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src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856im_/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Colonial-300x225.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="225" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856im_/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Colonial-300x225.jpg 300w, https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856im_/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Colonial.jpg 384w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px"/></a>Welcome to Colonial Film: Moving Images of the British Empire</em>. This website holds detailed information on over 6000 films showing images of life in the British colonies. Over 150 films are available for viewing online. You can search or browse for films by country, date, topic, or keyword. Over 350 of the most important films in the catalogue are presented with extensive critical notes written by our academic research team.</p> <p>The Colonial Film project united universities (Birkbeck and University College London) and archives (British Film Institute, Imperial War Museum and the British Empire and Commonwealth Museum) to create a new catalogue of films relating to the British Empire. The ambition of this website is to allow both colonizers and colonized to understand better the truths of Empire.</p> <p>Take a look: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://www.colonialfilm.org.uk/home" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://www.colonialfilm.org.uk/home</a></p> <p> </p>  <div> <a class="addthis_button" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://addthis.com/bookmark.php?v=300" addthis:url="http://rozenbergquarterly.com/colonial-film-database-moving-images-of-the-british-empire/"> <img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170719120856im_/http://cache.addthis.com/cachefly/static/btn/v2/lg-share-en.gif" width="125" height="16" alt="Bookmark and Share" style="border:0"/> </a> </div><div style="clear:both;"></div>  <h1 class="single"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/ubuntu-and-communalism-in-african-philosophy-and-art/" rel="bookmark">Prophecies And Protests ~ Ubuntu And Communalism In African Philosophy And Art</a></h1> <ul class="post-meta"> <li><span class="post-meta-key">by:</span> Heinz Kimmerle</li> </ul> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Ubuntu.jpg" data-slb-active="1" data-slb-asset="856778060" data-slb-internal="0" data-slb-group="1811"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-26121" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856im_/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Ubuntu-206x300.jpg" alt="" width="206" height="300" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856im_/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Ubuntu-206x300.jpg 206w, https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856im_/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Ubuntu.jpg 343w" sizes="(max-width: 206px) 100vw, 206px"/></a>During my efforts to set up dialogues between Western and African philosophies, I have singled out quite a number of subjects on which such dialogues are useful and necessary. Recently I have stated in an essay that three themes in the African way of thought have become especially important for me:<br/> 1.1 The <em>basic concept of vital force</em>, differing from the basic concept of being, which is prevalent in Western philosophy;<br/> 1.2. The <em>prevailing role of the community</em>, differing from the predominantly individualistic thinking in the West;<br/> 1.3. The <em>belief in spirits</em>, differing from the scientific and rationalistic way of thought, which is prevalent in Western philosophy (Kimmerle 2001: 5).</p> <p>In these fields of philosophical thought there are contributions from African philosophers, which differ in a very characteristic way from Western thinking. Therefore in a dialogue on these themes a special enrichment of Western philosophy is possible. In the following text I want to clarify this possibility by concentrating on two notions, which have a specific meaning in the context of African philosophy. To discuss the notions of <em>ubuntu </em>and communalism means working out some important aspects of the second theme. The <em>community spirit </em>in African theory and practice is philosophically concentrated in notions such as <em>ubuntu </em>and communalism. But the concept of <em>vital force</em>, which is mentioned in the first theme, will play a certain role, too. We find the stem –<em>ntu</em>, which expresses the concept of vital force in many Bantu-languages, also in <em>ubu</em>–<em>ntu</em>. For a more detailed explanation of <em>ubuntu</em>, I will depend mainly on Mogobe B. Ramose’s book, which gives the most comprehensive explanation of the philosophical impact of this notion (Ramose 1999). The concept of communalism is explained in the context of the political philosophy of Leopold S. Senghor and other political leaders of African countries in the struggle for independence (Senghor 1964). A vehement critic of that theory is a Kenyan political scientist, V.G. Simiyu (Simiyu 1987). For a philosophical evaluation of this controversy I will refer to the articles and books of Maurice Tschiamalenga Ntumba, Joseph M. Nyasani, and Kwame Gyekye, dealing with the relation between person and community (Ntumba 1985 and 1988; Nyasani 1989; Gyekye 1989 and 1997).</p> <p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/ubuntu-and-communalism-in-african-philosophy-and-art/#more-1811" class="more-link">Read more</a></p>  <div> <a class="addthis_button" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://addthis.com/bookmark.php?v=300" addthis:url="http://rozenbergquarterly.com/ubuntu-and-communalism-in-african-philosophy-and-art/"> <img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170719120856im_/http://cache.addthis.com/cachefly/static/btn/v2/lg-share-en.gif" width="125" height="16" alt="Bookmark and Share" style="border:0"/> </a> </div><div style="clear:both;"></div>  <h1 class="single"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/where-global-contradictions-are-sharpest-research-stories-from-the-kalahari-contents/" rel="bookmark">Where Global Contradictions Are Sharpest ~ Research Stories From The Kalahari ~ Contents</a></h1> <ul class="post-meta"> <li><span class="post-meta-key">by:</span> Keyan Tomaselli</li> </ul> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/TomaselliCover.jpg" data-slb-active="1" data-slb-asset="526466157" data-slb-internal="0" data-slb-group="25557"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-25559" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856im_/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/TomaselliCover-205x300.jpg" alt="" width="205" height="300" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856im_/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/TomaselliCover-205x300.jpg 205w, https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856im_/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/TomaselliCover.jpg 591w" sizes="(max-width: 205px) 100vw, 205px"/></a>The ‘Bushmen’ or ‘San’ of the Kalahari could well be called an iconographic people. Partly as a result of this, over the years abundant social research has been carried out among the San. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://ccms.ukzn.ac.za/staff/keyan-tomaselli.aspx" target="_blank"><em>Keyan Tomaselli</em></a> and his research team from the University of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa form part of that tradition; however, in this book Tomaselli is also able to reflect critically, and not without a touch of irony, on the way the San have been represented over the years. Hardly ever has there been a researcher who so uncompromisingly and aptly illustrates the many ethical contradictions in doing fieldwork among the San, and at the same time manages to reconstruct and represent the actual fieldwork experience and the San people so vividly that you almost taste the dust of the Kalahari and smell the raucous world that is depicted.</p> <p><em>Note on the Author</em><br/> Keyan G. Tomaselli is Professor in Culture, Communication and Media Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban. He is a Fellow of the University and serves on the advisory board of !Kwa ttu – The San Cultural and Educational Centre. He is Old World book review editor of <em>Visual Anthropology</em>, and has published on visual anthropology in this and other publications such as <em>Appropriating images: The semiotics of visual representation</em> (Intervention Press, 1999). Other journals in which Tomaselli has published include: <em>Visual Studies</em>, <em>Cultural Studies</em>, <em>Journal of Film and Video</em>, <em>Research in African Literatures</em>, etc. He is published in translation in Italian, Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese and Arabic, amongst others. Tomaselli is editor-in-chief of <em>Critical Arts: A Journal of South-North Cultural and Media Studies</em>.</p> <p><em>Contents</em><br/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/where-global-contradictions-are-sharpest-research-stories-from-the-kalahari-acknowledgements-acronyms-a-note-on-pronunciation/" target="_blank">Acknowledgements, Acronyms, A Note on Pronunciation</a><br/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/where-global-contraditions-are-sharpest-starting-off/" target="_blank">Starting Off – Different people, different communities – Specifically, what are we doing?</a><br/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/where-global-contradictions-are-sharpest-the-negotiating-research-with-first-peoples/" target="_blank"><em>Chapter 1. Negotiating Research with First Peoples</em></a><br/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/where-global-contradictions-are-sharpest-reverse-cultural-studies-field-methods-power-relations-and-4x4s/" target="_blank"><em>Chapter 2. Reverse Cultural Studies: Field Methods, Power Relations and 4X4s … </em></a><br/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/where-global-contradictions-are-sharpest-dit-is-die-here-se-asem-the-wind-its-messages-and-issues-of-autoethnographic-methodology-in-the-kalahari/" target="_blank"><em>Chapter 3. ‘Dit is die Here se Asem</em>’: <em>The Wind, its Messages, and Issues of Autoethnographic Methodology in the Kalahari </em></a><br/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/where-global-contradictions-are-sharpest-op-die-grond-writing-in-the-sand-surviving-crime/" target="_blank"><em>Chapter 4. <em>‘Op die Grond’</em>: Writing in the San/d, Surviving Crime </em></a><br/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/where-global-contradictions-are-sharpest-psychospiritual-ecoscience-the-juhoansi-and-cultural-tourism/" target="_blank"><em>Chapter 5. Psychospiritual Ecoscience: The Ju/’hoansi and Cultural Tourism</em></a><br/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/where-global-contradictions-are-sharpest-textualising-the-san-past-dancing-with-development/" target="_blank"><em>Chapter 6. Textualising the San ‘Past’: Dancing With Development </em></a><br/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/where-global-contradictions-are-sharpest-stories-to-tell-stories-to-sell-hidden-transcripts-negotiating-texts/" target="_blank"><em>Chapter 7. Stories to Tell, Stories to Sell: Hidden transcripts, negotiating texts</em></a><br/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/where-global-contradictions-are-sharpest-references/" target="_blank"><em>References</em></a></p> <p>© Keyan G. Tomaselli, 2005<br/> Cover photograph: Frederik J Lange (Jnr). Taken between Witdraai and Welkom, Northern Cape, June 2005.<br/> Coverdesign: Ingrid Bouws, Amsterdam<br/> Editing: Saskia Stehouwer</p> <p>Published by Rozenberg Publishers, Amsterdam, 2005, ISBN 90 5170 481 X</p>  <div> <a class="addthis_button" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://addthis.com/bookmark.php?v=300" addthis:url="http://rozenbergquarterly.com/where-global-contradictions-are-sharpest-research-stories-from-the-kalahari-contents/"> <img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170719120856im_/http://cache.addthis.com/cachefly/static/btn/v2/lg-share-en.gif" width="125" height="16" alt="Bookmark and Share" style="border:0"/> </a> </div><div style="clear:both;"></div>  <h1 class="single"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/where-global-contradictions-are-sharpest-research-stories-from-the-kalahari-acknowledgements-acronyms-a-note-on-pronunciation/" rel="bookmark">Where Global Contradictions Are Sharpest ~ Acknowledgements, Acronyms, A Note On Pronunciation</a></h1> <ul class="post-meta"> <li><span class="post-meta-key">by:</span> Keyan Tomaselli</li> </ul> <p><em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/TomaselliCover.jpg" data-slb-active="1" data-slb-asset="526466157" data-slb-group="25584"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-25559" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856im_/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/TomaselliCover-205x300.jpg" alt="" width="205" height="300" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856im_/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/TomaselliCover-205x300.jpg 205w, https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856im_/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/TomaselliCover.jpg 591w" sizes="(max-width: 205px) 100vw, 205px"/></a>Acknowledgements</em><br/> The research on which this book reports is greatly indebted to The Protea Hotel, Upington, for sponsorship of accommodation on the way to and back from the Kalahari. Riann and Jeannne de Klerk, Bill and Kathy Fisher, and Kathleen and Willie Burger provided other accommodations in Upington at one time or another. Thanks to the Molopo Lodge for dealing with our often-idiosyncratic requests, like students having to study and write exams during fieldtrips.</p> <p>To Bronwyn Spicer, who worked as my editorial assistant on this book, my abiding and enduring appreciation. Thanks to Kamini Moodley, the project’s research manager, who worked hard and diligently behind the scenes, and also assisted with copyediting. In field trip and research management Kamini was preceded by Vanessa McLennan-Dodd, and Chantel Oosthuysen. My thanks also to Catherine Dunphy for copyediting. Nelia Oets was a superb camp provider, translator and co-researcher. Nelia was always ready to volunteer her 4X4 for our visits to the Kalahari and assisted in many other roles. Our research team could not have accomplished as much as it did without her consistent and systematic support – both in material resources and intellectually. Thanks to all my students and research affiliates who contributed to the project over the ten-year study period. All have been an inspiration to me and have provided significant depth to the analysis. (A second strand of this project has been conducted in Zululand, not reported on here.) Contributors are listed in Table 1 in Chapter 2 together with the their publications and thesis titles. A special mention must go to Mary Lange who acted as facilitator, translator, and advisor and who brought a unique empathy to our research relations with our hosts. Arnold Shepperson was an ever-present intellectual source in both this and other of our publications on the topic. Thanks to all our partners in the Kalahari, Belinda Kruiper, Roger Carter and all those who engaged in discussion with us. Paul Rodda provided computer support.</p> <p>The research was partly funded by the University of Natal’s Research Fund, now the University of KwaZulu-Natal. The National Research Foundation also funded it: Social Sciences and Humanities. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at are those of the author and not the Foundation. An UKZN-based Mellon Post-doctoral Fellowship enabled Matthew Durington to join the project for 18 months. His critique of an earlier draft of Chapter 2 proved very helpful. The research was started while I was a Fulbright researcher in the African Studies Center, Michigan State University, 1990-1, working on its African Media Program.<br/> Other organisations which facilitated aspects of our research at one time or another include the Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution; Documentary Educational Resources; the Working Indigenous Minorities Group; the South African San Institute; the Nquaa Khobee Zeya Trust, the Kuru Development Trust; and Rob Waldron.</p> <p>I must also mention Jake Homiak whose early support via the Smithsonian’s Human Studies Film Archives underpinned the early stages of the research. Others on whom my students and I have drawn include John and Lorna Marshall, Cynthia Close, Fiona Archer, Nigel Crawhall, Meryl-Joy Winschutt, amongst many others. I am also deeply appreciative of the sustained support and encouragement for our autoethnographic turn offered by Norman Denzin of the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Thanks also to Frans Prins, Bob Hitchcock, Garth Allen, Megan Biesele, Dave Wiley, amongst many others, who have liaised with me and some of my students on our work.</p> <p>Chapter 1, <em>‘Negotiating Research with First Peoples’</em>, is revised, adapted and updated from Shepperson, A. and Tomaselli, K.G. (Eds) (2003), ‘From one to an-other: Auto-ethnographic explorations in Southern Africa’, <em>Cultural Studies – Critical Methodologies</em>, 4(4). Chapter 2 is a very extensively updated, totally revised and much elaborated version of my earlier article, ‘Blue is hot, red is cold: Doing reverse cultural studies in Africa’<strong>,</strong> first published in <em>Cultural Studies – Critical Methodologies</em>, 1(3), 2001. Chapter 3, ‘<em>Dit is die Here se Asem</em>: The Wind and its Messages’ is adapted from <em>Cultural Studies – Critical Methodologies</em>, 3(4), 2003. Chapter 4, ‘“<em>Op die Grond”</em>: Writing in the San/d, Surviving Crime’, is revised from <em>Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa</em>, 15(3), 2003. Chapter 5, ‘Psychospiritual Ecoscience: The Ju/’hoansi and Cultural Tourism’, and Chapter 6, ‘Textualising the San “Past”: Dancing with Development’, are revised from <em>Visual Anthropology</em>, 12(3/4), 1999. Chapter 7, ‘Stories to Tell, Stories to Sell: Resisting Textualisation’, is adapted, revised and updated from <em>Cultural Studies</em>, 17(6), 2003. My thanks to the various publishers for permission to rework these articles into this book.</p> <p><em>Keyan G. Tomaselli, August 2005</em></p> <p><em>Acronyms</em></p> <ul> <li>CCMS Culture, Communication and Media Studies (University of KwaZulu-Natal) (Howard College Campus, Durban)</li> <li>CKGR Central Kalahari Game Reserve</li> <li>IGWIA International Working Group for Indigenous Affairs</li> <li>CPA Community Property Association (Based in Andriesvale)</li> <li>CRAM Cultural Resources Auditing and Management Project</li> <li>JFP Jesus Film Project (Based in Kimberly)</li> <li>LIFE Living in a Finite Environment Program</li> <li>NNDFN Nyae Nyae Development Foundation of Namibia (Based in Windhoek)</li> <li>NNFC Nyae Nyae Farmers’ Cooperative (Based in Baraka)</li> <li>SABC South African Broadcasting Corporation</li> <li>SASI South African San Institute (Based in Kimberley)</li> <li>SBB Safaris Botswana Bound (Based in Maun, operating in KD/1 Area)</li> <li>SI Survival International</li> <li>SIM Serving in Mission</li> <li>SACOD Southern African Communications for Development</li> <li>SWAA South West African Administration</li> <li>SWAPO South West African People’s Organisation</li> <li>WIMSA Working Group for Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (Based in Windhoek, Namibia)</li> </ul> <p><em>A Note on Pronunciation</em></p> <p>All !Kung and San languages have clicks, which are additional consonants. The most commonly used clicks are:<br/> <strong>≠</strong> Alveolar click made by sucking the tongue against the ridge behind the upper front teeth.<br/> // Lateral click made at the side of the mouth.<br/> <strong>! </strong>Palatal click made by clicking the tongue on the roof of the palate.</p> <p>For further information on language see Dickens and Traill (1997); Dickens (1992); Barnard (1992: xix-xxii).</p>  <div> <a class="addthis_button" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://addthis.com/bookmark.php?v=300" addthis:url="http://rozenbergquarterly.com/where-global-contradictions-are-sharpest-research-stories-from-the-kalahari-acknowledgements-acronyms-a-note-on-pronunciation/"> <img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170719120856im_/http://cache.addthis.com/cachefly/static/btn/v2/lg-share-en.gif" width="125" height="16" alt="Bookmark and Share" style="border:0"/> </a> </div><div style="clear:both;"></div>  <h1 class="single"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/where-global-contraditions-are-sharpest-starting-off/" rel="bookmark">Where Global Contradictions Are Sharpest ~ Starting Off</a></h1> <ul class="post-meta"> <li><span class="post-meta-key">by:</span> Keyan G. Tomaselli & Arnold Shepperson</li> </ul> <div id="attachment_25596" style="width: 310px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/map.jpg" data-slb-active="1" data-slb-asset="1380333807" data-slb-internal="0" data-slb-group="25594"><img class="wp-image-25596 size-medium" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856im_/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/map-300x240.jpg" width="300" height="240" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856im_/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/map-300x240.jpg 300w, https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856im_/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/map-768x614.jpg 768w, https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856im_/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/map-1024x819.jpg 1024w, https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856im_/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/map.jpg 1500w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px"/></a><p class="wp-caption-text"><em>Map adapted from Willet et al. (2002)</em></p></div> <p style="text-align: right;"><em>Red sand dunes are set against an endless sky of indigo blue.<br/> At night the Milky Way envelops a seemingly untouched land.<br/> People who come here are changed forever</em><br/> (Molopo Lodge brochure).</p> <p>This book deals with three geographically discrete groups of people generally referred to as ‘Bushmen’ or ‘San’. The controversial debates on naming are well known (Gordon 1990a) and need brief mention here. The politically correct terms are ‘San’ in South Africa and Namibia and, in Botswana, the official naming is ‘Basarwa’ (singular ‘Mosarwa’). I will however use the clan names of the communities with which my students and I have been working, e.g., Ju/’hoansi (pronounced ju-twan-si), ≠Khomani and !Xoo. Often those who call themselves ‘Bushmen’ or ‘Boesmanne’, do so as a form of resistance against the politically correct externally imposed naming (Bregin and Kruiper 2004: 52-5). San is derived from a Nama word, meaning bandit (Barnard 1992: xxiv, 8; Hahn 1881: 3), while Saa means ‘to pick things up’ or forage. It is in this context that I will occasionally use the term Bushmen. Single quotes indicate where I am distancing myself from such use.</p> <p>The Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park spans both South Africa and Botswana. It features endless rolling dunes with shrubby vegetation and isolated tall savannah thorn trees. The semi-desert is interspersed with numerous pans, ranging from small to well over 50 kms in diameter. The communities with which we worked resided in three locations, Ngwatle in south central Botswana, Witdraai and Blinkwater in the Northern Cape, and the Nyae Nyae, Eastern Bushmanland, Namibia.</p> <p>Ngwatle was a community of perhaps 100 plus displaced people in 1995, with over 184 in 2004. It is located in the controlled Hunting Area called the Kgalagadi District 1 (KD/1). KD/1 is 13,000 km squared and three villages within its boundary include Ngwatle, Ukwi and Ncaang. It has a total population of about 800. In 2001, the villagers told us that the number had risen to 200 plus, the majority being <em>inkomers</em> (newcomers/incomers) mostly of Kgalagadi origin. The !Xoo are the majority at Ngwatle during hard times, but sometimes become a minority in good periods of rain. Ngwatle is living on borrowed time: the villagers have been told to move to other settlements, as the area is reserved for wild animals. Their response is one of resistance, a refusal to move, and requests to publicize their plight.</p> <p>Ngwatle consists of two main ethnic groups: The !Xoo and the Bakgalagadi, although the !Xoo typically build their shelters away from the Bakgalagadi. The Ngwatle Basarwa community comprises a mixture of Bakgalagadi and !Xoo who have defined themselves as Bushmen. This small group coalesced around two Afrikaans-speaking !Xoo brothers in the late 1980s (Simões 2001a).</p> <p>The community is severely poverty-stricken and is serviced by a Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO), some state departments, and a safari company (Flyman 2001). ‘Destitute rations’ are delivered monthly to a third of the Ngwatle population. In July 2004, we watched as the district officials placed 66 rations of maize meal, sorghum, tea, cooking oil, etc. on a large tarpaulin on the sand, readied for distribution. The goods looked like a multi-coloured miniature magic city glistening in the fading sunlight. Those who qualified for these rations also received a monthly allowance of P55 <strong>[i]</strong> from the Department of Pensions. The community is supplied with one water tank that is filled approximately every two weeks by the government. The larger settlements are also provided with salt water for their livestock. However, because Ngwatle is deemed too small, its villagers have little option but to share their water supply with domestic animals. Their main cash income is through craft sales to tourists, roadwork for the government and through various opportunities available via the Nqwaa Khobee Xeya Trust.<strong>[ii]</strong> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/where-global-contraditions-are-sharpest-starting-off/#more-25594" class="more-link">Read more</a></p>  <div> <a class="addthis_button" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://addthis.com/bookmark.php?v=300" addthis:url="http://rozenbergquarterly.com/where-global-contraditions-are-sharpest-starting-off/"> <img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170719120856im_/http://cache.addthis.com/cachefly/static/btn/v2/lg-share-en.gif" width="125" height="16" alt="Bookmark and Share" style="border:0"/> </a> </div><div style="clear:both;"></div>  <h1 class="single"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/where-global-contradictions-are-sharpest-the-negotiating-research-with-first-peoples/" rel="bookmark">Where Global Contradictions Are Sharpest ~ The Negotiating Research With First Peoples</a></h1> <ul class="post-meta"> <li><span class="post-meta-key">by:</span> Keyan G. Tomaselli & Arnold Shepperson</li> </ul> <p><em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/TomaselliCover.jpg" data-slb-active="1" data-slb-asset="526466157" data-slb-group="25604"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-25559" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856im_/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/TomaselliCover-205x300.jpg" alt="" width="205" height="300" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856im_/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/TomaselliCover-205x300.jpg 205w, https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856im_/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/TomaselliCover.jpg 591w" sizes="(max-width: 205px) 100vw, 205px"/></a>Becoming not-strangers</em><br/> In moving from ‘here’ (Durban) to ‘there’ (Kalahari Desert), CCMS researchers and students had to rethink their research assumptions, identities and even their understanding of cultural studies.</p> <p>The research team’s respective journeys have positioned us, at different times, as insiders and outsiders, as heroes and villains, and as reporters evaluating the said in terms of the more usually unsaid. The complexity and tensions of relationships in Kalahari research is extraordinary, given the relatively small numbers of ‘Bushmen’ who are subject to the intense Western gaze (by researchers, NGOs, film makers, journalists, writers and photographers, many of whom serve audiences of hundreds of millions). Indeed, the nature of this kind of research can be seen as a passage through difficult and scantily known rapids, despite the volumes of published work on specific communities. But in another sense, the passage is more that of a group of individuals with divergent positions, interests or aims, researching together and establishing a consensual position on which their differences may be resolved or accommodated (Shepperson 1998: 348). How do we, the researchers, apprehend, write about and agree or disagree on our observations, interpretations and explanations, and how do we negotiate these with our hosts?</p> <p>When the first draft of Chapter 7 was circulated for comment, the responses were striking, ranging from outright anger from one NGO-consultant to empathy from most academics, researchers, development workers and those who have had long associations with the <em>≠</em>Khomani. A few of our often marginalized <em>≠</em>Khomani sources were ecstatic as it seemed to them that they had finally found a team of researchers who perhaps understood their frustrations, hopes and fears, and who were able to communicate these in understandable terms. We spoke to ordinary people, and to some who had married into the clan. Each engaged with us on our objectives and we on theirs. We soon realised that research encounters are often rearticulated by some of our informants into discourses of begging, poverty, hunger and complaints of exploitation at the hands of journalists, photographers and researchers (especially amongst the Kruipers of the Northern Cape).</p> <p>We further sensed palpable relief from such correspondents that someone was at last critically examining development politics and research ethics, and engaging practices previously conducted in relative silence. Coming in from the cold (to Tomaselli, if no-one else), a few of these individuals started to write, dictate on tape, and e-mail him their own stories about themselves and their relations with <em>≠</em>Khomani personalities, researchers, writers, video producers, and all manner of visitors. One or two expressed feelings of liberation as they no longer felt ‘trapped’ within their insufferable ‘own experiences’, some excruciatingly painful, and others extraordinarily heart-warming (cf. for example Bregin and Kruiper 2004). The unpublished stories are both horrific in their implications, and revealing in their stoicism. They had a sense of an emergent and empathetic community of researchers with whom they could do business, and to whom our correspondents could relate their frustrations, fears, and discontentment. But for obvious reasons many of these stories have to remain part of the hidden transcript, the unsaid contingent upon the community and the resolution of its participants.</p> <p>‘Paradigm fundamentalism’ can easily occur if a scholar remains locked into the research programmes or theoretical structures inherited from preferred theoretical canons. Hidden transcripts, or at least their effects, tend to be suppressed by researchers because they are messy and get in the way of theory. In this kind of situation, students begin their assessment according to a canon provided <em>a priori</em> through the prescribed and recommended readings of various courses. What makes it specifically ‘fundamentalism’ is when the scholar either: (a) decides that items excluded from the canonical list <em>ought not</em> to be read; or (b) seeks to enrol with the consensus-making apparatus that establishes the ‘canonicity’ of prescribed and recommended readings. During our research period some scholars and films became <em>persona non grata</em> as epistemological battles were waged over legitimacy of interpretation (cf. Wilmsen 1989; Wilmsen and Denbow 1990 and responses to them; Barnard <em>et al.</em> 1996; Marshall 1996; Biesele and Hitchcock 1999; cf. also Gordon 1990b).</p> <p>Despite the somewhat conspiratorial narrative inscribed in this thumbnail sketch of the academy, it is designed to illustrate one possible aspect of the shift in the intellectual vista open to South African academics, development activists, public intellectuals, and other such practitioners. Our (often retrospectively constructed) past as participants in the final struggles against apartheid frequently involved exactly this kind of struggle for canonical hegemony. Leftists of all stripes railed against the apparently monolithic preferences of bourgeois literary and theoretical canons, all the while engaging each other in (mostly) bloodless but nevertheless near-mortal theoretical combat over what should be the canon of the Left. The same kind of bitter conflict occurred over studies of the San, their naming and on who could speak for whom, when, where, and how.<strong>[i]</strong> The<em> aprioristic</em> nature of canonical thinking amongst both the observers and the observed is far more a feature of both postmodern and modernist thinking than their respective adherents would like to admit. As we discovered among the different subject-communities during our research, the inherent fundamentalism of these traditions (in much the sense that Alasdair MacIntyre [1988] deploys the term) tends to slide glibly over the pre-theoretical, ‘shit happens’ kind of realism that shapes the everyday conduct of peoples like the !Xoo, the Ju/’hoansi and the <em>≠</em>Khomani. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/where-global-contradictions-are-sharpest-the-negotiating-research-with-first-peoples/#more-25604" class="more-link">Read more</a></p>  <div> <a class="addthis_button" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://addthis.com/bookmark.php?v=300" addthis:url="http://rozenbergquarterly.com/where-global-contradictions-are-sharpest-the-negotiating-research-with-first-peoples/"> <img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170719120856im_/http://cache.addthis.com/cachefly/static/btn/v2/lg-share-en.gif" width="125" height="16" alt="Bookmark and Share" style="border:0"/> </a> </div><div style="clear:both;"></div>  <br><div id="wp_page_numbers"> <ul><li class="page_info">Page 1 of 14</li><li class="active_page"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/category/anthropology/">1</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/category/anthropology/page/2/">2</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/category/anthropology/page/3/">3</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/category/anthropology/page/4/">4</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/category/anthropology/page/5/">5</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/category/anthropology/page/6/">6</a></li> <li class="space">...</li> <li class="first_last_page"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/category/anthropology/page/14/">14</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/category/anthropology/page/2/">next page</a></li> </ul> <div style="float: none; clear: both;"></div> </div> </div>  <div id="l_sidebar"> <li id="text-121" class="widget widget_text"><h2 class="widgettitle">Rozenberg Quarterly</h2> <div class="textwidget"><ul><li> 486 pages of information and entertainment in 22 sections - 2915 posts - 35.000 monthly visitors </li><ul></div> </li> <li id="recent-posts-2" class="widget widget_recent_entries"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Recent Articles</h2> <ul> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/karen-reed-eigth-ways-technology-is-improving-your-health/">Karen Reed ~ Eigth Ways Technology Is Improving Your Health</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/david-in-ethiopia/">David in Ethiopia</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/bob-van-huet-de-man-achter-de-generatietheorie/">Bob van Huet ~ De man achter de generatietheorie</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/imperialism-is-alive-and-kicking-a-marxist-analysis-of-neoliberal-capitalism/">Imperialism Is Alive And Kicking: A Marxist Analysis Of Neoliberal Capitalism</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/studio-meritis-makom/">Studio Meritis MaKOM</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120856/http://rozenbergquarterly.com/henk-a-becker-generaties-van-geluksvogels-en-pechvogels/">Henk A. 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