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Hak asasi manusia - Wikipidia Banjar, kindai pangatahuan

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aria-label="Isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">baalih ka bilah higa</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">suhukakan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Panambaian</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sajarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sajarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sajarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sajarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingakan subbagian Sajarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sajarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bubuhan_pamikir_pancarahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bubuhan_pamikir_pancarahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Bubuhan pamikir pancarahan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bubuhan_pamikir_pancarahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manjadi_hukum_positif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manjadi_hukum_positif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Manjadi hukum positif</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manjadi_hukum_positif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abad_ka-19_wan_pamulaan_abad_ka-20" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abad_ka-19_wan_pamulaan_abad_ka-20"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Abad ka-19 wan pamulaan abad ka-20</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abad_ka-19_wan_pamulaan_abad_ka-20-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imbah-Perang_Dunia_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imbah-Perang_Dunia_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Imbah-Perang Dunia II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imbah-Perang_Dunia_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landasan_kunsiptual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landasan_kunsiptual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Landasan kunsiptual</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Landasan_kunsiptual-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingakan subbagian Landasan kunsiptual</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Landasan_kunsiptual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analisis_hak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analisis_hak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Analisis hak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analisis_hak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hakikat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hakikat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hakikat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hakikat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ciri-ciri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ciri-ciri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ciri-ciri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ciri-ciri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jenis-jenis_hak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jenis-jenis_hak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Jenis-jenis hak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jenis-jenis_hak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingakan subbagian Jenis-jenis hak</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jenis-jenis_hak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-&quot;Hak_sipil_wan_pulitik&quot;_wan_&quot;hak_ikunumi,_sosial,_wan_budaya&quot;" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#&quot;Hak_sipil_wan_pulitik&quot;_wan_&quot;hak_ikunumi,_sosial,_wan_budaya&quot;"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>"Hak sipil wan pulitik" wan "hak ikunumi, sosial, wan budaya"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-&quot;Hak_sipil_wan_pulitik&quot;_wan_&quot;hak_ikunumi,_sosial,_wan_budaya&quot;-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hak_ganarasi_partama,_kaduwa,_wan_ketiga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hak_ganarasi_partama,_kaduwa,_wan_ketiga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hak ganarasi partama, kaduwa, wan ketiga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hak_ganarasi_partama,_kaduwa,_wan_ketiga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hak_individu_wan_hak_kolektif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hak_individu_wan_hak_kolektif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Hak individu wan hak kolektif</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hak_individu_wan_hak_kolektif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hak-hak_inti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hak-hak_inti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Hak-hak inti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hak-hak_inti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tipologi_kawajiban_HAM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tipologi_kawajiban_HAM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tipologi kawajiban HAM</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tipologi_kawajiban_HAM-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingakan subbagian Tipologi kawajiban HAM</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tipologi_kawajiban_HAM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jus_cogens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jus_cogens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span><i>Jus cogens</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jus_cogens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parlindungan_di_tingkat_internasional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parlindungan_di_tingkat_internasional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Parlindungan di tingkat internasional</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parlindungan_di_tingkat_internasional-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingakan subbagian Parlindungan di tingkat internasional</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Parlindungan_di_tingkat_internasional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dewan_HAM_PBB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dewan_HAM_PBB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Dewan HAM PBB</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dewan_HAM_PBB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awak_traktat_PBB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awak_traktat_PBB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Awak traktat PBB</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awak_traktat_PBB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parlindungan_di_tingkat_regional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parlindungan_di_tingkat_regional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Parlindungan di tingkat regional</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parlindungan_di_tingkat_regional-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingakan subbagian Parlindungan di tingkat regional</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Parlindungan_di_tingkat_regional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Irupa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irupa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Irupa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irupa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amerika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amerika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Amerika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amerika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aprika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aprika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Aprika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aprika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementasi_di_tingkat_nasional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementasi_di_tingkat_nasional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Implementasi di tingkat nasional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementasi_di_tingkat_nasional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panikasan_wan_pangurangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panikasan_wan_pangurangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Panikasan wan pangurangan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Panikasan_wan_pangurangan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingakan subbagian Panikasan wan pangurangan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Panikasan_wan_pangurangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hukum_kemanusiaan_internasional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hukum_kemanusiaan_internasional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Hukum kemanusiaan internasional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hukum_kemanusiaan_internasional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kritik_partikularisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kritik_partikularisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Kritik partikularisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kritik_partikularisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan_batis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan_batis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Catatan batis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan_batis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daptar_Pustaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daptar_Pustaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Daptar Pustaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daptar_Pustaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daftar_pustaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daftar_pustaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Daftar pustaka</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Daftar_pustaka-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingakan subbagian Daftar pustaka</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Daftar_pustaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Buku</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bab_buku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bab_buku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Bab buku</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bab_buku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jurnal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurnal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Jurnal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurnal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dokumen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dokumen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Dokumen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dokumen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deklarasi_dan_Perjanjian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deklarasi_dan_Perjanjian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.5</span> <span>Deklarasi dan Perjanjian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deklarasi_dan_Perjanjian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sumber_daring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumber_daring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.6</span> <span>Sumber daring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumber_daring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_imbahnya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_imbahnya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bacaan imbahnya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_imbahnya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingakan daptar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingakan daptar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hak asasi manusia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Tulak ka artikal dalam basa lain. Tahaga 164 basa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-164" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">164 basa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menseregte" title="Menseregte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Menseregte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menschenrechte" title="Menschenrechte – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Menschenrechte" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreitos_humans" title="Dreitos humans – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dreitos humans" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="मानवाधिकार – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मानवाधिकार" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حقوق الإنسان – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حقوق الإنسان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%99%DC%95%DC%A9%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%92%DC%AA%DC%A2%DC%AB%DC%90" title="ܙܕܩܐ ܕܒܪܢܫܐ – Aram" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܙܕܩܐ ܕܒܪܢܫܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aram" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85" title="حقوق بنادم – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حقوق بنادم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حقوق انسان – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حقوق انسان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechos_humanos" title="Derechos humanos – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Derechos humanos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan_h%C3%BCquqlar%C4%B1" title="İnsan hüquqları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnsan hüquqları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="اینسان حاقلاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اینسان حاقلاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5_%D1%85%D0%BE%D2%A1%D1%83%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Кеше хоҡуҡтары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кеше хоҡуҡтары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_asasi_manusia" title="Hak asasi manusia – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Hak asasi manusia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDmuogaus_teis%C4%97s" title="Žmuogaus teisės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žmuogaus teisės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Правы чалавека – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Правы чалавека" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Правы чалавека – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Правы чалавека" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Права на човека – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Права на човека" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%EA%A9%BB" title="လိုꩻအခွင်ꩻရေꩻ – Pa&#039;O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="လိုꩻအခွင်ꩻရေꩻ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa&#039;O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="মানবাধিকার – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মানবাধিকার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwirio%C3%B9_mab-den" title="Gwirioù mab-den – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwirioù mab-den" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudska_prava" title="Ljudska prava – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ljudska prava" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_Asasi_Jolma" title="Hak Asasi Jolma – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Hak Asasi Jolma" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85%D1%8D" title="Хүнэй эрхэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хүнэй эрхэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drets_humans" title="Drets humans – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Drets humans" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cng-gu%C3%B2ng" title="Ìng-guòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ìng-guòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Адаман бакъонаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Адаман бакъонаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhanong_katungod" title="Tawhanong katungod – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tawhanong katungod" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A4" title="مافەکانی مرۆڤ – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مافەکانی مرۆڤ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidsk%C3%A1_pr%C3%A1va" title="Lidská práva – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lidská práva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawliau_dynol" title="Hawliau dynol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hawliau dynol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menneskerettighederne" title="Menneskerettighederne – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Menneskerettighederne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Human rights" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menschenrechte" title="Menschenrechte – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Menschenrechte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heq%C3%AA_merduman" title="Heqê merduman – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Heqê merduman" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_asasi_koulunan" title="Hak asasi koulunan – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Hak asasi koulunan" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="मानव अधिकार – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मानव अधिकार" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B1_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Ανθρώπινα δικαιώματα – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανθρώπινα δικαιώματα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Human rights" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homaj_rajtoj" title="Homaj rajtoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Homaj rajtoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechos_humanos" title="Derechos humanos – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Derechos humanos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inim%C3%B5igused" title="Inimõigused – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Inimõigused" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_eskubideak" title="Giza eskubideak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Giza eskubideak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechus_Umanus" title="Derechus Umanus – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Derechus Umanus" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="حقوق بشر – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حقوق بشر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihmisoikeudet" title="Ihmisoikeudet – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ihmisoikeudet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inemise%C3%B5igus%C3%B5q" title="Inemiseõigusõq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Inemiseõigusõq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannar%C3%A6ttindi" title="Mannarættindi – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mannarættindi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droits_de_l%27homme" title="Droits de l&#039;homme – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droits de l&#039;homme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minskerjochten" title="Minskerjochten – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Minskerjochten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cearta_daonna" title="Cearta daonna – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cearta daonna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2raichean_daonna" title="Còraichean daonna – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Còraichean daonna" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dereitos_humanos" title="Dereitos humanos – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dereitos humanos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvyp%C3%B3ra_tekoiterape" title="Yvypóra tekoiterape – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvypóra tekoiterape" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in_%C9%97an%27adam" title="Haƙƙoƙin ɗan&#039;adam – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Haƙƙoƙin ɗan&#039;adam" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaka_pono" title="Kanaka pono – Hawaii" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kanaka pono" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D" title="זכויות האדם – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זכויות האדם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="मानवाधिकार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानवाधिकार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insaan_ke_adhikaar" title="Insaan ke adhikaar – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Insaan ke adhikaar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudska_prava" title="Ljudska prava – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ljudska prava" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwa_moun" title="Dwa moun – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Dwa moun" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emberi_jogok" title="Emberi jogok – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Emberi jogok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մարդու իրավունքներ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարդու իրավունքներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derectos_human" title="Derectos human – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Derectos human" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_asasi_manusia" title="Hak asasi manusia – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hak asasi manusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikike_mmad%E1%BB%A5" title="Ikike mmadụ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ikike mmadụ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1uum_pi%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7ani%C5%8Bat" title="Iñuum piḷḷaniŋat – Inupiak" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Iñuum piḷḷaniŋat" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagiti_karbengan_ti_tao" title="Dagiti karbengan ti tao – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Dagiti karbengan ti tao" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homala_yuri" title="Homala yuri – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Homala yuri" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannr%C3%A9ttindi" title="Mannréttindi – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mannréttindi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diritti_umani" title="Diritti umani – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diritti umani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A8%A9" title="人権 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人権" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/remna_selcru" title="remna selcru – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="remna selcru" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_manungsa" title="Hak manungsa – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hak manungsa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ადამიანის უფლებები – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ადამიანის უფლებები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izerfan_n_wemdan" title="Izerfan n wemdan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Izerfan n wemdan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90y%CA%8A_wa%C9%96%C9%9B" title="Ɛyʊ waɖɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɛyʊ waɖɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D2%9B%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Адам құқықтары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Адам құқықтары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F" title="សិទ្ធិមនុស្ស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សិទ្ធិមនុស្ស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಮಾನವ ಹಕ್ಕುಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾನವ ಹಕ್ಕುಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B6%8C" title="인권 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Адамны эркинликлери – Karachai Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Адамны эркинликлери" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachai Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B2%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%97%D9%82" title="اِنسٲنی حقوٗق – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اِنسٲنی حقوٗق" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maf%C3%AAn_mirovan" title="Mafên mirovan – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mafên mirovan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Адам укуктары – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Адам укуктары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iura_humana" title="Iura humana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iura humana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diretos_umana" title="Diretos umana – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Diretos umana" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirit_uman" title="Dirit uman – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Dirit uman" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDmogaus_teis%C4%97s" title="Žmogaus teisės – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žmogaus teisės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilv%C4%93kties%C4%ABbas" title="Cilvēktiesības – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cilvēktiesības" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="मानवाधिकार – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मानवाधिकार" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zon%27_olombelona" title="Zon&#039; olombelona – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zon&#039; olombelona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Човекови права – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Човекови права" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="മനുഷ്യാവകാശം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മനുഷ്യാവകാശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85" title="Хүний эрх – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүний эрх" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="मानवी हक्क – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मानवी हक्क" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D3%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93%D0%B6%D3%B9" title="Эдемӹн прававлӓжӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Эдемӹн прававлӓжӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_asasi_manusia" title="Hak asasi manusia – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hak asasi manusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B7%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="လူ့အခွင့်အရေး – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လူ့အခွင့်အရေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ломанень прават – Eryza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ломанень прават" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Eryza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minschenrechten" title="Minschenrechten – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Minschenrechten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menskenrechten" title="Menskenrechten – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Menskenrechten" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="मानव अधिकार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मानव अधिकार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="मनु अधिकार – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मनु अधिकार" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechten_van_de_mens" title="Rechten van de mens – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rechten van de mens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menneskerettar" title="Menneskerettar – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Menneskerettar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menneskerettigheter" title="Menneskerettigheter – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Menneskerettigheter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A1%DF%90%DF%B0%DF%A6%DF%8A_%DF%96%DF%8F_%DF%9F%DF%8E%DF%AC" title="ߡߐ߰ߦߊ ߖߏ ߟߎ߬ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߡߐ߰ߦߊ ߖߏ ߟߎ߬" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nr mw-list-item"><a href="https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalungelo_Wobuntu" title="Amalungelo Wobuntu – Ndebele Selatan" lang="nr" hreflang="nr" data-title="Amalungelo Wobuntu" data-language-autonym="IsiNdebele seSewula" data-language-local-name="Ndebele Selatan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiNdebele seSewula</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreches_de_l%27%C3%92me" title="Dreches de l&#039;Òme – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dreches de l&#039;Òme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirgoota_Dhala_Namaa" title="Mirgoota Dhala Namaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Mirgoota Dhala Namaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%82%E0%AC%B9" title="ମାନବାଧିକାରସମୂହ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମାନବାଧିକାରସମୂହ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95" title="ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਹੱਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਹੱਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katul%C3%ADrang_pant%C3%A1u" title="Katulírang pantáu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Katulírang pantáu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechonan_humano" title="Derechonan humano – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Derechonan humano" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dro%C3%A9ts_d%27echl%27Onme" title="Droéts d&#039;echl&#039;Onme – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Droéts d&#039;echl&#039;Onme" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawa_cz%C5%82owieka" title="Prawa człowieka – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prawa człowieka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drit_%C3%ABd_l%27%C3%92m" title="Drit ëd l&#039;Òm – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Drit ëd l&#039;Òm" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%82" title="انسانی حق – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انسانی حق" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AF%DA%93%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82" title="وگړنيز حقوق – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وگړنيز حقوق" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direitos_humanos" title="Direitos humanos – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Direitos humanos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runa_hay%C3%B1i" title="Runa hayñi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Runa hayñi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dretgs_umans" title="Dretgs umans – Reto-Roman" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Dretgs umans" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Roman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drepturile_omului" title="Drepturile omului – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Drepturile omului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Права человека – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Права человека" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Людьскы права – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Людьскы права" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D2%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Киһи бырааба – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Киһи бырааба" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deretos_umanos" title="Deretos umanos – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Deretos umanos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dritti_umani" title="Dritti umani – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Dritti umani" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_richts" title="Human richts – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Human richts" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%82" title="انساني حق – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انساني حق" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmmo%C5%A1vuoigatvuo%C4%91at" title="Olmmošvuoigatvuođat – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Olmmošvuoigatvuođat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudska_prava" title="Ljudska prava – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ljudska prava" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%80_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මානව අයිතිවාසිකම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Human rights" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BDudsk%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1va" title="Ľudské práva – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ľudské práva" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clovekove_pravice" title="Človekove pravice – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Človekove pravice" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuquuqda_dadka" title="Xuquuqda dadka – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xuquuqda dadka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AB_drejtat_e_njeriut" title="Të drejtat e njeriut – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Të drejtat e njeriut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%89%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Људска права – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Људска права" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_asasi_manusa" title="Hak asasi manusa – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hak asasi manusa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4nskliga_r%C3%A4ttigheter" title="Mänskliga rättigheter – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mänskliga rättigheter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haki_za_binadamu" title="Haki za binadamu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Haki za binadamu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="மனித உரிமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மனித உரிமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="మానవ హక్కులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మానవ హక్కులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D1%83%D2%9B%D1%83%D2%9B%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ҳуқуқҳои инсон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳуқуқҳои инсон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99" title="สิทธิมนุษยชน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สิทธิมนุษยชน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karapatang_pantao" title="Karapatang pantao – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karapatang pantao" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan_haklar%C4%B1" title="İnsan hakları – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnsan hakları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Кеше хокуклары – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кеше хокуклары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Права людини – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Права людини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82" title="انسانی حقوق – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انسانی حقوق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inson_huquqlari" title="Inson huquqlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Inson huquqlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A2n_quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Nhân quyền – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhân quyền" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abondroets_des_djins" title="Abondroets des djins – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Abondroets des djins" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katungod_pantawo" title="Katungod pantawo – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Katungod pantawo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A" title="人權 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="人權" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ადამიერიშ ნებეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ადამიერიშ ნებეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%98" title="מענטשן רעכט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מענטשן רעכט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_%E1%BA%B9%CC%80t%E1%BB%8D%CC%81_%E1%BB%8Dm%E1%BB%8Dn%C3%ACy%C3%A0n" title="Àwọn ẹ̀tọ́ ọmọnìyàn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn ẹ̀tọ́ ọmọnìyàn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83" title="人权 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人权" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A" title="人權 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="人權" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%AEn-ko%C3%A2n" title="Jîn-koân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jîn-koân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A" title="人權 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="人權" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8458#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Babak tautan interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Babak interwiki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ngarankamar"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hak_asasi_manusia" title="Janaki laman kontén [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Laman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamandiran:Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Pamandiran hiwal laman kontén (laman baluman ada) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pamandiran</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian basa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Banjar</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampaian"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hak_asasi_manusia"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit" title="Babak laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Babak</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit" title="Babak kode sumber laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Babak asal mulanya</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=history" title="Ralatan bahari laman ngini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Janaki riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pakakas laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pakakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pakakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Pakakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">baalih ka bilah higa</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">suhukakan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hak_asasi_manusia"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit" title="Babak laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Babak</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit" title="Babak kode sumber laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Babak asal mulanya</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=history"><span>Janaki riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Tautan_balik/Hak_asasi_manusia" title="Daptar samunyaan laman wiki nang ada tautan ka sini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Tautan balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Paubahan_tarait/Hak_asasi_manusia" rel="nofollow" title="Paubahan pahanyarnya dalam laman nang baisi tautan matan laman ngini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Paubahan tarait</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=bjn" title="Unggah barakas [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Unggah barakas</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Tungkaran_istimiwa" title="Daptar samunyaan laman istimiwa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman istimiwa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;oldid=95349" title="Tautan tatap ka ralatan laman ngini"><span>Tautan tatap</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=info" title="Maklumat labih lanjut hiwal laman ngini"><span>Panjalasan laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimiwa:Juhut&amp;page=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;id=95349&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat hiwal cara mangutip laman ini"><span>Kutip laman ngini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimiwa:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHak_asasi_manusia"><span>Janaki URL handap</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimiwa:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHak_asasi_manusia"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Citak/ékspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimiwa:Buku&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Hak+asasi+manusia"><span>Ulah buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimiwa:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh vérsi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;printable=yes" title="Bantuk citak laman ngini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Nang kawa dicitak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam rangka gawian lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_rights" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8458" title="Tautan gasan mahubungakan butir pada wadah panyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Item di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pakakas laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampaian"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header 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id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="bjn" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r77279">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/125px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/188px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/250px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="125" /></a><figcaption>Logo hak asasi manusia</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;"> Kategorisasi</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_sipil_dan_politik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hak sipil dan politik (laman baluman ada)">Hak sipil dan politik</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_ekonomi,_sosial,_dan_budaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hak ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya (laman baluman ada)">Hak ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiga_generasi_hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiga generasi hak asasi manusia (laman baluman ada)">Tiga generasi HAM</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;"> Instrumen utama</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pernyataan_Umum_tentang_Hak-Hak_Asasi_Manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia (laman baluman ada)">PUHAM</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovenan_Internasional_tentang_Hak-Hak_Sipil_dan_Politik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Sipil dan Politik (laman baluman ada)">ICCPR</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovenan_Internasional_tentang_Hak-Hak_Ekonomi,_Sosial,_dan_Budaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Ekonomi, Sosial, dan Budaya (laman baluman ada)">ICESCR</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;"> Instrumen regional</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Eropa_tentang_Hak_Asasi_Manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Eropa tentang Hak Asasi Manusia (laman baluman ada)">Eropa</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Amerika_tentang_Hak_Asasi_Manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Amerika tentang Hak Asasi Manusia (laman baluman ada)">Amerika</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piagam_Afrika_tentang_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_dan_Hak_Penduduk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piagam Afrika tentang Hak Asasi Manusia dan Hak Penduduk (laman baluman ada)">Afrika</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hari_Hak_Asasi_Manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hari Hak Asasi Manusia (laman baluman ada)">Hari Hak Asasi Manusia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r72239">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-janak"><a href="/wiki/Citakan:Hak_Asasi_Manusia" title="Citakan:Hak Asasi Manusia"><abbr title="Janaki citakan ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-pandir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamandiran_Citakan:Hak_Asasi_Manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pamandiran Citakan:Hak Asasi Manusia (laman baluman ada)"><abbr title="Cangkurahakan citakan ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-babak"><a class="external text" href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citakan:Hak_Asasi_Manusia&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Babak citakan ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hak asasi manusia</b> (disingkat <b>HAM</b>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Inggris">basa Inggris</a>: <span lang="en" class="description en">human rights</span>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Perancis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Perancis">bahasa Prancis</a>: <span lang="fr" class="description fr"><i>droits de l'homme</i></span>) marupakan sabuting rancangan hukum wan maumpat aturan (normatif) nang manyambat bahua manusia baisi hak nang barikit lawan manusia ngitu saurang marga inya adalah saikung manusia. Hak asasi manusia balaku pabila haja, di mana haja, wan lawan siapa haja, sahingga sipatnya. HAM lawan pandiriannya kada kawa dipacul. Hak asasi manusia jua kada kawa dibagi-bagi, saling bahubungan, wan saling bagantung. Hak asasi manusia rajin dialamatakan lawan nagara, atawa dalam kata lain, nagaralah nang mengemban kawajiban hagan mahurmati, malindungi, wan manunaiakan hak asasi manusia, tarmasuk lawan mancagah wan menindaklanjuti palanggaran nang digawi ulih swasta. Dalam terminologi modern, hak asasi manusia kawa dibagi manjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_sipil_wan_pulitik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hak sipil wan pulitik (laman baluman ada)">hak sipil wan pulitik</a> nang bahubungan lawan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabibasan_sipil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabibasan sipil (laman baluman ada)">kabibasan sipil</a> (nang kaya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_hagan_hidup&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hak hagan hidup (laman baluman ada)">hak hagan hidup</a>, hak hagan kada disakiti, wan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabibasan_barpandapat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabibasan barpandapat (laman baluman ada)">kabibasan barpandapat</a>), wan jua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_ikunumi,_sosial,_wan_budaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hak ikunumi, sosial, wan budaya (laman baluman ada)">hak ikunumi, sosial, wan budaya</a> nang bahubungan lawan akses ka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barang_publik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Barang publik (laman baluman ada)">barang publik</a> (nang kaya hak hagan mandapatakan pandidikan nang pantas, hak atas kasihatan, atawa hak atas parumahan). </p><p>Sacara konséptual, hak asasi manusia kawa dilandasakan lawan kayakinan bahwa hak nangitu "dibarii sacara alamiah" ulih alam semesta, Tuhan, atawa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nalar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nalar (laman baluman ada)">nalar</a>. Pahadangan ngitu, buhannya nang kada manarima unsur alamiah mayakini bahwa has asasi manusia marupakan palaksanaan nilai-nilai nang disatujui ulih masyarakat. Ada jua nang manyambat HAM sabagai parwakilan matan klaim-klaim kaum nang tartindas, wan haratam waktu nang sama jua tadapat kalumpuk nang ragu lawan kabaradaan HAM wan manyambat bahwa hak asasi manusia hanya ada karana manusia mancatusakan wan mamandirakan kunsip ngitu. Matan sudut pandang hukum internasional, hak asasi manusia jua kawa dibatasi atawa dikurangi lawan syara-syarat tartantu. Pambatasan biasanya harus ditantuakan ulih hukum, baisi tujuan nang sah, wan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diparluakan_hagan_sabuting_masyarakat_demokratis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Diparluakan hagan sabuting masyarakat demokratis (laman baluman ada)">diparluakan hagan sabuting masyarakat demokratis</a>. Pahadangan ngitu, pangurangan hanya kawa dilakukan dalam keadaan darurat nang mangancam "kehidupan bangsa", wan pacahnya perang pun balum mancukupi syarat ngini. Salawas perang, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kemanusiaan_internasional&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum kemanusiaan internasional (laman baluman ada)">hukum kemanusiaan internasional</a> barlaku hagan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lex_specialis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lex specialis (laman baluman ada)">lex specialis</a></i>. Walaupun kaya ngitu, sejumlah hak tetap kada buulih dikasampingakan dalam kaadaan nang apapun, nang kaya hak hagan bibisa matan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbudakan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbudakan (laman baluman ada)">perbudakan</a> maupun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyiksaan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyiksaan (laman baluman ada)">penyiksaan</a>. </p><p>Masyarakat kuno kada pinandu lawan kunsip hak asasi manusia universtal nang kaya halnya masyarakat modern. Pelopor sabujurnya matan wacan hak asasi manusia adalah kunsip <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_kodrati&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hak kodrati (laman baluman ada)">hak kodrati</a> nang dikambangakan haratan tahun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abad_Pencerahan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abad Pencerahan (laman baluman ada)">Abad Pencerahan</a>, nang imbahnya mamangaruhi wacana pulitik salawas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolusi_Amirika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolusi Amirika (laman baluman ada)">Revolusi Amirika</a> wan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolusi_Prancis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolusi Prancis (laman baluman ada)">Revolusi Prancis</a>. Kunsip hak asasi manusia modern cungul pas paruh kaduwa abad kaduwa puluh, tarutama imbah dirumusakannya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pernyataan_Umum_tentang_Hak-Hak_Asasi_Manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia (laman baluman ada)">Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia</a> (PUHAM) di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris (laman baluman ada)">Paris</a> pas tahun 1948. Salawas ngitu, hak asasi manusia sudah maalami parkambangan nang hancap wan jadi samacam kudi etik nang ditarima wan ditagakakan sacara global. Palaksanaan hak asasi manusia di tingkat internasional diawasi ulih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dewan_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_PBB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dewan Hak Asasi Manusia PBB (laman baluman ada)">Dewan Hak Asasi Manusia PBB</a> wan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Badan_traktat_PBB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Badan traktat PBB (laman baluman ada)">badan-badan traktat PBB</a> nangkaya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komite_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_PBB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Komite Hak Asasi Manusia PBB (laman baluman ada)">Komite Hak Asasi Manusia PBB</a> wan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komite_Hak_Ikunumi,_Sosial,_dan_Budaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Komite Hak Ikunumi, Sosial, dan Budaya (laman baluman ada)">Komite Hak Ikunumi, Sosial, dan Budaya</a>, samantara di tingkat regional, hak asasi manusia ditagakakan ulih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengadilan_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_Eropa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia Eropa (laman baluman ada)">Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia Eropa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengadilan_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_Antar-Amerika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia Antar-Amerika (laman baluman ada)">Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia Antar-Amerika</a>, sarta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengadilan_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_wan_Hak_Penduduk_Afrika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia wan Hak Penduduk Afrika (laman baluman ada)">Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia wan Hak Penduduk Afrika</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovenan_Internasional_tentang_Hak-Hak_Sipil_dan_Politik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Sipil dan Politik (laman baluman ada)">Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Sipil dan Politik</a> (ICCPR) wan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovenan_Internasional_tantang_Hak-Hak_Ikunumi,_Sosial,_wan_Budaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kovenan Internasional tantang Hak-Hak Ikunumi, Sosial, wan Budaya (laman baluman ada)">Kovenan Internasional tantang Hak-Hak Ikunumi, Sosial, wan Budaya</a> (ICESCR) surang sudah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratifikasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ratifikasi (laman baluman ada)">diratifikasi</a> ulih hampir sabarataan negara di dunia wayahini. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sajarah">Sajarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Babak hagian: Sajarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Sajarah"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">Artikal utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah hak asasi manusia (laman baluman ada)">Sejarah hak asasi manusia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Barakas:Magna_Carta_(British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg/200px-Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg/300px-Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg/400px-Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption>Piagam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Carta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Magna Carta (laman baluman ada)">Magna Carta</a> nang rancak dianggap lawan piagam hak panambayan, walaupun piagam ngini sangat balalain lawan piagam HAM modern sabab hanya manjamin hak-hak bubuhan bangsawan Inggris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201019_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Upaya hagan mancarii sajarah hak asasi manusia takajal ulih pardabatan manganai titik pamulaannya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201018_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann20114_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann20114-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sacara umum wan abstrak, nilai-nilai nang mamulaakan hak asasi manusia (nang kaya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaadilan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaadilan (laman baluman ada)">kaadilan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasataraan_pulitik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasataraan pulitik (laman baluman ada)">kesetaraan</a>, wan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martabat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Martabat (laman baluman ada)">martabat</a>) kawa ditamuakan dalam barbagai masyarakat dalam sejarah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200117_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200117-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kunsip-kunsip nang takait lawan hak asasi manusia sudah kawa dicarii paling kada samanjak dikaluarakannya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang_Hammurabi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-undang Hammurabi (laman baluman ada)">Undang-Undang Hammurabi</a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Babilonia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Babilonia (laman baluman ada)">Babilonia</a> pas abad ka-18 SM, wan jua lawan cungulnya kitab-kitab <a href="/wiki/Agama" title="Agama">agama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201018_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Apabila nang dijadiakan tolok ukur adalah sejarah gagasan bahwa saban manusia baisi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_kodrati&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hak kodrati (laman baluman ada)">hak kodrati</a>, kunsip ngini sudah ada sakadanya matan zaman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunani_Kuno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yunani Kuno (laman baluman ada)">Yunani Kuno</a> lawan cungulnya pamikiran filsuf-filsuf <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stoikisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stoikisme (laman baluman ada)">Stoikisme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201018_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tagal, klaim-klaim historis samacam ngini sudah manuai kritikan sabab dianggap manyamaratakan gagasan manganai kaadilan, kasataraan, wan kamanusiaan lawan kunsip hak asasi manusia modern.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonnelly2007284_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonnelly2007284-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apabila sajarah HAM nang dicariii adalah sajarah HAM modern nang ditagakaakan sacara hukum di tingkat nasional wan internasional wayahini, kawa disambat bahwa sajarahnya baawal matan piagam-piagam nang mancantumkan kabibasan-kabibasan nang malindungi si ampun hak matan panyalah gunaan kakuasaan ulih pamimpin, wan dukumin nang mungkin kawa disambat sabaga titik awalnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Carta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Magna Carta (laman baluman ada)">Magna Carta</a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karajaan_Inggris&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Karajaan Inggris (laman baluman ada)">Karajaan Inggris</a> matan tahun 1215.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201018_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200117_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200117-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tagal, Magna Carta pun masih dianggap bamasalah, sabab dukumin ngini hanya malindungi bubuhan bangsawan nang kuat matan kakuasaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raja_Inggris&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Raja Inggris (laman baluman ada)">Raja Inggris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201019_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Maka matan ngitu, wayah nang dianggap sangat bapangaruh tarhadap kunsip HAM modern nang mancakup sabarataan umat manusia adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abad_Pancarahan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abad Pancarahan (laman baluman ada)">Abad Pancarahan</a> pas abad ka-18 lawan cungulnya tulisan-tulisan karya <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Locke&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Locke (laman baluman ada)">John Locke</a> nang bahubungan lawan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kodrat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum kodrat (laman baluman ada)">hukum kodrat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200117_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200117-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pakar hak asasi manusia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eva_Brems&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eva Brems (laman baluman ada)">Eva Brems</a> bahkan maulah partakunan nang labih ngalih dalam bukunya nang bajudul <i>Human Rights: Universality and Diversity</i> (2001) lawan manyambat bahwa "Sumber rumusan hak asasi manusia di tingkat internasional wayahini ngalih hagan ditilik baasa ka wayah sabalum Abad Pencerahan, atawa di andakan di luar <a href="/wiki/Irupa" title="Irupa">Irupa</a> wan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Banua_Amerika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Banua Amerika (laman baluman ada)">Amerika</a>. Gagasan bahwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parnyataan_Umum_tentang_Hak-Hak_Asasi_Manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Parnyataan Umum tentang Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia (laman baluman ada)">PUHAM</a> berakar matan saban kabudayaan kadalah labih matan sakadar mitos."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems20017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems20017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pakar HAM Jack Donnelly jua manulis bahwa "Kadada masyarakat, paradaban, atawa budaya sabalum abad ketujuhbelas (...) nang sudah baisi praktik, atawa bahkan visi, nang banyak didukung manganai hak asasi manusia sacara individual nang satara wan kada kawa dicabut."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonnelly2007284-285_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonnelly2007284-285-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bubuhan_pamikir_pancarahan">Bubuhan pamikir pancarahan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Babak hagian: Bubuhan pamikir pancarahan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Bubuhan pamikir pancarahan"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Barakas:John_Locke_by_Herman_Verelst.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/John_Locke_by_Herman_Verelst.png/200px-John_Locke_by_Herman_Verelst.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/John_Locke_by_Herman_Verelst.png/300px-John_Locke_by_Herman_Verelst.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/John_Locke_by_Herman_Verelst.png/400px-John_Locke_by_Herman_Verelst.png 2x" data-file-width="2145" data-file-height="2633" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Locke&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Locke (laman baluman ada)">John Locke</a>, pamikir Abad Pencerahan nang dipinandui akan gagasan-gagasannya manganai hak kodrati.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Hobbes (laman baluman ada)">Thomas Hobbes</a> manarbitakan karyanya nang bajudul <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leviathan_(buku)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Leviathan (buku) (laman baluman ada)">Leviathan</a></i> pas tahun 1651. Dalam buku tersebut, Hobbes berpendapat bahwa kekuasaan absolut wajib ada, dan ia menolak gagasan mengenai pembatasan terhadap kekuasaan. Oleh sabab ngitu, inya manyambat bahwa sabarataan bawahan seyogianya tunduk lawan panguasanya, wan ia kada banyak bajapai lawan hak kodrati. Tagal kaya ngitu, Hobbes mayakini bahwa panguasa harus menjalankan wiwinangnya sacara bertanggung jawab wan lawan maumpati hukum Allah wan hukum kodrat. Selain ngitu, Hobbes dianggap barjasa sabab sudah maminanduakan gagasan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontrak_sosial&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontrak sosial (laman baluman ada)">kontrak sosial</a> nang manyambat bahwa panguasa baisi wiwinang hagan bakuasa sabab rakyat sabalumnya sudah manyambat kasadiaan buhannya hagan disuruh-suruh. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201020_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Locke mangambangakan gagasan ngini labih lanjut dalam karyanya,<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_Treatises_of_Government&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Two Treatises of Government (laman baluman ada)">Two Treatises of Government</a></i>, nang ditarbitakan pas tahun 1689. Locke dipinandui lawan pamikirannnya manganai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_kodrati&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hak kodrati (laman baluman ada)">hak kodrati</a> bahwa manusia taranak lawan "kabibasan sempurna" wan panikmatan hak-hak wan kaistimiwaan nang "kada takandali" dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaadaan_alamiah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaadaan alamiah (laman baluman ada)">kaadaan alamiah</a> sabalum adanya negara. Manusia sacara alamiah jua baisi kakuatan hagan mampartahanakan kahidupan, kabibasan, wan hak-hak ampunnya matan ancaman atawa sarangan manusia lain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201020_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Inya manulak mantah-mantah klaim bahwa manusia kawa malapasakan hak-hak kodratinya. Manurutnya, kadada urang nang kawa manjulung wiwinang nang labih ganal matanpada nang inya ampun. Selain ngitu, badasarkan pandangan Locke, kadada sabuting pun insan nang baisi kakuasaan mutlak wan sawinang-winang tarhadap dirinya surang maupun tarhadap urang lain sampai-sampai buhannya kawa mamatii atawa marapas hak ampun urang nang lain. Maka matan ngitu, manusia dianggap kada kawa manundukakan dirinya kapada kakuasaan sawinang-sawinang urang lain. Matan sini, cungul kasimpulan bahwa manusia masih tatap manahani kabibasan alamiahnya bahkan haratan buhannya hidup di sabuting nagara, wan parumusan kontrak sosial hagan mandiriakan nagara kada dianggap sabagai panjulungan hak kadada syarat nang kaya dibayangakan ulih Hobbes. Gagasan ngini mambuka jalan hagan kacungulan hak asasi nang malindungi sasaurang matan parmintaan-parmintaan nang kada badasar matan negara <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomuschat200812_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomuschat200812-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Labih jauh lagi, Locke manyambat bahwa panguasa takananya parlu dilawan amunnya buhannya sawinang-winang dalam manjalanakan kakuasaannya atawa mamakainya hagan mangakibatakan kahancuran, wan lainnya hagan kabaikan umat manusia wan parlindungan hak buhannya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201020_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gagasan ngini kelak tatuang dalam mukadimah PUHAM: "Manimbang bahwa hak-hak asasi manusia parlu dilindungi ulih paraturan hukum supaya urang kadada tapaksa mamilih pambaruntakan sabagai usaha pauncitan guna manantang kalaliman wan panindasan."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPUHAM1948_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPUHAM1948-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haratan tahun nang sama, pamarintah Inggris mangaluarakan piagam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_of_Rights_1689&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bill of Rights 1689 (laman baluman ada)">Bill of Rights</a></i> nang mambariakan hak-hak nang tarbatas, nangkaya palarangan pangganjaran hukuman nang "lalim wan kada lazim". Tagal, sumbangsih paling ganal piagam ngini adalah dalam manatapkan kunsip <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaulatan_parlemen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadaulatan parlemen (laman baluman ada)">kadaulatan parlemen</a> sacara konstitusional. Bardasarkan pamahaman masyarakat modern, piagam ngini kada mamanuhi syarat sabagai piagam hak asasi manusia, tagal dianggap panting sabab sudah mamastiakan gagasan bahwa kakuasaan mutlak di tangan negara parlu dibatasi demi kaparluan individu-individu di dalamnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201019_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manjadi_hukum_positif">Manjadi hukum positif</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Babak hagian: Manjadi hukum positif" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Manjadi hukum positif"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Barakas:Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/220px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/330px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/440px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3657" data-file-height="4636" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_dan_Warga_Negara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manusia dan Warga Negara (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manusia dan Warga Negara</a> nang disahakan ulih Majelis Nasional Prancis pas tahun 1789.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gagasan Locke manganai hak kodrati hagan panambayannya diejawantahkan sacara hukum di <a href="/wiki/Amirika_Serikat" class="mw-redirect" title="Amirika Serikat">Amirika Serikat</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_Hak-Hak_Virginia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi Hak-Hak Virginia (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi Hak-Hak Virginia</a> nang dikaluarakan pas tanggal 12 Juni 1776 dianggap sabagai piagam hak panambayan nang sajalan lawan kunsip modern; dukumin nang ngitu kada hanya maakaui bahwa sabarataan manusia ngitu satara, bibas, wan baisi hak-hak nang barikit lawan diri buhannya surang, tagal jua maandak daptar hak-hak nang dilindungi, nangkaya hak hagan mamparulih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prusis_hukum_nang_samastinya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prusis hukum nang samastinya (laman baluman ada)">prusis hukum nang samastinya</a> wan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabibasan_baekspresi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabibasan baekspresi (laman baluman ada)">kabibasan baekspresi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201021-22_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201021-22-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Imbah ngitu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_Kemerdekaan_Amirika_Serikat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Amirika Serikat (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Amirika Serikat</a> nang dikumandangakan pas tanggal 4 Juli 1776 baisi preambul nang sangat tersohor: </p> <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:40px;font-family:serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:10px 10px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="padding:4px 10px;">Kami maanggap kabujuran-kabujuran ngini tabukti surang, bahwa sabarataan manusia diciptakan sama, bahwa buhannya dianugarahi ulih Pancipta buhannya hak-hak tartantu nang kada kawa dipungkiri, di antarany hidup, kabibasan, wan manyasah kabahagiaan. Bahwa hagan maamanakan hak-hak ngini, Pamarintahan dilambagakan di antara manusia, kakuasaan buhannya didapat matan parsatujuan buhannya nang diparintah; bahwa pabila haja saban bantuk pamarintahan mahalangi tujuan ngini, maka hak rakyat hagan maubah atawa mambubarakannya (...).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeklarasi_Kemerdekaan_Amerika_Serikat1776_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeklarasi_Kemerdekaan_Amerika_Serikat1776-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:40px;font-family:serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:10px 10px;">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Lawan tahun nang sama, haratan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolusi_Prancis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolusi Prancis (laman baluman ada)">Revolusi Prancis</a> tangah bargalora, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_wan_Warga_Negara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manusia wan Warga Negara (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manusia wan Warga Negara</a> dimaklumakan ulih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Majelis_Nasional_Prancis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Majelis Nasional Prancis (laman baluman ada)">Majelis Nasional Prancis</a> pas tanggal 26 Agustus 1789.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201022_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201022-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Deklarasi ngini turut managasakan bahwa manusia baisi hak nang alamiah wan kada kawa dicabut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomuschat200814_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomuschat200814-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Imbah ngitu, di negara nang sama, cungul jua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_wan_Warga_Negara_1793&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manusia wan Warga Negara 1793 (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manusia wan Warga Negara 1793</a> wan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstitusi_Tahun_III&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstitusi Tahun III (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi Hak-Hak wan Kewajiban-Kewajiban Manusia wan Warga Negara</a> 1795. Di Amirika Serikat, hak asasi turut diakui di tingkat nagara bagian, nangkaya di <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_(negara_bagian)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="New York (negara bagian) (laman baluman ada)">New York</a> pas tahun 1777 wan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Massachusetts (laman baluman ada)">Massachusetts</a> pas tahun 1780, sarta di tingkat federal dalam bantuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_Hak-Hak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi Hak-Hak (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi Hak-Hak</a> tahun 1791 nang marupakan sapuluh amendemen panambayan tarhadap <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstitusi_Amirika_Serikat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstitusi Amirika Serikat (laman baluman ada)">Konstitusi Amirika Serikat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200117_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200117-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deklarasi-deklarasi ngini pas praktiknya kada baisi cakupan nang mandunia (barataan). Haratan Abada Pancarahan, "manusia" dianggap sabagai lakian nang kawa malindungi dirinya surang, sahingga budak kulit hirang, babinian, <a href="/wiki/Kakanakan" title="Kakanakan">kakanakan</a>, wan bahkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamba_tani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamba tani (laman baluman ada)">hamba tani</a> kada tamasuk ka dalam cakupan. Banyak matan bubuhan parumus Deklarasi Hak-Hak di Amirika Serikat nang manarima institusi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parbudakan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Parbudakan (laman baluman ada)">parbudakan</a> wan maanggap binian kada layak hagan talibat dalam urusan pulitik.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200118_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200118-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Di Prancis, walaupun bubuhan parumus Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manuia wan Warga Negara tahun 1789 kada mambatasi cakupannya lawan urang Parancis haja, usulan "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_Hak_Asasi_Wanita_wan_Warga_Negara_Babinian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi Hak Asasi Wanita wan Warga Negara Babinian (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi Hak Asasi Wanita wan Warga Negara Babinian</a>" nang dicatusakan ulih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympe_de_Gouges&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Olympe de Gouges (laman baluman ada)">Olympe de Gouges</a> pas tahun 1791 kada digubris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200118_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200118-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Haratan zaman nangitu, babinian jua dianggap baisi kodrat irasional, sahingga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Nasional_Prancis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Nasional Prancis (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi Nasional Prancis</a> manyambat pas tahun 1793 bahwa kakanakan, babinian, urang gila, wan tahanan kada akan dianggap sebagai warga negara (hagan tahanan, sampai inya direhabilitasi).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200119_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200119-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Walaupun bagitu, dukumin-dukumin ngini tatap barhasil maubah gagasan Locke wan filsuf-filsuf pancarahan lainnya manjadi hukum positif. Selain ngitu, deklarasi-deklarasi ngini jua manjadi terobosan sabab mampu mambatasi kekuasaan negara lawan babagai cara, tarmasuk lawan malindungi hak-hak individu. Tatanan konstitusi semacam ngini imbahnya manyabar ka negara-negara lain, nangkaya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republik_Batavia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Republik Batavia (laman baluman ada)">Belanda</a> pas tahun 1798, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstitusi_Spanyol_1812&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstitusi Spanyol 1812 (laman baluman ada)">Spanyol</a> pas tahun 1812, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Belgia (laman baluman ada)">Belgia</a> pas tahun 1831, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> pas tahun 1847, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerajaan_Sardinia-Piemonte&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerajaan Sardinia-Piemonte (laman baluman ada)">Sardinia</a> pas tahun 1848, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prusia (laman baluman ada)">Prusia</a> pas tahun 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201025_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201025-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abad_ka-19_wan_pamulaan_abad_ka-20">Abad ka-19 wan pamulaan abad ka-20</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Babak hagian: Abad ka-19 wan pamulaan abad ka-20" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Abad ka-19 wan pamulaan abad ka-20"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Barakas:Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg/200px-Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg/300px-Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg/400px-Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_Bentham&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeremy Bentham (laman baluman ada)">Jeremy Bentham</a>, filsuf <a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarianisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Utilitarianisme (laman baluman ada)">utilitarianisme</a> asal Inggris nang manantang gagasan hak kodrati.</figcaption></figure> <p>Walaupun gagasan manganai hak-hak dasar sudah manyabar ka barbagai nagara, kunsip "hak asasi manusia" nang barlaku hagan samuaan manusia tanpa tarkacuali masih jarang ditamui di hukum nasional maupun internasional pada abad ka-19 wan pamulaan abad ka-20. Salain ngitu, gagasan hak kodrati suang jua kada banyak manyita parhatian bubuhan pamikir pas abad nangitu; pamiki-pamikir pulitik nangkaya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexis_de_Tocqueville&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexis de Tocqueville (laman baluman ada)">Alexis de Tocqueville</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Marx&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Marx (laman baluman ada)">Karl Marx</a>, wan <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> hanya manyambat hak asasi manusia sacara sepintas wan buhannya malah mamandangnya lawan kritis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann20117_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann20117-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Salah sabuting pamikir pas wayah nangitu nang mangamukakan kritik nang keras tarhadap pamarakan hak kodrati adalah filsuf Inggris <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_Bentham&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeremy Bentham (laman baluman ada)">Jeremy Bentham</a>. Inya maanganggap kunsip hukum kodrati sabagai suatu "omong kosong", wan inya manyambat bahwa "hak nang sabujurnya" baasal matan "hukum nang sabujurnya", sadangkan hak nang baasal matan "hukum imajiner" marupakan hak nang jua basipat "imajiner".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201024_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201024-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abad ka-19 juaa dipinandui lawan cungulnya tunjulan hagan mahapus perbudakan, wan garakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolisionisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolisionisme (laman baluman ada)">abolisionisme</a> surang sudah diprakarsai di Inggris pas tahun 1787 lawan diulahnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_for_the_Abolition_of_Slave_Trade&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Society for the Abolition of Slave Trade (laman baluman ada)">Society for the Abolition of Slave Trade</a> ulih kaum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Quaker (laman baluman ada)">Quaker</a>. Haratan tahun 1833, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Britania&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperium Britania (laman baluman ada)">Imperium Britania</a> mambibasakan sabarataan budaknya, wan Prancis jua maambil langkah nang sama pas tahun 1848. Amirika Serikat surang hanyar bahasil mahapuskan parbudakan pas tahun 1865 imbah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Dingsanak_Amirika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Dingsanak Amirika (laman baluman ada)">perang dingsanak</a> malawan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfederasi_Amirika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konfederasi Amirika (laman baluman ada)">konfederasi negara-negara bagian selatan</a> nang mandukung perbudakan, sapahadangan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kekaisaran_Rusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kekaisaran Rusia (laman baluman ada)">Rusia</a> mahapusakan sistem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perhambaan_huma_di_Rusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perhambaan huma di Rusia (laman baluman ada)">perhambaan huma</a> pas tahun 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann20117_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann20117-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tagal, cungul karaguan bahwa abolisionisme bujur-bujur dilancarakan atas dasar moral, apalagi "hak asasi manusia". Diduga Inggris maambil tindakan nangitu demi kepentingan ikunumi, sabab kelanjutan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pardagangan_budak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pardagangan budak (laman baluman ada)">pardagangan budak</a> dianggap akan mauntungakan jajahan negara-negara saingan Inggris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomuschat200814_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomuschat200814-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Salain ngitu, Inggris jua dinilai handak manjalanakan "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Misi_pemberadaban&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Misi pemberadaban (laman baluman ada)">misi pemberadaban</a>" nang akan maulahnya saulah baisi moral nang lebih baik matanpada negara-negara Irupa lainnya. Imbah ngitu, pas zaman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialisme_Hanyar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperialisme Hanyar (laman baluman ada)">Imperialisme Hanyar</a>, panulakan tarhadap perbudakan rancak dijadiakan dalih ulih negara-negara Irupa hagan manggawi "campur tangan kemanusiaan".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann20118_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann20118-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Konstitusi negara-negara Irupa pas abad ka-19 jua mahindari panyambatan kunsip "hak asasi manusia" maupun "hak kodrati". Hak asasi manusia sudah kada lagi disambat dalam Konstitusi Prancis imbah tahun 1799 wan hanyar cungul lagi pas tahun 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann20118_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann20118-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Di tangah bargaluranya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolusi_1848&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolusi 1848 (laman baluman ada)">Revolusi 1848</a>, rancangan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstitusi_Frankfurt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstitusi Frankfurt (laman baluman ada)">Konstitusi Frankfurt</a> mangandung daptar "hak-hak dasar" (<i>Grundrechte</i>). Tagal, nangkaya konstitusi-konstitusi lainnya pas zaman ngitu, hak-hak nangitu hanya kawa dinikmati ulih warga negara, nangkaya nang dapat diitihi matan ngarannya, <i>Grundrechte des deutschen Volkes</i>, sahingga hak-hak nangitu lainlah hak nang barlaku sacara universal nangkaya halnya hak asasi pas wayah modern. Imbah kagagalan revolusi ngini, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Positivisme_hukum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Positivisme hukum (laman baluman ada)">positivisme hukum</a>, atawa gagasan bahwa kadada hukum di luar undang-undang, barhasil manjauhakan doktrin hukum kodrati sabagai justifikasi hagan menganugerahkan hak. Hak asasi manusia surang kada disamba dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstitusi_Kekaisaran_Jerman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstitusi Kekaisaran Jerman (laman baluman ada)">Konstitusi Kekaisaran Jerman</a> tahun 1871, wan daptar hak-hak wan kawajiban-kawajiban hanyar cungul pulang dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstitusi_Republik_Weimar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstitusi Republik Weimar (laman baluman ada)">Konstitusi Republik Weimar</a> tahun 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann20119_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann20119-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Di tingkat internasional, gagasan "hak kodrati" hanya dijadiakan sabagai dalih hagan malancarakan misi pambaradaban.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann201111_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann201111-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sabagai cuntuh, Prancis baisi kunsip <i>mission civilisatrice</i> sabagai pambujuran hagan "mambibasakan" urang-urang <a href="/wiki/Aprika" title="Aprika">Afrika</a> matan kakuasaan pamimpin panduduk bujur nang "terbelakang".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann20118_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann20118-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Haratan wayah ngitu, bangsa Eropa mamang masih mambidaakan antara negara-negara nang "beradab" lawan masyarakat "tidak beradab" di luar Irupa wan Amirika. Hanya negara nang dianggap "beradab" nang baisi hak, sapahadangan wilayah masyarakat nang "kada beradab" kawa sewaktu-waktu dicaplok ulih negara Irupa sabab dianggap sabagai <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terra_nullius&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Terra nullius (laman baluman ada)">terra nullius</a></i> ("tanah tak bertuan").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann201110-11_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann201110-11-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haratan wayah tuntungnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Dunia_I&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Dunia I (laman baluman ada)">Perang Dunia I</a>, parlindungan hak asasi manusia sama sakali kada masuk ka dalam cakupan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piagam_Liga_Bangsa-Bangsa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piagam Liga Bangsa-Bangsa (laman baluman ada)">Piagam Liga Bangsa-Bangsa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeitz200915_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeitz200915-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> walaupun parlindungan kalumpuk minoritas tatap jadi parhatian matan urganisasi internasional nangitu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201029-31_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201029-31-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Maskipun kaya ngitu, di tingkat nasional, cungul pargarakan-pargarakan hak asasi manusia, nangkaya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federasi_Internasional_hagan_Hak_Asasi_Manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Federasi Internasional hagan Hak Asasi Manusia (laman baluman ada)">Fédération Internationale des Droits de l’Homme</a> nang didiriakan di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris (laman baluman ada)">Paris</a> pas tahun 1922. Organisasi nangitu manuntut dikaluarkannya deklarasi atawa piagam hak asasi manusia dunia nang basipat maikat. Di kuta nang sama, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acad%C3%A9mie_Diplomatique_Internationale&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Académie Diplomatique Internationale (laman baluman ada)">Académie Diplomatique Internationale</a> nang didiriakan ulih sajumlah pengacara internasional pas tahun 1926 marumusakan sabuting deklarasi, nang imbahnya mainspirasi Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manusia Internasional nang dikaluarakan ulih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_de_droit_international&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut de droit international (laman baluman ada)">Institut Hukum Internasional</a> di New York pas tahun 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeitz200915-16_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeitz200915-16-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imbah-Perang_Dunia_II">Imbah-Perang Dunia II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Babak hagian: Imbah-Perang Dunia II" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Imbah-Perang Dunia II"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Barakas:Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR.jpg/200px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR.jpg/300px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR.jpg/400px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5912" data-file-height="4640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eleanor_Roosevelt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eleanor Roosevelt (laman baluman ada)">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> haratan mamingkuti teks <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pernyataan_Umum_tentang_Hak-Hak_Asasi_Manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia (laman baluman ada)">Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia</a> pas tahun 1949. Inya dipinandui lawan parnyataannya di hadapan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Majelis_Umum_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Majelis Umum Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (laman baluman ada)">Majelis Umum Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa</a> bahwa sabuting rahat dukumin ngini "kawa manjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Carta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Magna Carta (laman baluman ada)">Magna Carta</a> hagan saban umat manusia".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201035_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201035-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Harataan barkacamuknya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Dunia_II&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Dunia II (laman baluman ada)">Perang Dunia II</a>, pas Januari 1941, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Presiden_Amirika_Serikat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Presiden Amirika Serikat (laman baluman ada)">Presiden Amirika Serikat</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt (laman baluman ada)">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a> mancatusakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ampat_Kabibasan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ampat Kabibasan (laman baluman ada)">Ampat Kabibasan</a> nang manurutnya parlu dijamin ulih samuaan nagara, naitu "kabibasan mangaluarakan pendapat", "kabibasan baibadah lawan Tuhan lawan cara surang-surang", "hak hagan bibas matan kakurangan wan kamiskinan", sarta "kabibasan matan katakutan". Haratan tanggal 14 Agustus 1941, Roosevelt wan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perdana_Menteri_Britania_Raya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perdana Menteri Britania Raya (laman baluman ada)">Perdana Menteri Britania Raya</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Winston_Churchill&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Winston Churchill (laman baluman ada)">Winston Churchill</a> mangaluarakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piagam_Atlantik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piagam Atlantik (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi Atlantik</a> nang maungkapakan harapan agar "manusia di samuaan nageri kawa manjalani hidup buhannya bebas matan rasa takut atawa kekurangan."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201033_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201033-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Imbahnya, pas awal tahun 1942, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_ulih_Parsarikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi ulih Parsarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi ulih Parsarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa</a> dikumandangakan. Deklarasi nang manjadi cikal bakal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (laman baluman ada)">Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa</a> (PBB) ngini ditandatangani ulih 47 negara nang manyambat kasadiaannya hagan maumpati asas nang manyambat bahwa "kemenangan mutlak atas musuh diparluakan hagan mampartahanakan hidup, kabibasan, kemerdekaan, wan kabibasaan baagama, wan hagan mamalihara hak asasi manusia wan keadilan di negeri buhannya surang wan jua di negeri lain."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201033_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201033-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Maka matan ngitu, hak asasi manusia pun menjadi salah sabuting aspirasi nang handak diwujudakan ulih negara-negara Sekutu imbah mangalahakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blok_Poros&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Blok Poros (laman baluman ada)">Blok Poros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201033_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201033-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Imbah perang, aspirasi ngini hagan panambayan kalinya diejawantahkan dalam instrumin-instrumin hukum internasional. Mukadimah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piagam_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piagam Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (laman baluman ada)">Piagam Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa</a> nang ditatapakan pas tahun 1945 mangumandangakan tekad masyarakat PBB hagan: </p> <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:40px;font-family:serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:10px 10px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="padding:4px 10px;">... manulungi ganarasi panarus matan bencana perang, nang duwa kali dalam hidup kita sudah mambawa kasadihan nang kada kawa dihitung lawan umat manusia, wan managasakan pulang kayakinan akan hak asasi manusia, atas martabat wan nilai pribadi manusia, dalam parsamaan hak lalakian wan babinian wan bangsa-bangsa ganal wan halus, (...)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiagam_PBB1945_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiagam_PBB1945-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:40px;font-family:serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:10px 10px;">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Lawan ngini, hak asasi manusia akhirnya manjadi parhatian masyarakat internasional, walaupun panyambatan istilah "hak asasi manusia" sabanyak anam kali dalam pasal-pasal Piagam PBB kada mambabanakan kawajiban nang ganal lawan negara-negara anggota.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201034_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201034-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Buhannya hanya diharusakan hagan mampromosiakan "panghurmatan hak asasi manusia seantero jagat lawan jua pengejawantahannya sarta kabibasan-kabibasan dasar hagan samuaan, tanpa pambidaan ras, jenis kelamin, basa atawa agama."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiagam_PBB1945_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiagam_PBB1945-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sabalumnya, tadapat usulan hagan maambil langkah labih lanjut. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chili (laman baluman ada)">Chili</a> wan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuba (laman baluman ada)">Kuba</a> barsadia manarima pasal-pasal nang manjamin hak-hak spesifik, sapahadangan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Panama (laman baluman ada)">Panama</a> suah mausulakan agar piagam nangitu mancantumakan daptar hak-hak asasi. Tagal, usulan-usulan ngini ditolak maraga kakhawatiran bahwa hal ngitu akan badampak buruk lawan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kedaulatan (laman baluman ada)">kedaulatan</a> nagara surang-surang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201034_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201034-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haratan tahun 1946, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komisi_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_PBB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Komisi Hak Asasi Manusia PBB (laman baluman ada)">Komisi Hak Asasi Manusia PBB</a> diulah lawan gawian hagan marumusakan Piagam Hak-Hak Internasional nang barlaku di saban dunia tanpa mangacualiakan siapa haja. Kumisi ngini imbahnya mamutusakan agar piagama samacam ngini tadiri matan tiga bagian, naitu sabuting deklrasi, sabuting konvensi, nang baisi kawajiban-kawajiban hukum, sarta bagian nang baisi tentang sistim pangawasan wan pangandalian. Tugas hagan marumusakan piagam ngini dibariakan lawan sabuting komite nang tardiri matan dalapan angguta asal <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, Chili, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republik_Tiongkok&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Republik Tiongkok (laman baluman ada)">Tiongkok</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republik_Kaampat_Prancis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Republik Kaampat Prancis (laman baluman ada)">Prancis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebanon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lebanon (laman baluman ada)">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Britania (laman baluman ada)">Britania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amirika_Serikat" class="mw-redirect" title="Amirika Serikat">Amirika Serikat</a>, wan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Uni Soviet (laman baluman ada)">Uni Soviet</a>, wan kumiti ngini dikapalai ulih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eleanor_Roosevelt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eleanor Roosevelt (laman baluman ada)">Eleanor Roosevelt</a>, bininya mandiang Franklin Roosevelt. Maka dirumuskanalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parnyataan_Umum_tentang_Hak-Hak_Asasi_Manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Parnyataan Umum tentang Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia (laman baluman ada)">Parnyataan Umum tentang Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia</a> (PUHAM) nang diulah badasarakan rancangan matan ahli hukum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanada&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanada (laman baluman ada)">Kanada</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Peters_Humphrey&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Peters Humphrey (laman baluman ada)">John Peters Humphrey</a> sarta badasarakan sabuting rancangan matan Britania Raya. Pas tanggal 10 Disimbir 1948, PUHAM diproklamasiakan ulih 48 negara angguta PBB di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Majelis_Umum_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Majelis Umum Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (laman baluman ada)">Majelis Umum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201035_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201035-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r59672">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Manimbang bahwa pangakuan atas martabat alamiah wan hak-hak nang sama wan mutlak matan sabarataan angguta kaluarga manusia adalah dasar kamardikaan, kaadilan wan pardamaian di dunia...</p><div class="templatequotecite">—&#8201;<cite>Kalimat 1 matan Pambukaan Parnyataan Umum tantang Hak-hak Asasi Manusia</cite></div> </blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r59672"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Sabarataan urang diranakakan mardika wan baisi martabat wan hak-hak nang sama.</p><div class="templatequotecite">—&#8201;<cite>Pasal 1 matan Parnyataan Umum tantang Hak-hak Asasi Manusia PBB<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPUHAM1948_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPUHAM1948-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></cite></div> </blockquote> <p>PUHAM ditarima di Majelis Umum PBB tanpa ada nagara nang manantang, walaupun anam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara_komunis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Negara komunis (laman baluman ada)">negara komunis</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Byelorusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Byelorusia (laman baluman ada)">Republik Sosialis Soviet Byelorusia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cekoslowakia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cekoslowakia (laman baluman ada)">Cekoslowakia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republik_Rakyat_Polandia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Republik Rakyat Polandia (laman baluman ada)">Polandia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Ukraina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Ukraina (laman baluman ada)">Republik Sosialis Soviet Ukraina</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Uni Soviet (laman baluman ada)">Uni Soviet</a>, wan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslavia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yugoslavia (laman baluman ada)">Yugoslavia</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Saudi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arab Saudi (laman baluman ada)">Arab Saudi</a>, wan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Afrika_Selatan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Uni Afrika Selatan (laman baluman ada)">Afrika Selatan</a> manyambat abstain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201035_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201035-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tagal, deklarasi ngini lain sabuting parjanjian internasional wan kada baisi kakuatan hukum. Wan jua tadapat kamungkinan bahwa katiadaan kakuatan hukum adalah hal nang manunjul 48 negara anggota PBB pas wayah ngitu hagan manarima deklarasi ngini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201036_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201036-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Walaupun nangkaya ngitu, nangkaya nang dijanaki ulih ahli hukum internasional asal Jerman, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Tomuschat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Tomuschat (laman baluman ada)">Christian Tomuschat</a>, "Hagan panambayan kalinya dalam sajarah umat manusia, sudah ranak sabuting dukumin nang manatapkan hak asasi manusia, talapas matan ras, warna awak, janis kalamin, basa, atawa kundisi nang lain. Bab hanyar dalam sajarah manusia sudah dimulai pas hari ngitu."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomuschat200824_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomuschat200824-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tahun 1948–1949 jua marupakan momen nang panting hagan upaya hagan mamajuakan hak asasi manusia marga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Genosida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Genosida (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi tentang Pancagahan wan Panghukuman Kajahatan Genosida</a> sudah kawa ditandatangani ulih negara-negara dunia pas tanggal 11 Disimber 1948, wan kaitu jua lawan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Jenewa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Jenewa (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi-Konvensi Jenewa</a> nang bakaitan lawan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kemanusiaan_internasional&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum kemanusiaan internasional (laman baluman ada)">hukum perang</a> pas tahun imbahnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201035_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201035-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tarkait lawan piagam hak asasi manusia nang baisi kakuatan hukum, Komisi HAM PBB hanya tuntung marumusakan isi matan dukumin-dukumin nang kainanya akan dipinandui lawan ngaram <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovenan_Internasional_tentang_Hak-Hak_Sipil_wan_Pulitik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Sipil wan Pulitik (laman baluman ada)">Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Sipil wan Pulitik</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Inggris">basa Inggris</a>: <span lang="en" class="description en">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</span>, disingkat ICCPR) wan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovenan_Internasional_tentang_Hak-Hak_Ikunumi,_Sosial,_wan_Budaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Ikunumi, Sosial, wan Budaya (laman baluman ada)">Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Ikunumi, Sosial, wan Budaya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Inggris">basa Inggris</a>: <span lang="en" class="description en">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</span>, disingkat ICESCR) pas tahun 1954. Tagal, kaduwa parjanjian ngini hanyar ditandatangani ulih negara-negara angguta pas tahun 1966 wan mulai barlaku pas tahun 1976 imbah di<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratifikasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ratifikasi (laman baluman ada)">ratifikasi</a> ulih 35 negara. Sajarah parumusan kaduwa parjanjian ngini manampaiakan banyaknya panyasuaian wan kumprumi nang parlu digawi supaya kawa ditarima ulih negara-negara angguta PBB.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201036_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201036-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Walaupun parkambangannya barlangsung lambat, wahini kaduwa parjanjian ngini sudah diratifikasi ulih hampir sabarataan negara wan manjadi bagian matan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_internasional&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum internasional (laman baluman ada)">hukum internasional</a>. Pandangan masyarakat internasional tarhadap hak asasi jua sudah maalami parubahan ganak,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201037_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201037-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> wan hak asasi manusia sudah manjadi samacam kudi etik nang ditarima wan didiriakan sacara global.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013670_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013670-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landasan_kunsiptual">Landasan kunsiptual</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Babak hagian: Landasan kunsiptual" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Landasan kunsiptual"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analisis_hak">Analisis hak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Babak hagian: Analisis hak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Analisis hak"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Badasarakan pamikiran nang dicatusakan ulih pakar hukum matan Amirika Serikat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesley_Newcomb_Hohfeld&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld (laman baluman ada)">Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld</a>, "hak" kawa dianalisis lawan mamakai ampat macam "fenomena" nang manunjukakan hubungan antara hak wan kawajiban, naitu "klaim", "kaistimiwaan" atawa "kebebasan", "kuasa", wan "kakabalan". A kawa disambat baisi hak-klaim nang manuntu B hagan manggawi sabuting hal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamunnya_wan_lamunnya_haja&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lamunnya wan lamunnya haja (laman baluman ada)">lamunnya wan lamunnya haja</a> B baisi kawajiban lawan A hagan maambil tindakan nang ngitu. Cuntuhnya adalah hak atas kasihatan, marga hak ngini mambebanakan kawajiban lawan nagara hagan manjamin katarsadiaan layanan kasihatan minimal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKar2013109_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKar2013109-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Imbahnya, hak-kabibasan pada dasarnya adalah katiadaan hak-klaim. A baisi hak-kabibasan lawan B hagan manggawi sabuting hal lamunnya wan lamunnya haja A kada baisi kawajiban lawan B hagan maambil tindakan nang ngitu. Lawan kata lain, A kada akan malanggar kewajiban lawan B hagan kada manggawi sabuting hal lamun A mamutusakan hagan manggawi sabuting hal ngitu. Cuntuhnya adalah hak atas kabibasan baagama. Hak atas kabibasan baagama biasanya dipandang sabagai katiadaan hak-klaim matan nagara tarhadap rakyatnya hagan maragap agama tartantu, sahingga siapahaja kada baisi kawajiban lawan nagara hagan maragap agama tartantu. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKar2013110_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKar2013110-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hak-klaim wan hak-kabibasan kawa disambat lawan "aturan primer" (<i>primary rules</i>) badasarakan terminologi pakar hukum asal Britania Raya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=H.L.A._Hart&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="H.L.A. Hart (laman baluman ada)">H.L.A. Hart</a>, marga kaduanya bakaitan lawan aturan nang mawajibakan saikung urang hagan maambil atawa manjauhi tindakan tartantu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKar2013110-111_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKar2013110-111-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sapahadangan ngitu, hak-kuasa wan hak-kekebalan kawa disambat sabagai "aturan sekunder" (<i>secondary rules</i>), naitu aturan nang mambarii kaharatan lawan sabuting pihak hagan maubah aturan parimer. Hak-kuasa pas pamulaannya adalah hak apapun nang mambariakan kaharatan lawan sabuting pihak hagan maubah hak-klaim atawa hak-kabibasan. Cuntuh matan hak-kuasa adalah hak hagan marumusakan perjanjian dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_perdata&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum perdata (laman baluman ada)">hukum perdata</a>. Hak ngini pas pamulaannya mambarii kuasa lawan A hagan maanugarahakan hak-klaim hanyar lawan B nang mambebanakan kawajiban lawan A hagan manggawi hal tartantu. Sapahadangan ngitu, hak-kekebalan marupakan ketiadaan hak-kuasa. Cuntuhnya adalah palarangan perbudakan: pamarintah kada baisi kuasa hagan memaksa rakyatnya jadi budak, sahingga rakyat kawa disambat baisi hak-kekebalan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKar2013111_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKar2013111-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hakikat">Hakikat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Babak hagian: Hakikat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Hakikat"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Di bubuhan akademisi, tadapat ampat mazhab lawan parbidaan panglihatan parihal hakikat matanpada kunsip "hak asasi manusia", naitu mazhab "natural", "deliberatif", "protes", wan "diskursus".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDembour2010a2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDembour2010a2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mazhab "natural" mamakai dipinisi hak asasi manusia nang paling dipinandui, naitu bahwa hak asasi manusia adalah hak nang diampunnya ulih saikung urang marga inya adalah saikung manusia <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDembour2010a2_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDembour2010a2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeitz200949_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeitz200949-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bubuhan panganut mazhab ngini parcaya bahwa hak asasi manusia "dianugarahakan" sacara "alamiah", baik ngitu ulih <a href="/wiki/Tuhan" title="Tuhan">Tuhan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alam_semesta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alam semesta (laman baluman ada)">alam semesta</a>, bardasarkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nalar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nalar (laman baluman ada)">nalar</a>, ataupun matan sumbir-sumbir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transenden&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Transenden (laman baluman ada)">transendental</a> lainnya. Hagan buhannya, hak asasi manusia basipat universal marga hak nangitu basipat alamiah. Buhannya jua baisi kayakinan bahwa hak asasi manusia ngitu ada tarus talapas matan pangakuan ulih masyarakat, walaupun buhannya tatap manyambut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodifikasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodifikasi (laman baluman ada)">kodifikasi</a> hak asasi manusia dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_positif&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum positif (laman baluman ada)">hukum positif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDembour2010a3_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDembour2010a3-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mazhab natural ngini marupakan panglihatan "tradisional" dalam bidang hak asasi manusia, tagal sapaimbai barjalannya waktu, samakin banyak nang baalih ka mazhab "deliberatif", naitu sabuting mazhab nang maanggap hak asasi manusia sabagai nilai-nilai pulitik nang disatujui ulih sabuting masyarakat. Mazhab ngini manulak upaya hagan mamasukakan unsur-unsur naturalistik ka dalam kunsip hak asasi manusia. Bubuhan pandukung mazhab ngini tatap handak supaya hak asasi manusia bersifat universal, tagal buhannya marasa bahwa hal ngini hanya akan tarcapai amunnya samuaan urang manarima hak asasi manusia sabaga standar hukum wan pulitik paling baik hagan maatur jalannya hidup masyarakat. Manurut mazhab deliberatif, salah sabuting cara hagan manungkapakan nilai-nilai hak asasi manusia nang sudah disatujui adalah malalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_tata_negara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum tata negara (laman baluman ada)">hukum tata negara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDembour2010a3_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDembour2010a3-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ciri-ciri utama matan mazhab-mazhab ngini kawa diitihi di tabel nang ngini: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hak Asasi Manusia</th> <th>Natural</th> <th>Deliberatif</th> <th>Protes</th> <th>Diskursus </th></tr> <tr> <th><b>Hakikat</b> </th> <td>Dianugarahakan </td> <td>Disatujui </td> <td>Diparjuangakan </td> <td>Dipandirakan </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Rupa</b> </th> <td>Hak </td> <td>Asas </td> <td>Klaim/Aspirasi </td> <td>Targantung pancatusnya </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Pungsi</b> </th> <td>Hagan sabarataan urang </td> <td>Hagan manjalanakan pamarintahan nang adil </td> <td>Tautama hagan buhannya nang mandarita </td> <td>Saharusnya hagan nang mandarita, tagal pas praktiknya kada </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Sumbir</b> </th> <td>Alam/Tuhan/nalar </td> <td>Konsensus </td> <td>Tradisi parjuangan susial </td> <td>Bahasa </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Kawa Manjadi Hukum?</b> </th> <td>Dasar nginilah tujuannya </td> <td>Kawa, wan HAM biasanya dasar ada dalam bantuk hukum </td> <td>Parlu, tagal hukum rancak mancadarai HAM </td> <td>Hukum HAM ngitu ada, tagal kada mengejawantahkan sabuting hal nang labih ganal </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Basipat universal?</b> </th> <td>Ya, bagian matan struktur alam semesta </td> <td>Bisa jadi, targantung konsensus </td> <td>Pada dasarnya marga pandaritaan basipat universal </td> <td>Kada, sifat universal hanya berupa dalih </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align: center;">Sumber: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#CITEREFDembour2010a">Dembour 2010a</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDembour2010a11_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDembour2010a11-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Hagan catatan, mazhab-mazhab ngini kawa batumpang tindih surang-surang, atawa dalam kata lain, tadapat palihatan-palihatan nang barupa panggabungan matan saban unsur dalam mazhab-mazhab di atas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDembour2010a20_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDembour2010a20-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ciri-ciri">Ciri-ciri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Babak hagian: Ciri-ciri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Ciri-ciri"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Barakas:Harmony_Day_(5475651018).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Harmony_Day_%285475651018%29.jpg/250px-Harmony_Day_%285475651018%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Harmony_Day_%285475651018%29.jpg/375px-Harmony_Day_%285475651018%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Harmony_Day_%285475651018%29.jpg/500px-Harmony_Day_%285475651018%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Hak asasi manusia basipat universal wan barlaku hagan samuaan urang tanpa terkecuali.</figcaption></figure> <p>Talapas matan parbidaan palihatan manganai hakikatnya, badasarakan makna bujurnya, hak asasi manusia umumnya dianggap sawagai hak nang dibaisii saikung urang maraga inya adalah saikung manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonnelly2007282_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonnelly2007282-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hak asasi manusia basipat "universal", atawa dalam kata lain hak nang ngitu dibaisii ulih samuaan urang di seantero jagat. Maka matan ngitu, kunsip "universal" dalam artian ngini bakaitan lawan cakupan panarapan hak asasi manusia nang mamaduakan cakupan wilayah (<i>ratione loci</i>) tarluas lawan cakupan parurangan (<i>ratione personae</i>) nang jua paling luas. Bahkan kawa disambat bahwa panyambatan istilah giugrapis dalam makna matan kunsip "universal" ngitu balalabih, maraga hak asasi manusia barlaku hagan samuaan urang tanpa tarkacuali, sahingga kada masalah urang ngitu haratan bagana di mana. Dalam kunsip ngini jua tarkandung pamahaman bahwa kadada manusia nang tarandah matanpada nang lain, wan jua bahwa kadada manusi nang "lain manusia", sahingga asas universal sangat takait lawan asa kasataraan wan non-diskriminisai. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems20014_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems20014-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nang ngini jua manandaakan bahwa hak asasi manusia kada kawa dicabut (<i>inalienable</i>) maraga saikung urang kada kawa maubah atawa manadiakan jati diri manusianya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonnelly2007283_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonnelly2007283-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hak asasi manusia basipat subjektif, dalam artian rancak ada nang manjadi ampunnya hak. Saban hak jua baisi ubjek, nang kaya "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabibasan_bagarumbung&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabibasan bagarumbung (laman baluman ada)">kabibasan bagarumbung</a>". Hak rancak dialamatakan lawan sabuting pihak atawa pihak-pihak lain, wan hak asasi manusia utamanya diarahakan lawan nagara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENickel_&amp;_Reidy201041_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENickel_&amp;_Reidy201041-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Maka matan ngitu, hak asasi manusia kawa dianggap baisi hakikat ganda dalam artian nang dikumandangakan kada hanya kabaradaan hak-hak, tagal jua kawajiban sarta pihak nang manjadi paingkut kawajiban nangitu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelton_&amp;_Gould2013562_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelton_&amp;_Gould2013562-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Saban hak jua marinciakan pusisi normatif ampunnya hak wan pihak nang dialamatakan ulih hak nangitu. Sawagai cuntuh, hak hagan kawin lain baarti saban urang kawa mangkalaim bahwa inya harus kawin. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENickel_&amp;_Reidy201041_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENickel_&amp;_Reidy201041-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kandungan normatif matan hak nangitu manyambat bahwa saban urang bibas maubah satatus hukum buhannya hagan hidup baimbai lawan urang lain nang barsadia, wan kadada nang kawa dipaksa hagan manikah atawa manikah atawa jua manarima lamaran urang lain. Barbagai hak jua baisi pangacualian, cuntuhnya adalah kabibasan bagarumbung nang kada kawa maampihakan nagara dalam upaya buhannya hagan mambarantas urganisasi kriminal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENickel_&amp;_Reidy201042_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENickel_&amp;_Reidy201042-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Matan sudut pandang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_internasional&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum internasional (laman baluman ada)">hukum internasional</a>, panarima hak asasi manusia adalah individu, wan hak asasi hanya kawa dialamatakan lawan nagara. Ulih sabab ngitu, hak asasi manusia kada kawa dialamatakan lawan pihak saikungan atawa jua urganisasi masyarakat nang lain bagian matan pamarintah, <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKälin_&amp;_Künzli200931_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKälin_&amp;_Künzli200931-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Walau nang kaya ngitu pamarintah tatap diwajibakan hagan malindungi rakyatnya matan palanggaran HAM nang digawi ulih swasta. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoseph2010155-156_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph2010155-156-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hak asasi manusia pada dasarnya barlaku pas wayah damai maupun perang, maskipun tadapat barbagai hak kawa dikurangi dalam kaadaan darurat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKälin_&amp;_Künzli200931_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKälin_&amp;_Künzli200931-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hak asasi manusia surang dilindungi di tingkat internasional lawan tujuan hagan manjaga martabat manusia, sahingga hak-hak nang ngitu haruslah hak nang basipat mandasar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKälin_&amp;_Künzli200932_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKälin_&amp;_Künzli200932-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proklamasi_Teheran&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Proklamasi Teheran (laman baluman ada)">Proklamasi Teheran</a> pas tahun 1968 manyambat bahwa hak asasi manusia baisi sipat utuh atawa kada kawa dibagi (<i>indivisible</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010178_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010178-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_wan_Prugram_Aksi_Wina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi wan Prugram Aksi Wina (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi wan Prugram Aksi Wina</a> nang dikumandangakan pas tahun 1993, nagara-nagara jua maakui bahwa hak asasi manusia basipat "universal", "kada kawa dibagi", "saling bargantung" (<i>interdependent</i>), wan "saling barhubungan" (<i>interrelated</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKälin_&amp;_Künzli200920_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKälin_&amp;_Künzli200920-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hal ngini ditagasakan pulang dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partamuan_Puncak_Dunia_2005&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Partamuan Puncak Dunia 2005 (laman baluman ada)">Partamuan Puncak Dunia 2005</a> wan jua ulih Resolusi Majelis Umum PBB tahun 2006 nang mandiriakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dewan_Hak_Asasi_Manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dewan Hak Asasi Manusia (laman baluman ada)">Dewan Hak Asasi Manusia PBB</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010178-179_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010178-179-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Salain ngitu, Deklarasi wan Program Aksi Wina jua manyambat bahwa "panghurmatan tarhadap hak asasi manusia wan kabibasan dasar tanpa mambida-bidaakan atas dasar apapun marupakan aturan dasar hukum hak asasi manusia internasional",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeklarasi_dan_Program_Aksi_Wina1993_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeklarasi_dan_Program_Aksi_Wina1993-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> wan instrumen-instrumen hak asasi manusia di tingkat internasional manjamin hak kasataraan wan non-diskriminasi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoeckli2010189_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoeckli2010189-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jenis-jenis_hak">Jenis-jenis hak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Babak hagian: Jenis-jenis hak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Jenis-jenis hak"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Barakas:Anti_Tobacco_Movement_Jakarta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Anti_Tobacco_Movement_Jakarta.jpg/250px-Anti_Tobacco_Movement_Jakarta.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Anti_Tobacco_Movement_Jakarta.jpg/375px-Anti_Tobacco_Movement_Jakarta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Anti_Tobacco_Movement_Jakarta.jpg/500px-Anti_Tobacco_Movement_Jakarta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2551" data-file-height="1777" /></a><figcaption>"Hak hagan bagarumbung sacara damai" dalam Pasal 21 ICCPR<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICCPR1966_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICCPR1966-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> merupakan salah satu contoh hak sipil dan politik.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Barakas:SMATrinitasUlum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/SMATrinitasUlum.JPG/250px-SMATrinitasUlum.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/SMATrinitasUlum.JPG/375px-SMATrinitasUlum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/SMATrinitasUlum.JPG/500px-SMATrinitasUlum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Hak atas pandidikan marupakan salah sabuting cuntuh hak ikunumi, sosial, dan budaya.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tadapat babagai macam hak nang takandung dalam instrumen-instrumen internasional, nang kaya hak kesetaraan wan non-diskrimniasi,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoeckli2010189_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoeckli2010189-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_hagan_hidup&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hak hagan hidup (laman baluman ada)">hak hagan hidup</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_atas_peradilan_nang_jujur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hak atas peradilan nang jujur (laman baluman ada)">hak atas peradilan nang jujur</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabibasan_basarikat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabibasan basarikat (laman baluman ada)">kabibasan basarikat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabibasan_bagurumbung&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabibasan bagurumbung (laman baluman ada)">kabibasan bagurumbung</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabibasan_bapikir&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabibasan bapikir (laman baluman ada)">kabibasan bapikir</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabibasan_bapandir&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabibasan bapandir (laman baluman ada)">kabeibasan baekspresi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_atas_standar_hidup_nang_layak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hak atas standar hidup nang layak (laman baluman ada)">hak atas standar hidup nang layak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_atas_pandidikan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hak atas pandidikan (laman baluman ada)">hak hagan mandapatakan pandidikan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_atas_gawian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hak atas gawian (laman baluman ada)">hak atas gawian</a>, wan lain-lain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010174_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010174-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Maskipun hak asasi manusia pada hakikatnya basipat utuh, pangategorian kawa digawi atas dasar kunsiptual. Dalam panarapannya, hak asasi manusia tatap kada kawa dipacah-pacah wan harus dijanakai sacara sabarataan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010173_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010173-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="&quot;Hak_sipil_wan_pulitik&quot;_wan_&quot;hak_ikunumi,_sosial,_wan_budaya&quot;"><span id=".22Hak_sipil_wan_pulitik.22_wan_.22hak_ikunumi.2C_sosial.2C_wan_budaya.22"></span>"Hak sipil wan pulitik" wan "hak ikunumi, sosial, wan budaya"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Babak hagian: &quot;Hak sipil wan pulitik&quot; wan &quot;hak ikunumi, sosial, wan budaya&quot;" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: &quot;Hak sipil wan pulitik&quot; wan &quot;hak ikunumi, sosial, wan budaya&quot;"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">Artikal utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_sipil_dan_politik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hak sipil dan politik (laman baluman ada)">Hak sipil dan politik</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_ekonomi,_sosial,_dan_budaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hak ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya (laman baluman ada)">Hak ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya</a></div> <p>Hak asasi manusia kawa digolongakan manjadi "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_sipil_wan_pulitik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hak sipil wan pulitik (laman baluman ada)">hak sipil wan pulitik</a>" wan "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_ikunumi,_sosial,_wan_budaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hak ikunumi, sosial, wan budaya (laman baluman ada)">hak ikunumi, sosial, wan budaya</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010174_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010174-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada dasarnya, hak ikunumi, sosial, wan budaya baupaya mamastiakan agar individu kawa maaksis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barang_publik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Barang publik (laman baluman ada)">barang publik</a> tartantu nang kaya parumahan, pandidikan, atawa layanan kasihatan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Schutter2010253_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Schutter2010253-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ulih sabab ngitu, hak ikunumi, sosial, wan budaya mamarluakan investasi nang ganal matan negara, sahingga hak-hak nang ngitu kada kawa diwujudakan dalam sekejap.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOHCHR20089_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOHCHR20089-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010175_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010175-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ICESCR maakui kanyataan ngini, wan Pasal 2 ICESCR hanya maharusakan negara hagan magupayaakan "perwujudan progresif" (<i>progressive realization</i>):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010174_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010174-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:40px;font-family:serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:10px 10px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="padding:4px 10px;">Saban Nagara Pihak pada Kovenan ngini, barjanji hagan maambil langkah-langkah, baik sacara individual maupun malalui bantuan wan karjasama internasional, khususnya di bidang ikunumi wan teknis sapanjang tarsadia sumber dayanya, hagan sacara prugresip mancapai parwujudan hibak matan hak-hak nang diakui ulih Kovenan ngini lawan cara-cara nang sasuai, tarmasuk lawan paambilan langkah-langkah legislatif.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICESCR1966_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICESCR1966-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:40px;font-family:serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:10px 10px;">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Di sisi lain, hak-hak sipil wan pulitik baurusan lawan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabibasan_sipil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabibasan sipil (laman baluman ada)">kabibasan sipil</a>, cuntuhnya adalah hak hagan hidup, kabibasan basarikat, kabibasan bagarumbung, kabibasan baekspresi, atawa hak atas paadilan nang jujur. Nagara hanya diwajibakan kada malanggar kabibasan nang ngitu. Cuntuhnya, nagara kawa lawan mudah mahurmati hak hagan hidup lawan cara kada mambantai rakyatnya, wan pamarintah jua kada akan malanggar hak atas kabibasan bapandapat lamunnya buhannya kada mambredel media nang kada inya katujui. Lawan kata lain, kawajiban-kawajiban nang tarkandung dalam ICCPR basipat langsung (<i>immediate</i>). <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010174_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010174-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Maka matan ngitu, parbidaan di antara kaduawanya barkanaan lawan kawajiban nang dihambin ulih nagara sahubungan lawan kaduawa janis hak nang ngitu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010174_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010174-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Klasifikasi nang kaya ngini sabujurnya kada takandung dalam PUHAM, tagal katagangan antara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blok_Barat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Blok Barat (laman baluman ada)">Blok Barat</a> wan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakta_Warsawa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pakta Warsawa (laman baluman ada)">Timur</a> pas wayah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Dingin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Dingin (laman baluman ada)">Perang Dingin</a> maakibatakan kacungulan kaduwa tumbung ngini. Nagara-nagara Barat nang baisi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikunumi_pasar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikunumi pasar (laman baluman ada)">ikunumi pasar</a> mamantingakan hak-hak sipil wan pulitik, sapahadangan nagara-nagara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komunis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Komunis (laman baluman ada)">komunis</a> di Blok Timur baisi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_tarancana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi tarancana (laman baluman ada)">ekonomi nang dirancanaakan matan pusat</a> wan labih mautamakan hak-hak ikunumi, sosial, wan budaya. Hasilnya adalah duwa parjanjian hak asasi manusia internasional nang tapisah, yaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=ICCPR&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ICCPR (laman baluman ada)">ICCPR</a> wan <a href="/w/index.php?title=ICESCR&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ICESCR (laman baluman ada)">ICESCR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOHCHR20089_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOHCHR20089-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Wayahini parbidaan di antara kaduwanya sudah kada lagi dianggap ganal, wan bahkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kantur_Komisaris_Tinggi_PBB_hagan_Hak_Asasi_Manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kantur Komisaris Tinggi PBB hagan Hak Asasi Manusia (laman baluman ada)">Kantur Komisaris Tinggi PBB hagan Hak Asasi Manusia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Inggris">basa Inggris</a>: <span lang="en" class="description en">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</span>, disingkat OHCHR) maanggapnya sabagai parbidaan nang diulah-ulah wan kontraproduktif.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOHCHR20088_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOHCHR20088-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sahubungan lawan kawajiban nagara, ICESCR jua mangandung barbagai kawajiban lawan efek wayahinian (<i>immediate effect</i>). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komite_Hak_Ikunumi,_Sosial,_wan_Budaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Komite Hak Ikunumi, Sosial, wan Budaya (laman baluman ada)">Komite Hak Ikunumi, Sosial, wan Budaya</a> dalam Kumintar Umum No. 3 mambariakan cuntuh barupa panghapusan diskriminasi dalam upaya parwujudan hak-hak dalam ICESCR sasuai lawan Pasal 2(2) wan 3, hak hagan maulah wan bagabung lawan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarikat_buruh&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarikat buruh (laman baluman ada)">sarikat buruh</a> wan hagan bademonstrasi dalam Pasal 8, sarta parlindungan kakanakan wan pamuda matan eksploitasi ikunumi wan sosial dalam Pasal 10(3).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010174_59-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010174-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Barbagai kawajiban dalam ICCPR jua mamarluakan investasi matan nagara, nang kaya paulahan sistim paadilan, paulahan panjara nang supaya mahibaki standar minimal hagan tahanan, atawa pambarian bantuan hukum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOHCHR20089_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOHCHR20089-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Maka matan ngitu, sacara kunsiptual, kadada lagi watas nang jalas di antara kaduwa tumbung ngini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010175_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010175-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hak ikunumi, sosial, wan budaya labih rancak mandapat kritikan maraga dianggap sabagai sakadar "aspirasi" tanpa kawa ditagakakan sacara hukum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010175_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010175-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tagal nang kaya ngitu, dalam babarapa dasawarsa pauncitan, magin banyak pangadilan nang managakakan hak samacam ngini, cuntuhnya adalah lawan mangaluarakan putusan nang mamarintahakan lawan nagara hagan manunda panggusuran, manyadiakan layanan medis, atawa mahubungakan pulang parsadiaan banyu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford20083_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangford20083-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sabagai ilustrasi, dalam perkara <i>Minister of Health and Others v. Treatment Action Campaign and Others</i> nang barkaitan lawan hak atas kasihatan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstitusi_Afrika_Salatan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstitusi Afrika Salatan (laman baluman ada)">Konstitusi Afrika Salatan</a>, pamarintah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrika_Salatan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Afrika Salatan (laman baluman ada)">Afrika Salatan</a> manarapakan sabuting kabijakan nang mambatasi aksis tarhadap <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ubat_antiretroviral&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ubat antiretroviral (laman baluman ada)">ubat antiretroviral</a> (obat hagan meredam infeksi virus <a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV (laman baluman ada)">HIV</a>) nang disambat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevirapin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nevirapin (laman baluman ada)">Nevirapin</a>. Ubat nang dipakai hagan mancagah transmisi HIV matan mama ka anak ngini, ngini disadiakan sacara luas ulih produsennya, tagal pamarintah Afrika Selatan mambatasinya di klinik-klinik umum tartantu lawan alasan bahwa buhannya handak mauji cuba ubat ngini wan maraga buhannya masih kurang patugas nang kawa mambarii ubat ngini. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahkamah_Konstitusi_Afrika_Selatan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahkamah Konstitusi Afrika Selatan (laman baluman ada)">Mahkamah Konstitusi Afrika Selatan</a> manulak argumen ngini wan managasakan bahwa ubat ngini mujarab, wan bahwa sumber daya tambahan nang parlu digalontorkan hagan malatih bubuhan patugas medis kadalah ganal dibandingakan lawan manpaat nang didapat matan pancagahan transmisi HIV matan mama ka anak. Maka matan ngitu, Mahkamah Konstitusi Afrika Selatan mamutusakan bahwa kabijakan pamarintah tarkait lawan pambatasan ubat Nevirapin sudah malanggar kawajiban hagan maambil tindakan nang barada dalam batas wajar (<i>reasonable measure</i>) hagan manyadiakan layanan kasihatan. Walaupun cakupannya hanya di tingkat nasional, pakara ngini manunjukakan bahwa hak atas kasihatan (nang marupakan salah sabuting hak ikunumi, sosial, wan budaya) kawa ditagakakan sacara hukum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin2012206_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin2012206-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hak_ganarasi_partama,_kaduwa,_wan_ketiga"><span id="Hak_ganarasi_partama.2C_kaduwa.2C_wan_ketiga"></span>Hak ganarasi partama, kaduwa, wan ketiga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Babak hagian: Hak ganarasi partama, kaduwa, wan ketiga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Hak ganarasi partama, kaduwa, wan ketiga"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">Artikal utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiga_generasi_hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiga generasi hak asasi manusia (laman baluman ada)">Tiga generasi hak asasi manusia</a></div> <p>Hak asasi manusia jua kawa digulungakan badasarakan ganarasi. Pangategorian ngini panambayannya dicatusakan ulih pakar hak asasi manusia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceko&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceko (laman baluman ada)">Ceko</a>-Prancis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karel_Vasak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Karel Vasak (laman baluman ada)">Karel Vasak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaude_&amp;_Weston20068_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaude_&amp;_Weston20068-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Badasarkan klasifikasi ngini, tadapat tiga janis hak, yakni hak ganarasi partama, kaduwa, wan katiga. Hak ganarasi partama adalah hak sipil wan pulitih nang malindungi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabibasan_sipil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabibasan sipil (laman baluman ada)">kabibasan sipil</a>. Hak-hak ngini baasal matan deklarasi-deklarasi hak asasi manusia nang dikaluarakan di Amirika Sarikat wan Prancis pas pauncitan abad ka-18. Imbahnya, hak ganarasi kaduwa pada dasarnya adalah hak ikunumi, susial, wan budaya, nang dimaksudakan supaya individu kawa maaksis sumber daya, barang, wan jasa tartantu, wan mawajibakan nagara hagan maabil langkah-langkah progresif hagan mawujudakan hak-hak ngini. Hak-hak ngini disambat baakar matan kalakuan-kalakuan nang diambil pas abad ka-19 hagan manuntungakan masalah kamiskinan wan eksploitasi imbah<a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolusi_Industri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolusi Industri (laman baluman ada)">industrialisasi</a> di Irupa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKälin_&amp;_Künzli200932_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKälin_&amp;_Künzli200932-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nang pauncitan, yaitu hak ganarasi katiga, marupakan hak kulektip nang dikambangakan pas paruh kaduwa abad ka-20, tagal hak ngini hanya balakangan ngini mulai dimasukakan ka dalam hukum internasional, nang kaya dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piagam_Afrika_tantang_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_wan_Hak_Panduduk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piagam Afrika tantang Hak Asasi Manusia wan Hak Panduduk (laman baluman ada)">Piagam Afrika tantang Hak Asasi Manusia wan Hak Panduduk</a>. Cuntuhnya adalah hak pambangunan, pardamaian, sarta hak hagan manikmati lingkungan nang barasih wan sihat. Kabaradaan hak ngini masih dipartantangakan ulih nagara-nagara maju, wan aspek hukum matan hak ngini pun masih balum jalas Keberadaan (nang kaya partakunan soal siapa nang kawa jadi ampun haknya, wan kapada siapa kawajiban hagan mahurmati hak tarsabut kawa dialamatakan).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKälin_&amp;_Künzli200932-33_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKälin_&amp;_Künzli200932-33-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hak_individu_wan_hak_kolektif">Hak individu wan hak kolektif</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Babak hagian: Hak individu wan hak kolektif" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Hak individu wan hak kolektif"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PUHAM wan parjanjian-parjanjian HAM internasional baisi pamarakan nang individualistik, atawa dalam ngaran lain, individualah nang jadi panariman hak. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010176_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010176-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pasal 27 ICCPR bujur manyambat bahwa "Di negara-negara nang baisi kalumpuk minirotis badasarakan suku bangsa, agama, atawa basa, urang-urang nang tarmasuk dalam kalumpuk minoritas nang ngitu kada bulih diingkari haknya dalam masyarakat, baimbaian angguta kalumpuknya nang lain, hagan manikmati budaya buhannya surang, hagan manjalanakan wan maamalakan agamanya surang, atawa mamakai basa buhannya surang" <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICCPR1966_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICCPR1966-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tagal, parjanjian ngini kada manyambat "kalumpuk minuritas" sabagai panarima hak, tagal malah malah mamakai istilah "urang-urang nang tarmasuk ka dalam kalumpuk minoritas". Hal ngini pinanya disababkan ulih kakhawatiran bahwa pasal ngini kawa dimanpaatakan hagan kapantingan-kapantingan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Separatisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Separatisme (laman baluman ada)">separatis</a>. Pamarakan samacam ngini jua dipakai ulih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_tentang_Hak-Hak_Urang-Urang_nang_Tarmasuk_ka_dalam_Minoritas_Nasional_atawa_Etnis,_Agama,_wan_Basa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi tentang Hak-Hak Urang-Urang nang Tarmasuk ka dalam Minoritas Nasional atawa Etnis, Agama, wan Basa (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi tentang Hak-Hak Urang-Urang nang Tarmasuk ka dalam Minoritas Nasional atawa Etnis, Agama, wan Basa</a> (1992).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010176_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010176-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Walau nang kaya ngitu, pamarakan nang labih basipat kolektivis kawa ditamui dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_tentang_Hak-Hak_Panduduk_Asli&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi tentang Hak-Hak Panduduk Asli (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi tentang Hak-Hak Panduduk Asli</a> (2007). Deklarasi nang ngitu manyambat hak-hak nang dibariakan lawan kalumpuk panduduk asli sakaligus individu nang marupakan bagian matan kalumpuk ngitu. Cuntuh hak kolektif dalam deklarasi ngitu adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_panantuan_nasib_surang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hak panantuan nasib surang (laman baluman ada)">hak panantuan nasib surang</a> gasan kalumpok panduduk asli, pawayahan cuntuh hak individu adalah hak supaya hidup sagan individu panduduk asli. Sabagai tambahan, sahubungan lawan hak panantuan nasib surang, Deklarasi wan Program Aksi Wina maaanggap paniadaan hak ngitu sabagai palanggaran hak asasi manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010177_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010177-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hak-hak_inti">Hak-hak inti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Babak hagian: Hak-hak inti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Hak-hak inti"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tanpa mahapusakan unsur kautuhan matan hak asasi manusia, babarapa hak dianggap labih panting hagan mampartahanakan nyawa manusia wan managakakan martabatnya. Ulih sabab ngitu, hak-hak ngitu, dipandang baisi kadudukan nang tatinggi matanpada nang lain nang wan mamarluakan tanggung jawab khusus matan nagara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010181_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010181-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sabagai cuntuh, hak hagan hidup wan palarangan panyiksaan dianggap labih utama matanpada hak hagan baistirahat nang kaya nang dicantumakan dalam Pasal 24 PUHAM.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010181_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010181-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Biasanya hak nang dianggap sabagai "hak inti" adalah hak-hak sipil wan pulitik, tagal filsuf Amirika Serikat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Shue&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Shue (laman baluman ada)">Henry Shue</a> jua sudah maidentifikasi sajumlah "hak-hak dasar" nang dianggap manjadi prasyarat demi badirinya hak-hak lain, wan salah sabuting hak nang inya sambat adalah "hak hagan mandapatakan sumber panghidupan minimal" nang takait banar lawan hak ikunumi, sosial, wan budaya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheinin2013528_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheinin2013528-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parjanjian-parjanjian HAM internasional surang maakui sajumlah hak nang kada bulih dikurangi dalam kaadaaan darurat nang mangancam kahidupan bangsa wan kabaradaaanya, wan hak ngitu bulih disambat sabagai "hak inti".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010182_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010182-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Manurut Pasal 4(2) ICCPR, hak-hak nang kada kawa dikurangi dalam kaadaan darurat maliputi hak hagan hidup, palarangan panyiksaan atawa "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parlakuan_nang_kada_manusiawi_atawa_nang_marendahakan_martabat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Parlakuan nang kada manusiawi atawa nang marendahakan martabat (laman baluman ada)">parlakuan atawa panghukuman lain nang kejam, kada manusiawi, atawa marendahakan martabat manusia</a>", palarangan parbudakan, larangan manjeblosakan saikung urang ka panjara maraga kada mampu mamanuhi kawajiban kontrak, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asas_legalitas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asas legalitas (laman baluman ada)">asas legalitas</a> dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_pidana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum pidana (laman baluman ada)">hukum pidana</a>, pangakuan bahwa samuaan urang satara di mata hukum, sarta kabibasan bapikir, bakayakinan, wan baagama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICCPR1966_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICCPR1966-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010182_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010182-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tagal, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komite_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_PBB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Komite Hak Asasi Manusia PBB (laman baluman ada)">Komite Hak Asasi Manusia PBB</a> manyambat dalam Komentar Umum No. 24 bahwa pasal ngini kada kawa dianggap sabagai bukti adanya hierarki dalam ICCPR.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheinin2013530_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheinin2013530-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tipologi_kawajiban_HAM">Tipologi kawajiban HAM</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Babak hagian: Tipologi kawajiban HAM" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Tipologi kawajiban HAM"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kawajiban HAM nagara kawa digulungakan manjadi duwa, naitu kawajiban pusitip wan nigatip. Kawajiban nigatif maharusakan nagara supaya kada malanggar hak asasi nang diakui ulih parjanjian-parjanjian HAM internasional wan hanya kawa mambatasinya sasuai lawan katantuan matan parjanjian-parjanjian nangitu. Sapahadangan ngitu, kawajiban pusitip manuntu nagara supaya maambil gagawian hagan malindungi individu matan palanggaran HAM nang digawi ulih aparatur pamarintah atawa juwa pihak-pihak swasta. Nagara akan dianggap malanggar kawajiban ngini lamunnya buhannya gagal maambil gagawian hagan mancagah palanggaran nang digawi ulih swasta, kada manyalidiki parkaranya, kada mahukum palakunya, atawa kada mambarii <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamulihan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pamulihan (laman baluman ada)">pamulihan</a> lawan si kurban palanggaran ngitu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelton_&amp;_Gould2013566_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelton_&amp;_Gould2013566-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haratan paangahan dasawarsa 1980-an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palapur_Khusus_Parsarikitan_Bangsa-Bangsa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Palapur Khusus Parsarikitan Bangsa-Bangsa (laman baluman ada)">Palapur Khusus PBB</a> hagan Sub-Komisi tantang pancagahan Diskriminasi wan Parlindungan Minoritas, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asbojrn_Eide&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asbojrn Eide (laman baluman ada)">Asbojrn Eide</a>, manggagas bahwa nagara baisi 4 buting kawajiban HAM, yaitu kawajiban hagan mahurmati, malindugi, mahibaki, wan mampromosiakan. Imbahnya kunsip ngini direvisi jadi tiga buting kawajiban haja, yaitu kawajiban hagan mahurmat, malindungi, wan mahibaki.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Schutter2010242_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Schutter2010242-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Imbah wayah ngitu, tipologi ngini sudah dipakai hagan maanalisis kawajiban HAM nagara, baik ngitu, hagan hak sipil wan pulitik <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelton_&amp;_Gould2013566_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelton_&amp;_Gould2013566-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> atawa hagan hak ikunumi, susial, wan budaya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Schutter2010243_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Schutter2010243-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada dasarnya, kawajiban hagan "mahurmati" adalah kawajiban negatip nang maharusakan nagara kada mahaur atawa jua manciderai hak asasi manusia. Sapawayahan ngitu, kawajiban hagan "malindungi" wan "mahibaki" marupakan kawajiban pusitip: nagara kada hanya harus "malindungi" individu wan kalumpuk matan palanggaran HAM ulih pihak lain, tagal jua "mahibaki" lawan maambil gagawian nang mampasilitasi hak asasi buhannya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelton_&amp;_Gould2013566_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelton_&amp;_Gould2013566-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nang kaya cuntuhnya adanya hak hagan mamilih wan dipilih pas wayah pamilihan umum dalam pasal 25 ICCPR, nagara diwajibakan hagan maambil gagawian nang pusitip cuntuh sabuting lawan cara mambarii hak suara lawan saban warga nang dewasa, wan pas wayah nang sama jua maambil langkah hagan mamastiakan bahwa buhannya bujuran kawa mamakai hak ngitu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelton_&amp;_Gould2013567_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelton_&amp;_Gould2013567-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sahubungan lawan ICESCR, tadapat jua tipologi khusus nang dipakai hagan hak ikunumi, susial, wan budaya, yakni tipologi "4A" nang baisi matan ampat unsur nang saling bahubungan, yaiut "katarsadiaan" (<i>availability</i>), "katarjangkauan" (<i>accessibility</i>), "kabartarimaan" (<i>acceptability</i>), wan "kabarsasuaian" (<i>adaptability</i>). Tipologi ngini panambayannya dikambangakan ulih mantan Palapur Khusus PBB manganai Hak Pandidikan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katarina_Tomasevski&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Katarina Tomasevski (laman baluman ada)">Katarina Tomasevski</a>. Imbahnya tipologi ngini dijabarakan ulih Komite Hak Ikunumi, Susial, wan Budaya dalam Kumintar Umum No.13 manganai hak pandidikan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Schutter2010253_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Schutter2010253-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sahubungan lawan hak pandidikan, "katarsadiaan" baarti lambaga wan prugram pandidikan nang pungsional harus tasadia lawan jumlah nang cukup. "Katarjangkauan" manyiratakan bahwa lambaga wan prugram pandidikan harus kawa dijangkau ulih saban urang tamasuk di wilayah suatu negara, wan pada dasarnya elemen ngini tadiri matan tiga buting aspik, yaitu "non-diskriminasi", "katarjangkauan fisik" (pandidikan harus kawa dijangkau sacara aman), wan "katarjangkauan ikunumi" (salah sabutingnya lawan pandidikan dasar nang kada babayaran wan maambil langkah progresif hagan mahilangakan iuran pandidikan manangah wan tinggi). Sapahadangan ngitu, "kabartarimaan" manyambat bahwa bantuk wan isi matan pandidikan harus kawa ditarima (baisi mutu baik wan relevan), sadangkan "kabarsasuaian" maatur bahwa pandidikan harus kawa disasuaikan lawan parubahan nang tarjadi dalam masyarakat wan jua mamanuhi kaparluan bamacam-macam siswa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Schutter2010254_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Schutter2010254-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pas kasampatan nang lain, Komite Hak Ikunumi, Susial, wan Budaya manyampaiakan tipologi bangaran "AAAQ" dalam Kumintar Umum No. 14 nang bahubungan lawan hak kasihatan. Parbidaannya ada di unsur nang pauncitan, yaitu "Q" alih-alih "A", nang marupakan kahindipan matan <i>quality</i> (mutu). Dalam konteks hak atas kasihatan, nang dimaksud lawan "mutu" di sini adalah kawajiban hagan mamastii bahwa komersialisasi atawa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Privatisasi (laman baluman ada)">privatisasi</a> kada marusak mutu layanan kasihatan, maraga rajin imbah diprivatisasi, pamarintah ngalih maaawasi wan manjaga mutu layanan kasihatan nang disadiakan ulih swasta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToebes2008448-450_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToebes2008448-450-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jus_cogens"><i>Jus cogens</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Babak hagian: Jus cogens" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Jus cogens"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">Artikal utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jus_cogens&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jus cogens (laman baluman ada)">Jus cogens</a></div> <p>Dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_internasional&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum internasional (laman baluman ada)">hukum internasional</a>, tadapat babarapa norma nang sudah mandapatakan status <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jus_cogens&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jus cogens (laman baluman ada)">jus cogens</a></i>. Pasal 53 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Wina_manganai_Hukum_Parjanjian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Wina manganai Hukum Parjanjian (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi Wina manganai Hukum Parjanjian</a> mandipinisakan <i>jus cogens</i> sabagai norma nang diakui wan ditarima ulih komunitas internasional sacara samunyaan sabagai norma nang kada kawa dikahigaakan dalam kaadaan apapun wan hanya kawa diubah lawan norma nang baisi sifat nang sama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Wet2013541_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Wet2013541-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChinkin2010113-114_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChinkin2010113-114-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pamakaian kata "sacara samunyaan" di sini kada baarti bahwa suatu norma hanya akan mandapatakan status <i>jus cogens</i> lamunnya sudah ditarima ulih samunyaan nagara tanpa tarkacuali. Nang kaya ditagasakan ulih katua Komite Parumusan Konvensin Wina, Mustafa Kamil Yasseen, sama sakali kadada iktikad hagan manatapakan hal ngitu; suatu norma akan manjadi <i>jus cogens</i> lamunnya sudah ditarima ulih banyak banar nagara, wan panolakan matan sagalintir nagara kada akan maampihakannya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahgan1997775-776_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahgan1997775-776-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Norma <i>jus cogens</i> barlaku hagan samuaan negara, tarmasuk negara nang manampik keberadaan norma ngitu; cuntuhnya adalah pamarintah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrika_Selatan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Afrika Selatan (laman baluman ada)">Afrika Selatan</a> pas wayah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apartheid&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Apartheid (laman baluman ada)">apartheid</a> nang batarusan manolak pelarangan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskriminasi_ras&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Diskriminasi ras (laman baluman ada)">diskriminasi ras</a>, tagal norma ngitu sabagai norma <i>jus cogens</i> tatap dianggap miikat buhannya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Wet2013543_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Wet2013543-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Matan sajumlah norma nang paling rancak disambat-sambat sabagai norma <i>jus cogens</i>, sapalih ganal tagolong sabagai kawajiban HAM.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Wet2013544_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Wet2013544-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cuntuhnya adalah larangan panyiksaan, larangan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genosida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Genosida (laman baluman ada)">genosida</a>, larangan parbudakan, serta larangan diskriminasi ras wan apartheid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Wet2013543_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Wet2013543-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parlindungan_di_tingkat_internasional">Parlindungan di tingkat internasional</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Babak hagian: Parlindungan di tingkat internasional" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Parlindungan di tingkat internasional"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Puluhan tahun imbah dikaluarakannya PUHAM, sistim parlindungan HAM di tingkat internasional imbah maalami parkambangan pesat hingga akhirnya cungul sajumlah parjanjian hak asasi manusia di tingkat internasional ditambahi lawan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Badan_traktat_PBB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Badan traktat PBB (laman baluman ada)">badan-badan traktat</a> nang malindunginya wan maawasi panggawiannya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010404-405_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010404-405-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Salain ngitu, dalam urganisasi PBB surang, hak asasi manusia sudah manjadi salah sabuting parhatian utama organisasi nang ngitu, wan hal ngini ditunjukkan lawan didiriakannya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dewan_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_PBB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dewan Hak Asasi Manusia PBB (laman baluman ada)">Dewan Hak Asasi Manusia</a> nang manjadi organ hak asasi utama PBB.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010392_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010392-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Salain ngitu, tadapat jua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kantor_Komisaris_Tinggi_PBB_hagan_Hak_Asasi_Manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kantor Komisaris Tinggi PBB hagan Hak Asasi Manusia (laman baluman ada)">Kantor Komisaris Tinggi PBB hagan Hak Asasi Manusia</a> nang batugas mamprumusiakan wan malindungi panikmatan hak asasi manusia ulih samuaany urang, nang kaya bagawi baimbai lawan badan-badan PBB lainnya, mambariakan saran hagan maningkatakan parlindungan HAM, malakukan pandidikan lawan masyarakat, mangirim patugas hagan hadir sacara langsung di lapangan, atawa lawan mambarii bantuan teknis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010418-422_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010418-422-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dewan_HAM_PBB">Dewan HAM PBB</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Babak hagian: Dewan HAM PBB" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Dewan HAM PBB"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Barakas:UN_Geneva_Human_Rights_and_Alliance_of_Civilizations_Room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/UN_Geneva_Human_Rights_and_Alliance_of_Civilizations_Room.jpg/250px-UN_Geneva_Human_Rights_and_Alliance_of_Civilizations_Room.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/UN_Geneva_Human_Rights_and_Alliance_of_Civilizations_Room.jpg/375px-UN_Geneva_Human_Rights_and_Alliance_of_Civilizations_Room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/UN_Geneva_Human_Rights_and_Alliance_of_Civilizations_Room.jpg/500px-UN_Geneva_Human_Rights_and_Alliance_of_Civilizations_Room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Ruang partamuan Dewan Hak Asasi Manusia PBB di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenewa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jenewa (laman baluman ada)">Jenewa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Swiss (laman baluman ada)">Swiss</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pasal 1 Piagam PBB maakui hak asasi manusia sabagai salah sabuting tujuan utama urganisasi internasional ngitu. Salain ngitu, Pasal 55 dan 56 maharusakan nagara angguta hagan maambil tindakan kolektif atawa jua tapisah hagan mamastiakan panghurmatan wan pangejawantahan hak asasi manusia di seantaro jagat tanpa mangacualikan siapa haja. Lawan adanya landasan hukum ngini, sajumlah lambaga hak asasi manusia sudah diulah di bawah naungan PBB. Haratan tahun 1946, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dewan_Ikunumi_wan_Susial_PBB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dewan Ikunumi wan Susial PBB (laman baluman ada)">Dewan Ikunumi wan Susial PBB</a> sabagai salah sabuting organ utama PBB mandiriakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumisi_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_Parsarikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumisi Hak Asasi Manusia Parsarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (laman baluman ada)">Kumusi Hak Asasi Manusia</a> nang tadiri matan 53 ikung utusan matan nagara-nagara angguta PBB. Kumisi ngini badiri salawas 60 tahun wan sudah manggawi bamacam kagiatan dami parlindungan wan pambardayaan hak asasi manusia. Babarapa sumbangsih tapanting matan urganisasi ngini adalah parumusan PUHAM, ICCPR, wan ICESCR, sarta pangambangan kaharatan lambaga PBB dalam malindungi wan mamprarumusiakan HAM. Kumisi ngini suah mandiriakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Kumisi_Prumusi_wan_Parlindungan_Hak_Asasi_Manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sub-Kumisi Prumusi wan Parlindungan Hak Asasi Manusia (laman baluman ada)">Sub-Kumisi Prumusi wan Parlindungan Hak Asasi Manusia</a> nang mamparsiapakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masyarakat_madani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Masyarakat madani (laman baluman ada)">masyarakat madani</a> umpat sarta lawan kagiatan-kagiatannya. Salain ngitu, Kumisi HAM PBB jua sudah bajasa dalam mambaiki kaadaan hak asasi manusia di macam-macam nagara maraga lambaga ngini sudah mangirim bubuhan ahli nang dibari mandat hagan manjanaki masalah hak asasi manusia tartantu atawa palanggaran hak asasi manusia di nagara tartantu, wan jua maraga lambaga ngini baisi mekanisme rahasia nang mambarii ruang hagan individu hagan malapurakan palanggaran HAM berat wan sistematis di nagara buhannya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010392_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010392-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tagal, banyak jua nang mangkaritik kumisi ngini maraga pulitik internasional dirasa sudah mahambat kinerja lambaga ngitu. Mantan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekretaris_Jenderal_PBB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekretaris Jenderal PBB (laman baluman ada)">Sekretaris Jenderal PBB</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kofi_Annan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kofi Annan (laman baluman ada)">Kofi Annan</a> maakui dalam laporannya pas tahun 2005 bahwa kumisi ngitu haratan tadingsir kredibilitas wan profesionalismenya, wan nagara-nagara rancak kali handak jadi angguta kumisi ngini lain hagan malindungi hak asasi manusia, tagal hagan malindungi nagara buhannya matan karitik wan jua manyarang nagara lain. Maka matan ngitu, Kofi Annan manyaruakan reformasi nang maubah sistimnya matan "penetapan standar" (nang kaya parumusan wan parundingan instrumen HAM hanyar) manjadi barpusat pada implementasi di lapangan hagan mananggulangi krisis wan kadaruratan HAM. Inya jua manulak usulan pandirian sabuting lambaga lawan kaanggutaan nang tadiri matan samuaan nagara, wan inya labih mandukung pandirian sabuting dewan lawan jumlah angguta nang tabatas wan baisi peran sabagai badan subsider Majelis Umum PBB. Inya handak supaya dewan ngini baisi paran sabagai "andakan paninjauan sapantaran" lawan gawian hagan maevaluasi pahibakan sabarataan kawajiban HAM nang dihambin ulih samuaan nagara, wan saban nagara angguta akan dikiau sacara barkala hagan malalui paninjauan manyaluruh tarhadap rekam jejak HAM buhannya. Pamulaannya usulan Kofi Annan manuai papadahan negatif, tagal parundingan tatap kawa dimulai pada musim panas tahun 2005<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010393_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010393-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Barbagai parmasalahan nang cungul (nangkaya sual jumlah angguta wan prusis pangambilan kaputusan) kawa dituntungakan, wan pas tanggal 15 Marit 2006, Majelis Umum PBB manatapkan Resolusi 60/251 nang mandiriakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dewan_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_PBB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dewan Hak Asasi Manusia PBB (laman baluman ada)">Dewan Hak Asasi Manusia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010394_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010394-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dewan Hak Asasi Manusia PBB tadiri matan 47 kursi kaanggutaan, wan samuaan nagara angguta PBB kawa majadi bagian matan dewa nang ngitu asalakan buhannya dipilih ulih Majelis Umum lawan dukungan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayuritas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayuritas (laman baluman ada)">mayuritas sadarhana</a>. Kaanggutaannya disasuaiakan badasarakan wilayah: tadapat 13 kuris khusus hagan nagara-nagara Asia, 13 hagan nagara-nagara Afrika, 8 hagan nagara-nagara Amarika Latin wan Karibia, 6 hagan nagara-nagara Irupa Timur, wan 7 hagan nagara-nagara Irupa Barat wan kalumpuk lainnya, sahingga nagara-nagara Afrika wan Asia sacara utumatis baisi suara mayuritas, wan hal ngini sangatlah badampak tahadap gagawian diwan. Diwan HAM PBB batamu paling kada tiga kali dalam satahun, walaujua buhannya jua kawa maadakan sesi <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ad_hoc&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ad hoc (laman baluman ada)">ad hoc</a></i>. Gawian utama diwan ngini dijabarkan dalam Resolusi Majelis Umum PBB 60/251. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010394_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010394-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Salah sabutingnya adalah dalam maadakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paninjauan_Barkala_Universal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paninjauan Barkala Universal (laman baluman ada)">Paninjauan Barkala Universal</a> (<i>Universal Periodic Review</i>) nang manilai rekam jejak nagara-nagara angguta PBB. Saban nagara ditinjau ampat tahun sakali.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010395_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010395-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pininjauan ngini kada basipat maikat, hanya kawa mambariakan rikumindasi, basipat malangkapi, wan kada "basaing" lawan prosedur-prosedur awak-awak traktat di PBB. Sajak Juni 2006, Diwan jua maadaakan sesi-sesi khusus nang baupaya mananggapi palanggaran hak asasi manusia nang sarius di babarapa andakan, nang kaya di <a href="/wiki/Republik_Demokratik_Kongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Demokratik Kongo">Republik Demokratik Kongo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Darfur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Darfur (laman baluman ada)">Darfur</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myanmar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Myanmar (laman baluman ada)">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lanka&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sri Lanka (laman baluman ada)">Sri Lanka</a>, wan nang paling rancak, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teritori_Palestina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teritori Palestina (laman baluman ada)">Palestina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010397_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010397-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Salain ngitu, sabagai salah sabuting paninggalan Kumisi HAM, Diwan HAM PBB baisi mekanisme <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prosedur_khusus_Diwan_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_Parsarikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prosedur khusus Diwan Hak Asasi Manusia Parsarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (laman baluman ada)">prosedur khusus</a> nang malibatakan ahli-ahli independen nang bagawi surang atawa dalam sabuting kalumpuk gawian hagan mangkaji situasi HAM di nagara tartantu atawa isu-isu tematik nang bakanaan lawan sabarataan nagara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010398_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010398-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bubuhan ahli nang mandapatakan mandat prosedur khusus baisi masa jabatan maksimal salawas anam tahun, wan buhannya kawa maadakan misi pancari pakta atawa manggalar kunjungan ka sabuting nagara. Tagal, buhannya hanya kawa mandatangi suatu nagara lamun diundang ulih nagara ngitu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010399_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010399-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sapalih ganal paingkut mandat jua kawa maninjau kaluhan matan individu atawa kalumpuk-kalumpuk lainnya, wan babarapa matan buhannya sudah mahasilakan pandapat-pandapat nang basipat otoritatif walaupun kada maikat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010400_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010400-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sabagai tambahan, Paragraf 6 Resolusi Majelis Umum PBB 60/251 jua manyadiakan "prosedur kaluhan'. Lawan ngini, kaluhan-kaluhan matan kurban atawa parwakilan kurban kawa disampaiakan ka Diwan, tagal kurban harus pamulaannya mahabisakan samunyaan ikhtiar hagan mandapatakan pamulihan di tingkat nasiunal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010401_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010401-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kaluhan surang kada kawa langsung dikirim ka Diwan wan harus diseleksi ulih Sekretariat OHCHR wan duwa kalumpuk gawian nang bagana di bawah naungan Diwan, naitu Kalumpuk Gawian Komunikasi wan Kalumpuk Gawian Situasi. Kaluhan nang barkanaan lawan situasi nang haratan dipartimbangakan dalam prosedur khusus di PBB atawa dalam mekanisme parlindungan HAM regiunal kada akan ditarima.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010401_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010401-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tagal, Diwan HAM jua sudah manuai banyak karitik maraga kantalnya unsur pulitisasi dalam awak diwan. Sabagai cuntuh, pas Mei 2009, angguta Diwan matan nagara-nagara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Eropa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Uni Eropa (laman baluman ada)">Uni Eropa</a> mahadapi kangalihan dalam mangikihi 16 dukungan matan nagara-nagara angguta Diwan lainnya hagan mahimpun sesi khusus hagan mambahas situasi HAM di Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010397_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010397-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Salain ngitu, akibat banyaknya kursi nang ampunnya buhan nagara-nagara Afrika wan Asia, taulah blok-blok regional nang kawa manantuakan apakah akan malulusakan atawa manulak suatu resolusi atas dasar pulitik. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisasi_Konferensi_Islam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisasi Konferensi Islam (laman baluman ada)">Organisasi Konferensi Islam</a> sangat bapangaruh dalam hal ngini. Faktor ngini jua nang maulah cungulnya kritik bahwa Diwan batindak selektif atawa bahkan bias. Sabagai cuntuh, Diwan HAM dianggap talalu rancak maadakan sesi khusus manganai Palestina, sapawayahan ikhtiar bubuhan nagara-nagara Barat hagan maadakan sesi khusus manganai <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> gagal maraga negara-negara Asia wan Afrika koler mandukungnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010398_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010398-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awak_traktat_PBB">Awak traktat PBB</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Babak hagian: Awak traktat PBB" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Awak traktat PBB"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Di tingkat internasional, tadapat bamacam parjanjian HAM nang sudah dirumuskan wan diratifikasi ulih banyak nagara. Kada kaya PUHAM, parjanjian-parjanjian nang ngitu maikat sacara hukum. Saban parjanjian HAM utama baisi sabuting <a href="/w/index.php?title=Awak_traktar_PBB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Awak traktar PBB (laman baluman ada)">badan traktar</a> nang maawasi palaksanaannya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010404_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010404-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pandirian awak-awak nang ngitu diatur ulih parjanjian masing-masing, kacuali hagan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komite_Hak_Ikunumi,_Sosial,_dan_Budaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Komite Hak Ikunumi, Sosial, dan Budaya (laman baluman ada)">Komite Hak Ikunumi, Sosial, dan Budaya</a>, nang didiriakan ulih Resolusi 1985/17 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dewan_Ikunumi_wan_Susial_PBB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dewan Ikunumi wan Susial PBB (laman baluman ada)">Dewan Ikunumi wan Susial PBB</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Schutter2010791_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Schutter2010791-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Instrumen</th> <th>Badan pengawas </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Internasional_tentang_Penghapusan_Segala_Bentuk_Diskriminasi_Rasial&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Internasional tentang Penghapusan Segala Bentuk Diskriminasi Rasial (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi Internasional tentang Penghapusan Segala Bentuk Diskriminasi Rasial</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komite_Penghapusan_Diskriminasi_Rasial&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Komite Penghapusan Diskriminasi Rasial (laman baluman ada)">Komite Penghapusan Diskriminasi Rasial</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovenan_Internasional_tentang_Hak-Hak_Sipil_dan_Politik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Sipil dan Politik (laman baluman ada)">Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Sipil dan Politik</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komite_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_PBB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Komite Hak Asasi Manusia PBB (laman baluman ada)">Komite Hak Asasi Manusia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protokol_Opsional_Pertama_Kovenan_Internasional_tentang_Hak-Hak_Sipil_dan_Politik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Protokol Opsional Pertama Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Sipil dan Politik (laman baluman ada)">Protokol Opsional Pertama Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Sipil dan Politik</a></td> <td>Komite Hak Asasi Manusia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protokol_Opsional_Kedua_Kovenan_Internasional_tentang_Hak-Hak_Sipil_dan_Politik_tentang_Penghapusan_Hukuman_Mati&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Protokol Opsional Kedua Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Sipil dan Politik tentang Penghapusan Hukuman Mati (laman baluman ada)">Protokol Opsional Kedua Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Sipil dan Politik tentang Penghapusan Hukuman Mati</a></td> <td>Komite Hak Asasi Manusia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovenan_Internasional_tentang_Hak-Hak_Ekonomi,_Sosial_dan_Budaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Ekonomi, Sosial dan Budaya (laman baluman ada)">Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Ekonomi, Sosial dan Budaya</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komite_Hak_Ekonomi,_Sosial,_dan_Budaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Komite Hak Ekonomi, Sosial, dan Budaya (laman baluman ada)">Komite Hak Ekonomi, Sosial, dan Budaya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protokol_Opsional_Kovenan_Internasional_tentang_Hak-Hak_Ekonomi,_Sosial,_dan_Budaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Protokol Opsional Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Ekonomi, Sosial, dan Budaya (laman baluman ada)">Protokol Opsional Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Ekonomi, Sosial, dan Budaya</a></td> <td>Komite Hak Ekonomi, Sosial, dan Budaya </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Menentang_Penyiksaan_dan_Perlakuan_atau_Penghukuman_Lain_yang_Kejam,_Tidak_Manusiawi,_atau_Merendahkan_Martabat_Manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Menentang Penyiksaan dan Perlakuan atau Penghukuman Lain yang Kejam, Tidak Manusiawi, atau Merendahkan Martabat Manusia (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi Menentang Penyiksaan dan Perlakuan atau Penghukuman Lain yang Kejam, Tidak Manusiawi, atau Merendahkan Martabat Manusia</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komite_Menentang_Penyiksaan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Komite Menentang Penyiksaan (laman baluman ada)">Komite Menentang Penyiksaan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protokol_Opsional_Konvensi_Menentang_Penyiksaan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Protokol Opsional Konvensi Menentang Penyiksaan (laman baluman ada)">Protokol Opsional Konvensi Menentang Penyiksaan</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subkomite_Pencegahan_Penyiksaan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Subkomite Pencegahan Penyiksaan (laman baluman ada)">Subkomite Pencegahan Penyiksaan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_mengenai_Penghapusan_Segala_Bentuk_Diskriminasi_terhadap_Wanita&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi mengenai Penghapusan Segala Bentuk Diskriminasi terhadap Wanita (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi mengenai Penghapusan Segala Bentuk Diskriminasi terhadap Wanita</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komite_Penghapusan_Diskriminasi_terhadap_Wanita&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Komite Penghapusan Diskriminasi terhadap Wanita (laman baluman ada)">Komite Penghapusan Diskriminasi terhadap Wanita</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protokol_Opsional_Konvensi_mengenai_Penghapusan_Segala_Bentuk_Diskriminasi_terhadap_Wanita&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Protokol Opsional Konvensi mengenai Penghapusan Segala Bentuk Diskriminasi terhadap Wanita (laman baluman ada)">Protokol Opsional Konvensi mengenai Penghapusan Segala Bentuk Diskriminasi terhadap Wanita</a></td> <td>Komite Penghapusan Diskriminasi terhadap Wanita </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Hak-Hak_Anak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Hak-Hak Anak (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi Hak-Hak Anak</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komite_Hak-Hak_Anak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Komite Hak-Hak Anak (laman baluman ada)">Komite Hak-Hak Anak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protokol_Opsional_tentang_Perdagangan_Anak,_Prostitusi_Anak,_dan_Pornografi_Anak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Protokol Opsional tentang Perdagangan Anak, Prostitusi Anak, dan Pornografi Anak (laman baluman ada)">Protokol Opsional tentang Perdagangan Anak, Prostitusi Anak, dan Pornografi Anak</a></td> <td>Komite Hak-Hak Anak </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protokol_Opsional_tentang_Keterlibatan_Anak_dalam_Konflik_Bersenjata&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Protokol Opsional tentang Keterlibatan Anak dalam Konflik Bersenjata (laman baluman ada)">Protokol Opsional tentang Keterlibatan Anak dalam Konflik Bersenjata</a></td> <td>Komite Hak-Hak Anak </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Internasional_tentang_Perlindungan_Seluruh_Hak_Buruh_Migran_dan_Para_Anggota_Keluarga_Mereka&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Internasional tentang Perlindungan Seluruh Hak Buruh Migran dan Para Anggota Keluarga Mereka (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi Internasional tentang Perlindungan Seluruh Hak Buruh Migran dan Para Anggota Keluarga Mereka</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komite_Hak_Buruh_Migran&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Komite Hak Buruh Migran (laman baluman ada)">Komite Hak Buruh Migran</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_mengenai_Hak-Hak_Penyandang_Disabilitas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi mengenai Hak-Hak Penyandang Disabilitas (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi mengenai Hak-Hak Penyandang Disabilitas</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komite_Hak-Hak_Penyandang_Disabilitas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Komite Hak-Hak Penyandang Disabilitas (laman baluman ada)">Komite Hak-Hak Penyandang Disabilitas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protokol_Opsional_Konvensi_mengenai_Hak-Hak_Penyandang_Disabilitas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Protokol Opsional Konvensi mengenai Hak-Hak Penyandang Disabilitas (laman baluman ada)">Protokol Opsional Konvensi mengenai Hak-Hak Penyandang Disabilitas</a></td> <td>Komite Hak-Hak Penyandang Disabilitas </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Internasional_tentang_Perlindungan_terhadap_Semua_Orang_dari_Tindakan_Penghilangan_Secara_Paksa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Internasional tentang Perlindungan terhadap Semua Orang dari Tindakan Penghilangan Secara Paksa (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi Internasional tentang Perlindungan terhadap Semua Orang dari Tindakan Penghilangan Secara Paksa</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komite_tentang_Penghilangan_Paksa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Komite tentang Penghilangan Paksa (laman baluman ada)">Komite tentang Penghilangan Paksa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">Disadur dari <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#CITEREFSchmidt2010">Schmidt 2010</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010405_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010405-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Nagara angguta parjanjian-parjanjian ngini hudah bakomitmen hagan maulah lapuran sacara barkala manganai parkambangan upaya buhannya dalam mawujudakan hak-hak nang tarkandung dalam parjanjian-parjanjian ngini di tingkat nasiunal. Imbah lapurannya dikirim wan diprusis, lapuran nang ngitu akan dipariksa ulih awak traktar dalam salah sabuting sesi nang diadaakan ulih awak ngitu di muha umum lawan dihadiri ulih utusan nagara takait wan jua malibatakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lambaga_swadaya_masyarakat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambaga swadaya masyarakat (laman baluman ada)">lambaga swadaya masyarakat</a> (LSM).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010406-407_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010406-407-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Imbah ngitu, awak traktat akan mangaluarakan "kasimpulan pangamatan" (<i>concluding observation</i>) nang maidentifikasi masalah-masalah HAM di suatu nagara basarta rekomendasi khusus nang manuntungakan masalah ngitu. Wayah matan 2001, sabarataan awak traktat PBB baisi mekanisme panindaklanjutan tarhadap kasimpulan pangamatan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010407_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010407-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Handak samuaan awak traktar (kacuali Subkomite Pencegahan Penyiksaan) jua kawa mangaluarakan "kumintar umum" (<i>general comment</i>). Sapahadangan ngitu, terminologi nang dipakai ulih Komite Penghapusan Diskriminasi Rasial wan Komite Penghapusan Diskriminasi terhadap Wanita adalah "rekomendasi umum".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010408_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010408-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kumintar wan rekomendasi ngini ditatapakan badasarakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsensus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konsensus (laman baluman ada)">konsensus</a> wan kada maikat sacara hukum, tagal panafsiran nang tarkandung di dalamnya basipat otoritatif dalam mamandu ikhtiar hagan mamahami pasal-pasal dalam parjanjian tarkait. Kumintar umum dianggap mambantu banar maraga banyak parjanjian nang dirumusakan lawan kata-kata nang kada jalas maknanya atawa rancu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010409_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010409-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wayahini tadapat dalapan awak traktat nang baisi mekanisme nang manarima kaluhan matan saikung urang. Dalapan awak ngitu adalah Komite Hak Asasi Manusia, Komite Menentang Penyiksaan, Komite Penghapusan Diskriminasi Rasial, Komite Penghapusan Diskriminasi terhadap Wanita, Komite Hak-Hak Penyandang Disabilitas, Komite tentang Penghilangan Paksa, Komite Hak Ekonomi, Sosial, dan Budaya, serta Komite Hak-Hak Anak. Komite Hak Buruh Migran jua baisi mekanisme kaluhan saikung urang nang akaya yang diatur dalam PAsal 77 Konvensi Buruh Migran, tagal mekanisme hagan kumite ngini masih balum balaku pas Januari 2019 maraga jumlah nagara nang mangaluarakan deklarasi hagan bagabung lawan mekanisme ngini masih kurang matan 10. Mekanisme kaluhan saikung urang di awak traktar PBB kada basipat wajib, wan nagara kawa bagabung lawan maratifikasi protokol nang baisi mekanisme ngini (hagan Komite Menentang Penyiksaan, Komite Penghapusan Diskriminasi Rasial, wan Komite tentang Penghilangan Paksa, lawan mangaluarakan deklarasi sasuai lawan pasal nang maatur soal mekanisme surang-surang).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOHCHR_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOHCHR-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ulih sabab ngitu, invidiu matan nagara nang balum manyambat rasmi bagabung (baik ngitu liwat ratifikasi protokol atawajua deklarasi) kada kawa mamanjatkan kaluhan lawan awak traktat rakait. Mekanisme kaluhan di awak traktat PBB basipat tatulis wan rahasia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010410_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010410-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Awak-awak traktat ngini kawa mangaluarakan putusan sela (<i>interim measure</i>) sabagai parlindungan lamunnya kaadaannya mandasak wan kawa maulah karugian nang kada kawa dipulihakan lawan pihak nang mangaluh, cuntuhnya adalah parkara nang takair lawan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukuman_mati&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukuman mati (laman baluman ada)">hukuman mati</a> wan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deportasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deportasi (laman baluman ada)">deportasi</a>. Saban kumite jua akan maninjau babarapa prasyarat. Pihak nang mangaluh harus jadi kurban palanggaran, <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010412_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010412-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> palanggaran harus tarjadi imbah prutukul nang baisi tantang mekanisme kaluhan mulai barlaku hagan nagara nang diaduakan, wan kaluhan harus tarkait lawan hak nang tarkandung dalam parjanjian tarkait. Salain ngitu, kaluhan kada bulih dipariksa sacara baimbaian dalam mekanisme pamulihan lainnya (misalnya di tingkat regional), wan pihak nang mangaluh harus sudah mahabisakan sagala ikhtiar hagan mamparulih pamulihan di tingkat nasiunal. Awak traktat surang maulah kasimpulan tarkait lawan parkara-parkara ngini badasarkan konsensus, wan hasil paninjauan ngini disambat "pandangan" (<i>views)</i> atawa "pendapat" (<i>opinions</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010412_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010412-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hal ngini dianggap sabagai kalamahan awak-awak traktat, maraga hasil paninjauan buhannya kada maikat sacara hukum, walaupun negara tatap diharapakan hagan manindaklanjuti hasil paninjauan awak traktat wan mangirim katarangan nang manjalasakan hal nang ngitu dalam wayah babarapa bulan imbah kumite mangaluarakan pandapatnya. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010413_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010413-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parlindungan_di_tingkat_regional">Parlindungan di tingkat regional</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Babak hagian: Parlindungan di tingkat regional" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Parlindungan di tingkat regional"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sistim parlindungan hak asasi manusia jua hudah cungul di tingkat regional imbah babarapa urganisasi antarpamarintah mamutusakan hagan manjadii hak asasi manusia sabagai salah sabuting matan tujuan utama bubuhannya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013672_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013672-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Urganisasi-urganisasi nang ngitu maliputi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Majelis_Eropa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Majelis Eropa (laman baluman ada)">Majelis Eropa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urganisasi_Negara-negara_Amirika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Urganisasi Negara-negara Amirika (laman baluman ada)">Urganisasi Negara-negara Amirika</a>, wan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Afrika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Uni Afrika (laman baluman ada)">Uni Afrika</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013675-682_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013675-682-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mantan Pelapur Khusus PPB manganai hak atas pangan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olivier_De_Schutter&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Olivier De Schutter (laman baluman ada)">Olivier De Schutter</a>, manyambat bahwa sistim di Irupa wan Amerika lawan rekam jajaknya nang panjang marupakan sistim parlindungan HAM nang paling "matang" wan "maju".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Schutter2010898_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Schutter2010898-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kacungulan sistim regional kawa manulungi ikhtiar hagan mawujudakan HAM, maraga lawan ngini masyarakat madani mandapatakan tabanyak ruang hagan didangari ulih pamarintah matan pada harus maantri wan barabut ruangan di PBB. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013672_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013672-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Salain ngitu, rancak cungul kaluhan bahwa sistim HAM PBB nang bapusat di kuta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenewa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jenewa (laman baluman ada)">Jenewa</a> kangalihan hagan ditangii, wan sistim regional baisi kaunggulan barupa andakannya nang taparak lawan bubuhan masyarakat madani di dairahnya. Maka matan ngitu, kawa disambat bahwa mekanisme hak asasi manusia regional manjadiakan sistim hak asasi manusia internasional tatanggap wan dimukratis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013673_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013673-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tagal, tadapat jua inisiatip di tingkat regional nang dianggap maulah HAM bahaya maraga dinilai kawa marusak standar HAM nang hudah ditatapakan di tingkat global wan jua akibat adanya kamungkinan bahwa mekanisme regional nang ngitu akan disalahgunakan hagan malindungi nagara palanggar HAM matan pangawasan. Cuntuhnya adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piagam_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_Arab&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piagam Hak Asasi Manusia Arab (laman baluman ada)">Piagam Hak Asasi Manusia Arab</a> nang dikaluarakan pas tahun 1994, nang hudah manuai kritikan maraga dianggap tamundur matanpada standar glubal. Haratan tahun 2004, dikaluarakan rumusan piagam nang hanyar sakira tasasuai lawan hukum HAM internasiunal, tagal rumusan ngini jua dikritik maraga masih kada sahibaknya sajalan lawan standar global. Sapahadangan ngitu, di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asia_Tenggara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asia Tenggara (laman baluman ada)">Asia Tenggara</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumisi_Hak-Hak_Asasi_Manusia_Antarnegara_Perbara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumisi Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia Antarnegara Perbara (laman baluman ada)">Kumisi Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia Antarnegara Perbara</a> manatapkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_Perhimpunan_Bangsa-bangsa_Asia_Tenggara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manusia Perhimpunan Bangsa-bangsa Asia Tenggara (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manusia Antarnegara Perbara</a> manatapkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_Perhimpunan_Bangsa-bangsa_Asia_Tenggara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manusia Perhimpunan Bangsa-bangsa Asia Tenggara (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manusia Perbara</a> pas Nupimbir 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013674_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013674-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Deklarasi ngini hudah disambut sabagai kumitmen ganal matan Perbara hagan malindungi HAM, tagal pas wayah nang tapaimbai, deklarasi ngini jua dinilai "cacat" maraga sama sakali kada mandirikan mekanisme pengawasan nang baarti, wan jua akibat adanya asas "non-intervensi" dalam deklarasi nang ngitu nang kawa mahalangi kaharatan lambaga regional hagan malindungi HAM.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies201351_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies201351-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irupa">Irupa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Babak hagian: Irupa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Irupa"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Barakas:Council_of_Europe_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Council_of_Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Council_of_Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Council_of_Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/300px-Council_of_Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Council_of_Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/400px-Council_of_Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Nagara-nagara angguta Majelis Eropa.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Barakas:Stamps_of_Azerbaijan,_2009-866.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Stamps_of_Azerbaijan%2C_2009-866.jpg/200px-Stamps_of_Azerbaijan%2C_2009-866.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Stamps_of_Azerbaijan%2C_2009-866.jpg/300px-Stamps_of_Azerbaijan%2C_2009-866.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Stamps_of_Azerbaijan%2C_2009-866.jpg/400px-Stamps_of_Azerbaijan%2C_2009-866.jpg 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Perangko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Azerbaijan (laman baluman ada)">Azerbaijan</a> lawan gambar gedung <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengadilan_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_Eropa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia Eropa (laman baluman ada)">Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia Eropa</a> nang baandak di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strasbourg&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Strasbourg (laman baluman ada)">Strasbourg</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prancis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prancis (laman baluman ada)">Prancis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Majilis Irupa didiriakan pas tahun 1949, wan salah sabuting tujuannya adalah hagan managakakan hak asasi manusia. Imbahnya, pas tahun 1950, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Irupa_tentang_Hak_Asasi_Manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Irupa tentang Hak Asasi Manusia (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi Irupa tentang Hak Asasi Manusia</a> ditatapkan ulih nagara-nagara angguta Majilis Irupa di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Roma (laman baluman ada)">Roma</a> sabagai langkah baimbaian hagan managakakan babarapa hak nang takandung dalam PUHAM.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013675_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013675-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Konvensi ngini mandiriakan duwa lambaga pangawas, yaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumisi_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_Irupa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumisi Hak Asasi Manusia Irupa (laman baluman ada)">Kumisi Hak Asasi Manusia Irupa</a> wan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangadilan_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_Irupa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pangadilan Hak Asasi Manusia Irupa (laman baluman ada)">Pangadilan Hak Asasi Manusia Irupa</a>. Kaduwa lambaga ngini marupakan lambaga internasional panambayan nang kawa manjulung <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamulihan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pamulihan (laman baluman ada)">pamulihan</a> lawan kurban palanggaran HAM. Pamulaannya yurisdiksi buhannya cukup tabatas wan kada basipat wajib hagan negara angguta. Sistim ngini maalami parubahan sacara bagimitan, wan pas tahun 198, Protokol 11 mulai balaku. Protokol ngini mahapusakan Kumisi Irupa wan jua manjadiakan Pangadilan HAM Irupa sabagai pangadilan lawan yurisdiksi wajib (<i>compulsory jurisdiction</i>) hagan nagara-nagara angguta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013676_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013676-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wayahini, tadapat duwa prosedur hagan mambawa piduhal ka Pangadilan HAM Irupa, yaitu aplikasi antarnegara atawa aplikasi surangan. Dalam aplikasi antarnegara, sabuting negara kawa manuntut nagara lain nang dianggap hudah malanggar hak nang takandung dalam Konvensi. Samuaan ikhtiar hagan mandapatakan pamulihan di tingkat domestik harus hudah dihabisakan, kacuali lamunnya tuduhannya tahubung lawan suatu undang-undang atawa praktik administratif.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreer2010464-466_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreer2010464-466-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sapahadangan ngitu, dalam prosedur aplikasi surangan, kurban palanggaran HAM kawa mambawa piduhal ka pangadilan HAM Irupa lamunnya buhannya jua hudah mahabisakan samuaan ikhtiar hagan mandapatakan pamulihan di tantang nasiunal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreer2010466-468_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreer2010466-468-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pangadilan ngini jua baisi kakuatan mangaluarakan opini nasihat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013683_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013683-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pangadilan HAM Irupa manjalanakan asas "panafsiran otonom" nang baarti bahwa buhannya kawa manatapakan makna matan pasal-pasal nang takandung dalam konvensi tapacul matan pamaknaan tantang nasiunal. Pangadilan ngini jua kawa maminandui asas panafsiran evolutif atawa dinamis sakira Konvensi HAM Irupa kada katinggalan wayah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreer2010471_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreer2010471-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Salihan, Pangadilan ngini dipinandui lawan ajaran <a href="/w/index.php?title=Margin_apresiasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Margin apresiasi (laman baluman ada)">margin apresiasi</a> (<i>margin of appreciation</i>) nang manjulung ruang hagan nagara angguta hagan manapsirkan cara manarapakan standar HAM di tantang nasiunal. Manurut pangadilan ngini dalam piduhal <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunday_Times_v._the_United_Kingdom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunday Times v. the United Kingdom (laman baluman ada)">Sunday Times v. the United Kingdom</a></i>, tujuan pamulaan Konvensi adalah hagan manatapakan standar internasional nang parlu diasii, tagal nagara tatap sakahandak mamilih parbuatan nang kaya apa nang dianggap sasuai hagan manarapakan standar nang ngitu. Doktrin ngini kada ditarima di luar yurisdiksi pangadilan HAM Irupa, wan doktrin ngini surang hudah dikritik maraga kawa baujung lawan panarapan HAM nang talalu relativistik. Walau nang kaya ngitu, margin apresiasi lain doktrin nang statis. Salah sabuting cara hagan mandapatakan parubahan ngini adalah lawan maninjau konsensus manganai praktik tartantu di antara nagara angguta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMégret2010133_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMégret2010133-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sacara prinsipil, putusan Pangadilan HAM Irupa basipat maikat lawan pihak nang taumpat dalam sabuting piduhal. Bujurnya, putusan Pangadilan HAM Irupa jua bapangaruh lawan negara-negara lain, wan angguta legislatif di saban negara Irupa rancak mangkaji putusan-putusan pangadilan HAM Irupa tadahulu hagan mahindari palanggaran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelfer2008136_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelfer2008136-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pangadilan ngini surang hudah dihadang-hadang sabagai "mahkuta wan parhiasan" (<i>crown jewel</i>) dalam sistim parlindungan hak-hak sipil wan pulitik.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelfer2008125_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelfer2008125-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Saban tahunnya, pangadilan ngini kawa mangaluarakan labih matan 1.500 putusan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013685_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013685-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tagal, pangadilan ngini mahadapi piduhal ganal maraga talalu banyak piduhal nang masuk wan maulah buhannya kauyuhan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreer2008680-702_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreer2008680-702-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Majelis Irupa surang kada baurusan lawan hak sipil wan pulitik haja. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piagam_Susial_Irupa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piagam Susial Irupa (laman baluman ada)">Piagam Susial Irupa</a> hudah ditatapakan di bawah naungan urganisasi ngini pas tahun 1961, wan imbahnya piagam ngini dibujuri pas tahun 1991. Piagam ngini mandiriakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumite_Hak_Susial_Irupa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumite Hak Susial Irupa (laman baluman ada)">Kumite Hak Susial Irupa</a> wan baisi sistim laporan negara nang mirip lawan sistim di PBB.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013676_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013676-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amerika">Amerika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Babak hagian: Amerika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Amerika"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Barakas:AmericanConventiononHumanRights-map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/AmericanConventiononHumanRights-map.svg/300px-AmericanConventiononHumanRights-map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/AmericanConventiononHumanRights-map.svg/450px-AmericanConventiononHumanRights-map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/AmericanConventiononHumanRights-map.svg/600px-AmericanConventiononHumanRights-map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1945" data-file-height="1885" /></a><figcaption><span style="margin:0px;font-size:90%; display: block;"><span style="border:none;background-color:#00ff00;color:#00ff00;">██</span>&#160;Negara-negara yang hanya meratifikasi Konvensi HAM Amerika</span><span style="margin:0px;font-size:90%; display: block;"><span style="border:none;background-color:#0000ff;color:#0000ff;">██</span>&#160;Meratifikasi Konvensi HAM dan Protokol Pertama</span><span style="margin:0px;font-size:90%; display: block;"><span style="border:none;background-color:#ffff00;color:#ffff00;">██</span>&#160;Meratifikasi Konvensi HAM dan Protokol Kedua</span><span style="margin:0px;font-size:90%; display: block;"><span style="border:none;background-color:#ff0000;color:#ff0000;">██</span>&#160;Meratifikasi Konvensi HAM dan kedua protokolnya</span><span style="margin:0px;font-size:90%; display: block;"><span style="border:none;background-color:#800080;color:#800080;">██</span>&#160;Telah membatalkan Konvensi HAM Amerika secara sepihak</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Salah sabuting tujuan pamulaan matan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisasi_Negara-negara_Amerika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisasi Negara-negara Amerika (laman baluman ada)">Urganisasi Negara-Negara Amerika</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Inggris">basa Inggris</a>: <span lang="en" class="description en">Organization of American States</span>, disingkat OAS) adalah hak asasi manusia. Di bawah naungan urganisasi ngini, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_Hak_Asasi_wan_Kewajiban_Manusia_Amirika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi Hak Asasi wan Kewajiban Manusia Amirika (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi Hak Asasi wan Kewajiban Manusia Amirika</a> ditatapakan pas tanggal 2 Mei 1948 baimbai lawan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piagam_OAS&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piagam OAS (laman baluman ada)">Piagam OAS</a>. Langkah ganal imbahnya diambil pas tahun 1959 lawan diulahnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumisi_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_Antar-Amirika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumisi Hak Asasi Manusia Antar-Amirika (laman baluman ada)">Kumisi Hak Asasi Manusia Antar-Amirika</a> sabagai lambaga nang basipat otonom. Lambaga ngini imbahnya jadi salah sabuting lambaga nang baandak di bawah naungan Piagam OAS imbah disahkannya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protokol_Buenos_Aires&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Protokol Buenos Aires (laman baluman ada)">Protokol Buenos Aires</a> pas tahun 1970. Imbahnya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Amirika_tentang_Hak_Asasi_Manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Amirika tentang Hak Asasi Manusia (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi Amirika tentang Hak Asasi Manusia</a> ditatapakan di <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Jose&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="San Jose (laman baluman ada)">San Jose</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosta_Rika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosta Rika (laman baluman ada)">Kosta Rika</a>, pas tahun 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013677_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013677-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Konvensi ngini khususnya malindungi hak-hak sipil wan pulitik. Imbah Konvensi HAM Antar-Amirika mulai barlaku pas tahun 1978,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013678_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013678-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangadilan_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_Antar-Amirika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pangadilan Hak Asasi Manusia Antar-Amirika (laman baluman ada)">Pangadilan Hak Asasi Manusia Antar-Amirika</a> didirikan satahun imbahnya. Suatu negara nang baandak di benua Amirika akan masuk ka dalam yurisdiksi pangadilan ngini lamunnya nagara nang ngitu hudah maratifikasi Konvensi HAM Antar-Amirika wan sacara gamblang manarima yurisdiksi pangadilan nang ngitu. Pangadilan ngini surang tadiri matan tujuh hakim nang dipilih hagan wayah jabatan salawas anam tahun ulih negara angguta Konvensi HAM Antar-Amirika.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010442_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010442-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kada nang kaya di Majelis Irupa, dalam sistim ngini, Komisi HAM Antar-Amirika wan nagara angguta haja nang baisi wewenang hagan mambawa parkara ka pangadilan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010443_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010443-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kaputusan pangadilan maikat sacara hukum wan kada kawa dihaur gugat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010444_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010444-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Salain mangaluarakan putusan resmi, pangadilan ngini jua kawa manarima parmintaan matan negara-negara angguta atawa salah sabuting organ OAS hagan mangaluarakan upini nasihat nang kada maikat, tagal basipat otoritatif, hagan manjalasakan pasal-pasal tartantu nang kawa manulungi negara angguta mamahami wan maasii kawajiban HAM buhannya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010448_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010448-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Urganisasi Negara-Negara Amirika jua hudah manatapakan duwa prutukul tambahan hagan Konvensi HAM Amirika. Prutukul nang panambayan adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prutukul_San_Salvador&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prutukul San Salvador (laman baluman ada)">Prutukul San Salvador</a> nang ditatapakan pas tahun 1998, <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013678_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013678-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> mulai barlaku pas tahun 1999, wan baisi tentang hak ikunumi, susial, wan budaya. Prutukul nang kaduwa adalah prutukul manganai panghapusan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukuman_mati&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukuman mati (laman baluman ada)">hukuman mati</a> nang mulai barlaku pas tahun 1991. Salihan, parjanjian-parjanjian HAM regional lainnya jua hudah ditatapakan di bawah naungan Urganisasi Negara-Negara Amirika. Cuntuhnya adalah Konvensi Antar-Amirika hagan Mancagah wan Mahukum Panyiksaan pas tahun 1987, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_B%C3%A9lem_do_Par%C3%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Bélem do Pará (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi Bélem do Pará</a> atawa "Konvensi Antar-Amirika manganai Pancagahan, Pahukuman, wan Pahapusan Kakarasan lawan Binian" nang mulai barlaku pas tahun 1995, Konvensi Antar-Amirika tentang Panghilangan Paksa nang mulai berlaku pas tahun 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010435_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010435-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> serta Konvensi Antar-Amerika tentang Pahapusan Samuaan Bantuk Diskriminasi lawan Urang baisi Disabilitas nang mulai barlaku pas tahun 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010435-436_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010435-436-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salah sabuting tantangan pangganalnya nang dihadapi ulih sistim HAM Antar-Amiriki adalah kurangnya pandanaan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010450_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010450-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Saliha, kada sabarataan negara angguta OAS hudah maratifikasi Konvensi HAM Antar-Amirika, wan munnya hudah jua kada sabarataan manarima yurisdiksi pangadilan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010450-451_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010450-451-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Negara-negara angguta OAS jua disambat kada baisi iktikad pulitik hagan malancarakan reformasi nang kawa manuntungakan masalah-masalah ngini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013679_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013679-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aprika">Aprika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Babak hagian: Aprika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Aprika"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Barakas:African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights.png/220px-African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights.png/330px-African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>Negara anggota <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengadilan_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_wan_Hak_Penduduk_Afrika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia wan Hak Penduduk Afrika (laman baluman ada)">Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia wan Hak Penduduk Afrika</a>. <span style="margin:0px;font-size:90%; display: block;"><span style="border:none;background-color:#800020;color:#800020;">██</span>&#160;Nagara-nagara nang hudah maakui yurisdiksi pengadilan sacara sabarataan (tarmasuk piduhal nang dibawa ulih individu wan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembaga_swadaya_masyarakat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembaga swadaya masyarakat (laman baluman ada)">LSM</a>)</span> <span style="margin:0px;font-size:90%; display: block;"><span style="border:none;background-color:#FFC0CB;color:#FFC0CB;">██</span>&#160;Negara-negara lain yang sudah meratifikasi protokol pengadilan</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Haratan pamulaan, hak asasi manusia kada masuk ka dalam tujuan Urganisasi Kasatuan Aprika.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013679_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013679-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Walau kaya ngitu, pas tahun 2022, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Aprika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Uni Aprika (laman baluman ada)">Uni Aprika</a> manggantiakan Urganisasi Kasatuan Aprika, wan urganisasi ngini maakui hak asasi manusia sabagai salah sabuting tujuan utamanya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013681_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013681-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haratan tahun 1981, negara-negara angguta Urganisasi Kasatuan Aprika manatapakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piagam_Aprika_tentang_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_wan_Hak_Panduduk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piagam Aprika tentang Hak Asasi Manusia wan Hak Panduduk (laman baluman ada)">Piagam Aprika tentang Hak Asasi Manusia wan Hak Panduduk</a>. Piagam ngini pina balain lamunnya dibandingakan lawan piagam-piagam HAM internasiunal lainnya maraga piagam ngini maakui "hak panduduk", Sacara substantif, piagam ngini jua mancantumakan hak sipil wan pulitik, hak susial, ikunumi, wan budaya, sarta "hak solidaritas" (nang kaya hak atas pambangunan, pardamaian, wan lingkungan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013681_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013681-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Salihan, dalam piagam ngini baisi "kawajiban" hagan surang tarhadap komunitasnya, nang kaya kawajiban hagan kulawarga wan negara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2010485_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2010485-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Piagam ngini pamulaannya manatapakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komisi_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_wan_Hak_Panduduk_Aprika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Komisi Hak Asasi Manusia wan Hak Panduduk Aprika (laman baluman ada)">Komisi Hak Asasi Manusia wan Hak Panduduk Aprika</a> wara sabagai lambaga pangawas, wan lembaga ngini panambayannya bagarumbung pas tahun 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013681_137-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013681-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tagal, pas tahun 1998, Protokol tentang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangadilan_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_wan_Hak_Panduduk_Aprika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pangadilan Hak Asasi Manusia wan Hak Panduduk Aprika (laman baluman ada)">Pangadilan Hak Asasi Manusia wan Hak Panduduk Aprika</a> ditatapakan di kuta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Addis_Ababa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Addis Ababa (laman baluman ada)">Addis Ababa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etiopia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Etiopia (laman baluman ada)">Etiopia</a>, wan protokol ngini mulau barlaku pas Januari 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2010492_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2010492-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Buhan hakim nang pamulaan dipilih pas tahun 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013681_137-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013681-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pangadilan ngini baisi matan 11 hakim nang dinominasiakan ulih nagara nang hudah maratifikasi protokol, wan imbahnya buhannya dipilih ulih Uni Aprika.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2010492_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2010492-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Rajin Komisi HAM Aprika handak mambawa piduhal ngini ka pangadilan lamunnya rekomendasi buhannya kada diumpati. Surang atawa parwakilan surang jua kawa mambawa piduhal ka pangadilan ngini, tagal hanyar kawa lamunnya nagara nang basangkutan hudah maulah deklarasi nang manarima yurisdiksi pangadilan ngitu. Lamunnya pangadilan manamui hudah tarjadi palanggaran, maka pangadilan kawa mangaluarakan parintah nang mambariakan pamulihan. Imbah Dewa Eksekutif Uni Aprika akan mahatiakan palaksaan putusan pangadilan. Sapahadangan ngitu, pangadilan ngini jua kawa mambarii pandapat nasihat lamunnya disuruh ulih Uni Aprika atawa Urganisasi Aprika nang diakui ulih uni ngini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2010493_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2010493-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haratan Juli 2008, Majalis Uni Aprika hudah mangaluarakan Protokol tentang Statuta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahkamah_Kehakiman_wan_Hak_Asasi_Aprika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahkamah Kehakiman wan Hak Asasi Aprika (laman baluman ada)">Mahkamah Kehakiman wan Hak Asasi Aprika</a>. Mahkamah ngini pacangan handak manggantiakan Pangadilan HAM Aprika imbah protokolnya mulai barlaku: Mahkamah hanyar ngini baisi dua hagian, yaitu hagian umum wan hagian hak asasi manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2010492_139-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2010492-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Protokol ngini hanyar handak barlaku imbah diratifikasi ulih 15 nagara angguta, wan pas tahun 2018, ada 6 nagara angguta Uni Aprika wara nang hudah maratifikasi protokol ngini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUni_Afrika_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUni_Afrika-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementasi_di_tingkat_nasional">Implementasi di tingkat nasional</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Babak hagian: Implementasi di tingkat nasional" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Implementasi di tingkat nasional"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Barakas:Canadian_Museum_for_Human_Rights,_The_Forks,_Winnipeg_(500013)_(12024148485).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Canadian_Museum_for_Human_Rights%2C_The_Forks%2C_Winnipeg_%28500013%29_%2812024148485%29.jpg/250px-Canadian_Museum_for_Human_Rights%2C_The_Forks%2C_Winnipeg_%28500013%29_%2812024148485%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Canadian_Museum_for_Human_Rights%2C_The_Forks%2C_Winnipeg_%28500013%29_%2812024148485%29.jpg/375px-Canadian_Museum_for_Human_Rights%2C_The_Forks%2C_Winnipeg_%28500013%29_%2812024148485%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Canadian_Museum_for_Human_Rights%2C_The_Forks%2C_Winnipeg_%28500013%29_%2812024148485%29.jpg/500px-Canadian_Museum_for_Human_Rights%2C_The_Forks%2C_Winnipeg_%28500013%29_%2812024148485%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3903" data-file-height="2192" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_Kanada&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Museum Hak Asasi Manusia Kanada (laman baluman ada)">Museum Hak Asasi Manusia Kanada</a> di kuta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Winnipeg&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Winnipeg (laman baluman ada)">Winnipeg</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Standar hak asasi manusia nang ditatapakan di tantang internasiunal pas pauncitannya parlu diimplementasiakan malalui sistim hukum di tantang nasiunal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndo2013698_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndo2013698-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sabuting nagara kawa manarima parjanjian HAM internasiunal lawan cara ratifikasi, aksesi, atawa suksesi. Ratifikasi marupakan tindakan nang sacara rasmi manyatakan parsatujuan hagan taikat lawan suatu parjanjian internasiunal. Ratifikasi rajin didahului ulih panandatanganan parjanjian ulih parwakilan nagara, wan ratifikasi hanya kawa digawi imbah mahibaki syarat-syarat nang tacantum dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_tata_nagara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum tata nagara (laman baluman ada)">hukum tata nagara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndo2013699_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndo2013699-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cuntuhnya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstitusi_Amirikia_Serikat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstitusi Amirikia Serikat (laman baluman ada)">Konstitusi Amirikia Serikat</a> maatur bahwa suatu parjanjian hanya kawa diratifkasi ulih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Presiden_Amirika_Serika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Presiden Amirika Serika (laman baluman ada)">Presiden</a> imbah disatujui ulih dua partiga suara di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senat_Amirika_Serikat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Senat Amirika Serikat (laman baluman ada)">Senat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndo2013699-700_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndo2013699-700-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sapahadangan ngitu, aksesi adalah parnyataan kasadiaan sabuting nagara hagan taikat lawan sabuting parjanjian imbah parjanjian ngitu hudah mulai barlaku. Suksesi surang adalah pawarisan parjanjian imbah bubarnya sabuting nagara, cuntuhnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> nang mawarisi kawajiban ICPR matan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Uni Soviet (laman baluman ada)">Uni Soviet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndo2013699_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndo2013699-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Haratan sabuting nagara lagi maratifikasi atawa manggawi aksesi tarhadap sabuting parjanjian, buhannya kawa mangaluarakan "reservasi" nang mahigaakan atawa maubah hak atawa kawajiban nang diruncutakan ulih sabuting parjanjian tarhadap nagara ngitu. Pasal 19 Konvensi Wina kada mambulihakan reservasi nang dilarang ulih sabuting parjanjian atawa reservasi nang bahantupan lawan maksud wan tujuan matan parjanjian ngitu. Sabagai cuntuh, Amirika Serikat haratan maratifikasi ICCPR mangaluarakan reservasi nang mahigaaakan panarapan Pasal 6 (5) nang kada mambulihakan pangganjaran hukuman mati lawan urang nang kana hukuman ngitu sabalum buhannya baumur 18 tahun. Reservasi ngini ditolak ulih nagara-nagara Irupa lainnya maraga disambat balawanan lawan maksud wan tujuan matn ICCPR. Nagara jua kawa mangaluarakan "deklarasi pantakwilan" haratan maratifikasi sabuting parjanjian, wan takananya cungul partakunan manganai apakah "deklarasi" nang dikaluarakan ulih sabuting nagara hanya "deklarasi" wara atawa marupakan sabuting "reservasi". Nang kaya, Mesir mangaluarakan deklarasi bahwa buhannya "manarima, mandukung, wan maratifikasi" ICCPR imbah mampartimbangakan isi matan hukum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syariah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Syariah (laman baluman ada)">syariah</a> wan "pakta bahwa hukum ngitu kada balawanan lawan ICCPR".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndo2013700_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndo2013700-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Banyak angguta Kumite Hak Asasi Manusia PBB nang marasa bahwa huku Mesir tatimpang lawan isi matan ICCPR, wan buhannya mamadahakan sakira deklarasinya diklarifikasi atawa dicabut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndo2013700-701_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndo2013700-701-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Takait lawan dampat matan reservasi ngitu surang, Pasal 21 Konvensi Wina maatur bahwa reservasi nang ditulak ulih sabuting nagara kawa dianggap kada payu antara nagara nang mangaluarakan reservasi lawan nagara nang manolak reservasi ngitu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVCLT1969_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVCLT1969-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tagal, haratan tahun 1994, Komite Hak Asasi Manusia manyambat dalam Kumintar Umum No. 24 bahwa buhannya kawa manantuakan apakah sabuting reservasi ngitu sah atawa kada, wan buhannya akan mamutur reservasi nang dianggap kada sasuai. Kumite HAM PBB surang kada mambari justifikasi nang kuat, wan parnyataan ngini hudah dikritik ulih saban nagara nang kaya Amirika Serikat, Britania Raya, wan Parancis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoloney2004165_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoloney2004165-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Matan sudut pandang normatif, ada nang manyamabt bahwa reservasi parlu dibulihakan sakira magin banyak nagara nang handak taikat lawan parjanjian HAM. Tagal, reservasi tarhadap parjanjian HAM hudah dikritik maraga disambat maacam kapurnaan matan parjanjian nang ngitu, sahingga kaharatan hagan mambatalakan reservasi dirasa parlu hagan bamagin kuat parlindungan HAM di tantang internasiunal. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoloney2004155-156,_160_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoloney2004155-156,_160-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saban nagara baisi aturannya surang sahubungan lawan tata cara hagan mamasukakan parjanjian HAM internasiunal ka dalam hukum nasiunal. Sacara umum, tadapat dua macam cara, yaitu "panarimaan langsung" wan "panarimaan khusus" atawa "individual". Panarimaan langsung baarti bahwa pasal-pasal dalam parjanjian nang hudah diratifikasi kawa langsung dipakai di pangadilan nasiunal. Cuntuh nagara-nagara nang mamakai pamarakan ngini adalah Amirika Serikat wan Japang. Sapahadangan ngitu, Britania Raya wan nagara-nagara nang suah jadi jajahannya baisi sistim panarimaan khusus, nang baarti bahwa isi matan sabuting parjanjian HAM harus diruakakan ka dalam undang-undang nasiunal tadahulu sabalum kawa dipakai di pangadilan nasiunal. Sabagai ilustrasi, Britania Raya hudah manatapakan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_Rights_Act_1998&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Human Rights Act 1998 (laman baluman ada)">Human Rights Act 1998</a></i> pas tahun 2000, sahingga rakyat Britania kawa mambawa piduhal manganai palanggaran Konvensi HAM Irupa ka pangadilan nasiunal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndo2013702_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndo2013702-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Takait lawan andakan parjanjian HAM internasiunal dalam hierarki hukum nasiunal, saban nagara jua baisi sistimnya surang. Nagara kaya Walanda mambarii kadudukan paningginya lawan parjanjian internasiunal, wan parjanjian nang bahantupan lawan undang-undang dasar tatap dianggap sah lamunnya parjanjia nang ngitu disatujui ulih dua par tiga suara di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eerste_Kamer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eerste Kamer (laman baluman ada)">Eerste Kamer</a> wan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tweede_Kamer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tweede Kamer (laman baluman ada)">Tweede Kamer</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndo2013703_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndo2013703-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Di higa lain, tadapat nagara kaya Parancis wan Japang nang manyatakan bahwa parjanjian internasiunal kadudukannya tarandah matanpada undang-undang dasar, tagal masih tatinggi dibandingakan lawan hukum biasa. Sapahadangan ngitu, di Amirika Serika, parjanjian internasiunal baisi kadudukan nang sama lawan hukum federal, sahingga hukum federal nang ditatapakan imbahnya kawa mahigaakan parjanjian nang hudah diratifikasi sasuai lawan asas <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lex_posterior_derogat_legi_priori&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lex posterior derogat legi priori (laman baluman ada)">lex posterior derogat legi priori</a></i> ("hukum tahanyar mahigaakan hukum talawas").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndo2013704_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndo2013704-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Panikasan_wan_pangurangan">Panikasan wan pangurangan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Babak hagian: Panikasan wan pangurangan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Panikasan wan pangurangan"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="quotebox" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; width: 25em; padding: 6px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;"> <div style="position: relative; text-align: left;"> <div> <p>"Dalam habar darurat nang manggaratak kahidupan bangsa wan kabadaradaannya, nang hudah diumumakan sacara resmi, nagara-nagara pihak Kovenan ngini kawa manjuhut langkah-langkah nang mangurangi kawajiban-kawajiban buhannya badasarakan Kovenan ngini, sajauh mamang diparluakaan banar dalam situasi darurat ngitu, salawas langkah-langkah ngitu kada bahuntupan lawan kawajiban-kawajiban lainnya badasarakan hukum internasiunal wan kada mangandung diskriminasi semata-mata badasarakan atas ras, warna awak, janis kalamain, basa, agama, atawa asal usul susial."" </p> </div> </div> <div style="text-align: right;">Pasal 4(1) ICCPR manganai pangurangan (<i>derogation</i>) hak asasi manusia dalam habar darurat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICCPR1966_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICCPR1966-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></div> </div> <p>Matan sudut janak hukum asasi manusia internasiunal, kada samuaan hak basipat absolut wan barbagai hak kawa ditikasi panarapannya. Tadapat dua cara nang kawa dipakai ulih nagara hagan manikasi suatu hak, yaitu lawan mahibaki syarat-syarat nang dicantumakan dalam suatu pasal (disambat panikasan atawa <i>limitation</i>) atawa lawan manangguhkan kawajiban hak asasi manusia tartantu di tangah kadaan darurat (disambat pangurangan atawa <i>derogation</i>). Walau nang kaya ngitu, nang kaya nang hudah dijabarakan dalam uraian manganai <i>jus cogens</i> di atas, tadapat sajumlah hak nang kada kawa dihigaakan dalam kaadaan apa haja, nang kaya hak hagan kada disiksa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMégret2010140_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMégret2010140-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Takait lawan <i>limitation</i>, praktik penerapan hak asasi manusia rancak mancungulakan kategangan antara hak individu lawan kapantingan baimbai. Cuntuhnya adalah urang nang dijebloskan ka penjara imbah maliwati proses hukum nang adil; urang ngitu kada akan kawa mamakai hak hagan kada ditahan sacara sembarangan hagan kaluar matan panjara. Dalam konvensi-konvensi internasiunal (nang kaya ICCPR wan Konvensi HAM Irupa), hak-hak nang kawa ditikasi rajin baisi parsyaratan tiga rangkap nang parlu dihibaki sabalum nagara kawa manikasi hak ngitu, yaitu:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMégret2010141_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMégret2010141-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Panikasan harus ditantuakan ulih hukum (<i>prescribed by law</i>)</li> <li>Panikasan diparluakan hagan mancapai tujuan-tujuan tartantu nang dianggap sah (<i>legitimate aim</i>)</li> <li>Panikasan dianggap <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diparluakan_dalam_suatu_masyarakat_demokratis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Diparluakan dalam suatu masyarakat demokratis (laman baluman ada)">diparluakan dalam suatu masyarakat demokratis</a> (<i>necessary in a democratic society</i>)</li></ol> <p>Sabagai cuntuh, Pasal 21 ICCPR manyambat bahwa "hak hagan bagarumbung sacara damai harus diakui", tagal pasal ngitu masih maizinakan panikasan "nang ditantuakan sasuai lawan hukum, nang diparluakan dalam suatu masyarakat demokratis hagan kepentingan kaamanan nasiunal wan kasalamatan publik, atawa katartiban umum, parlindungan tarhadap kasihatan atawa moral umum, atawa parlindungan atas hak-hak wan kabebasan-kabebasan urang lain."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICCPR1966_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICCPR1966-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sacara gigis tikas, parsyaratan manganai katentuan badasarakan hukum manyambat bahwa panikasan harus ditatapakan dalam undang-undang nang disatujui ulih awak legislatif wan lain eksekutif. Nagara jua parlu mamastiakan bahwa undang-undang ngitu kawa diaksis ulih rakyat, wan panikasannya jua harus dirincikan sacara jalas. Ulih sabab ngitu, pambarian kuasa nang kada babatas lawan awak eksekutif hagan manikasi hak asasi manusia dianggap kada mahibaki syarat ngini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMégret2010141-142_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMégret2010141-142-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sapahadangan ngitu, "tujuan-tujuan nang dianggap sah" rajin dijabarakan dalam masing-masing pasal nang maizinakan panikasan, nang kaya hudah ditunjukakan dalam Pasal 21 ICCPR di atas. Dalam yurisdiksi Pangadilan HAM Irupa, tujuan nang diangap sah harus barupa "kaparluan susial nang mandesak", sahingga panikasan kada boleh menjadi sekadar pilihan kebijakan. Sapahandangan ngitu, syarat "diperluakan dalam suatu masyarakat demokratis" baarti bahwa nagara juga harus mambuktiakan bahwa panikasan nang buhannya gawi ngitu dasar diparluakan hagan mahibaki tujuan-tujuan sah nang handak dicapai. Salihan, panikasan ngini jua harus mahibaki asas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proporsionalitas_(hukum)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Proporsionalitas (hukum) (laman baluman ada)">proporsionalitas</a>, sahingga nagara kada boleh maambil tindakan nang balabihan wan hanya boleh manikasi sajauh mana panikasan ngitu dasar diparluakan. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMégret2010142_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMégret2010142-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sabagai ilustrasi, dalam piduhal <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toonen_v._Australia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Toonen v. Australia (laman baluman ada)">Toonen v. Australia</a></i>, pamarintah nagara hagian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tasmania&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tasmania (laman baluman ada)">Tasmania</a> mancuba manjustifikasi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_sodomi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum sodomi (laman baluman ada)">hukum nang malarang sodomi</a> lawan mangklaim bahwa kriminalisasi diparluakan demi kasihatan umum hagan mancagah pabantaran <a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS (laman baluman ada)">HIV/AIDS</a>. Tagal, pamarintah federal Australia batagas bahwa kriminalisasi seks sama jenis malah mahalangi program kasihatan umum lawan mandasak kaum homoseksual hagan basambunyi, sahingga tindakan nang diambil pamarintah Tasmania justru bahangkupan lawan tujuan nang handak dicapai. Salihan, Komite HAM PBB jua manambahakan bahwa kadada kakaitan antara kriminalisasi seks sasam janis lawan pangandalian pabantaran virus HIV. Maka matan ngitu, Komite HAM PBB manyambat bahwa "parlindungan kasihatan umum" kada kawa dianggap sabagai tujuan sah nang kawa mambujurakan kriminalisasi seks sasama jenis. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoseph_&amp;_Castan2013556-557_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph_&amp;_Castan2013556-557-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sapahadangan ngitu, aturan manganai pangurangan (<i>derogation</i>) hanya barlaku hagan kaadaan darurat. Saban konvensi baisi aturan wan yurisprudensinya surang managanai <i>derogation</i>. Piagam HAM Afrika jua sama sakali kada mamuat pasal menganai <i>degoration</i>, sampai-sampai Komisi HAM Afrika dalam piduhal <i>Commission Nationale des Droit de l'Homme et des Libertés v. Chad</i> manikinakan bahwa perang dangsanak di <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> jua kada bisa dijadiakan ilah hagan mangurangi hak-hak nang takandung dalam piagam nang ngitu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugraha2018201_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugraha2018201-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sacara gigis ganal, nagara kawa mamutusakan hagan manangguhakan panarapaan sajumlah hak asasi asalkan kaadaan daruratnya diumumkan tarlabih dulu wan kabaradaan kaadaan darurat nang ngitu harus dilaporakan lawan instansi nang hudah ditatapakan ulih suatu konvensi. "Keadaan darurat" adalah syarat nang nang ngalih banar dihibaki, maraga kadaannya harus mangancam "kahidupan bangsa". Akibatnya, kada sabarataan gangguan kaamanan atawa bancana kawa langsung dianggap sabagai "kaadaan darurat", wan bahkan perang kada kawa semerta-merta dianggap mahibaki syarat ngini. Salihan, pangurangan nang kawa dibarlakukan hanyalah pangurangan nang menang diparluakan hagan mangambaliakan kaadaan nang kaya dahula, sahingga pangurangan harus mahibaki asas kaparluan (<i>necessity</i>) wan proporsionalitas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMégret2010143_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMégret2010143-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pangurangan ngini harus basipat sapahadangan, wan bagitu ancamannya hudah hilang, pangurangan ngini harus dicabut. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMégret2010144_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMégret2010144-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hukum_kemanusiaan_internasional">Hukum kemanusiaan internasional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" title="Babak hagian: Hukum kemanusiaan internasional" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Hukum kemanusiaan internasional"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Barakas:5th_Gurkha_Rifles,_Japan_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/5th_Gurkha_Rifles%2C_Japan_1946.jpg/300px-5th_Gurkha_Rifles%2C_Japan_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/5th_Gurkha_Rifles%2C_Japan_1946.jpg/450px-5th_Gurkha_Rifles%2C_Japan_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/5th_Gurkha_Rifles%2C_Japan_1946.jpg/600px-5th_Gurkha_Rifles%2C_Japan_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>Manurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahkamah_Internasional&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahkamah Internasional (laman baluman ada)">Mahkamah Internasional</a>, dalam kaadaan perang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kemanusiaan_internasional&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum kemanusiaan internasional (laman baluman ada)">hukum kemanusiaan internasional</a> dianggap sebagai <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lex_specialis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lex specialis (laman baluman ada)">lex specialis</a></i> lawan kedudukan di atas hak asasi manusia sacara umum. Gambar: Tantara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurkha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gurkha (laman baluman ada)">Gurkha</a> manduduki Jepang pasca-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Dunia_II&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Dunia II (laman baluman ada)">Perang Dunia II</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">Artikal utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kemanusiaan_internasional&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum kemanusiaan internasional (laman baluman ada)">Hukum kemanusiaan internasional</a></div> <p>Kawajiban hak asasi mansia tatap barlaku dalam kadaan perang, tagal di tangah barkacamuknya konflik, korban jiwa akan baguguran. Jalannya perang surang diatur ulih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kemanusiaan_internasional&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum kemanusiaan internasional (laman baluman ada)">hukum kemanusiaan internasional</a>. Bidang hukum ngini mancoba mamasukakan unsur-unsur kamanusiaan ka dalam perang lawan manatapakan barbagai aturan nang manikasi tata cara wan metode tempur. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010521_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010521-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada dasarnya tadapat dua asas utama dalam hukum kamanusiaan internasiunal. Asas palainan (<i>distinction</i>) manyatakan bahwa kombatan (urang nang tarlibat dalam pertempuran) harus dilainakan matan warga sipil wan sasaran militer jua harus dilainakan matan sasaran sipil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010522_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010522-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sapahadangan ngitu, asas pandaritaan nang kada parlu (<i>unnecessary suffering</i>) malarang pamakaian sanjata wan metode perang nang kawa maakibatakan pandaritaan atawa luka-luka nang malabihi matan apa nang diparluakan hagan mancapai tujuan militer. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010523_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010523-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Babarapa cuntuh aturan dalam hukum humaniter internasiunal adalah parlindungan tarhadap warga sipil nang kada tarlibat perang, larangan manggawi sarangan nang mambabi buta, larangan mamakai sanjata-sanjata kimia atawa biologi, sarta larangan hagan mamarintahakan agar kada ada satu jua tawanan nang boleh diampuni.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010523_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010523-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Takait lawan hubungan antara hukum hak asasi manusia internasiunal lawan hukum humaniter internasiunal pas wayah perang, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahkamah_Internasional&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahkamah Internasional (laman baluman ada)">Mahkamah Internasional</a> dalam opini nasihat <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legality_of_the_Threat_of_Use_of_Nuclear_Weapons&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Legality of the Threat of Use of Nuclear Weapons (laman baluman ada)">Legality of the Threat of Use of Nuclear Weapons</a></i> hudah maamati bahwa tadapat tiga situasi nang kawa cungul:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010531_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010531-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Babarapa hak mungkin hanya masuk ka dalam cakupan hukum kemanusiaan internasiunal, cuntuhnya nang manyangkut lawan wilayah pandudukan. Hukum kemanusiaan internasiunal baisi banyak aturan nang badampak tarhadap hak warga di wilayah pandudukan. Sabagai cuntuh, nagara nang manggawi pandudukan kawa mamanpaatakan bangunan atawa lahan di wilayah pandudukan hagan kapantingan militer, tagal buhannya kada boleh marusaknya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010532_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010532-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Babarapa hak nang lainnya mungkin hanya masuk ka dalam cakupan hukum hak asasi manusia. Nang kaya, hak hagan kada dipanjara maraga dasar kakadakawaan hagan mahibaki kawajiban kontrak kada kawa dikahigaakan dalam kaadaaan perang wan masih tatap balaku.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010532_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010532-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hak-hak nang lain kawa masuk ka dalam cakupan matan kaduanya. Cuntuhnya, hak hagan kada disiksa sama-sama dilindungi ulih hukum kemanusiaan internasiunal wan hukum hak asasi manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010534_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010534-166"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Tagal, kawa jua tarjadi kakadasalarasan antara hukum kemanusiaan internasiunal wan hukum hak asasi manusia. Cuntuh nang paling nyaman adalah hak hagan hidup; ICCPR sacara jalas malarang pancabutan nyawa urang lain sacara babarang, tagal dalam kaadaan perang, kombatan kawa mambunuh kombatan nang lainnya. Dalam kaadaan nang kaya ngini, barlaku asas <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lex_specialis_derogat_legi_generali&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lex specialis derogat legi generali (laman baluman ada)">lex specialis derogat legi generali</a></i> (hukum nang besipat khusus mahigaakan nang umum), wan sahubungan lawan asas ngitu, Mahkamah Internasional hudah manyambat bahwa hukum kemanusiaan internasiunal adalah hkum nang manjadi <i>lex specialis</i> dalam keadaan perang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010533_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010533-167"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kritik_partikularisme">Kritik partikularisme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=27" title="Babak hagian: Kritik partikularisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Kritik partikularisme"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="quotebox" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; width: 25em; padding: 6px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;"> <div style="position: relative; text-align: left;"> <div> <p>"Konsep hak asasi manusia marupakan produk sejarah. Hak asasi manusia sangat kuat kaitannya lawan keadaan susial, pulitik, wan ikunumi, wan jua sajarah, budaya, wan nilai-nilai tartantu matan suatu negara. Maka matan ngitu, kita kada saharusnya wan jua kada kawa manjadiakan standar hak asasi manusia wan model matan nagara tartantu sabagai sabuting haja nang bujur wan manuntut sakira nagara-nagara lain jua maumpatinya." </p> </div> </div> <div style="text-align: right;">— Kepala Delegasi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republik_Rakyat_Tiongkok&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Republik Rakyat Tiongkok (laman baluman ada)">Tiongkok</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Huaqiu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Huaqiu (laman baluman ada)">Liu Huaqiu</a>, pas tanggal 17 Juni 1993 salawas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konferensi_Internasional_Hak_Asasi_Manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konferensi Internasional Hak Asasi Manusia (laman baluman ada)">Konferensi Internasional Hak Asasi Manusia</a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wina (laman baluman ada)">Wina</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Austria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Austria (laman baluman ada)">Austria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200162_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200162-168"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></div> </div> <div class="quotebox" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; width: 25em; padding: 6px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;"> <div style="position: relative; text-align: left;"> <div> <p>"Matan wadah budaya wan sajarah, masyarakat Barat balain lawan masyarakat non-Barat. Tagal argumen ngitu surang malihaatakan kita kabujuran bahwa latar balakang budaya wan sajarah nagara-nagara non-Barat balain sabuting lawan nang lain. Olih maraga ngitu, kunsip partikularistik nang ngitu kada kawa digeneralisasi sabagai kunsip nang balain sacara linear lawan masyarakat Barat wara. Kabujuran bahwa sabuting masyarakat pas asalnya adalah individualistik wan kapitalistik jua, kada otomasti baarti bahwa lawan manarima kunsip universalitas hak asasi manusia, maka sabarataan manusia ditikasi lawan maanut kunsip nang ngitu. Hak asasi manusia marupakan rumusan barbagai hak dasar nagn inheren dalam diri saban manusia. Palainan latar balakang budaya wan sajarah antara masing-masing bangsa kada baarti tatamu palainan hak asasi ngitu surang." </p> </div> </div> <div style="text-align: right;">— Pakar hukum <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adnan_Buyung_Nasution&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Adnan Buyung Nasution (laman baluman ada)">Adnan Buyung Nasution</a> dalam mananggapi argumen partikularistik.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl_Muhtaj20175-6_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl_Muhtaj20175-6-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></div> </div> <p>Sipat "universal" hak asasi manusia hudah mahadapi gampuran matan sajumlah panjanakan nang disambat "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Relativisme_budaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Relativisme budaya (laman baluman ada)">relativisme budaya</a>" atawa "partikularisme",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200122_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200122-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> walaupun pamakaian istilah "relativisme budaya" hudah dikritik maraga istilah ngitu marupakan ngaran sabuting mazhab dalam bidang <a href="/wiki/Antropologi" title="Antropologi">antropologi</a> di Barat, sahingga mancungulakan asumsi bahwa klaim-klaim hak asasi manusia matan sudut janak non-Baras baisi argumen nang sama lawan mazhab antropologi nang ngitu. Aliran partikularisme sangat bapangaruh di kawasan Asia Timur, Afrika, wan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunia_Islam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dunia Islam (laman baluman ada)">dunia Islam</a>. Pada dasarnya, tokoh-tokoh nang bapandangan partikularis managasakan bahwa hak asasi manusia marupakan ciptaan Barat, sahingga kunsip ngini dirasa kada rasuk hagan dibarlakuakan di kawasan lainnya. Salihan, buhannya jua mangkiritik sistim hak asasi manusia internasiunal nang dianggap talalu diduminasi ulih nagara-nagara Barat wan kunsip-kunsip nang baasal matan kawasan ngitu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200127_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200127-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di Asia, salah sabuting kritik partikularisme nang paling tarpinandu baasal matan tulisan-tulisan bubuhan tokoh nang tagolong ka dalam "mazhab Singapura". Pamikiran-pamikiran mazhab ngini dirintis ulih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pardana_Manteri_Singapura&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pardana Manteri Singapura (laman baluman ada)">Pardana Manteri Singapura</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_Kuan_Yew&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lee Kuan Yew (laman baluman ada)">Lee Kuan Yew</a> wan imbahnya dikambangakaan ulih babarapa pajabat tinggi di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kementrian_Luar_Negeri_Singapura&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kementrian Luar Negeri Singapura (laman baluman ada)">Kementrian Luar Negeri Singapura</a>, nang kaya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tommy_Koh&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tommy Koh (laman baluman ada)">Tommy Koh</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilahari_Kausikan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bilahari Kausikan (laman baluman ada)">Bilahari Kausikan</a>, wan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kishore_Mahbubani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kishore Mahbubani (laman baluman ada)">Kishore Mahbubani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200136_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200136-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mazhab ngini sama sakali kada manolak kabaradaan hak asasi manusia sabagai hak "universal", tagal bubuhannya mangkritik kakantalan pangaruh Barat dalam sistimnya, wan buhannya jua bakayakinan bahwa kunsip "hak asasi manusia universal" marupakan ulahan Barat. Buhannya batagas bahwa "hak asasi manusia" wan "demokrasi" marupakan nilai-nilai nang diulah ulih sajarah wan pangalaman sabuting bangsa, sahingga hagan buhannya, standar Barat matan uncit abad ka-20 kada kawa dianggap sabagai standar universal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200136-37_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200136-37-173"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Salihan, salah sabuting ciri khas matan mazhab Singapura adalah klaim nang bakaitan lawan nilai-nilai Asia. Manurut bubuhannya, masyarakat Asia labih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komunitarianisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Komunitarianisme (laman baluman ada)">mautamaakan komunitas</a> matan pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Individualisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Individualisme (laman baluman ada)">individu</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200141_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200141-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam sambatan lain, urang-urang Asia dipadahakan labih mautamaakan kawajiban lawan kulawarga, urang higa rumah, atawa bangsa. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200142_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200142-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lawan mamakai dalil-dalil ngini, bubuhan panulis matan mazhab Singapura manyambat bahwa hak nang universal hagan hak-hak inti wara, cuntuhnya adalah hak-hak nang kada kawa dikurangi dalam ICCPR, sapahadangan Koh bamagin mansasakakan cakupan hak-hak inti ngini jadi palarangan panyiksaan, parbudakan, pambunuhan, wan genosida. Bubuhannya kada manalok kabaradaan hak nang lain, tagal matan sudut janak buhannya, lalainan dalam upaya hagan manafsirakan hak-hak ngitu kada kawa dihindari.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200143_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200143-176"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di tantang internasiunal, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_Bangkok_1993&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi Bangkok 1993 (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi Bangkok 1993</a> dinilai sabagai ancaman tarhadap universalisme. Walaupun nagara-nagara Asia nang mangaluarakan deklarasi ngitu maakui bahwa hak asasi manusia basipat universal, manurut buhannya panafsirannya harus mampartimbangakan "kakhususan" nasiunal wan regional sarta barbagai latar balakang sajarah, budaya, wan agama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200158_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200158-177"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kalimat nang kaya ngini imbahnya jua kawa ditamui dalam Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manusia Perbara 2012. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu2016277_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu2016277-178"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_Kairo_tentang_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_dalam_Islam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi Kairo tentang Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Islam (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi Kairo tentang Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Islam</a> nang ditatapakan pas tahun 1990 ulih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisasi_Konferensi_Islam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisasi Konferensi Islam (laman baluman ada)">Organisasi Konferensi Islam</a> jua dianggap sabagai salah sabuting bantuk partikularisme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems2001259-260_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems2001259-260-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Di dalamnya tacantum kunsip-kunsip Islami nang kada kawa ditamui dalam instrumen-instrumen HAM internasiunal, nang kaya Pasal 1(b) tentang amal saleh wan katakwaan sabagai hal nang kawa maulah urang taunggul matanpada nang lain, Pasal 4 tentang parlindungan jasad wan panguburan, atawa Pasal 22(b) tentang hak hagan manggawi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amar_makruf_nahi_mungkar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Amar makruf nahi mungkar (laman baluman ada)">amar makruf nahi mungkar</a>. Deklarasi ngini jua rancak mangacu lawan hukum syariah, wan pasal 1(a) baisi kakhususan saurangan maraga mangumandangakan bahwa samuaan manusia disatuakan ulih katundukan kapada Allah wan marupakan katurunan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam (laman baluman ada)">Adam</a>. Salihan, babarapa hak nang diakui di tantang internasiunal wan regional dasar kada disambat dalam deklarasi ngini, nang kaya kabibasan baagama, kabibasan bagarumbung wan basarikat, sarta parnyataan kasatujuan matan kadua mampelai sabagai syarat banikahan. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems2001260_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems2001260-180"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pamarakan partikularisme nang dilandasakan lawan palainan budaya surang hudah dikritik maraga maasumsiakan bahwa budaya ngitu basipat statis wan kada suah baubah. Salihan, panjanakan ngini tajanaki kaya mambarii ruang hagan praktik-praktik budaya nang kada kawa ditarima sacara etika.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDembour2010b75-76_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDembour2010b75-76-181"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Walau nang kaya ngitu, pakar hak asasi manusia asal Belgia, Marie-Bénédicte Dembour, bapandapat bahwa pardabatan antara universalisme wan partikularisme akan cungul batitiran saban kali ada ikhtiar hagan manatapakan sabuting standar nang sama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDembour2010b77_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDembour2010b77-182"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam yurisdiksi pangadilan HAM Irupa surang tatamui sabuting doktrin hukum nang disambat kawa marakatakan kadua panjanakan ngini, yaitu doktrin margin apresiasi. Lawan ditarapakannya doktrin ngini, standar nang sama kawa baisi panarapa nang balain-lain di saban nagara angguta Majelis Irupa. Cuntuhnya adalah lawan kasus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panistaan_agama&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Panistaan agama (laman baluman ada)">panistaan agama</a>. Pangadilan HAM Irupa mambarii margin apresiasi nang luas lawan nagara-nagara angguta hagan manantuakan cakupan panikasan tarhadap pandapat nang kawa manyinggung agama dalam piduhal <i>Wingrove v. the United Kingdom</i>, maraga manurut bubuhannya kada ada sabuting standar nang saragam di Irupa tarkait lawan "parlindungan hak-hak urang lain" sawagai salah sabuting ilah nang kawa dipakai hagan manikasi hak atas kabibasan bapandapat. Akibatnya, walau nagara-nagara angguta Majelis Irupa sacara hukum malindungi kabibasan bapandapat, panarapannya dalam kasus panistaan agama balain-lain di saban nagara;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200866-67_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200866-67-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> barbagai nagara di Irupa (nang kaya <a href="/wiki/Walanda" title="Walanda">Walanda</a> wan <a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a>) mambolehakan pandapat nang sacara tarang-tarangan mahina sabuting agama, sapahadangan babarapa nagara nang lain dibolehakan manikasi pandapat samacam ngitu lawan mamakai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_pidana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum pidana (laman baluman ada)">hukum pidana</a> (cuntuhnya adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ausria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ausria (laman baluman ada)">Ausria</a> wan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yunani (laman baluman ada)">Yunani</a>). <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGatti201549-51_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatti201549-51-184"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan_batis">Catatan batis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=28" title="Babak hagian: Catatan batis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Catatan batis"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201019-1"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201019_1-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201019_1-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201019_1-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBates2010">Bates 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201018-2"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201018_2-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201018_2-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201018_2-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201018_2-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBates2010">Bates 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann20114-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann20114_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffmann2011">Hoffmann 2011</a>, hlm.&#160;4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200117-4"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200117_4-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200117_4-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200117_4-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200117_4-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrems2001">Brems 2001</a>, hlm.&#160;17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonnelly2007284-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonnelly2007284_5-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonnelly2007">Donnelly 2007</a>, hlm.&#160;284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems20017-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems20017_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrems2001">Brems 2001</a>, hlm.&#160;7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonnelly2007284-285-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonnelly2007284-285_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonnelly2007">Donnelly 2007</a>, hlm.&#160;284-285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201020-8"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201020_8-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201020_8-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201020_8-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBates2010">Bates 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomuschat200812-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomuschat200812_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTomuschat2008">Tomuschat 2008</a>, hlm.&#160;12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPUHAM1948-10"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPUHAM1948_10-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPUHAM1948_10-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPUHAM1948">PUHAM 1948</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201021-22-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201021-22_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBates2010">Bates 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;21-22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeklarasi_Kemerdekaan_Amerika_Serikat1776-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeklarasi_Kemerdekaan_Amerika_Serikat1776_12-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeklarasi_Kemerdekaan_Amerika_Serikat1776">Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat 1776</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201022-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201022_13-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBates2010">Bates 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomuschat200814-14"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomuschat200814_14-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomuschat200814_14-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTomuschat2008">Tomuschat 2008</a>, hlm.&#160;14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200118-15"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200118_15-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200118_15-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrems2001">Brems 2001</a>, hlm.&#160;18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200119-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200119_16-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrems2001">Brems 2001</a>, hlm.&#160;19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201025-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201025_17-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBates2010">Bates 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann20117-18"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann20117_18-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann20117_18-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffmann2011">Hoffmann 2011</a>, hlm.&#160;7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201024-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201024_19-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBates2010">Bates 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann20118-20"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann20118_20-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann20118_20-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann20118_20-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffmann2011">Hoffmann 2011</a>, hlm.&#160;8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann20119-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann20119_21-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffmann2011">Hoffmann 2011</a>, hlm.&#160;9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann201111-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann201111_22-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffmann2011">Hoffmann 2011</a>, hlm.&#160;11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann201110-11-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann201110-11_23-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffmann2011">Hoffmann 2011</a>, hlm.&#160;10-11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeitz200915-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeitz200915_24-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeitz2009">Beitz 2009</a>, hlm.&#160;15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201029-31-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201029-31_25-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBates2010">Bates 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;29-31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeitz200915-16-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeitz200915-16_26-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeitz2009">Beitz 2009</a>, hlm.&#160;15-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201035-27"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201035_27-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201035_27-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201035_27-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201035_27-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBates2010">Bates 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201033-28"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201033_28-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201033_28-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201033_28-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBates2010">Bates 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiagam_PBB1945-29"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiagam_PBB1945_29-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiagam_PBB1945_29-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPiagam_PBB1945">Piagam PBB 1945</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201034-30"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201034_30-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201034_30-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBates2010">Bates 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201036-31"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201036_31-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201036_31-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBates2010">Bates 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomuschat200824-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomuschat200824_32-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTomuschat2008">Tomuschat 2008</a>, hlm.&#160;24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates201037-33"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates201037_33-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBates2010">Bates 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013670-34"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013670_34-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013">Heyns &amp; Killander 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;670.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKar2013109-35"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKar2013109_35-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKar2013">Kar 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKar2013110-36"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKar2013110_36-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKar2013">Kar 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKar2013110-111-37"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKar2013110-111_37-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKar2013">Kar 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;110-111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKar2013111-38"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKar2013111_38-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKar2013">Kar 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDembour2010a2-39"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDembour2010a2_39-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDembour2010a2_39-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDembour2010a">Dembour 2010a</a>, hlm.&#160;2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeitz200949-40"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeitz200949_40-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeitz2009">Beitz 2009</a>, hlm.&#160;49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDembour2010a3-41"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDembour2010a3_41-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDembour2010a3_41-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDembour2010a">Dembour 2010a</a>, hlm.&#160;3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDembour2010a11-42"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDembour2010a11_42-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDembour2010a">Dembour 2010a</a>, hlm.&#160;11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDembour2010a20-43"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDembour2010a20_43-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDembour2010a">Dembour 2010a</a>, hlm.&#160;20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonnelly2007282-44"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonnelly2007282_44-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonnelly2007">Donnelly 2007</a>, hlm.&#160;282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems20014-45"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems20014_45-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrems2001">Brems 2001</a>, hlm.&#160;4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonnelly2007283-46"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonnelly2007283_46-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonnelly2007">Donnelly 2007</a>, hlm.&#160;283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENickel_&amp;_Reidy201041-47"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENickel_&amp;_Reidy201041_47-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENickel_&amp;_Reidy201041_47-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNickel_&amp;_Reidy2010">Nickel &amp; Reidy 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelton_&amp;_Gould2013562-48"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelton_&amp;_Gould2013562_48-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShelton_&amp;_Gould2013">Shelton &amp; Gould 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;562.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENickel_&amp;_Reidy201042-49"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENickel_&amp;_Reidy201042_49-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNickel_&amp;_Reidy2010">Nickel &amp; Reidy 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKälin_&amp;_Künzli200931-50"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKälin_&amp;_Künzli200931_50-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKälin_&amp;_Künzli200931_50-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKälin_&amp;_Künzli2009">Kälin &amp; Künzli 2009</a>, hlm.&#160;31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph2010155-156-51"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoseph2010155-156_51-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoseph2010">Joseph 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;155-156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKälin_&amp;_Künzli200932-52"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKälin_&amp;_Künzli200932_52-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKälin_&amp;_Künzli200932_52-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKälin_&amp;_Künzli2009">Kälin &amp; Künzli 2009</a>, hlm.&#160;32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010178-53"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010178_53-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Boven2010">van Boven 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKälin_&amp;_Künzli200920-54"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKälin_&amp;_Künzli200920_54-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKälin_&amp;_Künzli2009">Kälin &amp; Künzli 2009</a>, hlm.&#160;20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010178-179-55"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010178-179_55-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Boven2010">van Boven 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;178-179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeklarasi_dan_Program_Aksi_Wina1993-56"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeklarasi_dan_Program_Aksi_Wina1993_56-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeklarasi_dan_Program_Aksi_Wina1993">Deklarasi dan Program Aksi Wina 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoeckli2010189-57"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoeckli2010189_57-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoeckli2010189_57-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoeckli2010">Moeckli 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEICCPR1966-58"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICCPR1966_58-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICCPR1966_58-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICCPR1966_58-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICCPR1966_58-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICCPR1966_58-4"><sup>e</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFICCPR1966">ICCPR 1966</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010174-59"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010174_59-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010174_59-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010174_59-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010174_59-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010174_59-4"><sup>e</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010174_59-5"><sup>f</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Boven2010">van Boven 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010173-60"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010173_60-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Boven2010">van Boven 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Schutter2010253-61"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Schutter2010253_61-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Schutter2010253_61-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Schutter2010">De Schutter 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOHCHR20089-62"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOHCHR20089_62-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOHCHR20089_62-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOHCHR20089_62-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOHCHR2008">OHCHR 2008</a>, hlm.&#160;9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010175-63"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010175_63-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010175_63-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010175_63-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Boven2010">van Boven 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEICESCR1966-64"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICESCR1966_64-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFICESCR1966">ICESCR 1966</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOHCHR20088-65"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOHCHR20088_65-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOHCHR2008">OHCHR 2008</a>, hlm.&#160;8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangford20083-66"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford20083_66-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangford2008">Langford 2008</a>, hlm.&#160;3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin2012206-67"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin2012206_67-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTobin2012">Tobin 2012</a>, hlm.&#160;206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaude_&amp;_Weston20068-68"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaude_&amp;_Weston20068_68-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClaude_&amp;_Weston2006">Claude &amp; Weston 2006</a>, hlm.&#160;8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKälin_&amp;_Künzli200932-33-69"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKälin_&amp;_Künzli200932-33_69-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKälin_&amp;_Künzli2009">Kälin &amp; Künzli 2009</a>, hlm.&#160;32-33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010176-70"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010176_70-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010176_70-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Boven2010">van Boven 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010177-71"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010177_71-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Boven2010">van Boven 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010181-72"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010181_72-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010181_72-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Boven2010">van Boven 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheinin2013528-73"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheinin2013528_73-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScheinin2013">Scheinin 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;528.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010182-74"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010182_74-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Boven2010182_74-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Boven2010">van Boven 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheinin2013530-75"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheinin2013530_75-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScheinin2013">Scheinin 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;530.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelton_&amp;_Gould2013566-76"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelton_&amp;_Gould2013566_76-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelton_&amp;_Gould2013566_76-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelton_&amp;_Gould2013566_76-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShelton_&amp;_Gould2013">Shelton &amp; Gould 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;566.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Schutter2010242-77"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Schutter2010242_77-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Schutter2010">De Schutter 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Schutter2010243-78"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Schutter2010243_78-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Schutter2010">De Schutter 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelton_&amp;_Gould2013567-79"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelton_&amp;_Gould2013567_79-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShelton_&amp;_Gould2013">Shelton &amp; Gould 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;567.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Schutter2010254-80"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Schutter2010254_80-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Schutter2010">De Schutter 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToebes2008448-450-81"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToebes2008448-450_81-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToebes2008">Toebes 2008</a>, hlm.&#160;448-450.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Wet2013541-82"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Wet2013541_82-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Wet2013">de Wet 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;541.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChinkin2010113-114-83"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChinkin2010113-114_83-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChinkin2010">Chinkin 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;113-114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahgan1997775-776-84"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahgan1997775-776_84-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKahgan1997">Kahgan 1997</a>, hlm.&#160;775-776.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Wet2013543-85"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Wet2013543_85-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Wet2013543_85-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Wet2013">de Wet 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;543.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Wet2013544-86"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Wet2013544_86-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Wet2013">de Wet 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;544.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010404-405-87"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010404-405_87-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2010">Schmidt 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;404-405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010392-88"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010392_88-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010392_88-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2010">Schmidt 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010418-422-89"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010418-422_89-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2010">Schmidt 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;418-422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010393-90"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010393_90-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2010">Schmidt 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010394-91"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010394_91-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010394_91-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2010">Schmidt 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010395-92"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010395_92-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2010">Schmidt 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;395.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010397-93"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010397_93-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010397_93-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2010">Schmidt 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010398-94"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010398_94-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010398_94-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2010">Schmidt 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010399-95"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010399_95-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2010">Schmidt 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010400-96"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010400_96-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2010">Schmidt 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010401-97"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010401_97-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010401_97-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2010">Schmidt 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010404-98"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010404_98-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2010">Schmidt 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Schutter2010791-99"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Schutter2010791_99-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Schutter2010">De Schutter 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;791.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010405-100"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010405_100-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2010">Schmidt 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010406-407-101"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010406-407_101-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2010">Schmidt 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;406-407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010407-102"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010407_102-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2010">Schmidt 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010408-103"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010408_103-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2010">Schmidt 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010409-104"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010409_104-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2010">Schmidt 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOHCHR-105"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOHCHR_105-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOHCHR">OHCHR</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010410-106"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010410_106-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2010">Schmidt 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010412-107"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010412_107-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010412_107-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2010">Schmidt 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010413-108"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010413_108-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2010">Schmidt 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;413.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013672-109"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013672_109-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013672_109-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013">Heyns &amp; Killander 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;672.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013675-682-110"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013675-682_110-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013">Heyns &amp; Killander 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;675-682.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Schutter2010898-111"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Schutter2010898_111-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Schutter2010">De Schutter 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;898.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013673-112"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013673_112-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013">Heyns &amp; Killander 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;673.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013674-113"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013674_113-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013">Heyns &amp; Killander 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;674.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies201351-114"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies201351_114-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2013">Davies 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013675-115"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013675_115-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013">Heyns &amp; Killander 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;675.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013676-116"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013676_116-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013676_116-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013">Heyns &amp; Killander 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;676.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreer2010464-466-117"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreer2010464-466_117-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreer2010">Greer 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;464-466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreer2010466-468-118"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreer2010466-468_118-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreer2010">Greer 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;466-468.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013683-119"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013683_119-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013">Heyns &amp; Killander 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;683.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreer2010471-120"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreer2010471_120-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreer2010">Greer 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;471.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMégret2010133-121"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMégret2010133_121-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMégret2010">Mégret 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelfer2008136-122"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelfer2008136_122-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHelfer2008">Helfer 2008</a>, hlm.&#160;136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelfer2008125-123"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelfer2008125_123-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHelfer2008">Helfer 2008</a>, hlm.&#160;125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013685-124"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013685_124-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013">Heyns &amp; Killander 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;685.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreer2008680-702-125"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreer2008680-702_125-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreer2008">Greer 2008</a>, hlm.&#160;680-702.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013677-126"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013677_126-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013">Heyns &amp; Killander 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;677.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013678-127"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013678_127-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013678_127-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013">Heyns &amp; Killander 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;678.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010442-128"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010442_128-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPasqualucci2010">Pasqualucci 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;442.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010443-129"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010443_129-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPasqualucci2010">Pasqualucci 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;443.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010444-130"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010444_130-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPasqualucci2010">Pasqualucci 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010448-131"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010448_131-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPasqualucci2010">Pasqualucci 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;448.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010435-132"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010435_132-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPasqualucci2010">Pasqualucci 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;435.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010435-436-133"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010435-436_133-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPasqualucci2010">Pasqualucci 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;435-436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010450-134"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010450_134-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPasqualucci2010">Pasqualucci 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;450.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010450-451-135"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasqualucci2010450-451_135-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPasqualucci2010">Pasqualucci 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;450-451.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013679-136"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013679_136-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013679_136-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013">Heyns &amp; Killander 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;679.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013681-137"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013681_137-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013681_137-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013681_137-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013681_137-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeyns_&amp;_Killander2013">Heyns &amp; Killander 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;681.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2010485-138"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2010485_138-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeyns_&amp;_Killander2010">Heyns &amp; Killander 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2010492-139"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2010492_139-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2010492_139-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2010492_139-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeyns_&amp;_Killander2010">Heyns &amp; Killander 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;492.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2010493-140"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyns_&amp;_Killander2010493_140-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeyns_&amp;_Killander2010">Heyns &amp; Killander 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;493.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUni_Afrika-141"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUni_Afrika_141-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUni_Afrika">Uni Afrika</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndo2013698-142"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndo2013698_142-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndo2013">Ando 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;698.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndo2013699-143"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndo2013699_143-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndo2013699_143-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndo2013">Ando 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;699.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndo2013699-700-144"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndo2013699-700_144-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndo2013">Ando 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;699-700.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndo2013700-145"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndo2013700_145-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndo2013">Ando 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;700.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndo2013700-701-146"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndo2013700-701_146-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndo2013">Ando 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;700-701.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVCLT1969-147"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVCLT1969_147-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVCLT1969">VCLT 1969</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoloney2004165-148"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoloney2004165_148-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoloney2004">Moloney 2004</a>, hlm.&#160;165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoloney2004155-156,_160-149"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoloney2004155-156,_160_149-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoloney2004">Moloney 2004</a>, hlm.&#160;155-156, 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndo2013702-150"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndo2013702_150-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndo2013">Ando 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;702.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndo2013703-151"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndo2013703_151-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndo2013">Ando 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;703.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndo2013704-152"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndo2013704_152-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndo2013">Ando 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;704.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMégret2010140-153"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMégret2010140_153-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMégret2010">Mégret 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMégret2010141-154"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMégret2010141_154-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMégret2010">Mégret 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMégret2010141-142-155"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMégret2010141-142_155-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMégret2010">Mégret 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;141-142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMégret2010142-156"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMégret2010142_156-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMégret2010">Mégret 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph_&amp;_Castan2013556-557-157"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoseph_&amp;_Castan2013556-557_157-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoseph_&amp;_Castan2013">Joseph &amp; Castan 2013</a>, hlm.&#160;556-557.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENugraha2018201-158"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugraha2018201_158-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNugraha2018">Nugraha 2018</a>, hlm.&#160;201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMégret2010143-159"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMégret2010143_159-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMégret2010">Mégret 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMégret2010144-160"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMégret2010144_160-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMégret2010">Mégret 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010521-161"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010521_161-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSivakumaran2010">Sivakumaran 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;521.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010522-162"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010522_162-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSivakumaran2010">Sivakumaran 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;522.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010523-163"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010523_163-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010523_163-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSivakumaran2010">Sivakumaran 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;523.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010531-164"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010531_164-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSivakumaran2010">Sivakumaran 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;531.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010532-165"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010532_165-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010532_165-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSivakumaran2010">Sivakumaran 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;532.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010534-166"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010534_166-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSivakumaran2010">Sivakumaran 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;534.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010533-167"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivakumaran2010533_167-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSivakumaran2010">Sivakumaran 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;533.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200162-168"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200162_168-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrems2001">Brems 2001</a>, hlm.&#160;62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl_Muhtaj20175-6-169"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl_Muhtaj20175-6_169-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEl_Muhtaj2017">El Muhtaj 2017</a>, hlm.&#160;5-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200122-170"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200122_170-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrems2001">Brems 2001</a>, hlm.&#160;22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200127-171"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200127_171-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrems2001">Brems 2001</a>, hlm.&#160;27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200136-172"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200136_172-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrems2001">Brems 2001</a>, hlm.&#160;36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200136-37-173"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200136-37_173-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrems2001">Brems 2001</a>, hlm.&#160;36-37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200141-174"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200141_174-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrems2001">Brems 2001</a>, hlm.&#160;41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200142-175"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200142_175-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrems2001">Brems 2001</a>, hlm.&#160;42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200143-176"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200143_176-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrems2001">Brems 2001</a>, hlm.&#160;43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200158-177"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200158_177-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrems2001">Brems 2001</a>, hlm.&#160;58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu2016277-178"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu2016277_178-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWu2016">Wu 2016</a>, hlm.&#160;277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems2001259-260-179"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems2001259-260_179-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrems2001">Brems 2001</a>, hlm.&#160;259-260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems2001260-180"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems2001260_180-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrems2001">Brems 2001</a>, hlm.&#160;260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDembour2010b75-76-181"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDembour2010b75-76_181-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDembour2010b">Dembour 2010b</a>, hlm.&#160;75-76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDembour2010b77-182"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDembour2010b77_182-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDembour2010b">Dembour 2010b</a>, hlm.&#160;77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrems200866-67-183"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrems200866-67_183-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrems2008">Brems 2008</a>, hlm.&#160;66-67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatti201549-51-184"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGatti201549-51_184-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGatti2015">Gatti 2015</a>, hlm.&#160;49-51.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Daptar_Pustaka">Daptar Pustaka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=29" title="Babak hagian: Daptar Pustaka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Daptar Pustaka"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Daftar_pustaka">Daftar pustaka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=30" title="Babak hagian: Daftar pustaka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Daftar pustaka"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buku">Buku</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=31" title="Babak hagian: Buku" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Buku"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="margin-left:1.5em;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <ul><li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book">Beitz, Charles R (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.at/books?id=McJl4x0-EegC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>The Idea of Human Rights</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9780199572458" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9780199572458">9780199572458</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Human+Rights&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=9780199572458&amp;rft.aulast=Beitz&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles+R&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.at%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMcJl4x0-EegC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eva_Brems&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eva Brems (laman baluman ada)">Brems, Eva</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.at/books?id=INlkqsHpIFEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>Human Rights: Universality and Diversity</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_Haag&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Den Haag (laman baluman ada)">Den Haag</a>: Martinus Nijhoff. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9789041116185" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9789041116185">9789041116185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Human+Rights%3A+Universality+and+Diversity&amp;rft.place=Den+Haag&amp;rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=9789041116185&amp;rft.aulast=Brems&amp;rft.aufirst=Eva&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.at%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DINlkqsHpIFEC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dgbs_ge_summary_r%26cad%3D0%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olivier_De_Schutter&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Olivier De Schutter (laman baluman ada)">De Schutter, Olivier</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/international-human-rights-law/8275EE329C2E6C88CD1577293470A78A"><i>International Human Rights Law</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9780511779312" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9780511779312">9780511779312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=International+Human+Rights+Law&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=9780511779312&amp;rft.aulast=De+Schutter&amp;rft.aufirst=Olivier&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Finternational-human-rights-law%2F8275EE329C2E6C88CD1577293470A78A&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book">El Muhtaj, Majda (2017) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books?id=hl1ADwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA5#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Konstitusi Indonesia: Dari UUD 1945 sampai dengan Perubahan UUD 1945 Tahun 2002</i></a> (edisi ke-2). Jakarta: Kencana. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9786021186657" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9786021186657">9786021186657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hak+Asasi+Manusia+dalam+Konstitusi+Indonesia%3A+Dari+UUD+1945+sampai+dengan+Perubahan+UUD+1945+Tahun+2002&amp;rft.place=Jakarta&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft.pub=Kencana&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.isbn=9786021186657&amp;rft.aulast=El+Muhtaj&amp;rft.aufirst=Majda&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhl1ADwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book">Joseph, Sarah; Castan, Melissa (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books?id=wdkVAAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=de&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0"><i>The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Cases, Materials, and Commentary</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9780199641949" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9780199641949">9780199641949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+International+Covenant+on+Civil+and+Political+Rights%3A+Cases%2C+Materials%2C+and+Commentary&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=9780199641949&amp;rft.aulast=Joseph&amp;rft.aufirst=Sarah&amp;rft.au=Castan%2C+Melissa&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwdkVAAAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26hl%3Dde%26source%3Dgbs_ge_summary_r%26cad%3D0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book">Kälin, Walter; Künzli, Jörg (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.at/books?id=4cj-lLD_LjEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>The Law of International Human Rights Protection</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9780191018688" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9780191018688">9780191018688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Law+of+International+Human+Rights+Protection&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=9780191018688&amp;rft.aulast=K%C3%A4lin&amp;rft.aufirst=Walter&amp;rft.au=K%C3%BCnzli%2C+J%C3%B6rg&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.at%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4cj-lLD_LjEC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dgbs_ge_summary_r%26cad%3D0%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book">Tobin, John (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books?id=QT9svXIepwMC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=de&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0"><i>The Right to Health in International Law</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9780199603299" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9780199603299">9780199603299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Right+to+Health+in+International+Law&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=9780199603299&amp;rft.aulast=Tobin&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQT9svXIepwMC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26hl%3Dde%26source%3Dgbs_ge_summary_r%26cad%3D0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Tomuschat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Tomuschat (laman baluman ada)">Tomuschat, Christian</a> (2008) [2003]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Human-Rights-Between-Idealism-Realism/dp/B0089A84YW"><i>Human Rights: Between Idealism and Realism</i></a> (edisi ke-2). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9780199232741" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9780199232741">9780199232741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Human+Rights%3A+Between+Idealism+and+Realism&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=9780199232741&amp;rft.aulast=Tomuschat&amp;rft.aufirst=Christian&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FHuman-Rights-Between-Idealism-Realism%2Fdp%2FB0089A84YW&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bab_buku">Bab buku</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=32" title="Babak hagian: Bab buku" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Bab buku"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="margin-left:1.5em;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <ul><li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book">Ando, Nisuke (2013). "National Implementation and Interpretation". Dalam Shelton, Dinah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.at/books?id=1MxoAgAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover"><i>The Oxford Handbook of International Human Rights Law</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9780199640133" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9780199640133">9780199640133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=National+Implementation+and+Interpretation&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+International+Human+Rights+Law&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=9780199640133&amp;rft.aulast=Ando&amp;rft.aufirst=Nisuke&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.at%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1MxoAgAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book">Bates, Ed (2010). "History". Dalam Moeckli, Daniel; Shah, Sangeeta; Sivakumaran, Sandesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.at/books?id=lV-cAQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>International Human Rights Law</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9780198767237" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9780198767237">9780198767237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=History&amp;rft.btitle=International+Human+Rights+Law&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=9780198767237&amp;rft.aulast=Bates&amp;rft.aufirst=Ed&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.at%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlV-cAQAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dgbs_ge_summary_r%26cad%3D0%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book">Brems, Eva (2008). "Accommodating Diversity in International Human Rights: Legal Techniques". Dalam Meerts, Pauk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/us/book/9789067042833"><i>Culture and International Law</i></a>. Den Haag: Hague Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9789067042833" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9789067042833">9789067042833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Accommodating+Diversity+in+International+Human+Rights%3A+Legal+Techniques&amp;rft.btitle=Culture+and+International+Law&amp;rft.place=Den+Haag&amp;rft.pub=Hague+Academic++Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=9789067042833&amp;rft.aulast=Brems&amp;rft.aufirst=Eva&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fus%2Fbook%2F9789067042833&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book">Chinkin, Christine (2010). "Sources". Dalam Moeckli, Daniel; Shah, Sangeeta; Sivakumaran, Sandesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.at/books?id=lV-cAQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>International Human Rights Law</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9780198767237" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9780198767237">9780198767237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Sources&amp;rft.btitle=International+Human+Rights+Law&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=9780198767237&amp;rft.aulast=Chinkin&amp;rft.aufirst=Christine&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.at%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlV-cAQAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dgbs_ge_summary_r%26cad%3D0%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book">Claude, Richard Pierre; Weston, Burns H (2006). "Issues". Dalam Claude, Richard Pierre; Weston, Burns H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.at/books?id=enyHJgQvF0AC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;lpg=PA8#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>Human Rights in the World Community: Issues and Action</i></a> (edisi ke-3). Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9780812219487" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9780812219487">9780812219487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Issues&amp;rft.btitle=Human+Rights+in+the+World+Community%3A+Issues+and+Action&amp;rft.place=Philadelphia&amp;rft.edition=3&amp;rft.pub=Pennsylvania+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=9780812219487&amp;rft.aulast=Claude&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+Pierre&amp;rft.au=Weston%2C+Burns+H&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.at%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DenyHJgQvF0AC%26pg%3DPA8%26lpg%3DPA8%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book">de Wet, Erika (2013). "<i>Jus Cogens</i> and Obligations <i>Erga Omnes</i>". Dalam Shelton, Dinah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.at/books?id=1MxoAgAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover"><i>The Oxford Handbook of International Human Rights Law</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9780199640133" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9780199640133">9780199640133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Jus+Cogens+and+Obligations+Erga+Omnes&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+International+Human+Rights+Law&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=9780199640133&amp;rft.aulast=de+Wet&amp;rft.aufirst=Erika&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.at%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1MxoAgAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book">Dembour, Marie-Bénédicte (2010). "Critiques". Dalam Moeckli, Daniel; Shah, Sangeeta; Sivakumaran, Sandesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.at/books?id=lV-cAQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>International Human Rights Law</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9780198767237" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9780198767237">9780198767237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Critiques&amp;rft.btitle=International+Human+Rights+Law&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=9780198767237&amp;rft.aulast=Dembour&amp;rft.aufirst=Marie-B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dicte&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.at%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlV-cAQAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dgbs_ge_summary_r%26cad%3D0%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book">Gatti, Mauro (2015). "Blasphemy in European Law". Dalam Bosch, Míriam Díez; Torrents, Jordi Sánchez. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2677651"><i>On Blasphemy</i></a>. Barcelona: Blanquerna Observatory.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Blasphemy+in+European+Law&amp;rft.btitle=On+Blasphemy&amp;rft.place=Barcelona&amp;rft.pub=Blanquerna+Observatory&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.aulast=Gatti&amp;rft.aufirst=Mauro&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2677651&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book">Greer, Steven (2010). "Europe". Dalam Moeckli, Daniel; Shah, Sangeeta; Sivakumaran, Sandesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.at/books?id=lV-cAQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>International Human Rights Law</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9780198767237" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9780198767237">9780198767237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Europe&amp;rft.btitle=International+Human+Rights+Law&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=9780198767237&amp;rft.aulast=Greer&amp;rft.aufirst=Steven&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.at%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlV-cAQAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dgbs_ge_summary_r%26cad%3D0%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan-Ludwig_Hoffmann&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann (laman baluman ada)">Hoffmann, Stefan-Ludwig</a> (2011). "Introduction: Genealogies of Human Rights". Dalam Hoffmann, Stefan-Ludwig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Human-Rights-Twentieth-Century-History/dp/0521142571"><i>Human Rights in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9780198767237" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9780198767237">9780198767237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Genealogies+of+Human+Rights&amp;rft.btitle=Human+Rights+in+the+Twentieth+Century&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=9780198767237&amp;rft.aulast=Hoffmann&amp;rft.aufirst=Stefan-Ludwig&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FHuman-Rights-Twentieth-Century-History%2Fdp%2F0521142571&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book">Joseph, Sarah (2010). "Sources". Dalam Moeckli, Daniel; Shah, Sangeeta; Sivakumaran, Sandesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.at/books?id=lV-cAQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>International Human Rights Law</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9780198767237" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9780198767237">9780198767237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Sources&amp;rft.btitle=International+Human+Rights+Law&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=9780198767237&amp;rft.aulast=Joseph&amp;rft.aufirst=Sarah&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.at%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlV-cAQAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dgbs_ge_summary_r%26cad%3D0%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book">Langford, Malcolm (2008). "The Justiciability of Social Rights: From Practice to Theory". Dalam Langford, Malcolm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/law/human-rights/social-rights-jurisprudence-emerging-trends-international-and-comparative-law?format=PB&amp;isbn=9780521678056"><i>Social Rights Jurisprudence: Emerging Trends in International and Comparative Law</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9780521678056" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9780521678056">9780521678056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Justiciability+of+Social+Rights%3A+From+Practice+to+Theory&amp;rft.btitle=Social+Rights+Jurisprudence%3A+Emerging+Trends+in+International+and+Comparative+Law&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=9780521678056&amp;rft.aulast=Langford&amp;rft.aufirst=Malcolm&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fat%2Facademic%2Fsubjects%2Flaw%2Fhuman-rights%2Fsocial-rights-jurisprudence-emerging-trends-international-and-comparative-law%3Fformat%3DPB%26isbn%3D9780521678056&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book">Mégret, Frédéric (2010). "Nature of Obligations". Dalam Moeckli, Daniel; Shah, Sangeeta; Sivakumaran, Sandesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.at/books?id=lV-cAQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>International Human Rights Law</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9780198767237" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9780198767237">9780198767237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Nature+of+Obligations&amp;rft.btitle=International+Human+Rights+Law&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=9780198767237&amp;rft.aulast=M%C3%A9gret&amp;rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.at%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlV-cAQAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dgbs_ge_summary_r%26cad%3D0%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book">Moeckli, Daniel (2010). "Equality and Non-Discrimination". Dalam Moeckli, Daniel; Shah, Sangeeta; Sivakumaran, Sandesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.at/books?id=lV-cAQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>International Human Rights Law</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9780198767237" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9780198767237">9780198767237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Equality+and+Non-Discrimination&amp;rft.btitle=International+Human+Rights+Law&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=9780198767237&amp;rft.aulast=Moeckli&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.at%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlV-cAQAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dgbs_ge_summary_r%26cad%3D0%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book">Nickel, James W.; Reidy, David A. (2010). "Philosophy". Dalam Moeckli, Daniel; Shah, Sangeeta; Sivakumaran, Sandesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.at/books?id=lV-cAQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>International Human Rights Law</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9780198767237" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9780198767237">9780198767237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Philosophy&amp;rft.btitle=International+Human+Rights+Law&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=9780198767237&amp;rft.aulast=Nickel&amp;rft.aufirst=James+W.&amp;rft.au=Reidy%2C+David+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.at%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlV-cAQAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dgbs_ge_summary_r%26cad%3D0%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book">Schmidt, Markus (2010). "United Nations". Dalam Moeckli, Daniel; Shah, Sangeeta; Sivakumaran, Sandesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.at/books?id=lV-cAQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>International Human Rights Law</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9780198767237" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9780198767237">9780198767237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=United+Nations&amp;rft.btitle=International+Human+Rights+Law&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=9780198767237&amp;rft.aulast=Schmidt&amp;rft.aufirst=Markus&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.at%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlV-cAQAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dgbs_ge_summary_r%26cad%3D0%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book">Heyns, Christof; Killander, Magnus (2010). "Africa". Dalam Moeckli, Daniel; Shah, Sangeeta; Sivakumaran, Sandesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.at/books?id=lV-cAQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>International Human Rights Law</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9780198767237" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9780198767237">9780198767237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Africa&amp;rft.btitle=International+Human+Rights+Law&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=9780198767237&amp;rft.aulast=Heyns&amp;rft.aufirst=Christof&amp;rft.au=Killander%2C+Magnus&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.at%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlV-cAQAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dgbs_ge_summary_r%26cad%3D0%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book">Heyns, Christof; Killander, Magnus (2013). "Universality and the Growth of Regional Systems". Dalam Shelton, Dinah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.at/books?id=1MxoAgAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover"><i>The Oxford Handbook of International Human Rights Law</i></a>. 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Dalam Moeckli, Daniel; Shah, Sangeeta; Sivakumaran, Sandesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.at/books?id=lV-cAQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>International Human Rights Law</i></a>. 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Dalam Shelton, Dinah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.at/books?id=1MxoAgAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover"><i>The Oxford Handbook of International Human Rights Law</i></a>. 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"Taking a Human Rights Approach to Healthcare Commercialization". Dalam Cholewka, Patricia A.; Motlagh, Mitra M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.at/books?id=Lkwn_dPPm0UC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>Health Capital and Sustainable Socioeconomic Development</i></a>. Boca Raton/London/New York: Taylor &amp; Francis Group. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9781420046915" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9781420046915">9781420046915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Taking+a+Human+Rights+Approach+to+Healthcare+Commercialization&amp;rft.btitle=Health+Capital+and+Sustainable+Socioeconomic+Development&amp;rft.place=Boca+Raton%2FLondon%2FNew+York&amp;rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=9781420046915&amp;rft.aulast=Toebes&amp;rft.aufirst=Brigit&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.at%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLkwn_dPPm0UC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dgbs_ge_summary_r%26cad%3D0%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theo_van_Boven&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Theo van Boven (laman baluman ada)">van Boven, Theo</a> (2010). 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Berlin: Springer. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9789811019944" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9789811019944">9789811019944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Human+Rights+in+ASEAN+Context%3A+Between+Universalism+and+Relativism&amp;rft.btitle=Legal+Thoughts+between+the+East+and+the+West+in+the+Multilevel+Legal+Order%3A+A+Liber+Amicorum+in+Honour+of+Professor+Herbert+Han-Pao+Ma&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.isbn=9789811019944&amp;rft.aulast=Wu&amp;rft.aufirst=Chien-Huei&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2920471&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jurnal">Jurnal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=33" title="Babak hagian: Jurnal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Jurnal"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="margin-left:1.5em;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <ul><li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation journal">Davies, Mathew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/43134411.pdf?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">"The ASEAN Synthesis: Human rights, Non-intervention, and the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Georgetown Journal of International Affairs</i>. <b>14</b>: 51-58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Georgetown+Journal+of+International+Affairs&amp;rft.atitle=The+ASEAN+Synthesis%3A+Human+rights%2C+Non-intervention%2C+and+the+ASEAN+Human+Rights+Declaration&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.pages=51-58&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.aulast=Davies&amp;rft.aufirst=Mathew&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F43134411.pdf%3Fseq%3D1%23page_scan_tab_contents&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation journal">Dembour, Marie-Bénédicte (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40390000?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">"What Are Human Rights? Four Schools of Thought"</a>. <i>Human Rights Quarterly</i>. <b>32</b>: 1-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Quarterly&amp;rft.atitle=What+Are+Human+Rights%3F+Four+Schools+of+Thought&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.pages=1-20&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.aulast=Dembour&amp;rft.aufirst=Marie-B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dicte&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40390000%3Fseq%3D1%23page_scan_tab_contents&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patulung:Galat_CS1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Patulung:Galat CS1 (laman baluman ada)">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation journal">Donnelly, Jack (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20072800">"The Relative Universality of Human Rights"</a>. <i>Human Rights Quarterly</i>. <b>29</b>: 281–306.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Quarterly&amp;rft.atitle=The+Relative+Universality+of+Human+Rights&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.pages=281-306&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.aulast=Donnelly&amp;rft.aufirst=Jack&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20072800&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation journal">Greer, Steven (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20072864?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">"What's Wrong with the European Convention on Human Rights?"</a>. <i>Human Rights Quarterly</i>. <b>30</b>: 680-702.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Quarterly&amp;rft.atitle=What%27s+Wrong+with+the+European+Convention+on+Human+Rights%3F&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft.pages=680-702&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.aulast=Greer&amp;rft.aufirst=Steven&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20072864%3Fseq%3D1%23page_scan_tab_contents&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation journal">Helfer, Laurence R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/19/1/125/430843">"Redesigning the European Court of Human Rights: Embeddedness as a Deep Structural Principle of the European Human Rights Regime"</a>. <i>European Journal of International Law</i>. <b>19</b>: 125–159.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+International+Law&amp;rft.atitle=Redesigning+the+European+Court+of+Human+Rights%3A+Embeddedness+as+a+Deep+Structural+Principle+of+the+European+Human+Rights+Regime&amp;rft.volume=19&amp;rft.pages=125-159&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.aulast=Helfer&amp;rft.aufirst=Laurence+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fejil%2Farticle%2F19%2F1%2F125%2F430843&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation journal">Kahgan, Carin (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/51089205.pdf">"Jus Cogens and the Inherent Right to Self-Defense"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law</i>. <b>3</b>: 767-827.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=ILSA+Journal+of+International+and+Comparative+Law&amp;rft.atitle=Jus+Cogens+and+the+Inherent+Right+to+Self-Defense&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.pages=767-827&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.aulast=Kahgan&amp;rft.aufirst=Carin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F51089205.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation journal">Moloney, Roslyn (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/1680427/Moloney.pdf">"Incompatible Reservations to Human Rights Treaties: Severability and the Problem of State Consent"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Melbourne Journal of International Law</i>. <b>5</b>: 155–168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Melbourne+Journal+of+International+Law&amp;rft.atitle=Incompatible+Reservations+to+Human+Rights+Treaties%3A+Severability+and+the+Problem+of+State+Consent&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.pages=155-168&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.aulast=Moloney&amp;rft.aufirst=Roslyn&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.unimelb.edu.au%2F&#95;_data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0010%2F1680427%2FMoloney.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation journal">Nugraha, Ignatius Yordan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13642987.2017.1359551">"Human Rights Derogation during Coup Situations"</a>. <i>The International Journal of Human Rights</i>. <b>22</b>: 194-206.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Human+Rights&amp;rft.atitle=Human+Rights+Derogation+during+Coup+Situations&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft.pages=194-206&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.aulast=Nugraha&amp;rft.aufirst=Ignatius+Yordan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F13642987.2017.1359551&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dokumen">Dokumen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=34" title="Babak hagian: Dokumen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Dokumen"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="margin-left:1.5em;"> <ul><li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation book">Kantor Komisaris Tinggi PBB untuk Hak Asasi Manusia (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171118181910/https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/ESCR/FAQ%20on%20ESCR-en.pdf/"><i>Fact Sheet No. 33: Frequently Asked Questions on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</i></a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/ESCR/FAQ%20on%20ESCR-en.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 18 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Fact+Sheet+No.+33%3A+Frequently+Asked+Questions+on+Economic%2C+Social+and+Cultural+Rights&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.au=Kantor+Komisaris+Tinggi+PBB+untuk+Hak+Asasi+Manusia&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FDocuments%2FIssues%2FESCR%2FFAQ%2520on%2520ESCR-en.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deklarasi_dan_Perjanjian">Deklarasi dan Perjanjian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=35" title="Babak hagian: Deklarasi dan Perjanjian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Deklarasi dan Perjanjian"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="margin-left:1.5em;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <ul><li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photos.state.gov/libraries/amgov/4110/declaration/Indonesian.pdf">"Deklarasi Kemerdekaan"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Kedutaan Besar Amerika Serikat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/75i4gVYyp?url=https://photos.state.gov/libraries/amgov/4110/declaration/Indonesian.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2019-01-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Januari</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Deklarasi+Kemerdekaan&amp;rft.pub=Kedutaan+Besar+Amerika+Serikat&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphotos.state.gov%2Flibraries%2Famgov%2F4110%2Fdeclaration%2FIndonesian.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220144002/https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/vienna.aspx">"Deklarasi dan Program Aksi Wina"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kantor_Komisaris_Tinggi_PBB_untuk_Hak_Asasi_Manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kantor Komisaris Tinggi PBB untuk Hak Asasi Manusia (laman baluman ada)">Kantor Komisaris Tinggi PBB untuk Hak Asasi Manusia</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/vienna.aspx">versi asli</a> tanggal 20 Desember 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Januari</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Deklarasi+dan+Program+Aksi+Wina&amp;rft.pub=Kantor+Komisaris+Tinggi+PBB+untuk+Hak+Asasi+Manusia&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fprofessionalinterest%2Fpages%2Fvienna.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181130151302/https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%201155/volume-1155-i-18232-english.pdf">"Konvensi Wina tentang Hukum Perjanjian"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%201155/volume-1155-i-18232-english.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 30 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">21 Januari</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Konvensi+Wina+tentang+Hukum+Perjanjian&amp;rft.pub=Perserikatan+Bangsa-Bangsa&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2Fdoc%2Fpublication%2Funts%2Fvolume%25201155%2Fvolume-1155-i-18232-english.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170820162240/https://kontras.org/baru/Kovenan%20Ekosob.pdf">"Kovenan Internasional Hak-Hak Ekonomi, Sosial, dan Budaya"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kontras.org/baru/Kovenan%20Ekosob.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 20 Agustus 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Januari</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Kovenan+Internasional+Hak-Hak+Ekonomi%2C+Sosial%2C+dan+Budaya&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkontras.org%2Fbaru%2FKovenan%2520Ekosob.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180205051243/https://kontras.org/baru/Kovenan%20Sipol.pdf">"Kovenan Internasional Hak-Hak Sipil dan Politik"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kontras.org/baru/Kovenan%20Sipol.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 5 Februari 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Januari</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Kovenan+Internasional+Hak-Hak+Sipil+dan+Politik&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkontras.org%2Fbaru%2FKovenan%2520Sipol.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180328172411/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/inz.pdf">"Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Kantor Komisaris Tinggi PBB untuk Hak Asasi Manusia. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/inz.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 28 Maret 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Januari</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Pernyataan+Umum+tentang+Hak-Hak+Asasi+Manusia&amp;rft.pub=Kantor+Komisaris+Tinggi+PBB+untuk+Hak+Asasi+Manusia&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FUDHR%2FDocuments%2FUDHR_Translations%2Finz.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180413024446/http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/">"Piagam PBB"</a>. Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/">versi asli</a> tanggal 13 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Januari</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Piagam+PBB&amp;rft.pub=Perserikatan+Bangsa-Bangsa&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fsections%2Fun-charter%2Fun-charter-full-text%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sumber_daring">Sumber daring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=36" title="Babak hagian: Sumber daring" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Sumber daring"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="margin-left:1.5em;"> <ul><li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/TBPetitions/Pages/HRTBPetitions.aspx">"Human Rights Bodies - Complaints Procedures"</a>. Kantor Komisaris Tinggi PBB untuk Hak Asasi Manusia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/75VLMulSZ?url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/TBPetitions/Pages/HRTBPetitions.aspx">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2019-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">18 Januari</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Human+Rights+Bodies+-+Complaints+Procedures&amp;rft.pub=Kantor+Komisaris+Tinggi+PBB+untuk+Hak+Asasi+Manusia&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FHRBodies%2FTBPetitions%2FPages%2FHRTBPetitions.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="Citakan:Sfnref" class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628212440/https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/7792-sl-protocol_on_the_statute_of_the_african_court_of_justice_and_human_rights_3.pdf">"List of Countries which Have Signed, Ratified/Acceded to the Protocol on the Statue of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Afrika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Uni Afrika (laman baluman ada)">Uni Afrika</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/7792-sl-protocol_on_the_statute_of_the_african_court_of_justice_and_human_rights_3.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 28 Juni 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 Januari</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=List+of+Countries+which+Have+Signed%2C+Ratified%2FAcceded+to+the+Protocol+on+the+Statue+of+the+African+Court+of+Justice+and+Human+Rights&amp;rft.pub=Uni+Afrika&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fau.int%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ftreaties%2F7792-sl-protocol_on_the_statute_of_the_african_court_of_justice_and_human_rights_3.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_imbahnya">Bacaan imbahnya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=37" title="Babak hagian: Bacaan imbahnya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Bacaan imbahnya"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="margin-left:1.5em;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <ul><li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(<b>Bahasa Indonesia</b>)</span> <cite class="citation book">Iskandar, Pranoto (2012) [2010]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books?id=vH7xe16WSw0C&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;hl=id&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>Hukum HAM Internasional: Sebuah Pengantar Kontekstual</i></a> (edisi ke-2). Cianjur: IMR Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9786029648041" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9786029648041">9786029648041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hukum+HAM+Internasional%3A+Sebuah+Pengantar+Kontekstual&amp;rft.place=Cianjur&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft.pub=IMR+Press&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=9786029648041&amp;rft.aulast=Iskandar&amp;rft.aufirst=Pranoto&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvH7xe16WSw0C%26lpg%3DPP1%26hl%3Did%26pg%3DPP1%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(<b>Bahasa Inggris</b>)</span> <cite class="citation book">Alston, Philip; Goodman, Ryan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/International-Human-Rights-Philip-Alston/dp/0199578729"><i>International Human Rights</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9780199578726" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9780199578726">9780199578726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=International+Human+Rights&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=9780199578726&amp;rft.aulast=Alston&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft.au=Goodman%2C+Ryan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FInternational-Human-Rights-Philip-Alston%2Fdp%2F0199578729&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;edisi=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patulung:Galat_CS1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Patulung:Galat CS1 (laman baluman ada)">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(<b>Bahasa Inggris</b>)</span> <cite class="citation book">Fredman, Sandra (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/comparative-human-rights-law-9780199689415"><i>Comparative Human Rights Law</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9780199689415" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9780199689415">9780199689415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Comparative+Human+Rights+Law&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.isbn=9780199689415&amp;rft.aulast=Fredman&amp;rft.aufirst=Sandra&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fcomparative-human-rights-law-9780199689415&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(<b>Bahasa Inggris</b>)</span> <cite class="citation book">Nowak, Manfred (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.at/books/about/U_N_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Righ.html?id=R-Z4QgAACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: CCPR commentary</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kehl&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kehl (laman baluman ada)">Kehl</a>: N.P. Engel. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/3883571342" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/3883571342">3883571342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=U.N.+Covenant+on+Civil+and+Political+Rights%3A+CCPR+commentary&amp;rft.place=Kehl&amp;rft.pub=N.P.+Engel&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=3883571342&amp;rft.aulast=Nowak&amp;rft.aufirst=Manfred&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.at%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FU_N_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Righ.html%3Fid%3DR-Z4QgAACAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(<b>Bahasa Inggris</b>)</span> <cite class="citation book">Saul, Ben; Kinley, David; Mowbray, Jacqueline (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law/9780199640300.001.0001/law-9780199640300"><i>The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Commentary, Cases, and Materials</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9780199640300" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9780199640300">9780199640300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+International+Covenant+on+Economic%2C+Social+and+Cultural+Rights%3A+Commentary%2C+Cases%2C+and+Materials&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=9780199640300&amp;rft.aulast=Saul&amp;rft.aufirst=Ben&amp;rft.au=Kinley%2C+David&amp;rft.au=Mowbray%2C+Jacqueline&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopil.ouplaw.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Flaw%2F9780199640300.001.0001%2Flaw-9780199640300&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(<b>Bahasa Inggris</b>)</span> <cite class="citation book">Nowak, Manfred; McArthur, Elizabeth (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-united-nations-convention-against-torture-9780199280001?cc=at&amp;lang=en&amp;"><i>The United Nations Convention Against Torture: A Commentary</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9780199280001" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9780199280001">9780199280001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+United+Nations+Convention+Against+Torture%3A+A+Commentary&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=9780199280001&amp;rft.aulast=Nowak&amp;rft.aufirst=Manfred&amp;rft.au=McArthur%2C+Elizabeth&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fthe-united-nations-convention-against-torture-9780199280001%3Fcc%3Dat%26lang%3Den%26&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(<b>Bahasa Inggris</b>)</span> <cite class="citation book">Rainey, Bernadette; Wicks, Elizabeth; Ovey, Clare (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/jacobs-white-and-ovey-the-european-convention-on-human-rights-9780198767749?cc=at&amp;lang=en&amp;"><i>Jacobs, White, and Ovey: The European Convention on Human Rights</i></a> (edisi ke-7). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9780198767749" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9780198767749">9780198767749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Jacobs%2C+White%2C+and+Ovey%3A+The+European+Convention+on+Human+Rights&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.edition=7&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.isbn=9780198767749&amp;rft.aulast=Rainey&amp;rft.aufirst=Bernadette&amp;rft.au=Wicks%2C+Elizabeth&amp;rft.au=Ovey%2C+Clare&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fjacobs-white-and-ovey-the-european-convention-on-human-rights-9780198767749%3Fcc%3Dat%26lang%3Den%26&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(<b>Bahasa Inggris</b>)</span> <cite class="citation book">Medina Quiroga, Cecilia (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://intersentia.com/en/the-american-convention-on-human-rights-2nd-edition.html"><i>The American Convention on Human Rights: Crucial Rights and Their Theory and Practice</i></a> (edisi ke-2). Cambridge: Intersentia. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9781780683218" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9781780683218">9781780683218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+American+Convention+on+Human+Rights%3A+Crucial+Rights+and+Their+Theory+and+Practice&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft.pub=Intersentia&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.isbn=9781780683218&amp;rft.aulast=Medina+Quiroga&amp;rft.aufirst=Cecilia&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fintersentia.com%2Fen%2Fthe-american-convention-on-human-rights-2nd-edition.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(<b>Bahasa Inggris</b>)</span> <cite class="citation book">Smet, Stijn (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.be/books?id=zCslDwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>Resolving Conflicts between Human Rights: The Judge's Dilemma</i></a>. Abingdon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9781317218685" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9781317218685">9781317218685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Resolving+Conflicts+between+Human+Rights%3A+The+Judge%27s+Dilemma&amp;rft.place=Abingdon&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.isbn=9781317218685&amp;rft.aulast=Smet&amp;rft.aufirst=Stijn&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.be%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzCslDwAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dgbs_ge_summary_r%26cad%3D0%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(<b>Bahasa Inggris</b>)</span> <cite class="citation book">Viljoen, Frans (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/International-Human-Rights-Law-Africa/dp/0199645590"><i>International Human Rights Law in Africa</i></a> (edisi ke-2). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimiwa:Sumbar_buku/9780199645596" title="Istimiwa:Sumbar buku/9780199645596">9780199645596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=International+Human+Rights+Law+in+Africa&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=9780199645596&amp;rft.aulast=Viljoen&amp;rft.aufirst=Frans&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FInternational-Human-Rights-Law-Africa%2Fdp%2F0199645590&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbjn.wikipedia.org%3AHak+asasi+manusia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=38" title="Babak hagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>babak</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="Babak kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>babak asal-mulanya</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(<b>Bahasa Inggris</b>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org">Situs web resmi Kantor Komisaris Tinggi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa untuk Hak Asasi Manusia</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(<b>Bahasa Inggris</b>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echr.coe.int/Pages/home.aspx?p=home">Situs web resmi Pengadilan HAM Eropa</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(<b>Bahasa Inggris</b>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corteidh.or.cr/index.php/en">Situs web resmi Pengadilan HAM Antar-Amerika</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(<b>Bahasa Inggris</b>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.african-court.org/en/">Situs web resmi Pengadilan HAM Afrika</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220119051539/https://african-court.org/en/">Archived</a> 2022-01-19 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (laman baluman ada)">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(<b>Bahasa Inggris</b>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts">Perpustakaan Hak Asasi Manusia Universitas Minnesota</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(<b>Bahasa Inggris</b>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org">Situs web resmi Human Rights Watch</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(<b>Bahasa Indonesia</b>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referensi.elsam.or.id">Referensi Hak Asasi Manusia</a> di situs web ELSAM</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patulung:Pengawasan_otoritas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Patulung:Pengawasan otoritas (laman baluman ada)">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318689g">cb13318689g</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318689g">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Authority_File&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Integrated Authority File (laman baluman ada)">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4074725-6">4074725-6</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress_Control_Number&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Library of Congress Control Number (laman baluman ada)">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85026379">sh85026379</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Archives_and_Records_Administration&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="National Archives and Records Administration (laman baluman ada)">NARA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640045">10640045</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Diet_Library&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="National Diet Library (laman baluman ada)">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574775">00574775</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of the Czech Republic (laman baluman ada)">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph122331&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">ph122331</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Instrumen_hak_asasi_manusia_internasional" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r72239"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-janak"><a href="/wiki/Citakan:Instrumen_HAM" title="Citakan:Instrumen HAM"><abbr title="Janaki citakan ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-pandir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamandiran_Citakan:Instrumen_HAM&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pamandiran Citakan:Instrumen HAM (laman baluman ada)"><abbr title="Cangkurahakan citakan ini" style=";;background:none 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dan resolusi</b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resolusi_Brasil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Resolusi Brasil (laman baluman ada)">Resolusi Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_Kemerdekaan_Negeri_dan_Orang_Bekas_Jajahan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Negeri dan Orang Bekas Jajahan (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Negeri dan Orang Bekas Jajahan</a> (Resolusi 1514)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pernyataan_Umum_tentang_Hak-Hak_Asasi_Manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia (laman baluman ada)">Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia</a> (UDHR)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_Kairo_tentang_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_dalam_Islam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi Kairo tentang Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Islam (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi Kairo tentang Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_Montreal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi Montreal (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_Hak-Hak_Anak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi Hak-Hak Anak (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi Hak-Hak Anak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_tentang_Penghapusan_Diskriminasi_terhadap_Wanita&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi tentang Penghapusan Diskriminasi terhadap Wanita (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi tentang Penghapusan Diskriminasi terhadap Wanita</a> (DEDAW)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_Penghapusan_Diskriminasi_terhadap_Perempuan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi Penghapusan Diskriminasi terhadap Perempuan (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi Penghapusan Diskriminasi terhadap Perempuan</a> (DEVAW)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_PBB_tentang_Hak-Hak_Masyarakat_Adat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi PBB tentang Hak-Hak Masyarakat Adat (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi Hak-Hak Masyarakat Adat</a> (UNDRIP)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_Hak_Asasi_dan_Kewajiban_Manusia_Amerika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi Hak Asasi dan Kewajiban Manusia Amerika (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi Hak Asasi dan Kewajiban Manusia Amerika</a> (Deklarasi Bogota)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prinsip-Prinsip_Paris&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prinsip-Prinsip Paris (laman baluman ada)">Prinsip-Prinsip Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_dan_Program_Aksi_Wina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi dan Program Aksi Wina (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi dan Program Aksi Wina</a> (VDPA)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prinsip-Prinsip_Yogyakarta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prinsip-Prinsip Yogyakarta (laman baluman ada)">Prinsip-Prinsip Yogyakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_PBB_tentang_Hak-Hak_Petani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi PBB tentang Hak-Hak Petani (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi Hak-Hak Petani</a> (UNDROP)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proklamasi_Teheran&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Proklamasi Teheran (laman baluman ada)">Proklamasi Teheran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";width:10.5em; background:#eeeeff; font-weight:normal"><div id="Perjanjian_hukum_internasional" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><b>Perjanjian hukum internasional</b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Menentang_Penyiksaan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa Menentang Penyiksaan (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi Menentang Penyiksaan</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protokol_Opsional_Konvensi_Menentang_Penyiksaan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Protokol Opsional Konvensi Menentang Penyiksaan (laman baluman ada)">Protokol Opsional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_mengenai_Penghapusan_Segala_Bentuk_Diskriminasi_terhadap_Wanita&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi mengenai Penghapusan Segala Bentuk Diskriminasi terhadap Wanita (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi Penghapusan Diskriminasi Wanita</a> (CEDAW)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Internasional_tentang_Penghapusan_Segala_Bentuk_Diskriminasi_Rasial&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Internasional tentang Penghapusan Segala Bentuk Diskriminasi Rasial (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi Penghapusan Diskriminasi Rasial</a> (ICERD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Hak-Hak_Politik_Wanita&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Hak-Hak Politik Wanita (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi Hak-Hak Politik Wanita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_mengenai_Hak-Hak_Penyandang_Disabilitas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi mengenai Hak-Hak Penyandang Disabilitas (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi Hak-Hak Penyandang Disabilitas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Hak-Hak_Anak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Hak-Hak Anak (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi Hak-Hak Anak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Internasional_Tentang_Perlindungan_Seluruh_Hak_Buruh_Migran_dan_Para_Anggota_Keluarga_Mereka&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Internasional Tentang Perlindungan Seluruh Hak Buruh Migran dan Para Anggota Keluarga Mereka (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi Perlindungan Buruh Migran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Kejahatan_Apartheid&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Kejahatan Apartheid (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi Kejahatan Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Internasional_tentang_Perlindungan_terhadap_Semua_Orang_dari_Tindakan_Penghilangan_Secara_Paksa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Internasional tentang Perlindungan terhadap Semua Orang dari Tindakan Penghilangan Secara Paksa (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi Perlindungan dari Penghilangan Paksa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_ILO_tentang_Hak-Hak_Masyarakat_Asli_dan_Adat_1989&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi ILO tentang Hak-Hak Masyarakat Asli dan Adat 1989 (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi Hak-Hak Masyarakat Asli dan Adat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovenan_Internasional_tentang_Hak-Hak_Sipil_dan_Politik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Sipil dan Politik (laman baluman ada)">Kovenan Hak-Hak Sipil dan Politik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovenan_Internasional_tentang_Hak-Hak_Ekonomi,_Sosial,_dan_Budaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Ekonomi, Sosial, dan Budaya (laman baluman ada)">Kovenan Hak-Hak Ekonomi, Sosial, dan Budaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";width:10.5em; background:#eeeeff; font-weight:normal"><div id="Perjanjian_regional" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><b>Perjanjian regional</b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piagam_Afrika_tentang_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_dan_Hak_Penduduk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piagam Afrika tentang Hak Asasi Manusia dan Hak Penduduk (laman baluman ada)">Piagam HAM Afrika</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protokol_Maputo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Protokol Maputo (laman baluman ada)">Protokol Maputo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Eropa_tentang_Hak_Asasi_Manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Eropa tentang Hak Asasi Manusia (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi HAM Eropa</a> (ECHR)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Eropa_tentang_Pencegahan_Penyiksaan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Eropa tentang Pencegahan Penyiksaan (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi Penyiksaan Eropa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Eropa_tentang_Kewarganegaraan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Eropa tentang Kewarganegaraan (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi Kewarganegaraan Eropa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Perlindungan_Minoritas_Nasional_Eropa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Perlindungan Minoritas Nasional Eropa (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi Perlindungan Minoritas Nasional Eropa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piagam_Sosial_Eropa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piagam Sosial Eropa (laman baluman ada)">Piagam Sosial Eropa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Dewan_Eropa_tentang_Kekerasan_terhadap_Wanita_dan_Kekerasan_dalam_Rumah_Tangga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Dewan Eropa tentang Kekerasan terhadap Wanita dan Kekerasan dalam Rumah Tangga (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi Kekerasan terhadap Wanita Eropa</a> (Konvensi Istanbul)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Amerika_tentang_Hak_Asasi_Manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Amerika tentang Hak Asasi Manusia (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi HAM Amerika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Inter-Amerika_tentang_Pencegahan_Penyiksaan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Inter-Amerika tentang Pencegahan Penyiksaan (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi Penyiksaan Inter-Amerika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Inter-Amerika_tentang_Penghapusan_Diskriminasi_terhadap_Penyandang_Disabilitias&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Inter-Amerika tentang Penghapusan Diskriminasi terhadap Penyandang Disabilitias (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi Anti-Diskriminasi terhadap Penyandang Disabilitas Inter-Amerika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_B%C3%A9lem_do_Par%C3%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Bélem do Pará (laman baluman ada)">Konvensi Bélem do Pará</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piagam_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_Arab&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piagam Hak Asasi Manusia Arab (laman baluman ada)">Piagam HAM Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_Perbara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manusia Perbara (laman baluman ada)">Deklarasi HAM Perbara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";width:10.5em; background:#eeeeff; font-weight:normal"><div id="Putusan_pengadilan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><b>Putusan pengadilan</b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handyside_v._United_Kingdom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Handyside v. United Kingdom (laman baluman ada)">Handyside v. United Kingdom</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lovelace_v._Canada&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lovelace v. Canada (laman baluman ada)">Lovelace v. Canada</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Young,_James_%26_Webster_v._United_Kingdom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Young, James &amp; Webster v. United Kingdom (laman baluman ada)">Young, James &amp; Webster v. United Kingdom</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerrero_v._Colombia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Guerrero v. Colombia (laman baluman ada)">Guerrero v. Colombia</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baboeram-Adhin_v,_Suriname&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Baboeram-Adhin v, Suriname (laman baluman ada)">Baboeram-Adhin v, Suriname</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vel%C3%A1squez-Rodr%C3%ADguez_v._Honduras&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Velásquez-Rodríguez v. Honduras (laman baluman ada)">Velásquez-Rodríguez v. Honduras</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%BCller_v._Switzerland&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Müller v. Switzerland (laman baluman ada)">Müller v. Switzerland</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitok_v._Sweden&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitok v. Sweden (laman baluman ada)">Kitok v. Sweden</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._v._Austria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="K. v. Austria (laman baluman ada)">K. v. Austria</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lubicon_Lake_Band_v._Canada&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lubicon Lake Band v. Canada (laman baluman ada)">Lubicon Lake Band v. Canada</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toonen_v._Australia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Toonen v. Australia (laman baluman ada)">Toonen v. Australia</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castells_v._Spain&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Castells v. Spain (laman baluman ada)">Castells v. Spain</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Door_and_Dublin_Well_Woman_v._Ireland&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Open Door and Dublin Well Woman v. Ireland (laman baluman ada)">Open Door and Dublin Well Woman v. Ireland</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto-Preminger-Institut_v._Austria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria (laman baluman ada)">Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=McCann_v._United_Kingdom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="McCann v. United Kingdom (laman baluman ada)">McCann v. United Kingdom</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goodwin_v._United_Kingdom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Goodwin v. United Kingdom (laman baluman ada)">Goodwin v. United Kingdom</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelly_v._United_Kingdom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelly v. United Kingdom (laman baluman ada)">Kelly v. United Kingdom</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osman_v._United_Kingdom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Osman v. United Kingdom (laman baluman ada)">Osman v. United Kingdom</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCle%C3%A7_v._Turkey&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Güleç v. Turkey (laman baluman ada)">Güleç v. Turkey</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amnesty_International_v._Zambia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Amnesty International v. Zambia (laman baluman ada)">Amnesty International v. Zambia</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avocats_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res_v._Burundi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Avocats Sans Frontières v. Burundi (laman baluman ada)">Avocats Sans Frontières v. Burundi</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forum_of_Conscience_v._Sierra_Leone&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Forum of Conscience v. Sierra Leone (laman baluman ada)">Forum of Conscience v. Sierra Leone</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_Nationale_des_Syndicate_Autonomes_du_Senegal_v._Senegal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Union Nationale des Syndicate Autonomes du Senegal v. Senegal (laman baluman ada)">Union Nationale des Syndicate Autonomes du Senegal v. Senegal</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrios_Altos_v._Peru&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Barrios Altos v. Peru (laman baluman ada)">Barrios Altos v. Peru</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=VgT_v._Switzerland&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="VgT v. Switzerland (laman baluman ada)">VgT v. Switzerland</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawyers_for_Human_Rights_v._Swaziland&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawyers for Human Rights v. Swaziland (laman baluman ada)">Lawyers for Human Rights v. Swaziland</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretty_v._United_Kingdom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pretty v. United Kingdom (laman baluman ada)">Pretty v. United Kingdom</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=SERAC_v._Nigeria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="SERAC v. Nigeria (laman baluman ada)">SERAC v. Nigeria</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_Office_of_Ghazi_Suleiman_v._Sudan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Law Office of Ghazi Suleiman v. Sudan (laman baluman ada)">Law Office of Ghazi Suleiman v. Sudan</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interights_et_al._v._Botswana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Interights et al. v. Botswana (laman baluman ada)">Interights et al. v. Botswana</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Minority_Rights_Development_et_al._v._Kenya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre for Minority Rights Development et al. v. Kenya (laman baluman ada)">Centre for Minority Rights Development et al. v. Kenya</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purohit_and_Moore_v._The_Gambia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Purohit and Moore v. The Gambia (laman baluman ada)">Purohit and Moore v. The Gambia</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curtis_Francis_Doebbler_v._Sudan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Curtis Francis Doebbler v. Sudan (laman baluman ada)">Curtis Francis Doebbler v. Sudan</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_Pour_la_Sauvegarde_de_la_Paix_au_Burundi_v._Tanzania_and_Others&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Association Pour la Sauvegarde de la Paix au Burundi v. Tanzania and Others (laman baluman ada)">Association Pour la Sauvegarde de la Paix au Burundi v. Tanzania and Others</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dem._Rep._Congo_v._Burundi_and_Others&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dem. Rep. Congo v. Burundi and Others (laman baluman ada)">Dem. Rep. Congo v. Burundi and Others</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krone_Verlag_v._Austria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Krone Verlag v. Austria (laman baluman ada)">Krone Verlag v. Austria</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garaudy_v._France&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Garaudy v. France (laman baluman ada)">Garaudy v. France</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broniowski_v._Poland&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Broniowski v. Poland (laman baluman ada)">Broniowski v. Poland</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96nery%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_v._Turkey&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Öneryıldız v. Turkey (laman baluman ada)">Öneryıldız v. Turkey</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Editions_Plon_(Societe)_v._France&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Editions Plon (Societe) v. France (laman baluman ada)">Editions Plon (Societe) v. France</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chauvy_v._France&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chauvy v. France (laman baluman ada)">Chauvy v. France</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selisto_v_Finland_(2004)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Selisto v Finland (2004) (laman baluman ada)">Selisto v Finland (2004)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Von_Hannover_v._Germany&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Von Hannover v. Germany (laman baluman ada)">Von Hannover v. Germany</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=K.L._v._Peru&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="K.L. v. Peru (laman baluman ada)">K.L. v. Peru</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almonacid-Arellano_v._Chile&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Almonacid-Arellano v. Chile (laman baluman ada)">Almonacid-Arellano v. Chile</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Society_Justice_Initiative_v._Cameroon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Open Society Justice Initiative v. Cameroon (laman baluman ada)">Open Society Justice Initiative v. Cameroon</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe_Human_Rights_NGO_Forum_v._Zimbabwe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum v. Zimbabwe (laman baluman ada)">Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum v. Zimbabwe</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yildirim_v._Austria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yildirim v. Austria (laman baluman ada)">Yildirim v. Austria</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behrami_v._France&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Behrami v. France (laman baluman ada)">Behrami v. France</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumpf_v._Germany&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumpf v. Germany (laman baluman ada)">Rumpf v. Germany</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A,_B_and_C_v._Ireland&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="A, B and C v. Ireland (laman baluman ada)">A, B and C v. Ireland</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_v._France&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Singh v. France (laman baluman ada)">Singh v. France</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelman_v._Uruguay&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelman v. Uruguay (laman baluman ada)">Gelman v. Uruguay</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interights_v._Egypt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Interights v. Egypt (laman baluman ada)">Interights v. Egypt</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_%E2%80%9C21_December_1989%E2%80%9D_and_Others_v._Romania&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Association “21 December 1989” and Others v. Romania (laman baluman ada)">Association “21 December 1989” and Others v. Romania</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vejdeland_v._Sweden&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vejdeland v. Sweden (laman baluman ada)">Vejdeland v. Sweden</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarayaku_v._Ecuador&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarayaku v. Ecuador (laman baluman ada)">Sarayaku v. Ecuador</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4nsman_v._Finland&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Länsman v. Finland (laman baluman ada)">Länsman v. Finland</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A2mpeanu_v._Romania&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Câmpeanu v. Romania (laman baluman ada)">Câmpeanu v. Romania</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umuhoza_v._Rwanda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Umuhoza v. Rwanda (laman baluman ada)">Umuhoza v. Rwanda</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=E.S._v._Austria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="E.S. v. Austria (laman baluman ada)">E.S. v. Austria</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%27Bala_M%27Bala_v._France&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="M&#39;Bala M&#39;Bala v. France (laman baluman ada)">M'Bala M'Bala v. France</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magyar_Jeti_Zrt_v._Hungary&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Magyar Jeti Zrt v. Hungary (laman baluman ada)">Magyar Jeti Zrt v. Hungary</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konat%C3%A9_v._Burkina_Faso&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konaté v. Burkina Faso (laman baluman ada)">Konaté v. Burkina Faso</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashkin_v._Russia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rashkin v. Russia (laman baluman ada)">Rashkin v. Russia</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lilliendahl_v._Iceland&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lilliendahl v. Iceland (laman baluman ada)">Lilliendahl v. Iceland</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhaka_Honhat_v._Argentina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lhaka Honhat v. Argentina (laman baluman ada)">Lhaka Honhat v. 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