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<li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_3-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/italian-history-and-culture-4133065" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_7-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">History & Culture</span></a> <span id="breadcrumbs__separator_3-0" class="comp breadcrumbs__separator mntl-text-block">›</span></li></ul> <div id="article-heading_1-0" class="comp article-heading mntl-article-header"> <h1 class="article-heading type--lion">Italian Christmas Traditions</h1> <p class="article-subheading type--dog">Love of ritual survives and abounds everywhere</p> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-post-header"><div id="post-header-social-block_1-0" class="comp post-header-social-block mntl-block"><div id="social-share-block_1-0" class="comp social-share-block mntl-block"><ul id="social-share_1-0" class="comp social-share mntl-social-share share" data-title="Italian 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mntl-block mntl-bylines__group--author"><div id="mntl-bylines__item_1-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__item mntl-attribution__item mntl-attribution__item--has-date"> <span class="mntl-attribution__item-descriptor">By</span> <div data-tooltip="Michael San Filippo co-wrote The Complete Idiot's Guide to Italian History and Culture. He is a tutor of Italian language and culture." tabindex="0" data-inline-tooltip="true"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/michael-san-filippo-2011072" rel="nocaes" data-trigger-link="true" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="-1" >Michael San Filippo</a> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip mntl-tooltip mntl-group "> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__top mntl-author-tooltip__top--no-image"> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip__name_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__name mntl-attribution__item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/michael-san-filippo-2011072" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="0" >Michael San Filippo</a> </div> <span id="mntl-author-tooltip__job-title_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__job-title mntl-text-block">Italian Expert</span> <ul id="mntl-author-tooltip__education_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education mntl-block"><li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">M.A., Italian Studies, Middlebury College</li> <li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_2-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">B.A., Biology, Northeastern University</li></ul> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bio"> Michael San Filippo co-wrote The Complete Idiot's Guide to Italian History and Culture. He is a tutor of Italian language and culture. </div> </div> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bottom"> <span class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-text">Learn about our</span> <a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-editorial-guidelines" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-link" >Editorial Process</a> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="mntl-attribution__item-date">Updated on January 18, 2020</div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-content"><div id="article-content_1-0" class="comp article-content mntl-block"><div id="mntl-sc-page_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-page mntl-block structured-content expert-content" data-sc-sticky-offset="85" data-sc-ad-label-height="24" data-sc-ad-track-spacing="100" data-sc-min-track-height="250" data-sc-max-track-height="600" data-sc-breakpoint="50em" data-sc-load-immediate="3" data-sc-content-positions="[1, 1050, 1250, 1550, 1950, 2350, 2750, 3150]" data-bind-scroll-on-start="true"><p id="mntl-sc-block_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Christmas trees and gift-giving have long been staples of Italian Christmas, <em>il Natale</em>. After all, gift-giving predates modern consumerism by millennia, and Italian shops and city centers have long traditions of decorating and making things for Christmas—even when things were more modest. There is nothing like a stroll through Piazza di Spagna at Christmas, or Trastevere, to get a sense of Italy's appreciation for the holiday spirit, with the strings of lights everywhere, the lit storefronts, and the chestnuts roasting at every corner. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_3-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> But the special thing about Christmas in Italy are the shared and joyful traditions of families and communities, be they religious rituals, artisanal and artistic customs, or gastronomical traditions—and there are certainly plenty of those. Of <em>all </em>of those. Indeed, in cities and towns and at tables all over Italy, beginning weeks before Christmas and lasting till the Epiphany, century-old folklore and custom spill from the street into the homes and vice versa to make this season of the year an all-around celebration of the heart and the senses. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_4-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_5-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Christmas lends itself particularly to the display of the richness of local and regional traditions that, because of Italy's particular history, are deeply rooted, long cultivated, and reverently taught and observed, providing a deep and colorful fabric of continuity and communality. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_6-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-santa-lucia-and-la-befana"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_7-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Santa Lucia and La Befana </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_8-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> For most Italians, the celebration of the Christmas season begins on Christmas Eve, or shortly before, and runs until the Epiphany—the traditional Twelfthtide. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_9-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_10-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Some, though, date the beginning of the season at the <strong>Immaculate Conception,<em> </em></strong>on December 8, while others still start the observance on December 6 with the celebration of <strong>San Nicola</strong>, or St. Nicholas, the patron saint of mariners and the weak, from whom the tradition of St. Nicholas and <em>Babbo Natale</em> originates. Towns that celebrate San Nicola as their patron saint commemorate with the burning of fires and processions of various kinds. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_11-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_12-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The other pre-Christmas Day observance of the season, at least in some places, is <strong>Santa Lucia</strong>, on December 13. According to tradition, Santa Lucia was a martyr who took food to persecuted Christians held in the catacombs. In some places in Italy, particularly in the North, the day of her death is commemorated with gift-giving, usually in addition to Christmas but sometimes in its place. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_13-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_14-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> After Christmas Eve, which is almost as important as Christmas, and Christmas Day, of course, with gift-opening and long lunches and gatherings, Italians celebrate <strong>Santo Stefano</strong>,<strong> </strong>on December 26. A day ritualized for more family gatherings and a continuation of Christmas, it commemorates this important saint, martyr, and messenger in the dissemination of Christianity. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_15-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_16-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Of course, Italians celebrate New Year's Eve (<strong>San Silvestro </strong>or<strong> the Vigilia</strong>) and New Year's Day (<strong>Capodanno</strong>), like the rest of the West, and finally, they celebrate the day of the Epiphany or <em>Epifania</em>, on January 6, personified by the figure of the <strong>Befana</strong>. Lore has it that the Befana, an old witch-looking lady on a broom with a pointy hat and long skirt, was invited by the Magi to help them take gifts to Bethlehem for the birth of Jesus. After she turned down their invitation, however, she changed her mind and set out to find them and newborn Jesus, and in so doing began to knock on every door, leaving gifts for the children. Storied, much celebrated and loved, particularly by children (bad children get coal, good ones get gifts, onions, and chocolates)—some families even observe it as the main gift-giving holiday—the Befana brings the Italian holiday season to a festive close, sweeping away any remnants of the old year and leaving good omens for the next. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_17-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-il-presepe-the-nativity-scene"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_18-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> <em>Il Presepe</em>: The Nativity Scene </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_19-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> In the vein of the birth of Christ, one of the most beautiful celebrations of Christmas in Italy comes in the form of <em>presepi</em>, traditional artisanal nativity scenes that some communities have elevated to an art form, making them the cornerstone of their folklore and economy. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_20-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_21-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Thought to have originated in Naples around the year 1,000, <em>presepi</em> (meaning <em>trough</em> in Latin) began as religious displays for the churches, featuring the usual manger scene and characters. Soon, however, they expanded in focus as slices of life and broadened to the greater culture of the city, spreading into homes and giving birth to whole artisanal schools and traditions. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_22-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_23-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> In Naples, perhaps best known now in the world of <em>presepe</em> art, the nativity scenes, made of a variety of materials, include figurines of colorful pagan and sacred figures—from shepherds and fishermen to street vendors, priests, and magi—dressed in cloth costumes and sculpted in fine detail. Multileveled like villages, they feature mangers and shops, <em>osterie</em> and fish markets; they include buildings and landscaping and the sea, bringing together sacred life and real life. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_24-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_25-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> In Bologna and Genova the <em>presepe</em> tradition manifested in similar but singular ways, also depicting special local scenes and their own particular set of characters (for example, in Genova's nativity scenes there is always a beggar; sometimes there are patron saints). </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_26-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_27-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> At Christmas, in places such as Naples and Bologna but also small towns throughout Umbria and Abruzzo that have a <em>presepe</em> tradition, nativity scenes both small and life-size fill squares, churches, and many private homes, opened to visitors for the occasion. And in many places, including Naples, nativity scenes are year-round attractions, surrounded by a whole economy of production, from workshops to stores. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_28-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-ceppo-and-zampogne"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_29-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> <em>Ceppo</em> and <em>Zampogne</em> </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_30-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Most everyone in Italy decorates a tree and hangs stockings, though, of course, traditions vary and morph. The old Tuscan tradition of the <em>ceppo</em>—a Christmas log, a huge chunk of wood chosen and dried specifically to burn in the fireplace over the night of Christmas, around which the family gathered and shared simple gifts of tangerines, dried fruit, and baked goods—is slowly fading as modern houses no longer accommodate the fireplaces of old. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_31-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_32-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> But communal meeting points of celebration remain important for everyone. In some towns in Sicily fires are burned in the squares on Christmas Eve to prepare for Jesus's arrival, and people gather to share gifts. In some towns there are processions. In most places, it's enough to gather around a table for a dinner, some wine, and a game of cards or <em>tombola</em> (by the way, there is no such thing as the "urn of fate" at Christmas). </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_33-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_34-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Caroling is a tradition in some parts of Italy, certainly, mostly in the North, and many people go to midnight Mass on the night of Christmas in towns big and small (and many don't). But when it comes to music, nothing makes one think of Christmas in Italy as much as the bagpipers, the <em>zampognari</em>, who gather with their costumes and sheepskins to play in squares and streets and homes, particularly in the North, but also in Rome and the mountains in Abruzzo and Molise. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_35-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-food-and-more-food"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_36-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Food and More Food </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_37-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Of course, gathering to eat is the main communal way of celebrating and sharing the spirit of Christmas. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_38-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_39-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Gastronomical traditions vary from town to town, region to region, and north to south. For Christmas Eve, for those who do not fast, the main tradition, of course, is fish, though in Piemonte and other mountainous places, people who want to observe some kind of dietary sacrifice have a vegetarian Christmas Eve. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_40-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_41-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> For Christmas Day the menu runs regionally, and with enormous diversity, with traditional dishes ranging from <em>tortellini</em> or <em>natalini in brodo</em> (or the local version of <em>tortellini</em>) to lasagna (or both); from <em>baccalà</em> (cod) to <em>anguilla</em> (eel), and from <em>cappone</em> (capon) to <em>bollito</em> (boiled meats) to <em>abbacchio</em> (lamb). </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_42-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_43-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> For dessert, one must have cookies of various kinds, <em>cavallucci </em>and <em>ricciarelli</em>, <em>frittelle</em> or <em>strufoli</em> (fried donuts), <em>pandoro</em> or <em>panettone</em>, <em>torrone</em> or <em>panforte</em>, fried fruit, and, of course, grappa. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_44-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_45-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> If you want to try to imitate a generous Italian Christmas dinner tradition, make sure that at your table you have extra bread for the poor and some grass and grains for the animals of the world. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_46-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_47-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Buon Natale e tanti auguri! </p></div> <div id="sources-and-citation_1-0" class="comp sources-and-citation mntl-block"><div id="citation-widget_1-0" class="comp citation-widget js-citation-widget" data-tracking-container="true"> <div class="citation-widget__container js-container"> <button class="citation-widget__button js-button"> <span class="citation-widget__cite-label">Cite this Article </span> <svg class="icon icon-cite citation-widget__icon-cite" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-cite" href="#icon-cite"></use> </svg> </button> <div class="citation-widget__window js-window"> <svg class="icon icon-close citation-widget__icon-close js-icon-close" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-close" href="#icon-close"></use> </svg> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Format</div> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link citation-widget__format-link--active js-format-link">mla</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">apa</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">chicago</a> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Your Citation</div> <div class="citation-widget__content js-content"> <span class="citation-widget__citation citation-widget__citation--active js-active" data-citation-format="mla">Filippo, Michael San. "Italian Christmas Traditions." ThoughtCo, Apr. 5, 2023, thoughtco.com/italian-christmas-traditions-4092998.</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="apa">Filippo, Michael San. (2023, April 5). Italian Christmas Traditions. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/italian-christmas-traditions-4092998</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="chicago">Filippo, Michael San. "Italian Christmas Traditions." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/italian-christmas-traditions-4092998 (accessed November 25, 2024).</span> </div> <div class="citation-widget__copy-container"> <button class="citation-widget__copy-button js-copy-button"> <div class="citation-widget__copy-wrapper"> <svg class="icon icon-checkmark citation-widget__icon-checkmark" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-checkmark" href="#icon-checkmark"></use> </svg> <span class="citation-widget__copy-label js-copy-label">copy citation</span> </div> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div> </div><div class="loc article-right-rail"><div id="mm-ads-right-rail_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-right-rail mntl-block"><div id="sc-billboard-group_1-0" class="comp sc-billboard-group mntl-block js-scads-inline-content"><div id="mntl-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard1-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard1-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_1-0" class="comp 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