title="Day of Seven Billion">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Eight_Billion" title="Day of Eight Billion">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_population_concern_organizations" title="List of population concern organizations">Population concern organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Events and<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_Billion_Actions" title="7 Billion Actions">7 Billion Actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Euthanasia" title="Church of Euthanasia">Church of Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">International Conference on Population and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Action_International" title="Population Action International">Population Action International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Connection" title="Population Connection">Population Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Matters" title="Population Matters">Population Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_world_population_conferences" title="United Nations world population conferences">United Nations world population conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Conference" title="World Population Conference">World Population Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Day" title="World Population Day">World Population Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Foundation" title="World Population Foundation">World Population Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bennett%27s_law" title="Bennett's law">Bennett's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the 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