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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Land use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Natural resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Political geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Border_between_Wales_and_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_between_Wales_and_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Border between Wales and England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_between_Wales_and_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Local government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Social geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Communications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protected_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protected_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Protected areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protected_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2" title="ওয়েল্‌সের ভূগোল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়েল্‌সের ভূগোল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daearyddiaeth_Cymru" title="Daearyddiaeth Cymru – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Daearyddiaeth Cymru" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograf%C3%ADa_de_Gales" title="Geografía de Gales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Geografía de Gales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ographie_du_pays_de_Galles" title="Géographie du pays de Galles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Géographie du pays de Galles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ուելսի աշխարհագրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուելսի աշխարհագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Географија на Велс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Географија на Велс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_do_Pa%C3%ADs_de_Gales" title="Geografia do País de Gales – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geografia do País de Gales" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B0" title="География Уэльса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_Wales&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in Wales">North–South divide in Wales</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title">Geography of Wales</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Wales.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Map_of_Wales.svg/260px-Map_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Map_of_Wales.svg/390px-Map_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Map_of_Wales.svg/520px-Map_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of Wales. <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a> above 600 feet (182.88m) in pink; <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a> in green.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wales_in_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Locational map of Wales in the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Wales_in_United_Kingdom.svg/260px-Wales_in_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Wales_in_United_Kingdom.svg/390px-Wales_in_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Wales_in_United_Kingdom.svg/520px-Wales_in_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="1369" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Continent</th><td class="infobox-data">Europe</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">21,218 km<sup>2</sup> (8,192 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Snowdon" title="Snowdon">Snowdon</a> <br /> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Yr Wyddfa</i>) <br /> </p> 1,085 m (3,560 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Longest river</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">River Severn</a> <br /> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Afon Hafren</i>) <br /> </p> 354 km (220 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest lake</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vyrnwy" title="Lake Vyrnwy">Lake Vyrnwy</a> <br /> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Llyn Efyrnwy</i>) <br /> </p> 4.5 km<sup>2</sup> (1.7 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Climate</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">Temperate</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">References</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><sup id="cite_ref-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ONS_Geography_Guide_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_Geography_Guide-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a> that is <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">part of</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and whose <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical geography</a> is characterised by a varied <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastline</a> and a largely <a href="/wiki/Upland_and_lowland" title="Upland and lowland">upland</a> interior. It is <a href="/wiki/England%E2%80%93Wales_border" title="England–Wales border">bordered</a> by <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> to its east, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> to its north and west, and the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel" title="Bristol Channel">Bristol Channel</a> to its south. It has a total area of 2,064,100 hectares (5,101,000 acres) and is about 170 mi (274 km) from north to south and at least 60 mi (97 km) wide. It comprises 8.35 percent of the land of the United Kingdom. It has a number of offshore islands, by far the largest of which is <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a>. The mainland coastline, including Anglesey, is about 1,680 mi (2,704 km) in length. As of 2014, Wales had a population of about 3,092,000; <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> is the capital and largest city and is situated in the urbanised area of <a href="/wiki/South_East_Wales" title="South East Wales">South East Wales</a>. </p><p>Wales has a complex geological history which has left it a largely mountainous country. The coastal plain is narrow in the north and west of the country but wider in the south, where the <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Vale of Glamorgan">Vale of Glamorgan</a> has some of the best agricultural land. Exploitation of the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Coalfield" title="South Wales Coalfield">South Wales Coalfield</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> resulted in the development of an urban economy in the South Wales Valleys, and the expansion of the port cities of <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a>, Cardiff and <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a> for the export of <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>. The smaller <a href="/wiki/North_Wales_Coalfield" title="North Wales Coalfield">North Wales Coalfield</a> was also developed at this time, but elsewhere in the country, the landscape is rural and communities are small, the economy being largely dependent on agriculture and tourism. The climate is influenced by the proximity of the country to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> and the prevailing westerly winds; thus it tends to be mild, cloudy, wet and windy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_geography">Physical geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Wales&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Physical geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snowdon_from_Llyn_Llydaw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Snowdon_from_Llyn_Llydaw.jpg/200px-Snowdon_from_Llyn_Llydaw.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Snowdon_from_Llyn_Llydaw.jpg/300px-Snowdon_from_Llyn_Llydaw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Snowdon_from_Llyn_Llydaw.jpg/400px-Snowdon_from_Llyn_Llydaw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The summit of <a href="/wiki/Snowdon" title="Snowdon">Snowdon</a>, the highest <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountain</a> in Wales</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vale_Of_Towy,_Caermarthenshire.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Vale_Of_Towy%2C_Caermarthenshire.jpeg/200px-Vale_Of_Towy%2C_Caermarthenshire.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Vale_Of_Towy%2C_Caermarthenshire.jpeg/300px-Vale_Of_Towy%2C_Caermarthenshire.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Vale_Of_Towy%2C_Caermarthenshire.jpeg/400px-Vale_Of_Towy%2C_Caermarthenshire.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the Vale of Towy, Carmarthenshire</figcaption></figure> <p>Wales is located on the western side of central southern <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. To the north and west is the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a>, and to the south is the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel" title="Bristol Channel">Bristol Channel</a>. The English counties of <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a> lie to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the border with England roughly follows the line of the ancient earthwork known as <a href="/wiki/Offa%27s_Dyke" title="Offa's Dyke">Offa's Dyke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large island of <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a> lies off the northwest coast, separated from mainland Wales by the <a href="/wiki/Menai_Strait" title="Menai Strait">Menai Strait</a>, and there are a number of smaller islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of Wales is mountainous. <a href="/wiki/Snowdonia" title="Snowdonia">Snowdonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Eryri</i>) in the northwest has the highest mountains, with <a href="/wiki/Snowdon" title="Snowdon">Snowdon</a> (<i>Yr Wyddfa</i>) at 1,085 m (3,560 ft) being the highest peak. To the south of the main range lie the <a href="/wiki/Arenigs" title="Arenigs">Arenig Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadair_Idris" title="Cadair Idris">Cadair Idris</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Berwyn_range" title="Berwyn range">Berwyn Mountains</a>. In the northeast of Wales, between the <a href="/wiki/River_Clwyd" title="River Clwyd">Clwyd Valley</a> and the Dee Estuary, lies the <a href="/wiki/Clwydian_Range" title="Clwydian Range">Clwydian Range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 14 (or possibly 15) peaks over 3,000 feet (914 m), all in Snowdonia, are known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_3000s" title="Welsh 3000s">Welsh 3000s</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Mountains" title="Cambrian Mountains">Cambrian Mountains</a> run from northeast to southwest and occupy most of the central part of the country. These are more rounded and undulating, clad in moorland and rough, <a href="/wiki/Tussock_(grass)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tussock (grass)">tussocky grassland</a>. In the south of the country are the <a href="/wiki/Brecon_Beacons" title="Brecon Beacons">Brecon Beacons</a> in central Powys, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Mountains,_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Mountains, Wales">Black Mountains</a> (<i>Y Mynyddoedd Duon</i>) spread across parts of Powys and Monmouthshire in southeast Wales and, confusingly, <a href="/wiki/Black_Mountain_(range)" title="Black Mountain (range)">Black Mountain</a> (<i>Y Mynydd Du</i>), which lies further west on the border between Carmarthenshire and Powys.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Welsh lowland zone consists of the north coastal plain, the island of Anglesey, part of the <a href="/wiki/Ll%C5%B7n_Peninsula" title="Llŷn Peninsula">Llŷn Peninsula</a>, a narrow strip of coast along <a href="/wiki/Cardigan_Bay" title="Cardigan Bay">Cardigan Bay</a>, much of <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Carmarthenshire" title="Carmarthenshire">Carmarthenshire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gower_Peninsula" title="Gower Peninsula">Gower Peninsula</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Vale of Glamorgan">Vale of Glamorgan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main rivers are the <a href="/wiki/River_Dee,_Wales" title="River Dee, Wales">River Dee</a>, part of which forms the boundary between Wales and England, the River Clwyd and the <a href="/wiki/River_Conwy" title="River Conwy">River Conwy</a>, which all flow northwards into <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Bay" title="Liverpool Bay">Liverpool Bay</a> and the Irish Sea. Further round the coast, the <a href="/wiki/Afon_Mawddach" title="Afon Mawddach">Rivers Mawddach</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Dovey" class="mw-redirect" title="River Dovey">Dovey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afon_Rheidol" title="Afon Rheidol">Rheidol</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Ystwyth" title="River Ystwyth">Ystwyth</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Teifi" title="River Teifi">Teifi</a> flow westwards into Cardigan Bay, and the rivers <a href="/wiki/River_Towy" title="River Towy">Towy</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Taff" title="River Taff">Taff</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Usk" title="River Usk">Usk</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Wye" title="River Wye">Wye</a> flow southwards into the Bristol Channel. Parts of the <a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">River Severn</a> form the boundary between Wales and England.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The length of the coast of mainland Wales is about 1,370 mi (2,205 km), and adding to this the coasts of the Isle of Anglesey and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Island,_Anglesey" title="Holy Island, Anglesey">Holy Island</a>, the total is about 1,680 mi (2,704 km).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cardigan Bay is the largest bay in the country and <a href="/wiki/Bala_Lake" title="Bala Lake">Bala Lake</a> (Llyn Tegid) the largest lake<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at 4.7 km<sup>2</sup> (1.8 sq mi). Other large lakes include <a href="/wiki/Llyn_Trawsfynydd" title="Llyn Trawsfynydd">Llyn Trawsfynydd</a> at 1.8 sq mi (4.7 km<sup>2</sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lake_Vyrnwy" title="Lake Vyrnwy">Lake Vyrnwy</a> at 1.7 sq mi (4.4 km<sup>2</sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Llyn_Brenig" title="Llyn Brenig">Llyn Brenig</a> at 1.4 sq mi (3.6 km<sup>2</sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Llyn_Celyn" title="Llyn Celyn">Llyn Celyn</a> at 1.2 sq mi (3.1 km<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Llyn_Alaw" title="Llyn Alaw">Llyn Alaw</a> at 1.2 sq mi (3.1 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bala Lake lies in a <a href="/wiki/Valley#Glacial_valleys" title="Valley">glacial valley</a> blocked by a <a href="/wiki/Terminal_moraine" title="Terminal moraine">terminal moraine</a>, but the other lakes are <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoirs</a> created by impounding rivers, to provide drinking water, hydroelectric schemes or flood defences, and many are also used recreationally.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Wales&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Wales" title="Geology of Wales">Geology of Wales</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geologic_map_Wales_%26_SW_England_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Geologic_map_Wales_%26_SW_England_EN.svg/220px-Geologic_map_Wales_%26_SW_England_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Geologic_map_Wales_%26_SW_England_EN.svg/330px-Geologic_map_Wales_%26_SW_England_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Geologic_map_Wales_%26_SW_England_EN.svg/440px-Geologic_map_Wales_%26_SW_England_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="1940" /></a><figcaption>Geologic map of Wales</figcaption></figure> <p>The geology of Wales is complex and varied. The earliest <a href="/wiki/Outcrop" title="Outcrop">outcropping</a> rocks are from the <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> era, some 700 <a href="/wiki/Year#mya" title="Year">Mya</a>, and are found in Anglesey, the Llŷn peninsula, southwestern Pembrokeshire and in places near the English border. During the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Palaeozoic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Palaeozoic">Lower Palaeozoic</a>, as seas periodically flooded the land and retreated again, thousands of metres of <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">volcanic rocks</a> accumulated in a marine <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">basin</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Basin" title="Welsh Basin">Welsh Basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Underground_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Underground-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rocks found in a quarry near to the village <a href="/wiki/Llangynog,_Carmarthenshire" title="Llangynog, Carmarthenshire">Llangynog</a>, Carmarthenshire, in 1977 contain some of the Earth's oldest fossils which date from the <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a> period, 564 million years ago, when Wales was part of the micro-continent <a href="/wiki/Avalonia" title="Avalonia">Avalonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early and middle <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> period (485 to 460 Mya), volcanic activity increased. One large volcanic system, which was centred around what is now Snowdon, emitted an estimated 60 cubic kilometres (14 cu mi) of debris. Another volcano formed <a href="/wiki/Rhobell_Fawr" title="Rhobell Fawr">Rhobell Fawr</a> near Dolgellau. During this period, great accumulations of sand, gravel and mud were deposited further south in Wales, and these gradually consolidated. Some of the volcanic ash fell in the sea and formed great banks, where unstable masses sometimes slid into deeper water, creating submarine <a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">avalanches</a>. This caused great <a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbidity</a> in the sea, after which the particles began to settle out according to particle size. The <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a> thus formed are called <a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">turbidites</a>, and these are common in central Wales, being particularly obvious in the sea cliffs around <a href="/wiki/Aberystwyth" title="Aberystwyth">Aberystwyth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Underground_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Underground-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> period (420 Mya) the sea was retreating from the Welsh Basin as the land was thrust up by the collision of land masses, forming a new range of mountains, the Welsh Caledonides. The Old Red Sandstone represents debris from their erosion. Elsewhere the strata were compressed and deformed, and in places, the clay minerals recrystallised, developing a grain that allowed parallel cleavage, making it easy to split the rocks into thin flat sheets of stone known as <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a>. In the early part of the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> period, reinvasion of southern and northern parts of Wales by the sea resulted in depositions of limestone, and extensive swamps in South Wales gave rise to peat deposits and the eventual formation of coal measures. Erosion of nearby upland areas resulted in the formation of sandstones and mudstones in the later part of the period. Southwestern Wales, in particular, was affected by the <a href="/wiki/Variscan_orogeny" title="Variscan orogeny">Variscan orogeny</a>, a period when continental collisions further south caused complex <a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">folding</a> and fracturing of the strata.<sup id="cite_ref-Underground_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Underground-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> (300 to 150 Mya), further episodes of <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>, subsidence and uplift occurred and Wales was alternately inundated by the sea and raised above it. By the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> (140 to 70 Mya), Wales was permanently above sea level and in the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> (2.5 Mya to recent), it underwent several exceptionally cold periods, the <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice ages</a>. The mountains we see today largely assumed their present shape during the last ice age, the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">Devensian glaciation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Underground_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Underground-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid 19th century, two prominent <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roderick_Murchison" title="Roderick Murchison">Roderick Murchison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a>, used their studies of the <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Wales" title="Geology of Wales">geology of Wales</a> to establish certain principles of <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palaeontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeontology">palaeontology</a>. From the Latin name for Wales, <a href="/wiki/Cambria" title="Cambria">Cambria</a> (derived from <i>Cymru</i>), was derived the name of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geological</a> period of the Paleozoic era, the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a>. After much dispute, the next two periods of the Paleozoic era, the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a>, were named after pre-Roman Celtic tribes of Wales, the <a href="/wiki/Ordovices" title="Ordovices">Ordovices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silures" title="Silures">Silures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Wales&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Wales" title="Climate of Wales">Climate of Wales</a></div> <p>Wales has a <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">maritime climate</a>, the predominant winds being southwesterlies and westerlies blowing in from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. This means that the weather in Wales is in general mild, cloudy, wet and windy. The country's wide geographic variations cause localised differences in amounts of sunshine, rainfall and temperature. Rainfall in Wales varies widely, with the highest average annual totals in Snowdonia and the Brecon Beacons, and the lowest near the coast and in the east, close to the English border. Throughout Wales, the winter months are significantly wetter than the summer ones. Snow is comparatively rare near sea level in Wales, but much more frequent over the hills, and the uplands experience harsher conditions in winter than the more low-lying parts.<sup id="cite_ref-Met_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Met-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mean annual temperatures in Wales are about 11 °C (52 °F) on the coast and 9.5 °C (49 °F) in low-lying inland areas. It becomes cooler at higher altitudes, with a mean decrease in annual temperatures of approximately 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) for each 100 metres (330 feet) of increased altitude. Consequently, the higher parts of Snowdonia experience mean annual temperatures of 5 °C (41 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-Met_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Met-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At nights, the coldest conditions occur when there is little wind and no cloud cover, especially when the ground is snow-clad; the lowest temperature recorded in Wales was in conditions of this sort at <a href="/wiki/Rhayader" title="Rhayader">Rhayader</a> on New Year's Day, 1940, when the temperature fell to −23.3 °C (−9.9 °F). Occasionally, the coastal area of North Wales experiences some of the warmest winter conditions in the United Kingdom, with temperatures up to 18 °C (64 °F); these result from a <a href="/wiki/Foehn_wind" title="Foehn wind">Foehn wind</a>, a south-westerly airflow warming up as it descends from the mountains of Snowdonia.<sup id="cite_ref-Met_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Met-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_rain_is_coming,_Snowdon_(8202690524).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_rain_is_coming%2C_Snowdon_%288202690524%29.jpg/220px-The_rain_is_coming%2C_Snowdon_%288202690524%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_rain_is_coming%2C_Snowdon_%288202690524%29.jpg/330px-The_rain_is_coming%2C_Snowdon_%288202690524%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_rain_is_coming%2C_Snowdon_%288202690524%29.jpg/440px-The_rain_is_coming%2C_Snowdon_%288202690524%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2220" /></a><figcaption>Rain coming in from the west in <a href="/wiki/Snowdonia" title="Snowdonia">Snowdonia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Rainfall in Wales is mostly as a result of the arrival of Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Low-pressure_area" title="Low-pressure area">low pressure systems</a> and is heaviest between October and January over the whole country. The driest months are usually April, May and June, and Wales experiences fewer summer thunderstorms than England. Rainfall varies across the country with the highest records being from the greatest elevations. Snowdonia experiences total annual rainfalls exceeding 3,000 mm (118 in) whereas coastal regions of Wales and the English border may have less than 1,000 mm (39 in). The combination of mountainous areas and Atlantic lows can produce large quantities of rain and sometimes results in flooding.<sup id="cite_ref-Met_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Met-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount of snowfall varies with altitude and enormously from year to year. In the lowlands, the number of days with lying snow may vary from zero to thirty or more, with an average of about twenty in Snowdonia.<sup id="cite_ref-Met_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Met-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wales is one of the windier parts of the United Kingdom. The strongest winds are usually associated with Atlantic depressions; as one of these arrives, the winds usually start in the southwest, before veering to the west and then to the northwest as the system passes by. The southwest of Pembrokeshire experiences the most gale-force winds. The highest wind speed ever recorded in Wales at a lowland site was gusts of 108 knots (200 km/h; 124 mph) at <a href="/wiki/Rhoose" title="Rhoose">Rhoose</a>, in the Vale of Glamorgan, on 28 October 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-Met_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Met-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Land_use">Land use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Wales&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Land use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Land_use_in_Wales" title="Land use in Wales">Land use in Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture in Wales</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Draenogan_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_398054.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Draenogan_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_398054.jpg/220px-Draenogan_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_398054.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Draenogan_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_398054.jpg/330px-Draenogan_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_398054.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Draenogan_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_398054.jpg/440px-Draenogan_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_398054.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Hill farm with <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Black_cattle" title="Welsh Black cattle">Welsh Black cattle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The total terrestrial surface<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of Wales is 2,064,100 hectares (5,101,000 acres). The <a href="/wiki/Land-use_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Land-use in Wales">area of land used for agriculture and forestry</a> in the country in 2013 was 1,712,845 hectares (4,232,530 acres). Of this 79,461 hectares (196,350 acres) was used for arable cropping and fallow, 1,449 hectares (3,580 acres) for horticulture, and 1,405,156 hectares (3,472,220 acres) was used for grazing. Woodland occupied 63,366 hectares (156,580 acres) and 10,126 hectares (25,020 acres) was unclassified land. In addition, there were 180,305 hectares (445,540 acres) of common rough grazing, giving a total area of all the land used for agriculture purposes, including common land, of 1,739,863 hectares (4,299,300 acres).<sup id="cite_ref-CCCW_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCCW-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order of area planted, the arable crops grown in Wales were: foods for stock-feeding, spring barley, wheat, maize, winter barley, other cereals for combining, oilseed rape, potatoes and other crops. The grassland was predominantly permanent pasture, with only 10% of the grassland being under five years old.<sup id="cite_ref-CCCW_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCCW-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared with other parts of the United Kingdom, Wales has the smallest percentage of arable land (6%), and a considerably smaller area of rough grazing and hill land than Scotland (27% against 62%).<sup id="cite_ref-review_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_resources">Natural resources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Wales&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Natural resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Wales" title="Natural resources of Wales">Natural resources of Wales</a></div> <p>Vast quantities of coal were mined in Wales during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> and the earlier part of the twentieth century, after which coal stocks dwindled and the remaining pits became uneconomical as foreign coal became available at low prices. The last deep pit in Wales closed in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ironstone" title="Ironstone">Ironstone</a> outcrops along the northern edge of the South Wales Coalfield were extensively worked for the production of iron and were important in the initiation of the Industrial Revolution in South Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> were mined in the upland areas of the rivers <a href="/wiki/River_Ystwyth" title="River Ystwyth"> Ystwyth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afon_Rheidol" title="Afon Rheidol">Rheidol</a> and in the headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">River Severn</a> for centuries and smaller deposits were also mined at <a href="/wiki/Pentre_Halkyn" title="Pentre Halkyn">Pentre Halkyn</a> in Flintshire during the Roman occupation of Britain. <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> was a major export from <a href="/wiki/Parys_Mountain" title="Parys Mountain">Parys Mountain</a> on <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a> which was, at its height, the largest copper mine in the world. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethesda-Mine-07367u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bethesda-Mine-07367u.jpg/220px-Bethesda-Mine-07367u.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bethesda-Mine-07367u.jpg/330px-Bethesda-Mine-07367u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bethesda-Mine-07367u.jpg/440px-Bethesda-Mine-07367u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3369" data-file-height="2477" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Penrhyn_Quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Penrhyn Quarry">Penrhyn Quarry</a> in about 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>Slate quarrying has been a major industry in North Wales. The <a href="/wiki/Cilgwyn_quarry" title="Cilgwyn quarry">Cilgwyn Quarry</a> was being worked in the 12th century, but later <a href="/wiki/Blaenau_Ffestiniog" title="Blaenau Ffestiniog">Blaenau Ffestiniog</a> became the centre of production.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinorwig_Power_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dinorwig_Power_Station.jpg/220px-Dinorwig_Power_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dinorwig_Power_Station.jpg/330px-Dinorwig_Power_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dinorwig_Power_Station.jpg/440px-Dinorwig_Power_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dinorwig_Power_Station" title="Dinorwig Power Station">Dinorwig Power Station</a> lower reservoir, a 1,800 MW pumped-storage hydroelectric scheme, one of the largest such schemes in Europe<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>With its mountainous terrain and ample rainfall, water is one of Wales' most abundant resources. The country has many man-made <a href="/wiki/Reservoirs_of_Wales" title="Reservoirs of Wales">reservoirs</a> and exports water to England as well as generating power through <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric schemes</a>. </p><p>Wind is another resource that Wales has in abundance. <a href="/wiki/Gwynt_y_M%C3%B4r" title="Gwynt y Môr">Gwynt y Môr</a> is one of several <a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_power" title="Offshore wind power">offshore wind farms</a> off the coast of the North Wales mainland and Anglesey, and is the second largest such wind farm in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_geography">Political geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Wales&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Political geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_between_Wales_and_England">Border between Wales and England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Wales&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Border between Wales and England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/England%E2%80%93Wales_border" title="England–Wales border">England–Wales border</a></div> <p>The modern <a href="/wiki/England%E2%80%93Wales_border" title="England–Wales border">border between Wales and England</a> was largely defined by the <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a>, based on the boundaries of <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcher_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcher Lord">Marcher lordships</a>. According to the Welsh historian <a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(historian)" title="John Davies (historian)">John Davies</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Thus was created the border between Wales and England, a border which has survived until today. It did not follow the old line of Offa's Dyke nor the eastern boundary of the Welsh dioceses; it excluded districts such as Oswestry and Ewias, where the Welsh language would continue to be spoken for centuries, districts which it would not be wholly fanciful to consider as <i>Cambria irredenta</i>. Yet, as the purpose of the statute was to incorporate Wales into England, the location of the Welsh border was irrelevant to the purposes of its framers.</p></blockquote> <p>The boundary has never been confirmed by referendum or reviewed by a <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Commissions_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary Commissions (United Kingdom)">Boundary Commission</a>. The boundary line very roughly follows Offa's Dyke from south to north as far as a point about 40 miles (64 km) from the northern coast, but then swings further east.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a number of anomalies, but some were ironed out by the <a href="/wiki/Counties_(Detached_Parts)_Act_1844" title="Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844">Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, it separates <a href="/wiki/Knighton,_Powys" title="Knighton, Powys">Knighton</a> from its railway station,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and divides the village of <a href="/wiki/Llanymynech" title="Llanymynech">Llanymynech</a> where a pub straddles the line.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government">Local government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Wales&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Local government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales" title="Local government in Wales">Local government in Wales</a></div> <p>Wales is divided into 22 <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">unitary authorities</a>, which are responsible for the provision of all local government services, including education, social work, environmental and road services. Below these in some areas there are <a href="/wiki/Community_council" title="Community council">community councils</a>, which cover specific areas within a council area. The unitary authority areas are known as "<a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales#Principal_areas" title="Local government in Wales">principal areas</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-1994Act_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1994Act-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The King appoints <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lieutenant">Lords Lieutenant</a> to represent him in the eight <a href="/wiki/Preserved_counties_of_Wales" title="Preserved counties of Wales">preserved counties of Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> Area Classification, local authorities are clustered into groups based in the six main <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2001">census</a> dimensions (demographic, household composition, housing, socio-economic, employment and industry sector). Most of the local authorities in mid and west Wales are classified as part of the 'Coastal and Countryside' supergroup. Most of the south Wales authorities, <a href="/wiki/Flintshire" title="Flintshire">Flintshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wrexham_County_Borough" title="Wrexham County Borough">Wrexham</a> are in the 'Mining and Manufacturing' supergroup; <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> is part of the 'Cities and Services' supergroup and the Vale of Glamorgan is part of 'Prospering UK'.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_geography">Social geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Wales&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Social geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of historians of <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> have questioned the notion of a single, cohesive Welsh identity. For example, in 1921, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Zimmern" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Zimmern">Alfred Zimmern</a>, the inaugural professor of international relations at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales,_Aberystwyth" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wales, Aberystwyth">University of Wales, Aberystwyth</a>, argued that there was "not one Wales, but three": archetypal 'Welsh Wales', industrial or 'American Wales', and upper-class 'English Wales'. Each represented different parts of the country and different traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, political analyst Dennis Balsom proposed a similar 'Three Wales model'. Balsom's regions were the Welsh-speaking heartland of the north and west, <i><a href="/wiki/Y_Fro_Gymraeg" title="Y Fro Gymraeg">Y Fro Gymraeg</a></i>; a consciously Welsh but not Welsh-speaking 'Welsh Wales' in the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Valleys" title="South Wales Valleys">South Wales Valleys</a> and a more ambivalent 'British Wales' making up the remainder, largely in the east and along the south coast.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The division reflects, broadly, the areas where <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> respectively enjoyed the most political support.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Physical_geography">Topography</a> has traditionally limited the integration between North and South Wales, with the two halves virtually functioning as separate economic and social units in the preindustrial era, with successive British Government transport policy doing little to rectify it.<sup id="cite_ref-Falkus_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falkus-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the main road and rail links run east-west, although there was once a north-south rail link that pressure groups are attempting to reinstate.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the interwar years, industry in South Wales was increasingly linked to <a href="/wiki/River_Avon_(Bristol)" class="mw-redirect" title="River Avon (Bristol)">Avonside</a> and the <a href="/wiki/English_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="English Midlands">English Midlands</a>, and that in north Wales to <a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Liverpool was often called "the capital of north Wales" in the late 19th and early 20th century. With 20,000 Welsh-born people living on either side of the Mersey in 1901, the city had an array of Welsh chapels and cultural institutions; hosted the <a href="/wiki/National_Eisteddfod" class="mw-redirect" title="National Eisteddfod">National Eisteddfod</a> in 1884, 1900 and 1929 and gave rise to several leading figures in Welsh life in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Daily_Post" title="Liverpool Daily Post">Liverpool Daily Post</a></i> became, effectively, the daily newspaper for north Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decline of Liverpool after the Second World War and changing patterns of Welsh migration, caused the Welsh presence to diminish. In the 1960s, the flooding of the <a href="/wiki/Llyn_Celyn" title="Llyn Celyn">Tryweryn Valley</a> to provide the city with water soured relations with many people in Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The North Welsh are sometimes referred to, in <a href="/wiki/Wenglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenglish">Wenglish</a>, as <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Gogs</i></span> (from the Welsh <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">gogledd</i></span>, "north") and the south Welsh as <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Hwntws</i></span> (from <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">tu hwnt</i></span> roughly meaning 'far away over there' or 'beyond'). There are differences in the Welsh vocabulary between the north and south; for instance, the south Welsh word for <i>now</i> is <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">nawr</i></span> whereas the north Welsh is <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">rŵan</i></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The more urbanised south, containing cities such as <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a>, was historically home to the coal and steel industries. It contrasts with the mostly rural north, where agriculture and slate quarrying were the main industries. Although the <a href="/wiki/M4_corridor" title="M4 corridor">M4 corridor</a> brings wealth into South Wales, particularly Cardiff, there is no pronounced <a href="/wiki/North-South_divide_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-South divide (England)">economic divide between north and south</a> unlike in England; there is, for example, a high level of poverty in the postindustrial <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Valleys" title="South Wales Valleys">South Wales Valleys</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Wales&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardiff_northern_residential.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cardiff_northern_residential.jpg/220px-Cardiff_northern_residential.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cardiff_northern_residential.jpg/330px-Cardiff_northern_residential.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cardiff_northern_residential.jpg/440px-Cardiff_northern_residential.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> is the most densely populated area in Wales</figcaption></figure> <p>The estimated population of Wales in 2019 was about 3,152,879, an increase of 14,248 on the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main population and industrial areas in Wales are in <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">South Wales</a>, specifically Cardiff, <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a> and the adjoining <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Valleys" title="South Wales Valleys">South Wales Valleys</a>. Cardiff is the capital city and had a population of around 346,000 at the 2011 census. This was followed by the unitary authorities of Swansea (239,000), Rhondda Cynon Taf (234,400), Carmarthenshire (183,800), Caerphilly (178,800), Flintshire (152,500), Newport (145,700), Neath Port Talbot (139,800), Bridgend (139,200) and Wrexham (134,800).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cardiff was the most heavily populated area in Wales with 2,482 people per square kilometre (6,428 per sq mile) while Powys had just 26.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A high proportion of the Welsh population lives in smaller settlements: nearly 20% live in villages of less than 1,500 persons compared with 10% in England. Wales also has a relatively low proportion of its population in large settlements: only 26% live in urban areas with a population over 100,000; in comparison, nearly 40% of the English population live in urban areas larger than the largest in Wales. Another feature of the settlement pattern in Wales is the share of the population living in the sparsest rural areas: 15% compared with only 1.5% in England.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communications">Communications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Wales&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Communications within Wales are influenced by the topography and the mountainous nature of the country: the main rail and road routes between South and North Wales loop to the east and pass largely through England. The only motorway corridor in Wales is the <a href="/wiki/M4_motorway" title="M4 motorway">M4 motorway</a> from London to South Wales, entering the country over the <a href="/wiki/Second_Severn_Crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Severn Crossing">Second Severn Crossing</a>, passing close to Newport, Cardiff and Swansea and extending as far west as the <a href="/wiki/Pont_Abraham_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Pont Abraham services">Pont Abraham services</a> before continuing northwest as the <a href="/wiki/A48_road" title="A48 road">A48</a> to <a href="/wiki/Carmarthen" title="Carmarthen">Carmarthen</a>. The <a href="/wiki/M48_motorway" title="M48 motorway">M48 motorway</a> parallels the M4 between <a href="/wiki/Aust" title="Aust">Aust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magor,_Monmouthshire" title="Magor, Monmouthshire">Magor</a> via <a href="/wiki/Chepstow" title="Chepstow">Chepstow</a>. The <a href="/wiki/A40_road" title="A40 road">A40</a> is a major <a href="/wiki/Trunk_road" title="Trunk road">trunk road</a> connecting London to <a href="/wiki/Fishguard" title="Fishguard">Fishguard</a> via <a href="/wiki/Brecon" title="Brecon">Brecon</a> and Carmarthen.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/A487_road" title="A487 road">A487</a> coast road links Cardigan with Aberystwyth, and the <a href="/wiki/A44_road" title="A44 road">A44</a> links Aberystwyth with Rhayader, <a href="/wiki/Leominster" title="Leominster">Leominster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main trunk road in North Wales is the <a href="/wiki/A55_road" title="A55 road">A55</a> <a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">dual carriageway</a> road from Chester past <a href="/wiki/St_Asaph" title="St Asaph">St Asaph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abergele" title="Abergele">Abergele</a>, continuing along the coast to <a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd" title="Bangor, Gwynedd">Bangor</a>, crossing Anglesey and terminating at <a href="/wiki/Holyhead" title="Holyhead">Holyhead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/A483_road" title="A483 road">A483</a> runs from Swansea to Chester passing <a href="/wiki/Llandovery" title="Llandovery">Llandovery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llandrindod_Wells" title="Llandrindod Wells">Llandrindod Wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oswestry" title="Oswestry">Oswestry</a> (in England) and <a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A55Penmaenmawr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/A55Penmaenmawr.jpg/220px-A55Penmaenmawr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/A55Penmaenmawr.jpg/330px-A55Penmaenmawr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/A55Penmaenmawr.jpg/440px-A55Penmaenmawr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/A55_road" title="A55 road">A55</a> running alongside the <a href="/wiki/North_Wales_Coast_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="North Wales Coast Line">North Wales Coast Line</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Main_Line" title="South Wales Main Line">South Wales Main Line</a> links <a href="/wiki/London_Paddington_station" title="London Paddington station">London Paddington</a> with Swansea, entering Wales through the <a href="/wiki/Severn_Tunnel" title="Severn Tunnel">Severn Tunnel</a>. Other main line services from the Midlands and the North of England join this at Newport. Branch lines serve the South Wales Valleys, Barry, and destinations beyond Swansea which include the ferry terminals at Fishguard and Pembroke Dock. The <a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Wales_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart of Wales Line">Heart of Wales Line</a> links <a href="/wiki/Llanelli" title="Llanelli">Llanelli</a> with <a href="/wiki/Craven_Arms" title="Craven Arms">Craven Arms</a> in Shropshire.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Line" title="Cambrian Line">Cambrian Line</a> crosses the centre of Wales, with trains from <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a> to <a href="/wiki/Welshpool" title="Welshpool">Welshpool</a>, Aberystwyth and <a href="/wiki/Pwllheli" title="Pwllheli">Pwllheli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/North_Wales_Coast_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="North Wales Coast Line">North Wales Coast Line</a> links <a href="/wiki/Crewe" title="Crewe">Crewe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bangor_(Gwynedd)_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangor (Gwynedd) railway station">Bangor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holyhead_railway_station" title="Holyhead railway station">Holyhead</a>, from where there is a ferry service to Ireland. Passengers can change at <a href="/wiki/Shotton_railway_station" title="Shotton railway station">Shotton</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Borderlands_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Borderlands Line">Borderlands Line</a>, which links Wrexham with <a href="/wiki/Bidston" title="Bidston">Bidston</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Wirral_Peninsula" title="Wirral Peninsula">Wirral Peninsula</a>, and at Conwy for the <a href="/wiki/Conwy_Valley_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Conwy Valley Line">Conwy Valley Line</a> to <a href="/wiki/Blaenau_Festiniog" class="mw-redirect" title="Blaenau Festiniog">Blaenau Festiniog</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury%E2%80%93Chester_line" title="Shrewsbury–Chester line">Shrewsbury–Chester line</a> between Chester and Shrewsbury in England, passes through Wrexham, Chirk and Ruabon in Wales. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Airport" title="Cardiff Airport">Cardiff Airport</a> is the only airport in Wales which offers international scheduled flights. Destinations available include other parts of the United Kingdom, Ireland and parts of continental Europe. The airport is also used for charter flights on a seasonal basis. In 2018, around 1.6 million passengers used the airport.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several ferry services operate between Welsh ports and Ireland: Holyhead to <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>; Fishguard to Rosslare;<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pembroke Dock to Rosslare;<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Swansea to <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protected_areas">Protected areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Wales&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Protected areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Wales" title="Protected areas of Wales">Protected areas of Wales</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Wales" title="National parks of Wales">National parks of Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty_in_Wales" title="Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Wales">Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Wales</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMAG0168.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/IMAG0168.jpg/220px-IMAG0168.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/IMAG0168.jpg/330px-IMAG0168.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/IMAG0168.jpg/440px-IMAG0168.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2542" data-file-height="1462" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire_Coast_Path" title="Pembrokeshire Coast Path">Pembrokeshire Coast Path</a> near <a href="/wiki/Ceibwr_Bay" title="Ceibwr Bay">Ceibwr Bay</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Wales has three designated <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Wales" title="National parks of Wales">national parks</a>. Snowdonia National Park in northwestern Wales was established in 1951 as the third <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="National parks of England and Wales">national park in Britain</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Peak_District" title="Peak District">Peak District</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a>. It covers 827 square miles (2,140 km<sup>2</sup>) of the mountains of Snowdonia and has 37 miles (60 km) of coastline.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire_Coast_National_Park" title="Pembrokeshire Coast National Park">Pembrokeshire Coast National Park</a> was established the following year to protect the spectacular coastal scenery of West Wales. It includes <a href="/wiki/Caldey_Island" title="Caldey Island">Caldey Island</a>, the <a href="/wiki/River_Cleddau" title="River Cleddau">Daugleddau</a> estuary and the <a href="/wiki/Preseli_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Preseli Hills">Preseli Hills</a>, as well as the entire length of the <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire_Coast_Path" title="Pembrokeshire Coast Path">Pembrokeshire Coast Path</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Brecon_Beacons_National_Park" title="Brecon Beacons National Park">Brecon Beacons National Park</a> was established five years later and extends across the southern part of Powys, the northwestern part of Monmouthshire, parts of eastern Carmarthenshire and the northern parts of several South Wales Valleys county boroughs. In each case, the national park authority acts as a <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_England_and_Wales#Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="National parks of England and Wales">special purpose local authority</a> and exercises planning control over residential and industrial development in the park. The authorities have a duty to conserve the natural beauty of the area, and to promote opportunities for members of the public to enjoy and appreciate the park's special qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wales also has five <a href="/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty" title="Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty">Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty</a>. These differ from National Parks in that the local authorities have a duty to conserve and enhance the natural beauty of the landscape but do not have an obligation to promote the enjoyment of the public. Partnerships established to administer AONBs do not have control over planning, responsibility for which remains with the constituent local authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1956, the Gower Peninsula became the first designated AONB in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other AONBs are: the coast of Anglesey; the Llŷn Peninsula;<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Clwydian_Range_and_Dee_Valley" title="Clwydian Range and Dee Valley">Clwydian Range and Dee Valley</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Wye_Valley" title="Wye Valley">Wye Valley</a>, part of which is in England.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wales has many waterfalls, including some of the most striking in the United Kingdom. One such is the 240 ft (73 m) <a href="/wiki/Pistyll_Rhaeadr" title="Pistyll Rhaeadr">Pistyll Rhaeadr</a> near the village of <a href="/wiki/Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant" title="Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant">Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant</a>. It is formed as a mountain stream drops over a cliff and changes character to a lowland river, the <a href="/wiki/River_Rhaeadr" title="River Rhaeadr">Afon Rhaeadr</a>. The site was designated by the <a href="/wiki/Countryside_Council_for_Wales" title="Countryside Council for Wales">Countryside Council for Wales</a> as the 1000th <a href="/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest" title="Site of Special Scientific Interest">Site of Special Scientific Interest</a> in Wales, because of its importance to an understanding of Welsh <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphology</a>. The 19th-century <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English author</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Borrow" title="George Borrow">George Borrow</a> remarked of the waterfall, "I never saw water falling so gracefully, so much like thin, beautiful threads, as here."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Wales&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wales">Wales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Wales&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Wales" title="Regions of Wales">Regions of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Wales" title="Geology of Wales">Geology of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_Wales" title="Coastline of Wales">Coastline of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Blue_Flag_Beaches_of_Wales" title="List of Blue Flag Beaches of Wales">List of Blue Flag Beaches of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">List of islands of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_England_beyond_Wales" title="Little England beyond Wales">Little England beyond Wales</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Wales&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Geography of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography of Ireland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Wales&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-for-administrative-areas-december-2023-in-the-uk/about">"Standard Area Measurements for Administrative Areas (December 2023) in the UK"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ONS_Open_Geography_Portal" title="ONS Open Geography Portal">Open Geography Portal</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Geography+Portal&rft.atitle=Standard+Area+Measurements+for+Administrative+Areas+%28December+2023%29+in+the+UK&rft.date=2024-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeoportal.statistics.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2Fons%3A%3Astandard-area-measurements-for-administrative-areas-december-2023-in-the-uk%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONS_Geography_Guide-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ONS_Geography_Guide_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/a-beginners-guide-to-uk-geography-2023/about">"A Beginners Guide to UK Geography (2023)"</a>. <i>Open Geography Portal</i>. 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Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-028475-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-028475-3"><bdi>0-14-028475-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Wales&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-14-028475-3&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/guide/ch11_part2_coming_of_the_tudor.shtml">"The coming of the Tudors and the Act of Union (part 2)"</a>. <i>Guide to Welsh History</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives&rft.atitle=Counties+%28Detached+Parts%29+Act+1844&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fr%2FC3145808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitmidwales.co.uk/Knighton-Knighton-Railway-Station/details/?dms=3&venue=1160170">"Knighton Railway Station"</a>. Show me Mid Wales<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Knighton+Railway+Station&rft.pub=Show+me+Mid+Wales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitmidwales.co.uk%2FKnighton-Knighton-Railway-Station%2Fdetails%2F%3Fdms%3D3%26venue%3D1160170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506182745/http://www.borderparishes.org.uk/llanymynech-location/4570940278">"Llanymynech location"</a>. The Church of England. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.borderparishes.org.uk/llanymynech-location/4570940278">the original</a> on 6 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Llanymynech+location&rft.pub=The+Church+of+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.borderparishes.org.uk%2Fllanymynech-location%2F4570940278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1994Act-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1994Act_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1994/19/contents">"Local Government (Wales) Act 1994"</a>. <i>The National Archives</i>. legislation,gov.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Archives&rft.atitle=Local+Government+%28Wales%29+Act+1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1994%2F19%2Fcontents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505103602/http://www.highsheriffs.com/Clwyd/ClwydHistory.htm">"Clwyd: County history"</a>. High Sheriff's Association of England and Wales. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highsheriffs.com/Clwyd/ClwydHistory.htm">the original</a> on 5 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clwyd%3A+County+history&rft.pub=High+Sheriff%27s+Association+of+England+and+Wales&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highsheriffs.com%2FClwyd%2FClwydHistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090609211833/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/about/methodology_by_theme/area_classification/la/svg/index.html">"NS 2001 Area Classification for Local Authorities"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/about/methodology_by_theme/area_classification/la/svg/index.html">the original</a> on 9 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NS+2001+Area+Classification+for+Local+Authorities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2Fabout%2Fmethodology_by_theme%2Farea_classification%2Fla%2Fsvg%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2003–2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Williams_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Williams (academic)">Williams, Chris</a> (Winter 2003–2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwa.wales/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/agendawinter0304.pdf">"A post national Wales"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Agenda</i>. Institute of Welsh Affairs. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904014403/http://www.iwa.wales/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/agendawinter0304.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agenda&rft.atitle=A+post+national+Wales&rft.ssn=winter&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2003%2F2004&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwa.wales%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F04%2Fagendawinter0304.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsmond2002" class="citation book cs1">Osmond, John (2002). "Welsh Civil Identity in the Twenty-First Century". In David C. Harvey; Rhys Jones; Neil McInroy; Christine Milligan (eds.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/celticgeographie00harv"><i>Celtic Geographies: Old culture, new times</i></a></span>. London: Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/celticgeographie00harv/page/n94">80</a>–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-22396-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-22396-2"><bdi>0-415-22396-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Welsh+Civil+Identity+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.btitle=Celtic+Geographies%3A+Old+culture%2C+new+times&rft.place=London&rft.pages=80-82&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-22396-2&rft.aulast=Osmond&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcelticgeographie00harv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Falkus-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Falkus_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm_FalkusJohn_Gillingham1987" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm Falkus; John Gillingham, eds. (1987). <i>Historical Atlas of Britain</i>. Kingfisher. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86272-295-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86272-295-0"><bdi>0-86272-295-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+Britain&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Kingfisher&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-86272-295-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20081214052443/http://new.wales.gov.uk/deet/publications/transport/wts/wtstrategy/wtsfe.pdf?lang=en">"The Wales Transport Strategy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Welsh Assembly Government. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://new.wales.gov.uk/deet/publications/transport/wts/wtstrategy/wtsfe.pdf?lang=en">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wales+Transport+Strategy&rft.pub=Welsh+Assembly+Government&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnew.wales.gov.uk%2Fdeet%2Fpublications%2Ftransport%2Fwts%2Fwtstrategy%2Fwtsfe.pdf%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_O._Morgan" title="Kenneth O. Morgan">Morgan, Kenneth O.</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wales18801980reb0000morg/page/245"><i>Rebirth of a nation: Wales 1880-1980</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wales18801980reb0000morg/page/245">245</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821760-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-821760-9"><bdi>0-19-821760-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebirth+of+a+nation%3A+Wales+1880-1980&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-19-821760-9&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwales18801980reb0000morg%2Fpage%2F245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_DaviesNigel_JenkinsMenna_BainesPeredur_I._Lynch2008" class="citation book cs1">John Davies; Nigel Jenkins; Menna Baines; Peredur I. Lynch (2008). <i>The Welsh Academy Encyclopedia of Wales</i>. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 469. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1953-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1953-6"><bdi>978-0-7083-1953-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Welsh+Academy+Encyclopedia+of+Wales&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pages=469&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6&rft.au=John+Davies&rft.au=Nigel+Jenkins&rft.au=Menna+Baines&rft.au=Peredur+I.+Lynch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1982" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Kenneth O. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wales18801980reb0000morg/page/6"><i>Rebirth of a nation: Wales 1880-1980</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wales18801980reb0000morg/page/6">6–7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821760-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-821760-9"><bdi>0-19-821760-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebirth+of+a+nation%3A+Wales+1880-1980&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-19-821760-9&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwales18801980reb0000morg%2Fpage%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Population-and-Migration/Population/Estimates/nationallevelpopulationestimates-by-year-age-ukcountry">"National level population estimates by year, age and UK country"</a>. <i>statswales.gov.wales</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ll%C5%B7n+Area+of+Outstanding+Natural+Beauty&rft.pub=Gwynedd+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahne-llyn-aonb.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clwydianrangeanddeevalleyaonb.org.uk/">"Clwydian Range and Dee Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty"</a>. Denbighshire Countryside Services<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clwydian+Range+and+Dee+Valley+Area+of+Outstanding+Natural+Beauty&rft.pub=Denbighshire+Countryside+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clwydianrangeanddeevalleyaonb.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wyevalleyaonb.org.uk/">"Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty"</a>. Joint Advisory Committee<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wye+Valley+Area+of+Outstanding+Natural+Beauty&rft.pub=Joint+Advisory+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wyevalleyaonb.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/757921.stm">"Waterfall, 1000th on protected list"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 22 May 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Waterfall%2C+1000th+on+protected+list&rft.date=2000-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fwales%2F757921.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_Wales" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#AFD697;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Wales" title="Template:Geography of Wales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_Wales" title="Template talk:Geography of Wales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of Wales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_Wales" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geography of Wales</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#AFD697;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Geography of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_of_Wales" title="List of bays of Wales">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_the_United_Kingdom#Wales" title="List of beaches in the United Kingdom">Beaches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Blue_Flag_Beaches_of_Wales" title="List of Blue Flag Beaches of Wales">Blue Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England%E2%80%93Wales_border" title="England–Wales border">Border with England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offa%27s_Dyke" title="Offa's Dyke">Offa's Dyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat%27s_Dyke" title="Wat's Dyke">Wat's Dyke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_the_United_Kingdom#Canals_in_Wales" title="List of canals in the United Kingdom">Canals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_canal_system" title="History of the British canal system">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_the_United_Kingdom#Wales" title="List of caves in the United Kingdom">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_Wales" title="Coastline of Wales">Coastline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coastal_paths_in_Wales" title="Category:Coastal paths in Wales">Coastal paths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_coast" title="Heritage coast">heritage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_the_United_Kingdom#Wales" title="List of dams and reservoirs in the United Kingdom">Dams and reservoirs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservoirs_of_Wales" title="Reservoirs of Wales">Reservoir management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of reservoirs in the United Kingdom">by volume</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desert_of_Wales" title="Desert of Wales">Desert of Wales</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dune_systems_of_Wales" title="List of dune systems of Wales">Dune systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estuaries_of_Wales" title="List of estuaries of Wales">Estuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Wales" title="Extreme points of Wales">Extreme points</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_points_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Centre points of the United Kingdom">centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Wales" title="Forestry in Wales">Forests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_broadleaf_forests" title="Celtic broadleaf forests">Broadleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rainforests_in_Wales" title="Celtic rainforests in Wales">Temperate rainforests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Wales" title="Geology of Wales">Geology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_Wales" title="List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales">fossiliferous stratigraphic units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_faults_of_Wales" title="List of geological faults of Wales">faults</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Wales" title="List of lakes of Wales">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meadows_in_Wales" title="Category:Meadows in Wales">Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moorlands_of_Wales" title="Category:Moorlands of Wales">Moorlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_British_Isles_by_height" title="List of mountains of the British Isles by height">Mountains and hills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_3000s" title="Welsh 3000s">3000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_principal_areas_by_highest_point" title="List of Welsh principal areas by highest point">County tops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_of_England_and_Wales_in_1964_by_highest_point" title="List of counties of England and Wales in 1964 by highest point">historic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Furth_mountains_in_the_British_Isles" title="List of Furth mountains in the British Isles">Furths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_British_Isles_by_height" title="List of mountains of the British Isles by height">by height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hewitt_mountains_in_England,_Wales_and_Ireland" title="List of Hewitt mountains in England, Wales and Ireland">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_in_Wales" title="List of highest mountains in Wales">highest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marilyns_in_the_British_Isles" title="List of Marilyns in the British Isles">Marilyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nuttall_mountains_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nuttall mountains in Wales">Nuttall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_P600_mountains_in_the_British_Isles" title="List of P600 mountains in the British Isles">P600s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_Wales" title="List of mountain passes of Wales">passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Wales" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Wales">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_rescue_in_Wales" title="Mountain rescue in Wales">rescue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peninsulas#Wales" title="List of peninsulas">Peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Wales" title="Protected areas of Wales">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Wales" title="National parks of Wales">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty_in_Wales" title="Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Wales">AONBs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Wales" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Wales">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_nature_reserves_in_Wales" title="National nature reserves in Wales">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_Wales" title="List of Ramsar sites in Wales">Ramsar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Wales" title="List of rivers of Wales">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Springs_of_Wales" title="Category:Springs of Wales">Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vales_in_England_and_Wales" title="List of vales in England and Wales">Vales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mach_Loop" title="Mach Loop">for military-use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_Kingdom#Wales" title="List of volcanoes in the United Kingdom">Extinct volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Wales" title="List of waterfalls in Wales">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wetlands_of_Wales" title="Category:Wetlands of Wales">Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Zone_(Boundaries_and_Transfer_of_Functions)_Order_2010" title="Welsh Zone (Boundaries and Transfer of Functions) Order 2010">Adjacent waters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environment of the United Kingdom">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Wales" title="Biodiversity of Wales">Biodiversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Wales" title="Fauna of Wales">Fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_breeds" title="List of Welsh breeds">Breeds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Wales" title="Flora of Wales">Flora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_apples" title="Welsh apples">Apples</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Wales" title="Climate of Wales">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Special_Areas_of_Conservation_in_Wales" title="List of Special Areas of Conservation in Wales">Conservation areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Wales" title="Environmental issues in Wales">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_habitats_of_principal_importance_in_Wales" title="List of habitats of principal importance in Wales">Habitats of importance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Character_Area" title="Marine Character Area">Marine Character Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales_Precipitation" title="England and Wales Precipitation">Precipitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Land_use_in_Wales" title="Land use in Wales">Land use</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Wales" title="Natural resources of Wales">Natural resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Wales" title="Mining in Wales">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_industry_in_Wales" title="Coal industry in Wales">Coal mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_tips_in_Wales" title="Coal tips in Wales">tips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Wales" title="Forestry in Wales">Forestry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Forest_for_Wales" title="National Forest for Wales">re-forestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_gold" title="Welsh gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">Slate quarrying</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Administrative geography of the United Kingdom">Administrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Wales" title="Subdivisions of Wales">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales" title="Local government in Wales">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Wales" title="History of local government in Wales">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantref" title="Cantref">Cantref</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commote" title="Commote">Commote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">Marches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcher_lord" title="Marcher lord">lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_law_(Anglo-Welsh_border)" title="March law (Anglo-Welsh border)">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hundreds_of_Wales" title="List of hundreds of Wales">Hundreds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_Wales" title="Historic counties of Wales">Historic counties</a> <ul><li>by area <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_of_Wales_by_area_in_1831" title="List of counties of Wales by area in 1831">1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_counties_of_Wales_by_area_in_1891" title="List of historic counties of Wales by area in 1891">1891</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_county_exclaves_in_England_and_Wales_1844%E2%80%931974" title="List of county exclaves in England and Wales 1844–1974">1844–1974 exclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_of_Wales_by_population_in_1971" title="List of counties of Wales by population in 1971">by population in 1971</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poor_law_unions_in_Wales" title="List of poor law unions in Wales">Poor law unions</a></li> <li>Local districts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_boards_formed_in_England_and_Wales_1848%E2%80%931894" title="Local boards formed in England and Wales 1848–1894">1848–1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_districts_formed_in_England_and_Wales_1894%E2%80%9395" title="List of urban districts formed in England and Wales 1894–95">1894–95</a></li> <li>1896–1974 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_districts_formed_in_England_and_Wales_1896%E2%80%931974" title="List of urban districts formed in England and Wales 1896–1974">UDs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rural_districts_formed_in_England_and_Wales_1894%E2%80%931974" title="List of rural districts formed in England and Wales 1894–1974">RDs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rural_and_urban_districts_in_Wales_in_1973" title="List of rural and urban districts in Wales in 1973">1973</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preserved_counties_of_Wales" title="Preserved counties of Wales">Preserved counties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Wales" title="Districts of Wales">districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_areas_of_Wales" title="Principal areas of Wales">Principal areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_principal_areas" title="List of Welsh principal areas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_(Wales)" title="Community (Wales)">Communities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Wales" title="List of communities in Wales">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_wards_in_Wales" title="List of electoral wards in Wales">Electoral wards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-up_areas_in_Wales_by_population" title="List of built-up areas in Wales by population">Built-up areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Wales" title="Regions of Wales">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economy_in_Wales" title="Regional economy in Wales">for economy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_places_in_Wales" title="Lists of places in Wales">Places</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Wales" title="List of cities in Wales">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Wales" title="Capital of Wales">capital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Wales" title="List of towns in Wales">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Wales" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Wales">Twin towns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_towns_twinned_with_a_Breton_town" title="List of Welsh towns twinned with a Breton town">with Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_places_in_Wales" title="Category:Lists of places in Wales">by county</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_toponymy" title="Welsh toponymy">Toponymy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_generic_forms_in_place_names_in_Ireland_and_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of generic forms in place names in Ireland and the United Kingdom">General forms of place-names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caer" title="Caer">Caer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llan_(placename)" title="Llan (placename)">Llan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pil_(placename)" title="Pil (placename)">Pil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Place-Name_Society" title="Welsh Place-Name Society">Welsh Place-Name Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_place_names_in_other_countries" title="Welsh place names in other countries">In other countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locations_in_the_United_States_with_a_Welsh_name" title="Locations in the United States with a Welsh name">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_standardised_Welsh_place-names" title="List of standardised Welsh place-names">Standardised Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_identity_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography and identity in Wales">Social geography and identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in Wales">North–South divide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Wales" title="Demographics of Wales">Demography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cardiff" title="Demographics of Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_relationship_between_the_Welsh_and_the_English" title="Cultural relationship between the Welsh and the English">Anglo–Welsh relations</a></li> <li><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Y_Fro_Gymraeg" title="Y Fro Gymraeg">Y Fro Gymraeg</a></i></span> (Welsh-speaking areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsker_Line" title="Landsker Line">Landsker Line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_England_beyond_Wales" title="Little England beyond Wales">Little England beyond Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cardiff" title="Geography of Cardiff">Geography of Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_Merthyr_Tydfil" title="Sustainability in Merthyr Tydfil">Sustainability in Merthyr Tydfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lammas_Ecovillage" title="Lammas Ecovillage">Lammas Ecovillage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#AFD697;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Wales" title="Category:Geography of Wales">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wales_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wales_topics" title="Template:Wales topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wales_topics" title="Template talk:Wales topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wales_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wales topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wales_articles" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Wales" title="Outline of Wales">List of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Welsh_history" title="Timeline of Welsh history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Welsh_history" title="Bibliography of Welsh history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Wales" title="Prehistoric Wales">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Roman_era" title="Wales in the Roman era">Roman Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars" title="List of Anglo-Welsh wars">Anglo-Welsh Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Kingdom of Gwynedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">Kingdom of Powys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deheubarth" title="Deheubarth">Deheubarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Medieval Welsh law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Wales" title="Norman invasion of Wales">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">Edwardian conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Rhuddlan" title="Statute of Rhuddlan">Statute of Rhuddlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glynd%C5%B5r_rebellion" title="Glyndŵr rebellion">Glyndŵr rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_settlement_in_the_Americas" title="Welsh settlement in the Americas">Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Wales" title="Biodiversity of Wales">Biodiversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Wales" title="Fauna of Wales">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Wales" title="Flora of Wales">Flora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Wales" title="Climate of Wales">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Wales" title="Geology of Wales">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Wales" title="List of lakes of Wales">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles">Mountains and hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Wales" title="Protected areas of Wales">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Wales" title="National parks of Wales">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty_in_Wales" title="Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Wales">AONBs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Wales" title="List of rivers of Wales">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England%E2%80%93Wales_border" title="England–Wales border">Wales–England border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Wales" title="List of waterfalls in Wales">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Wales" title="Elections in Wales">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales" title="Local government in Wales">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Wales" title="History of local government in Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Wales" title="List of cities in Wales">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayors_in_Wales" title="Mayors in Wales">Mayors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_in_Wales" title="List of rulers in Wales">Local rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Wales" title="List of political parties in Wales">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales" title="Secretary of State for Wales">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Wales" title="Unionism in Wales">Unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_Office" title="Wales Office">Wales Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counsel_General_for_Wales" title="Counsel General for Wales">Counsel General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Modern Welsh law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_forces_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Police forces of Wales">Police forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_in_Wales" title="Armed forces in Wales">British Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_finance_in_Wales" title="Banking and finance in Wales">Banking and finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_industry_in_Wales" title="Coal industry in Wales">Coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Wales" title="List of companies of Wales">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Wales" title="Forestry in Wales">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_construction_in_Wales" title="Housing and construction in Wales">Housing and construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Wales" title="List of power stations in Wales">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">Slate quarrying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wales" title="Transport in Wales">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Wales" title="Category:Society of Wales">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_art" title="Welsh art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Wales" title="List of castles in Wales">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorsedd_Cymru" title="Gorsedd Cymru">Gorsedd Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Literature in Welsh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Wales" title="Media of Wales">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Wales" title="List of museums in Wales">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_scheduled_monuments_in_Wales" title="Lists of scheduled monuments in Wales">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Wales" title="Sport in Wales">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Wales" title="Theatre of Wales">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Wales" title="Demographics of Wales">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">People</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people" title="List of Welsh people">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people#Actors" title="List of Welsh people">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_Americans" title="List of Welsh Americans">Welsh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_architects" title="List of Welsh architects">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_artists" title="List of Welsh artists">Artists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_artists_associated_with_Wales" title="List of women artists associated with Wales">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_inventors" title="List of Welsh inventors">Inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_musicians" title="List of Welsh musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_poets_(6th_century_to_c._1600)" title="List of Welsh-language poets (6th century to c. 1600)">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people#Monarchs_and_princes" title="List of Welsh people">Royalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_scientists" title="List of Welsh scientists">Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_women" title="List of Welsh women">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_writers" title="List of Welsh writers">Writers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_authors" title="List of Welsh-language authors">in Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_women_writers" title="List of Welsh women writers">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Wales" title="Health in Wales">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Wales" title="NHS Wales">Healthcare service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_health_board" title="Local health board">Boards</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Wales" title="Christianity in Wales">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Wales" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Wales">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Wales" title="Presbyterian Church of Wales">Presbyterianism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Non-Christian belief systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Wales" title="Baháʼí Faith in Wales">Bahá'ís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Wales" title="Buddhism in Wales">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Wales" title="Hinduism in Wales">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Wales" title="Islam in Wales">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Wales" title="History of the Jews in Wales">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li>History <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">Saint David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Methodist_revival" title="Welsh Methodist revival">Welsh Methodist revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904%E2%80%931905_Welsh_revival" title="1904–1905 Welsh revival">1904–1905 Welsh revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Church_Act_1914" title="Welsh Church Act 1914">Welsh Church Act 1914</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Wales" title="National symbols of Wales">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hen_Wlad_Fy_Nhadau" title="Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_flags" title="List of Welsh flags">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Wales" title="Flag of Wales">national flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers" title="Prince of Wales's feathers">Prince of Wales's feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Badge_of_Wales" title="Royal Badge of Wales">Royal Badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Welsh Dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/48px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/64px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales portal</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agriculture_in_Wales" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Template:Agriculture in Wales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Template talk:Agriculture in Wales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture in Wales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agriculture_in_Wales" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture in Wales</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Economy of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Agriculture in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Advisory_Panel_for_Wales" title="Agricultural Advisory Panel for Wales">Agricultural Advisory Panel for Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bees_for_Development" title="Bees for Development">Bees for Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brecknockshire_Agricultural_Society" title="Brecknockshire Agricultural Society">Brecknockshire Agricultural Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Union_of_Wales" title="Farmers' Union of Wales">Farmers' Union of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Biological,_Environmental_and_Rural_Sciences" title="Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences">Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Farmers%27_Union_of_England_and_Wales" title="National Farmers' Union of England and Wales">NFU Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh_farmers" title="Category:Welsh farmers">Welsh farmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Agricultural_College" title="Welsh Agricultural College">Welsh Agricultural College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Horse_Show" title="Cardiff Horse Show">Cardiff Horse Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_Show" title="Monmouthshire Show">Monmouthshire Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Welsh_Show" title="Royal Welsh Show">Royal Welsh Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%B7_unnos" title="Tŷ unnos">Tŷ unnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agricultural_buildings_in_Wales" title="Category:Agricultural buildings in Wales">Agricultural buildings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Industries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming_in_Wales" title="Sheep farming in Wales">Sheep farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woollen_industry_in_Wales" title="Woollen industry in Wales">Woollen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Wool_Museum" title="National Wool Museum">National Wool Museum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Land use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_use_in_Wales" title="Land use in Wales">Overview of land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tir_Cymen" title="Tir Cymen">Tir Cymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tir_Gofal" title="Tir Gofal">Tir Gofal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glastir" title="Glastir">Glastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_the_Protection_of_Rural_Wales" title="Campaign for the Protection of Rural Wales">Campaign for the Protection of Rural Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Settlement_Association" title="Land Settlement Association">Land Settlement Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Welsh<br />animal breeds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sheep</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mule_(sheep)" title="Mule (sheep)"> Welsh mule ewes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanwenog_sheep" title="Llanwenog sheep">Llanwenog sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Welsh_Mountain_sheep" title="Black Welsh Mountain sheep">Black Welsh Mountain sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lleyn_sheep" title="Lleyn sheep">Lleyn sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balwen_Welsh_Mountain_sheep" title="Balwen Welsh Mountain sheep">Balwen Welsh Mountain sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badger_Face_Welsh_Mountain_sheep" title="Badger Face Welsh Mountain sheep">Badger Face Welsh Mountain sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beulah_Speckled_Face" title="Beulah Speckled Face">Beulah Speckled Face</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Black_cattle" title="Welsh Black cattle">Welsh Black cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_pig" title="Welsh pig">Welsh pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Harlequin" title="Welsh Harlequin">Welsh Harlequin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brecon_Buff_Goose" title="Brecon Buff Goose">Brecon Buff Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Sheepdog" title="Welsh Sheepdog">Welsh Sheepdog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Category:Agriculture in Wales">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Europe" title="Template:Geography of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Geography of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Europe" title="Geography of Europe">Geography of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Albania" title="Geography of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Andorra" title="Geography of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Armenia" title="Geography of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Austria" title="Geography of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Azerbaijan" title="Geography of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Belarus" title="Geography of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Belgium" title="Geography of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bulgaria" title="Geography of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Croatia" title="Geography of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cyprus" title="Geography of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Geography of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Denmark" title="Geography of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Estonia" title="Geography of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Finland" title="Geography of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_France" title="Geography of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Germany" title="Geography of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece" title="Geography of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary" title="Geography of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iceland" title="Geography of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kazakhstan" title="Geography of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Latvia" title="Geography of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Liechtenstein" title="Geography of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lithuania" title="Geography of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Luxembourg" title="Geography of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malta" title="Geography of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Moldova" title="Geography of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Montenegro" title="Geography of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Netherlands" title="Geography of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Macedonia" title="Geography of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Norway" title="Geography of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Poland" title="Geography of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Portugal" title="Geography of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Romania" title="Geography of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_San_Marino" title="Geography of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Serbia" title="Geography of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Slovakia" title="Geography of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Slovenia" title="Geography of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Spain" title="Geography of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sweden" title="Geography of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Switzerland" title="Geography of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ukraine" title="Geography of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vatican_City" title="Geography of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Abkhazia" title="Geography of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kosovo" title="Geography of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_%C3%85land" title="Geography of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Geography of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Geography of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jersey" title="Geography of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Svalbard" title="Geography of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" 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