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scholars subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criteria_used_by_scholars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Internal evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>External evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_setting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_setting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Historical setting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_setting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_and_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Language and style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_and_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contents_and_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents_and_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Contents and theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contents_and_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Undisputed_epistles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undisputed_epistles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Undisputed epistles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undisputed_epistles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputed_epistles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputed_epistles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Disputed epistles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disputed_epistles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Disputed epistles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Disputed_epistles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colossians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colossians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Colossians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colossians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ephesians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ephesians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ephesians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ephesians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Second Epistle to the Thessalonians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pastoral_epistles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pastoral_epistles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Pastoral epistles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pastoral_epistles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hebrews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Hebrews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebrews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_Pauline_canon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_Pauline_canon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History of the Pauline canon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_Pauline_canon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_criticism_of_the_authorship_of_the_epistles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_criticism_of_the_authorship_of_the_epistles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historical criticism of the authorship of the epistles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_criticism_of_the_authorship_of_the_epistles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Followers_of_Jesus" title="Category:Followers of Jesus">a series</a> of articles on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> in the Bible</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg/220px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg/330px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg/440px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1445" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:100%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline literature</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Authorship</a>)</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:100%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related literature</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles#Lost_Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Lost epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Paul" title="Apocalypse of Paul">Apocalypse of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Apocalypse_of_Paul" title="Coptic Apocalypse of Paul">Coptic Apocalypse of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul_and_Thecla" title="Acts of Paul and Thecla">Paul and Thecla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter_and_Paul" title="Acts of Peter and Paul">Peter and Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_the_Apostle_Paul" title="Prayer of the Apostle Paul">Prayer of Paul</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:100%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">See also</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">Pauline Christianity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Malmesbury Bible"><img alt="The Malmesbury Bible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/180px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/270px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/360px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canons</a> and books</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament (OT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament (NT)</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">OT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">NT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a> and development</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Hebrew canon</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_Torah" title="Composition of the Torah">Composition of the Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">Mosaic authorship</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Petrine_epistles" title="Authorship of the Petrine epistles">Petrine epistles</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Johannine works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Translations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">manuscripts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targumim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_English" title="Bible translations into English">English Bibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bible_translations_by_language" title="List of Bible translations by language">by language</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Archeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inscriptions_in_biblical_archaeology" title="List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology">Artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_consistency_of_the_Bible" title="Internal consistency of the Bible">Internal consistency</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_places" title="List of biblical places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Names</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biblia_Hebraica_Stuttgartensia" title="Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia">Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rahlfs%27_edition_of_the_Septuagint" title="Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint">Rahlfs' Septuagint</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece" title="Novum Testamentum Graece">Novum Testamentum Graece</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels#The_synoptic_problem" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">NT textual categories</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism_(biblical_studies)" title="Source criticism (biblical studies)">Source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_criticism" title="Form criticism">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redaction_criticism" title="Redaction criticism">Redaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_criticism" title="Canonical criticism">Canonical</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Interpretation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(exegesis)" title="Pardes (exegesis)">Pardes</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretation_of_the_Bible" title="Allegorical interpretation of the Bible">Allegorical interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical-grammatical_method" title="Historical-grammatical method">Historical-grammatical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Literalism</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory" title="Bible conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Bible" title="Capital punishment in the Bible">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_homosexuality" title="The Bible and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_humor" title="The Bible and humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest_in_the_Bible" title="Incest in the Bible">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_and_the_Bible" title="Muhammad and the Bible">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_prophecy" title="Bible prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Rape in the Hebrew Bible">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Sex in the Hebrew Bible">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_violence" title="The Bible and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="War in the Hebrew Bible">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Women</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_the_Bible" title="Islamic view of the Bible">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_narratives_in_the_Quran" title="Biblical narratives in the Quran">Quranic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">Infallibility</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Criticism of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_authority" title="Biblical authority">Biblical authority</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bible-related_topics" title="Outline of Bible-related topics">Outline of Bible-related topics</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bible_sidebar" title="Template talk:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a> are the thirteen books in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> traditionally attributed to <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>. </p><p>There is strong consensus in modern New Testament scholarship on a core group of authentic Pauline epistles whose authorship is rarely contested: <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a>. </p><p>Several additional letters bearing Paul's name are disputed among scholars, namely <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a>. Scholarly opinion is sharply divided on whether or not Colossians and 2 Thessalonians are genuine letters of Paul. The remaining four contested epistles – Ephesians, as well as the three known as the <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_Epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral Epistles">Pastoral Epistles</a> (1 and 2 Timothy, and Titus) – have been labeled <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudepigraphical</a> works by most critical scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have proposed that Paul may have used an <i><a href="/wiki/Amanuensis" title="Amanuensis">amanuensis</a></i>, or secretary, in writing the disputed letters,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although such a solution would not explain the fact that the disputed letters appear to have been written at least a decade after Paul’s death. </p><p>There are two examples of pseudonymous letters written in Paul's name apart from the New Testament epistles, the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Epistle to the Laodiceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" class="mw-redirect" title="The Epistle to the Hebrews">The Epistle to the Hebrews</a> is actually anonymous, but it has been <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews">traditionally attributed to Paul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church father <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> rejected the Pauline authorship of Hebrews, instead asserting that, although the ideas expressed in the letter were genuinely Pauline, the letter itself had actually been written by someone else.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most modern scholars generally agree that Hebrews was not written by the apostle Paul. Various other possible authorships have been suggested.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable float-left"> <tbody><tr> <th>Status</th> <th>Categorisation<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Epistle </th></tr> <tr> <td>Undisputed</td> <td>Authentic Pauline epistles </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">First Epistle to the Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Epistle to the Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">First Epistle to the Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">Second Epistle to the Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Epistle to the Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Epistle to Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Epistle to the Romans</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Disputed</td> <td>Deutero-Pauline epistles;<br /> may be authentic </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Epistle to the Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Epistle to the Colossians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">Second Epistle to the Thessalonians</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral epistles</a>;<br /> probably not authentic </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">First Epistle to Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">Second Epistle to Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Epistle to Titus</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anonymous <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermon</a>;<br /> not Pauline </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criteria_used_by_scholars">Criteria used by scholars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Criteria used by scholars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars use a number of methods of <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Higher_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher criticism">higher criticism</a> to determine whether a text is properly attributed to its author. The primary methods used for Paul's letters are the following: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_evidence">Internal evidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Internal evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Internal evidence consists of what the author states about themself in the letter, either explicitly –  the author clearly identifies themself –  or implicitly –  provides autobiographical details. This evidence is important in spite of its problems. For example, because the author of the Epistle to the Hebrews never identified him or herself, scholars as early as <a href="/wiki/Origen_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Origen of Alexandria">Origen of Alexandria</a> in the 3rd century suspected that Paul was not the author. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_evidence">External evidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>External evidence consists of references, again either explicit or implicit, to the text, especially during earliest times by those who had access to reliable sources now lost. </p><p>Explicit references would be mentioning the text or letter by name, or referencing a recognizable form of that text. Examples include a list of accepted biblical books, such as the <a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a>, or the contents of an early manuscript, such as <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_46" title="Papyrus 46">Papyrus 46</a>. Unfortunately, these witnesses are often either damaged or too late in date to provide much help. </p><p>Implicit references are quotations from Paul (especially indirect or unattributed), or expressions of ideas and phrases that appear in his works. This use or reference implies the material quoted was in existence at the time the external evidence was created. For example, the <i>Second Epistle to the Thessalonians</i> is named by <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> in the mid-2nd century, as well as by <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a>; it is considered unlikely for the surviving version of this letter to have been written after this time. On the other hand, lack of witness by ancient sources suggests a later date - an <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_silence" title="Argument from silence">argument from silence</a>. However, use of this line of reasoning is dangerous, because of the incompleteness of the historical record: many ancient texts are lost, damaged, have been revised or possibly contrived. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_setting">Historical setting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Historical setting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An independently written narrative of Paul's life and ministry, found in the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, is used to determine the date, and possible authorship, of Pauline letters by locating their origin within the context of his life. For example, Paul mentions that he is a prisoner in his <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Epistle to Philemon</a> 1:7; based on this statement, J. A. T. Robinson argued that this captivity was Paul's imprisonment in Caesarea,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while W. M. Ramsay identified this as Paul's captivity in Rome,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others have placed the captivity in Ephesus. </p><p>One difficulty with this position is the limited data available on Paul's historical setting, and this is especially true with the conclusion of the narrative of Acts prior to Paul's death. It also assumes that the book of Acts was written by an actual traveling companion of Paul's. Recent scholarship challenges the validity of using the Acts of the Apostles to determine anything about Pauline letters. Borg and Crossan cautiously comment that "the author of Acts was not concerned with factual inerrancy";<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dewey et al. note in similar vein that "in much of Acts as a whole, Luke gives us historical fiction rather than an historical report." They therefore "recommend against using Acts, either as a whole or in part, as a historical source for Paul's career".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_and_style">Language and style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Language and style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vocabulary, sentence structure, employment of idioms and common phrases, etc. are analyzed for consistency with the author's other known works. A similar style implies common authorship, while a radically divergent vocabulary implies different authors. For example, E. J. Goodspeed argued that the vocabulary of the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Epistle to the Ephesians</a> showed a literary relationship with the <i>First Epistle of Clement</i>, written around the end of the 1st century.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, E. Percy argued that the speech and style of <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a> more strongly resembled Pauline authorship than not.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of course, style and language can vary for reasons other than differing authorship, such as the subject of the letter, the recipient, the circumstances of the times, a different <a href="/wiki/Amanuensis" title="Amanuensis">amanuensis</a>, or simply maturation on the part of the author. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contents_and_theology">Contents and theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contents and theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar to internal evidence, doctrinal consistency and development are examined against the author's other known works. Theological themes like the <i><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschaton</a></i> or the Mosaic Law could reappear in different works, but in a similar manner. A consistent <a href="/wiki/Point_of_view_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Point of view (literature)">point of view</a> implies a common author; contradictory or unrelated teachings imply multiple authors. For example, W. Michaelis saw the Christological likeness between the <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_Epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral Epistles">Pastoral Epistles</a> and some of Paul's undisputed works, and argued in favor of Pauline authorship.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A problem with this method is analyzing the coherence of a body of diverse and developing teachings. This is seen in the disagreement between scholars. For example, with the same epistles mentioned above, B. S. Easton argued their theological notions disagreed with other Pauline works and rejected Pauline authorship.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> G. Lohfink argued the theology of the Pastoral Epistles agreed with Paul's, but took this as proof someone wishing to enjoy the authority of an apostle copied the famous church leader.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Undisputed_epistles"><span class="anchor" id="undisputed"></span>Undisputed epistles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Undisputed epistles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg/220px-File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg/330px-File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg/440px-File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption><i>Saint Paul Writing His Epistles</i>, 17th-century painting. Most scholars think Paul actually dictated his letters to a secretary, for example Romans 16:22,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cites a scribe named <a href="/wiki/Tertius_of_Iconium" title="Tertius of Iconium">Tertius</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_of_Tarsus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paul_of_Tarsus.jpg/200px-Paul_of_Tarsus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paul_of_Tarsus.jpg/300px-Paul_of_Tarsus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Paul_of_Tarsus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century portrayal of Paul the Apostle</figcaption></figure> <p>The name "undisputed" epistles represents the scholarly consensus asserting that Paul authored each letter. </p><p>The undisputed letters are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">First Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">Second Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">First Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li></ul> <p>These seven letters are quoted or mentioned by the earliest of sources, and are included in every ancient canon, including that of <a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 140</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no record of scholarly doubt concerning authorship until the 19th century when, around 1840, German scholar <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Christian_Baur" title="Ferdinand Christian Baur">Ferdinand Christian Baur</a> accepted only four of the letters bearing Paul's name as genuine, which he called the <i>Hauptebriefe</i> (Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, and Galatians). <a href="/wiki/Hilgenfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilgenfeld">Hilgenfeld</a> (1875) and <a href="/wiki/H._J._Holtzmann" class="mw-redirect" title="H. J. Holtzmann">H. J. Holtzmann</a> (1885) expanded Baur's four into seven, by adding Philemon, 1 Thessalonians, and Philippians.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nowadays, few scholars argue against this list of seven epistles, which all share common themes, emphasis, vocabulary and style. They also exhibit a uniformity of doctrine concerning the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Mosaic Law</a>, Christ, and faith. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disputed_epistles">Disputed epistles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Disputed epistles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colossians">Colossians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Colossians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Colossians" class="mw-redirect" title="Colossians">Colossians</a> is witnessed by the same historical sources as the undisputed texts, Pauline authorship of Colossians has found some critics. It was originally doubted by F. C. Baur, though others working from his general thesis, such as H. J. Holtzmann, argued that an original brief Pauline text experienced many interpolations by a later editor.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basis for this early objection was that the letter aimed at refuting <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, a heresy which had not reached its ascendancy until the early 2nd century. This thesis subsequently declined, especially following an analysis of Gnosticism by R. Wilson,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which he contended that the supposed parallels to Gnosticism were unsupported. </p><p>Another argument centers on differences in style and vocabulary. W. Bujard attempted to show significant stylistic differences between Colossians and Paul's other works, such as unusual <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> constructions.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have analyzed the style and reached opposite conclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The extensiveness of the theological development in the epistle compared to other epistles has also led to skepticism concerning Pauline authorship. H. Conzelmann made such an argument, pointing to differing theological concepts of "hope".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others accepting this analysis have asserted that the text is merely a late text of Paul, though the thesis has not found wide scholarly concurrence.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many have argued that Colossians has an ecclesiology that is incompatible with the authentic Pauline texts.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Romans and 1 Corinthians, like Colossians, speak of a body of Christ, it is clear that Paul imagines the church <i>as</i> the body of Christ on earth (Rom 7:4, 12:5; 1 Cor 12:27). Conversely, the text of Colossians seems to imagine that Christ is the head of the body, which is the church (Col 1:18).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The Pauline epistles say that the church is the body of Christ, and Colossians says the church is the body of Christ. What is the conflict here? Is it that Colossians elaborates that Christ is the head of the body? (April 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Additionally, detractors of the traditional authorship of Colossians point to the work's "realized eschatology."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas Paul, an apocalyptic Jew, anticipated the bodily resurrection of the faithful in the future (Rom 6:4-5), Colossians indicates that believers have already been raised with Christ (2:12; 3:1). Similarly, though Paul envisions Christ's triumph over rulers and authorities as a future event (1 Cor 15:24), Colossians 2:15 acknowledges this as having already occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another intriguing distinction between the Colossian correspondence and the "7 authentic letters" is the lack of a financial request for the poor in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kiley notes that while every one of Paul's main letters wish for financial report, Colossians is mysteriously lacking such a request. </p><p>The connection between Colossians and Philemon, an undisputed letter, is significant. A certain Archippus is referred to in both Philemon 2 and Colossians 4:17, and the greetings of both letters bear similar names.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the nearly identical phrases of Philemon 5 and Colossians 1:4 and the presence of Onesimus in both letters stands out. However, the connection between the two epistles can be used by those on both sides of the Pauline vs. deutero-Pauline debate. To those who favor Pauline authorship of Colossians, this is evidence of same authorship; to those who do not, this, combined with the other evidence noted, is indicative of a skillful forger. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ephesians">Ephesians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ephesians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The author of <a href="/wiki/Ephesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephesians">Ephesians</a> claims to be Paul in the opening address, itself identical to those of Second Corinthians and Colossians. There were no doubts in the late-second century church that Paul wrote the epistle: it was quoted authoritatively by <a href="/wiki/Church_fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Church fathers">church fathers</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among others. Ephesians may be an amended version of the letter to the Laodiceans in the Marcion canon (130)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Muratorian fragment (before 180). </p><p>The authenticity of this letter was first disputed by the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a>, and in more recent times has drawn detailed criticism. </p><p>The letter is made up of 50 sentences, 9 with over 50 words. The closest, Romans, has 3 out of 581 sentences of such length. E. J. Goodspeed,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and C. L. Mitton<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argued the style was unlike Paul's other works. Many words in the letter are not in the "undisputed" epistles. However, still, some scholars do not find the style of Ephesians to be unlike Paul's authentic letters.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In antiquity, the Greek <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>, many of whom noticed the divergent Greek style of Hebrews, made no such comments about Ephesians. </p><p>In this letter, the word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ecclesia" class="extiw" title="wikt:ecclesia">ecclesia</a></i> is used to refer theologically to the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">universal church</a> rather than, as Paul typically employs it, to the local churches that he had founded. Also, the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological</a> tone is more subdued than in other letters: the expectation of Christ's imminent return is unmentioned, while future generations are (3:21), as is a concern for social order. W. G. Kümmel argued that the theology is later than Paul.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a close literary relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a> and Ephesians.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> E. F. Scott argued that Paul used one letter as a model for the other,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas others have considered Ephesians to be derivative of Colossians, edited and reworked by another.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Guthrie_(theologian)" title="Donald Guthrie (theologian)">Donald Guthrie</a> summarized the implications of this: "Advocates of non-Pauline authorship find it difficult to conceive that one mind could have produced two works possessing so remarkable a degree of similarity in theme and phraseology and yet differing in so many other respects, whereas advocates of Pauline authorship are equally emphatic that two minds could not have produced two such works with so much subtle interdependence blended with independence."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul founded and built up the church in Ephesus; however, this letter does not appear to contain the usual specific greetings, seen in Paul's other letters, addressed to people he remembers. There is some evidence that the Letter to the Ephesians might have been sent to several different churches. Some of the oldest manuscripts of this letter are not addressed to "God's holy people who are at Ephesus," but merely to "God's holy people." Marcion, around 140, quoted from this letter and attributed the quote to Paul's "Letter to the Laodiceans." In the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/James_Ussher" title="James Ussher">James Ussher</a> suggested that this might have been a "circular letter" that Paul sent to several churches, including Ephesus and Laodicea. This would explain why Paul's usual personal greetings are absent: these could not be included in a letter sent to several different churches. </p><p>Summary of the reasons for thinking Ephesians is not by Paul:<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The language and style are different. Ephesians contains 40 new words, e.g. 1:3 "heavenly places"; "family, or fatherhood" (3:15). 1:19 has four different words for "power"; Ephesians and Colossians use a different word for "reconcile" from Paul's word (Col 1:20, 22; Eph 2:16).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What is the usual word for "reconcile"? What word do Ephesians and Colossians use instead? (April 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> And they both use many very long sentences, e.g. 1:3-14; 1:15-23; 3:1-7; 4:11-16; 6:14-20. Also Col 1:9-20.</li> <li>Ephesians is similar to Colossians at many places. Eph has 155 verses, 73 of which are similar to ones from Col: e.g. Eph 4:1-2 ≈ Col 3:12-13, Eph 5:19-20 ≈ Col 3:16-17, Eph 6:21-22 ≈ Col 4:7-8.</li> <li>Ephesians takes many key ideas from Colossians. Wisdom, mystery. The word of truth. Gospel of salvation. Saints of God.</li> <li>Ephesians also refers to most of the other letters of Paul. In many ways it seems like a summary of Paul's ideas, written by a disciple of his, and brought up to date for the Church of his own time.</li> <li>Metaphors, or illustrations in Paul are turned into actual objective realities in Ephesians (and sometimes in Colossians also). E.g. faith, gospel, word of God, reconciliation, salvation, human resurrection and glorification, the Church as the Body of Christ, Minister, Saints of God.</li> <li>Ephesians shows that the Church is becoming an advanced and powerful universal institution. In Paul's time there was no universal Church in that sense, but only informal gatherings of individual believing communities.</li> <li>Ephesians contains no mention of charismatic gifts.</li> <li>Ephesians shows Jesus acting on his own account and by his own authority without making explicit that he is acting on God's behalf and with God's blessing; in Paul's other letters, this is more explicit.</li></ul> <p>See the section above on Colossians for the view of <a href="/wiki/N.T._Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="N.T. Wright">N.T. Wright</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians">Second Epistle to the Thessalonians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Second Epistle to the Thessalonians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians#Authorship" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">Second Epistle to the Thessalonians § Authorship</a></div> <p>The epistle was included in the Marcion canon and the Muratorian fragment; it was mentioned by name by Irenaeus, and quoted by Ignatius, Justin, and Polycarp.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pauline authorship of 2 Thessalonians was first questioned by J.E.C. Schmidt in 1801. In recent times, criticism of Pauline authorship was raised by H. J. Holtzmann and G. Hollmann (see above). Much of the dispute concerns the linguistic similarity between <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a>. For example, 1 Thessalonians 2:9 is almost identical to 2 Thessalonians 3:8. This has been explained in the following ways: Paul wrote 2 Thessalonians soon after writing 1 Thessalonians or with the aid of a copy of 1 Thessalonians, or Paul wrote 1 Thessalonians himself but a later writer imitated him, or the linguistic similarities are seen as subtle enough to make imitation an unnecessary hypothesis. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Udo_Schnelle" title="Udo Schnelle">Udo Schnelle</a> argued that 2 Thessalonians was significantly different in style from the undisputed epistles, characterizing it as whole and narrow, rather than as a lively and abrupt discussion on a range of issues. Moreover, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Loisy" title="Alfred Loisy">Alfred Loisy</a> argued that it reflected knowledge of the synoptic gospels, which, according to the current scholarly consensus, had not been written when Paul wrote his epistles. <a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a> viewed the insistence of genuineness within the letter and the strong condemnation of forgery at its start as ploys commonly used by forgers. G. Milligan observed that a church which possessed an authentic letter of Paul would be unlikely to accept a fake addressed to them.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Milligan's analysis assumes that 2 Thessalonians is not a late forgery and thus was received by the Thessalonian community. </p><p>2 Thessalonians is often regarded as pseudonymous due to its apparent divergence in theology/content from Paul's authentic letters. Perhaps the most frequent attack on authenticity concerns the letter's eschatology in relation to 1 Thessalonians and the rest of the Pauline corpus.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often said that 1 Thessalonians (4:15; 5:2-3), like the historical Paul (1 Cor 7:29; Phil 4:5), expects an imminent end to the world, while 2 Thessalonians sees it as a future event (3:6-12).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, others understand 2 Thessalonians to be a correction of his audience's misunderstanding of 1 Thessalonians, which explains Paul's tone shift.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has also been argued that the Christology of 2 Thessalonians is at odds with the true Paul, as what is attributed to Jesus in 2 Thessalonians is normally attributed to God in his other letters. As identified by M.J.J. Menken,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> several phrases in 2 Thessalonians seem to share a theme with phrases in 1 Thessalonians, yet with an elevated role of Christ. In particular, Jesus is described as the giver of salvation rather than God (2 Thess 2:13 vs. 1 Thess 1:4). <a href="/wiki/Norman_Perrin" title="Norman Perrin">Norman Perrin</a> claimed that, in the time of Paul, prayer usually treated <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a> as ultimate judge, rather than Jesus. From this hypothesis he contrasted 2 Thessalonians 3:5 with 1 Thessalonians 3:13 and contended that 2 Thessalonians was written sometime after Paul's death. Still, some see the texts in 2 Thessalonians that seem to elevate the role of Christ as overblown. Abraham Malherbe,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, acknowledges the presence of Jesus as eschatological judge already in 1 Thessalonians 2:19; 3:11-12. </p><p>2 Thessalonians 2:2 seems to warn its readers against accepting teachings from a letter forged in Paul's name, indicating that either a pseudonymous author was attempting to disarm the letter's audience into accepting his forgery as authentically Pauline, or that Paul himself was writing to warn his readers that forged letters were being circulated in his name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pastoral_epistles">Pastoral epistles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pastoral epistles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">First Epistle to Timothy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">Second Epistle to Timothy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Epistle to Titus</a> are often referred to as the <i><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">pastoral epistles</a></i> and are the most disputed of all the epistles ascribed to Paul.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite this, these epistles were accepted as genuine by many, perhaps most of the ante-Nicene Church Fathers.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have argued that the letters were certainly accepted as Pauline by the time of Irenaeus.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also included in the <a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">gnostic</a> Christian <a href="/wiki/Basilides" title="Basilides">Basilides</a> also rejected these epistles, and <a href="/wiki/Tatian" title="Tatian">Tatian</a>, while accepting Titus, rejected other Pauline epistles.<sup id="cite_ref-Guthrie-1990-610_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guthrie-1990-610-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marcion" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcion">Marcion</a> (c. 140) excluded all three, along with Hebrews, from his otherwise complete Pauline corpus, and it is impossible to determine whether or not he knew of them. <a href="/wiki/Donald_Guthrie_(theologian)" title="Donald Guthrie (theologian)">Donald Guthrie</a>, for instance, argues that Marcion's theology would have been cause to reject the letters since it was incompatible with certain passages, such as 1 Tim 1:8 and 1 Tim 6:20,<sup id="cite_ref-Guthrie-1990-610_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guthrie-1990-610-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Ehrman suggests that 2nd-century <a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">proto-orthodox Christians</a> had motivation to forge the Pastorals to combat the Gnostic use of other Pauline epistles.<sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman_2003:240_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_2003:240-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even the ancient writer Tertullian (c. 220), in <i>Adv. Marc.</i> V.21, expresses confusion as to why these epistles had not been included in Marcion's canon. Modern scholars postulate that the <i>Pauline Epistles</i> originally circulated in three forms, for example, from <i>The Canon Debate</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attributed to <a href="/wiki/Harry_Y._Gamble" title="Harry Y. Gamble">Harry Y. Gamble</a>: </p> <ol><li>"Marcion's collection that begins with Galatians and ends with Philemon;"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Papyrus_46" title="Papyrus 46">Papyrus 46</a>, dated about 200, that follows the order that became established except for reversing Ephesians and Galatians;"</li> <li>"[T]he letters to seven churches, treating those to the same church as one letter and basing the order on length, so that Corinthians is first and Colossians (perhaps including Philemon) is last."</li></ol> <p>Beginning in the early 19th century, many German biblical scholars began to question the traditional attribution of these letters to Paul. The vocabulary and phraseology used in the Pastorals is often at variance with that of the other epistles. Over 1/3 of the vocabulary is not used anywhere else in the Pauline epistles, and over 1/5 is not used anywhere else in the New Testament, while 2/3 of the non-Pauline vocabulary is used by 2nd-century Christian writers.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, and because of a claimed precedence of <a href="/wiki/1_Clement" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Clement">1 Clement</a>, some scholars have associated these works with later 2nd-century Christian writings.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The precedence of 1 Clement was challenged by R. Falconer,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Luke_Timothy_Johnson" title="Luke Timothy Johnson">L. T. Johnson</a> challenged the linguistic analysis as based on the arbitrary grouping of the three epistles together: he argued that this obscures the alleged similarities between 1 Timothy and 1 Corinthians, between Titus and the other travel letters, and between 2 Timothy and Philippians. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Norman_Perrin" title="Norman Perrin">Norman Perrin</a> argued that Paul's travels to <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> (Titus 1:5-6), again to <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> (1 Tim 1:3), <a href="/wiki/Nicopolis" title="Nicopolis">Nicopolis</a> (Titus 3:12), and <a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Troas</a> (2 Tim 1:15, 4:13) cannot be fit into any reconstruction of Paul's life or works as determined from the other epistles or from Acts. In this he was preceded by several scholars who rejected Pauline authorship.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robinson argued against this analysis,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others have debated whether this should be grounds for rejection of Pauline authorship, as Acts concludes while Paul is still alive. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack">Harnack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barber_Lightfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Barber Lightfoot">Lightfoot</a> and other scholars have suggested hypothetical scenarios that would have these epistles written near the end of Paul's life without contradicting biographical information in the other epistles or Acts. Scholars arguing for the authenticity of the pastorals posit a "second career" of Paul to explain the occasion for the visits mentioned in these letters, though contemporary scholars generally consider the "second career" of Paul to be a creation of later Christian communities.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other reasons for a 2nd-century date have been argued. The pastoral epistles lay out church organization concerning the character and requirements for bishops, elders, deacons, and widows. Some scholars have claimed that these offices could not have appeared during Paul's lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman_2004:391_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_2004:391-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of theology, some scholars claim that the Pastorals reflect more the characteristics of 2nd century (<a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">proto-orthodox</a>) church thought, than those of the 1st century.<sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman_2003:240_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_2003:240-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, whilst in the 1st century the idea of Christ's return being immediate was current (see <a href="/wiki/Parousia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parousia">parousia</a>, as also described in the non-pastoral epistles), in the 2nd century it was seen as more distant, matching the choice of the pastorals to lay down instructions for a long time after the passing away of the apostles. Lastly, some have argued that the Pastorals condemn forms of Hellenic <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">gnosticism</a>, which were seen as not significant in the 1st century;<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that said, some scholarship of 1st-century Gnosticism has suggested an earlier dominance of Gnostic views.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebrews">Hebrews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hebrews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews">Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews</a></div> <p>Unlike the thirteen epistles above, the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a> is internally anonymous. Moreover, scholars such as Robert Grant<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have noted the many obvious differences in language and style between Hebrews and the correspondence explicitly ascribed to Paul. </p><p>Church Fathers and ante-Nicene writers such as <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> noted the different manner in which the theology and doctrine of the epistle appear.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This variance led many to name other candidates for authorship, such as the fellow traveller of Paul called <a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a> (favored by Tertullian), a follower of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> called <a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a> (favored by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and several modern scholars), as well as less likely candidates such as <a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silas</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Origen_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Origen of Alexandria">Origen of Alexandria</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 240</span>), as quoted by Eusebius (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 330</span>) had this to say on the matter: "That the character of the diction of the epistle entitled To the Hebrews has not the apostle's rudeness in speech, who confessed himself rude in speech, that is, in style, but that the epistle is better Greek in the framing of its diction, will be admitted by everyone who is able to discern differences of style. But again, on the other hand, that the thoughts of the epistle are admirable, and not inferior to the acknowledged writings of the apostle, to this also everyone will consent as true who has given attention to reading the apostle…. But as for myself, if I were to state my own opinion, I should say that the thoughts are the apostle's, but that the style and composition belonged to one who called to mind the apostle's teachings and, as it were, made short notes of what his master said. If any church, therefore, holds this epistle as Paul's, let it be commended for this also. For not without reason have the men of old handed it down as Paul's. But who wrote the epistle, in truth God knows. Yet the account which has reached us [is twofold], some saying that Clement, who was bishop of the Romans, wrote the epistle, others, that it was Luke, he who wrote the Gospel and the Acts."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern scholars consider the evidence against Pauline authorship of <i>Hebrews</i> too solid for dispute. Donald Guthrie, in his <i>New Testament Introduction</i> (1976), commented that "most modern writers find more difficulty in imagining how this Epistle was ever attributed to Paul than in disposing of the theory."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harold_W._Attridge" title="Harold W. Attridge">Harold Attridge</a> states that "it is certainly not a work of the apostle";<sup id="cite_ref-earlychristianwritings.com_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earlychristianwritings.com-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daniel Wallace states, "the arguments against Pauline authorship [...] are conclusive."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, few supporters of Pauline authorship remain. As Richard Heard notes, in his <i>Introduction to The New Testament</i>, "modern critics have confirmed that the epistle cannot be attributed to Paul and have for the most part agreed with Origen's judgement, 'But as to who wrote the epistle, God knows the truth.'"<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_Pauline_canon">History of the Pauline canon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History of the Pauline canon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Development of the New Testament canon</a></div> <p>There are no preserved lists of a Christian New Testament canon from the 1st century and early 2nd century. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">Second Epistle of Peter</a>, a pseudepigrapha written between 60-130 and attributed to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> refers to the Pauline epistles, but does not specify which ones it is referring to.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a> (c. 35-99 AD) quotes from 1 Corinthians and alludes to Paul's epistles to the Romans, Galatians, Ephesians, and Philippians, Titus, 1 Timothy, numerous phrases from the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a>, and possible material from the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> (died c. 110 AD) appears to have quoted from Romans, <a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ephesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephesians">Ephesians</a>, Colossians, and <a href="/wiki/1_Thessalonians" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a> (69–156 AD) not only quoted from <a href="/wiki/2_Thessalonians" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a> but also the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ephesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephesians">Ephesians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippians" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippians">Philippians</a>, 1 Thessalonians, <a href="/wiki/1_Timothy" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Timothy">1 Timothy</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Timothy" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Timothy">2 Timothy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/1_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Peter">1 Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/1_John" class="mw-redirect" title="1 John">1 John</a>, <a href="/wiki/3_John" class="mw-redirect" title="3 John">3 John</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a>, written between 96 and 135, quotes from Galatians.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> (c. 150-215 AD) quotes all the books of the New Testament with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Peter">2 Peter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest extant canon containing Paul's letters is from the 2nd century: </p> <ul><li>It is a canon compiled by <a href="/wiki/Marcion" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcion">Marcion</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a>. Marcion did not include any of the modern Gospels, only his <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Marcion" title="Gospel of Marcion">Gospel of Marcion</a>, which according to his enemies he had edited from the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>, whereas he claimed that it was their version which was edited from his <i>original gospel</i>. He includes ten epistles by Paul, omitting the Pastoral Epistles (Titus, 1 and 2 Timothy), as well as <i>To the Hebrews</i>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a> (c. 140) accepts all Pauline epistles as authentic, but does not mention the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a> and rejects the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Epistle to the Laodiceans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Alexandrians" title="Epistle to the Alexandrians">Epistle to the Alexandrians</a> as spurious.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_46" title="Papyrus 46">Papyrus 46</a>, one of the oldest New Testament manuscripts (c. 200), contains the last eight chapters of Romans; all of Hebrews; virtually all of 1–2 Corinthians; all of Ephesians, Galatians, Philippians, Colossians; and two chapters of 1 Thessalonians. Because it is damaged there is no scholarly consensus on whether to consider the omission of a text definitive.<sup id="cite_ref-Royse_2007_p._199_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Royse_2007_p._199-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barker_pp._571–582_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker_pp._571–582-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Comfort_2005_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comfort_2005-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Evans_2011_p._207_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans_2011_p._207-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_criticism_of_the_authorship_of_the_epistles">Historical criticism of the authorship of the epistles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Historical criticism of the authorship of the epistles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the nineteenth century, a group of scholars at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">University of Tübingen</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Christian_Baur" title="Ferdinand Christian Baur">Ferdinand Christian Baur</a>, engaged in radical bible study, including the claim that only Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, and Galatians were authored by Paul (i.e. <i>Hauptbriefe</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the same period, another group of Dutch scholars led by <a href="/wiki/Allard_Pierson" title="Allard Pierson">Allard Pierson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radical_criticism" title="Radical criticism">Dutch Radical School</a>), argued that all Pauline epistles were <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudepigrapha</a>, a view that was also shared by <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Bauer" title="Bruno Bauer">Bruno Bauer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steck" title="Rudolf Steck">Rudolf Steck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Drews" title="Arthur Drews">Arthur Drews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">Authorship of Luke–Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Authorship of the Johannine works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Petrine_epistles" title="Authorship of the Petrine epistles">Authorship of the Petrine epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_46" title="Papyrus 46">Papyrus 46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While seven of, 1972), 124-28. the letters traditionally attributed to Paul (Romans, 1-2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, and Philemon) are routinely accepted as authentic in modern scholarship, Ephesians, Colossians, 2 Thessalonians, 1-2 Timothy, and Titus remain disputed. For a relatively recent overview, see MacDonald, Margaret T. "The Deutero-Pauline Letters in Contemporary Research," in <i>The Oxford Handbook of Pauline Studies</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 258-279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards, E. Randolph. <i>Paul and First-Century Letter Writing: Secretaries, Composition and Collection</i>. Downers Grove, IL; Leicester, England: InterVarsity Press; Apollos, 2004. Or even that Paul's frequent co-authors (i.e. Timothy, Silas, and Sosthenes) contributed to the style/theology of some of the Pauline epistles: Johnson, <i>The First and Second Letters to Timothy</i>, 55-97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though Hebrews was almost certainly not written by Paul, it was adopted into the Pauline corpus from a very early date, including the third century CE Chester Beatty Papyrus (P46). Attridge, Harold W. <i>Hebrews: A Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews</i> (Hermeneia; Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press, 1989), 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Origen of Alexandria, quoted by] Eusebius of Alexandria. <i>Ecclesiastical History</i> 6.25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The most famous of which argues for Lukan authorship. For a survey, see: Lewis, David A. "The Authorship of Hebrews: Historical Survey of the Lukan Theory<i>.</i>" <i>Criswell Theological Review</i> 8, no. 2 (2011): 3-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2014" class="citation web cs1">Ehrman, Bart (16 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ehrmanblog.org/pauline-forgeries-2-thessalonians-as-a-test-case/">"Pauline Forgeries: 2 Thessalonians as a Test Case"</a>. <i>The Bart Ehrman Blog</i>. Bart Ehrman Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span>. <q>Scholars normally place the thirteen Pauline letters of the New Testament into three categories: The Pastoral Epistles of 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus, which are very widely recognized as having been written by someone other than Paul; the Deutero-Pauline letters of Ephesians, Colossians, and 2 Thessalonians, which are fairly widely as being written by other authors (three different authors; these must be judged as authentic or not on a case by case basis); and the other seven letters, which are called the 'Undisputed Paulines': Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, and Philemon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bart+Ehrman+Blog&rft.atitle=Pauline+Forgeries%3A+2+Thessalonians+as+a+Test+Case&rft.date=2014-12-16&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fehrmanblog.org%2Fpauline-forgeries-2-thessalonians-as-a-test-case%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pg 61 of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1976" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, J. A. T. (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redatingnewtesta0000robi"><i>Redating the New Testament</i></a></span>. Westminster Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-21336-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-21336-7"><bdi>0-664-21336-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redating+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Westminster+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-664-21336-7&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=J.+A.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fredatingnewtesta0000robi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsay1920" class="citation book cs1">Ramsay, Sir W. M. (1920). <i>St. Paul the Traveller</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Paul+the+Traveller&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Ramsay&rft.aufirst=Sir+W.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span> pg. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borg and Crossan, <i>The First Paul</i>. HarperOne, New York. p 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dewey et al, <i>The Authentic Letters of Paul</i>. Polebridge Press, Salem, Oregon, 2010. pp 13 and 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodspeed1956" class="citation book cs1">Goodspeed, E. J. (1956). <i>Key to Ephesians</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+to+Ephesians&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Goodspeed&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span>, vii. <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Holmes" title="Michael W. Holmes">Holmes</a>, <i>The Apostolic Fathers</i>, 35. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3468-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3468-8">978-0-8010-3468-8</a> dates 1 Clement to the last few decades of the first century CE.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Percy, <i>Die Probleme der Kolosser und Epheserbriefe</i> (1964), 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Michaelis <i>Pastoralbriefe und Gefangenschaftsbriefe</i> (1930) pp. 99-100. More recently, some, such as Linda Belleville, "Christology, Greco-Roman Religious Piety, and the Pseudonymity of the Pastoral Letters," in <i>Paul and Pseudepigraphy</i> ed. Stanley E. Porter and G.P Fewster (PAST 8; Ledien: Brill, 2013), 221-44, have downplayed the differences between the Pastorals and "authentic epistles."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B.S. Easton, <i>The Pastoral Epistles</i> (1948) p. 25. This is the conclusion of Ehrman, <i>Forgery and Counterforgery</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Lonhfink, Paulinische Theologie in der Rezeption der Pastoralbrief, in <i>Paulus in den neutestamentlichen Spatschriften</i> ed. K. Kertelge, (1981) pp. 70–121. A similar argument was put forth by P.N. Harrison's <i>The Problem of the Pastoral Epistles</i> (1921).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2016:22&version=nrsv">Romans 16:22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce, F.F. <i>The History of New Testament Study</i>, Marshall, I. Howard, (ed.), <i>New Testament Interpretation: Essays on Principles and Methods</i>, 1977, Carlisle: The Paternoster Press, revised 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85364-424-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85364-424-1">0-85364-424-1</a>. p.23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopanCraig2012" class="citation book cs1">Copan, Paul; Craig, William Lane (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g8Pnq8T-scIC&dq=Hilgenfeld+and+H.+J.+Holtzmann+seven+epistles+paul&pg=PA114"><i>Come Let Us Reason: New Essays in Christian Apologetics</i></a>. B&H Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4336-7220-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4336-7220-0"><bdi>978-1-4336-7220-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Come+Let+Us+Reason%3A+New+Essays+in+Christian+Apologetics&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4336-7220-0&rft.aulast=Copan&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Craig%2C+William+Lane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg8Pnq8T-scIC%26dq%3DHilgenfeld%2Band%2BH.%2BJ.%2BHoltzmann%2Bseven%2Bepistles%2Bpaul%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see F.F. Bruce, <i>Colossians</i> p. 172; also, Holtzman, <i>Kritik der Epheser u. Kolosserbriefe</i> (1872); some have attempted to locate the origin of doubt with T. Mayerhoff as early as 1838 in his work <i>Der Brief an die Kolosser</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. McL. Wilson, <i>Gnosis and the New Testament</i> (1958) p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1:27, <a href="/wiki/Colossians_2:11" class="mw-redirect" title="Colossians 2:11">2:11</a>, 2:19, 3:24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Bujard, <i>Stilanalytische Untersuchungen zum Kolosserfrief als Beitrag zur Methodik von Sprachvergleichen</i> (1973) see the commentary in Guthrie pp. 574–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Such as Pascuzzi, "Reconsidering the Authorship of Colossians," who does not find Colossians' stylistic divergence from the authentic epistles enough to question its Pauline authorship.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Conzelmann, <i>An Outline of the Theology of the New Testament</i> (1969) p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see, for example, G. Cannon <i>The Use of Traditional Materials in Colossians</i> (1983) pp. 196-203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One such example is that of James D.G. Dunn (1996), <i>The Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon: A commentary on the Greek text</i>. William B. Eerdmans Pub.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunn, James D.G. Dunn (1996). <i>The Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon: A commentary on the Greek text</i>. William B. Eerdmans Pub<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiley1983" class="citation thesis cs1">Kiley, Mark (1983). <i>Colossians as Pseudepigraphy</i> (Thesis).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Colossians+as+Pseudepigraphy&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Kiley&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobson1968" class="citation thesis cs1">Hobson, Donald (1968). <i>The Authorship of Colossians</i> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57370015">57370015</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/302329741">302329741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Authorship+of+Colossians&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57370015&rft.aulast=Hobson&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This was first put forth by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiley1983" class="citation thesis cs1">Kiley, Mark (1983). <i>Colossians as Pseudepigraphy</i> (Thesis).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Colossians+as+Pseudepigraphy&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Kiley&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (October 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Philemon#1:23" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Philemon">Philemon 23–24</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Colossians#4:10" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Colossians">Colossians 4:10–14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tertullian, <i>Against Marcion</i> 5.22.17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clement of Alexandria, <i>Stromata</i> 4.65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irenaeus, <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Detection_and_Overthrow_of_the_So-Called_Gnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis">Adversus Haereses</a></i> 5.2.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assuming his <i>Epistle to the Laodiceans</i> referred to Ephesians and not the apocryphal <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Epistle to the Laodiceans</a> or another text no longer extant.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodspeed1956" class="citation book cs1">Goodspeed, E. J. (1956). <i>Key to Ephesians</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+to+Ephesians&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Goodspeed&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span>, vi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitton, <i>The Epistle to the Ephesians</i> (1951) p. ii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Nes2018" class="citation journal cs1">van Nes, Jermo (March 2018). "Missing 'Particles' in Disputed Pauline Letters? A Question of Method". <i>Journal for the Study of the New Testament</i>. <b>40</b> (3): 383–398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0142064x18755907">10.1177/0142064x18755907</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2263%2F69051">2263/69051</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220297841">220297841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+New+Testament&rft.atitle=Missing+%27Particles%27+in+Disputed+Pauline+Letters%3F+A+Question+of+Method&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=383-398&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2263%2F69051&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220297841%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0142064x18755907&rft.aulast=van+Nes&rft.aufirst=Jermo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Feine and J. Kummel, <i>Einleitung in das Neue Testament</i> (English translation Kummel) p. 360</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, in particular, Eph 6:21-22 and Col 4:7-8, as well as numerous shared phrases throughout both texts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott, <i>The Epistles of Paul to the Colossians, to Philemon and to the Ephesians</i> (1930) p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitton, <i>The Epistle to the Ephesians</i> (1951) pp. 245-255. This remains the dominant position in scholarship: that Ephesians used and expanded the text of Colossians. See David A. deSilva, <i>Ephesians</i> (NCBC; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2022), 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuthrie1990" class="citation book cs1">Guthrie, Donald (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newtestamentintr0000guth_o8p3"><i>New Testament Introduction</i></a></span>. Hazell Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85111-761-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85111-761-9"><bdi>0-85111-761-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament+Introduction&rft.pub=Hazell+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-85111-761-9&rft.aulast=Guthrie&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewtestamentintr0000guth_o8p3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span>pg. 511. For an in-depth look at the relationship between Ephesians and Colossians, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBest1997" class="citation journal cs1">Best, E. (January 1997). "Who Used Whom? The Relationship of Ephesians and Colossians". <i>New Testament Studies</i>. <b>43</b> (1): 72–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0028688500022505">10.1017/S0028688500022505</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170292233">170292233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Testament+Studies&rft.atitle=Who+Used+Whom%3F+The+Relationship+of+Ephesians+and+Colossians&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=72-96&rft.date=1997-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0028688500022505&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170292233%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKümmel1996" class="citation book cs1">Kümmel, Werner G. (1996). <i>Introduction to the New Testament</i>. Abingdon Pr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-687-05576-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-687-05576-8"><bdi>0-687-05576-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Abingdon+Pr&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-687-05576-8&rft.aulast=K%C3%BCmmel&rft.aufirst=Werner+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuthrie1990" class="citation book cs1">Guthrie, Donald (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newtestamentintr0000guth_o8p3"><i>New Testament Introduction</i></a></span>. Hazell Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85111-761-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85111-761-9"><bdi>0-85111-761-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament+Introduction&rft.pub=Hazell+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-85111-761-9&rft.aulast=Guthrie&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewtestamentintr0000guth_o8p3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span>pg. 593.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Milligan, <i>Saint Paul's Epistles to the Thessalonians</i> (1908) vi, ix, p. 448.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See C. Masson, <i>Les Epitres aux Thessaloniciens</i> (1957) pp. 10-11; Wolfgang Trilling, <i>Untersuchungen zum zweiten Thessalonicherbrief</i> (Leipzig: St. Benno, 1972), 124-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is argued in Bart D. Ehrman, <i>Forged</i> (2011), 105-108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abraham J. Malherbe, <i>The Letters to the Thessalonians</i> (Anchor 32B; New Haven, CT: Doubleday, 2000), 368, 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M.J.J. Menken, “Getransformeerde traditie: christologie in 2 Tessalonicenzen.” Inaugural address, Catholic University of Utrecht, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abraham J. Malherbe, <i>The Letters to the Thessalonians</i> (Anchor 32B; New Haven, CT: Doubleday, 2000), 369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, more recent scholarship has attempted to view the authenticity of the Pastorals individually, rather than collectively, as was common in previous generations. For example, Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, <i>Paul: A Critical Life</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 357-359, accepts the authenticity of 2 Timothy, while rejecting 1 Timothy and Titus.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A few Fathers do not mention these epistles by name, instead quoting passages found in these letters (without making it clear that they are quoting anything at all), and there is no evidence in the surviving writings of Ignatius and Justin Martyr that proves their familiarity with these texts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1997–2006" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Glen (1997–2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntcanon.org/table.shtml">"Cross Reference Table: Writings and Authorities"</a>. <i>The Development of the Canon of the New Testament</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060830233826/http://www.ntcanon.org/table.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Development+of+the+Canon+of+the+New+Testament&rft.atitle=Cross+Reference+Table%3A+Writings+and+Authorities&rft.date=1997%2F2006&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Glen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntcanon.org%2Ftable.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard1899" class="citation book cs1">Bernard, J. H. (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pastoralepistles15bern"><i>The Pastoral Epistles</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pastoral+Epistles&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpastoralepistles15bern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span> xv; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1906" class="citation book cs1">James, J. D. (1906). <i>The Genuineness and Authorship of the Pastoral Epistles</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genuineness+and+Authorship+of+the+Pastoral+Epistles&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span>pp. 5-24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guthrie-1990-610-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guthrie-1990-610_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guthrie-1990-610_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuthrie1990" class="citation book cs1">Guthrie, Donald (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newtestamentintr0000guth_o8p3"><i>New Testament Introduction</i></a></span>. Hazell Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85111-761-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85111-761-9"><bdi>0-85111-761-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament+Introduction&rft.pub=Hazell+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-85111-761-9&rft.aulast=Guthrie&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewtestamentintr0000guth_o8p3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span>pg. 610.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrman_2003:240-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman_2003:240_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman_2003:240_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostchristianiti00ehrm"><i>Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew</i></a>. New York: Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514183-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514183-0"><bdi>0-19-514183-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Christianities%3A+The+Battles+for+Scripture+and+the+Faiths+We+Never+Knew&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-514183-0&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flostchristianiti00ehrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span> pg. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">chapter 18, page 300, note 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrin1974" class="citation book cs1">Perrin, Norman (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newtestamentint00perr"><i>The New Testament, an Introduction: Proclamation and Parenesis, Myth and History</i></a>. Harcourt College Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-565725-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-565725-9"><bdi>0-15-565725-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament%2C+an+Introduction%3A+Proclamation+and+Parenesis%2C+Myth+and+History&rft.pub=Harcourt+College+Pub&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-15-565725-9&rft.aulast=Perrin&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewtestamentint00perr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span> pg 264-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1921" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, P. N. (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924029294588"><i>The Problem of the Pastoral Epistles</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Problem+of+the+Pastoral+Epistles&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=P.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924029294588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span> p177, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreeter1929" class="citation book cs1">Streeter, B. H. (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.88395"><i>The Primitive Church</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Primitive+Church&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Streeter&rft.aufirst=B.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.88395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span> p. 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalconer1937" class="citation book cs1">Falconer, Sir R. (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41541ucmf_3"><i>The Pastoral Epistles</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pastoral+Epistles&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Falconer&rft.aufirst=Sir+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMN41541ucmf_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span> p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holtzmann, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Dibelius" title="Martin Dibelius">Dibelius</a>, and Goodspeed, for example.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1976" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, J. A. T. (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redatingnewtesta0000robi"><i>Redating the New Testament</i></a></span>. Westminster Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-21336-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-21336-7"><bdi>0-664-21336-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redating+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Westminster+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-664-21336-7&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=J.+A.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fredatingnewtesta0000robi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 67-85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond E.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontone00brow_0"><i>Introduction to the New Testament</i></a>. New York: Anchor Bible. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-24767-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-24767-2"><bdi>0-385-24767-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Anchor+Bible&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-385-24767-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontone00brow_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span> pg. 675</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrman_2004:391-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman_2004:391_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2004). <i>The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings</i>. New York: Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515462-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515462-2"><bdi>0-19-515462-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament%3A+A+Historical+Introduction+to+the+Early+Christian+Writings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-515462-2&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span> pg. 391. Though, Johnson, <i>The First and Second Letters to Timothy</i>: 74-76 warns that a change in church hierarchy would not necessitate decades of time.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B.S. Easton, <i>The Pastoral Epistles</i> (1948) pp. 1-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuthrie1990" class="citation book cs1">Guthrie, Donald (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newtestamentintr0000guth_o8p3"><i>New Testament Introduction</i></a></span>. Hazell Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85111-761-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85111-761-9"><bdi>0-85111-761-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament+Introduction&rft.pub=Hazell+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-85111-761-9&rft.aulast=Guthrie&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewtestamentintr0000guth_o8p3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span>pg. 617-18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1116&C=1234">Robert M. Grant <i>A Historical Introduction To The New Testament</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070217053807/http://religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1116&C=1234">Archived</a> February 17, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>De Pudicitia</i>, XX</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius, Church History 6.25.11-14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.experiencegrace.com/Authorship_of_Hebrews.html">Jeffrey S. Bowman, "The Authorship of the Book of Hebrews"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208174714/http://www.experiencegrace.com/Authorship_of_Hebrews.html">Archived</a> February 8, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-earlychristianwritings.com-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-earlychristianwritings.com_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://earlychristianwritings.com/hebrews.html">http://earlychristianwritings.com/hebrews.html</a> Peter Kirby, EarlyChristianWritings.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000830073548/http://www.bible.org/docs/soapbox/hebotl.htm">Daniel Wallace, "Hebrews: Introduction, Argument and Outline"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Heard1950" class="citation book cs1">Richard Heard (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110306212554/http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=531&C=563"><i>Introduction To The New Testament</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=531&C=563">the original</a> on 2011-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+To+The+New+Testament&rft.date=1950&rft.au=Richard+Heard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religion-online.org%2Fshowchapter.asp%3Ftitle%3D531%26C%3D563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2 Pet 3:15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartonMuddiman2007" class="citation book cs1">Barton, John; Muddiman, John (2007-01-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DWUTDAAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Bible Commentary</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927718-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927718-6"><bdi>978-0-19-927718-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-01-25&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927718-6&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Muddiman%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDWUTDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzger1997" class="citation book cs1">Metzger, Bruce M. (1997-03-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gkit-fH4z4YC"><i>The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origin, Development, and Significance</i></a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-160687-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-160687-8"><bdi>978-0-19-160687-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canon+of+the+New+Testament%3A+Its+Origin%2C+Development%2C+and+Significance&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1997-03-06&rft.isbn=978-0-19-160687-8&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgkit-fH4z4YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Ignatius.shtml">The Development of the Canon of the New Testament – Ignatius</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLookadoo2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lookadoo, Jonathon (15 July 2019). "Ignatius of Antioch and Scripture". <i>Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum / Journal of Ancient Christianity</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 201–227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzac-2019-0012">10.1515/zac-2019-0012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199547296">199547296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Antikes+Christentum+%2F+Journal+of+Ancient+Christianity&rft.atitle=Ignatius+of+Antioch+and+Scripture&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=201-227&rft.date=2019-07-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzac-2019-0012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199547296%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lookadoo&rft.aufirst=Jonathon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span> notes the scriptural quotations in the Ignatian corpus.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Polycarp.shtml">Epistle to the Philippians</a>. Polycarp's quotations of 1-2 Timothy is discussed in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLookadoo2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lookadoo, Jonathon (20 September 2017). "Polycarp, Paul, and the Letters to Timothy". <i>Novum Testamentum</i>. <b>59</b> (4): 366–383. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685365-12341574">10.1163/15685365-12341574</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26566508">26566508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Novum+Testamentum&rft.atitle=Polycarp%2C+Paul%2C+and+the+Letters+to+Timothy&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=366-383&rft.date=2017-09-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685365-12341574&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26566508%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lookadoo&rft.aufirst=Jonathon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCho2019" class="citation journal cs1">Cho, Ho Hyung (30 April 2019). "ὁ νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ Reconsidered". <i>Canon&Culture</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 263–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31280%2FCC.2019.04.13.1.263">10.31280/CC.2019.04.13.1.263</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241101429">241101429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canon%26Culture&rft.atitle=%E1%BD%81+%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%BF%E1%BF%A6+%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%E1%BF%A6+Reconsidered&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=263-294&rft.date=2019-04-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31280%2FCC.2019.04.13.1.263&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241101429%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cho&rft.aufirst=Ho+Hyung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzger1987" class="citation book cs1">Metzger, Bruce (1987). <i>The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origin, Development, and Significance</i>. Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canon+of+the+New+Testament%3A+Its+Origin%2C+Development%2C+and+Significance&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Royse_2007_p._199-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Royse_2007_p._199_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyse2007" class="citation book cs1">Royse, J.R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mASwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA199"><i>Scribal Habits in Early Greek New Testament Papyri</i></a>. New Testament Tools, Studies and Documents. Brill. p. 199ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2366-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2366-9"><bdi>978-90-474-2366-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scribal+Habits+in+Early+Greek+New+Testament+Papyri&rft.series=New+Testament+Tools%2C+Studies+and+Documents&rft.pages=199ff&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2366-9&rft.aulast=Royse&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmASwCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barker_pp._571–582-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barker_pp._571–582_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2011" class="citation journal cs1">Barker, Don (5 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/services/Download/mq:18335/DS01">"The Dating of New Testament Papyri"</a>. <i>New Testament Studies</i>. <b>57</b> (4). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 578f. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0028688511000129">10.1017/s0028688511000129</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40609406">40609406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Testament+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Dating+of+New+Testament+Papyri&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=578f&rft.date=2011-09-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0028688511000129&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40609406%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchonline.mq.edu.au%2Fvital%2Faccess%2Fservices%2FDownload%2Fmq%3A18335%2FDS01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Comfort_2005-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Comfort_2005_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComfort2005" class="citation book cs1">Comfort, Philip W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZR-5AwAAQBAJ"><i>Encountering the Manuscripts: An Introduction to New Testament Paleography & Textual Criticism</i></a>. Nashville: Broadman & Holman. p. 180ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4336-7067-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4336-7067-1"><bdi>978-1-4336-7067-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encountering+the+Manuscripts%3A+An+Introduction+to+New+Testament+Paleography+%26+Textual+Criticism&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pages=180ff&rft.pub=Broadman+%26+Holman&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4336-7067-1&rft.aulast=Comfort&rft.aufirst=Philip+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZR-5AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans_2011_p._207-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Evans_2011_p._207_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2011" class="citation book cs1">Evans, C.A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6sTLA0LRx_cC&pg=PA207"><i>The World of Jesus and the Early Church: Identity and Interpretation in Early Communities of Faith</i></a>. Hendrickson Publishers. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59856-825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59856-825-7"><bdi>978-1-59856-825-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Jesus+and+the+Early+Church%3A+Identity+and+Interpretation+in+Early+Communities+of+Faith&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59856-825-7&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=C.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6sTLA0LRx_cC%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbiblicalstudies.com/article/opr/t94/e1964">"Tübingen critics"</a>. <i>Oxford Biblical Studies Online</i>. Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Biblical+Studies+Online&rft.atitle=T%C3%BCbingen+critics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbiblicalstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft94%2Fe1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first to deny the Pauline authorship of all the "Pauline epistles" in <i>Kritik der paulinischen Briefe.</i> His approach, as well as those who followed him, is deemed "the radically historical approach to the New Testament" by Werner G. Kümmel, <i>The New Testament: The History of the Investigation of Its Problems</i> transl. S. McLean Gilmour and Howard C. Kee (New York: Abingdon Press, 1972), 447 n. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Column_3625" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kelly_Cheyne" title="Thomas Kelly Cheyne">Cheyne, T.K.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Sutherland_Black" title="John Sutherland Black">Sutherland Black, J.</a>, eds. (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etana.org/sites/default/files/coretexts/14869.pdf">"Encyclopedia Biblica, A Dictionary of the Bible, Vol III"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York: Macmillan. p. 494<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Biblica%2C+A+Dictionary+of+the+Bible%2C+Vol+III&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=494&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1902&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetana.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcoretexts%2F14869.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Sources arguing for the traditional authorship of the deutero-Pauline/Pastoral Epistles</b> </p> <ul><li>Barth, Markus and Helmut Blanke. <i>Colossians</i> (Anchor 34B; New Haven, CT: Doubleday, 1994).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1999" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Luke Timothy (1999). "Oikonomia Theou: the Theological Voice of 1 Timothy From the Perspective of Pauline Authorship". <i>Horizons in Biblical Theology</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 87–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187122099X00074">10.1163/187122099X00074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Horizons+in+Biblical+Theology&rft.atitle=Oikonomia+Theou%3A+the+Theological+Voice+of+1+Timothy+From+the+Perspective+of+Pauline+Authorship&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-104&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187122099X00074&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Luke+Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöstenberger2019" class="citation journal cs1">Köstenberger, Andreas J. (23 June 2019). "An Investigation of the Mission Motif in the Letters to Timothy and Titus with Implications for the Pauline Authorship of the Pastoral Epistles". <i>Bulletin for Biblical Research</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 49–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Fbullbiblrese.29.1.0049">10.5325/bullbiblrese.29.1.0049</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198519873">198519873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+for+Biblical+Research&rft.atitle=An+Investigation+of+the+Mission+Motif+in+the+Letters+to+Timothy+and+Titus+with+Implications+for+the+Pauline+Authorship+of+the+Pastoral+Epistles&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-64&rft.date=2019-06-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5325%2Fbullbiblrese.29.1.0049&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198519873%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6stenberger&rft.aufirst=Andreas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Malherbe, Abraham J. <i>The Letters to the Thessalonians</i> (Anchor 32B; New Haven, CT: Doubleday, 2000).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNes2019" class="citation journal cs1">Nes, Jermo van (11 December 2019). "The Pastoral Epistles: Common Themes, Individual Compositions? An Introduction to the Quest for the Origin(s) of the Letters to Timothy and Titus". <i>Journal for the Study of Paul and His Letters</i>. <b>9</b> (1–2): 6–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Fjstudpaullett.9.1-2.0006">10.5325/jstudpaullett.9.1-2.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239442939">239442939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+Paul+and+His+Letters&rft.atitle=The+Pastoral+Epistles%3A+Common+Themes%2C+Individual+Compositions%3F+An+Introduction+to+the+Quest+for+the+Origin%28s%29+of+the+Letters+to+Timothy+and+Titus&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=6-29&rft.date=2019-12-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5325%2Fjstudpaullett.9.1-2.0006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239442939%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nes&rft.aufirst=Jermo+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPascuzzi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pascuzzi, Maria A. (2013). "Reconsidering the Authorship of Colossians". <i>Bulletin for Biblical Research</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 223–245. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F26424680">10.2307/26424680</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26424680">26424680</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201663200">201663200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+for+Biblical+Research&rft.atitle=Reconsidering+the+Authorship+of+Colossians&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223-245&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201663200%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26424680%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F26424680&rft.aulast=Pascuzzi&rft.aufirst=Maria+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Sources arguing for Pauline pseudepigraphy in the Pauline corpus</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkins2023" class="citation journal cs1">Atkins, Christopher S. (January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816023000020">"Textualizing Pauline Revelation: Self-Referentiality, Reading Practices, and Pseudepigraphy in Ephesians"</a>. <i>Harvard Theological Review</i>. <b>116</b> (1): 24–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816023000020">10.1017/S0017816023000020</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256698061">256698061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=Textualizing+Pauline+Revelation%3A+Self-Referentiality%2C+Reading+Practices%2C+and+Pseudepigraphy+in+Ephesians&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-43&rft.date=2023-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816023000020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256698061%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=Christopher+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0017816023000020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ehrman, Bart D. <i>Forgery and Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobson1968" class="citation thesis cs1">Hobson, Donald (1968). <i>The Authorship of Colossians</i> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57370015">57370015</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/302329741">302329741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Authorship+of+Colossians&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57370015&rft.aulast=Hobson&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremias1952" class="citation book cs1">Jeremias, J. (1952). <i>Die Briefe an Timotheus und Titus</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Briefe+an+Timotheus+und+Titus&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Jeremias&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiley1983" class="citation thesis cs1">Kiley, Mark (1983). <i>Colossians as Pseudepigraphy</i> (Thesis).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Colossians+as+Pseudepigraphy&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Kiley&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoose2006" class="citation journal cs1">Roose, Hanna (September 2006). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A Letter as by Us': Intentional Ambiguity in 2 Thessalonians 2.2". <i>Journal for the Study of the New Testament</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 107–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0142064x06068381">10.1177/0142064x06068381</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170459978">170459978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+New+Testament&rft.atitle=%27A+Letter+as+by+Us%27%3A+Intentional+Ambiguity+in+2+Thessalonians+2.2&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=107-124&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0142064x06068381&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170459978%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roose&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Sources undecided on the matter of Pauline authorship</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConzelmannDibeliusKoesterBurrolph1989" class="citation book cs1">Conzelmann, Hans; Dibelius, Martin; Koester, Helmut; Burrolph, Philip; Yarbro, Adela (1989). <i>The Pastoral Epistles: A Commentary on the Pastoral Epistles</i>. Augsburg Fortress Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-2142-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-2142-1"><bdi>978-1-5064-2142-1</bdi></a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/book/45992">book 45992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pastoral+Epistles%3A+A+Commentary+on+the+Pastoral+Epistles&rft.pub=Augsburg+Fortress+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1-5064-2142-1&rft.aulast=Conzelmann&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.au=Dibelius%2C+Martin&rft.au=Koester%2C+Helmut&rft.au=Burrolph%2C+Philip&rft.au=Yarbro%2C+Adela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta, Nijay (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=gfes">"What is in a Name? The Hermeneutics of Authorship Analysis Concerning Colossians"</a>. <i>Currents in Biblical Research</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 196–217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1476993X12439885">10.1177/1476993X12439885</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144691533">144691533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Currents+in+Biblical+Research&rft.atitle=What+is+in+a+Name%3F+The+Hermeneutics+of+Authorship+Analysis+Concerning+Colossians&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=196-217&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1476993X12439885&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144691533%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Nijay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.georgefox.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1028%26context%3Dgfes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMealand1989" class="citation journal cs1">Mealand, David L. (April 1989). "Positional Stylometry Reassessed: Testing a Seven Epistle Theory of Pauline Authorship". <i>New Testament Studies</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 266–286. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0028688500024656">10.1017/S0028688500024656</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170672600">170672600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Testament+Studies&rft.atitle=Positional+Stylometry+Reassessed%3A+Testing+a+Seven+Epistle+Theory+of+Pauline+Authorship&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=266-286&rft.date=1989-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0028688500024656&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170672600%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mealand&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Nes2018" class="citation journal cs1">van Nes, Jermo (March 2018). "Missing 'Particles' in Disputed Pauline Letters? A Question of Method". <i>Journal for the Study of the New Testament</i>. <b>40</b> (3): 383–398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0142064x18755907">10.1177/0142064x18755907</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2263%2F69051">2263/69051</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220297841">220297841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+New+Testament&rft.atitle=Missing+%27Particles%27+in+Disputed+Pauline+Letters%3F+A+Question+of+Method&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=383-398&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2263%2F69051&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220297841%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0142064x18755907&rft.aulast=van+Nes&rft.aufirst=Jermo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>The ethics of pseudepigraphy in the NT and the ancient world</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFewster2014" class="citation journal cs1">Fewster, Gregory (19 September 2014). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Can I Have Your Autograph?': On Thinking about Pauline Authorship and Pseudepigraphy". <i>Bulletin for the Study of Religion</i>. <b>43</b> (3): 30–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fbsor.v43i3.30">10.1558/bsor.v43i3.30</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+for+the+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=%27Can+I+Have+Your+Autograph%3F%27%3A+On+Thinking+about+Pauline+Authorship+and+Pseudepigraphy&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=30-39&rft.date=2014-09-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fbsor.v43i3.30&rft.aulast=Fewster&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincicum2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lincicum, David (9 March 2017). "Mirror-Reading a Pseudepigraphal Letter". <i>Novum Testamentum</i>. <b>59</b> (2): 171–193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685365-12341555">10.1163/15685365-12341555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Novum+Testamentum&rft.atitle=Mirror-Reading+a+Pseudepigraphal+Letter&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=171-193&rft.date=2017-03-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685365-12341555&rft.aulast=Lincicum&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilder2022" class="citation journal cs1">Wilder, Terry L. (2022). "Revisiting Pseudonymity, the New Testament, and the Noble Lie". <i>Journal for Baptist Theology & Ministry</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 367–380.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+Baptist+Theology+%26+Ministry&rft.atitle=Revisiting+Pseudonymity%2C+the+New+Testament%2C+and+the+Noble+Lie&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=367-380&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Wilder&rft.aufirst=Terry+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Additional resources</b> </p> <ul><li>Holland, Glenn S. “‘A Letter Supposedly from Us’: A Contribution to the Discussion about the Authorship of 2 Thessalonians: Thessalonian Correspondence.” In <i>The Thessalonian Correspondence</i>, 394–402. Louvain, 1990.</li> <li>Kroonenberg, Pieter M. “Stylometry: Authorship of the Pauline Epistles.” In <i>Multivariate Humanities</i> (Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG, 2021).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibby2016" class="citation journal cs1">Libby, James A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bagl.org/files/volume5/BAGL_5-2_Libby.pdf">"The Pauline Canon Sung in a Linguistic Key: Visualizing New Testament Text Proximity by Linguistic Structure, System and Strata"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Biblical and Ancient Greek Linguistics</i>. <b>5</b>: 122–201.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+and+Ancient+Greek+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Pauline+Canon+Sung+in+a+Linguistic+Key%3A+Visualizing+New+Testament+Text+Proximity+by+Linguistic+Structure%2C+System+and+Strata&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=122-201&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Libby&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbagl.org%2Ffiles%2Fvolume5%2FBAGL_5-2_Libby.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1995" class="citation journal cs1">Porter, Stanley E. (1995). "Pauline Authorship and the Pastoral Epistles: Implications for Canon". <i>Bulletin for Biblical Research</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 105–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F26422129">10.2307/26422129</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26422129">26422129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+for+Biblical+Research&rft.atitle=Pauline+Authorship+and+the+Pastoral+Epistles%3A+Implications+for+Canon&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=105-123&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F26422129&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26422129%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Stanley+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Pauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Trudinger, Paul. "Computers and the Authorship of the Pauline Epistles: A Brief Rejoinder." <i>Faith and Freedom</i> 39 (1986): 24–27.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100621193622/http://www.depts.drew.edu/jhc/detering.html">Hermann Detering, 'The Dutch Approach to the Pauline Epistles"</a>. The Dutch Radicals denied the authenticity even of the so-called Principal Epistles, in order to interpret the entire <i>corpus</i> as representing <a href="/wiki/Antinomian" class="mw-redirect" title="Antinomian">antinomian</a> movements dating from about 140.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723082452/http://www.rejectionofpascalswager.net/epistles.html">Paul Tobin, The Epistles of Paul</a> article on the authorship of the Pauline epistles</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719074724/http://www.radikalkritik.de/PaulEpistles.pdf"><i>The Pauline Epistles: Re-studied and Explained</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Johnson_(historian)" title="Edwin Johnson (historian)">Edwin Johnson</a>, 1894.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles&oldid=1258087819">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles&oldid=1258087819</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biblical_authorship_debates" title="Category:Biblical authorship debates">Biblical authorship debates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paul_the_Apostle" title="Category:Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canonical_epistles" title="Category:Canonical epistles">Canonical epistles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-century_Christianity" title="Category:1st-century Christianity">1st-century Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pauline_epistles" title="Category:Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2023">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_October_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2023">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_April_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 02:10<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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