Association of Positive Airway Pressure Adherence with Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Obstructive Sleep Apnea

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} div.type-section h2 { font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: 300; } div.type-section h3 { margin-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: 300; } .journal-tabs .tab-title.active a { } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/slick.css?f38b2db10e01b157?1733905199"> <meta name="title" content="Association of Positive Airway Pressure Adherence with Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Obstructive Sleep Apnea"> <meta name="description" content="Background/Objectives: There are controversies regarding the effect of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) treatment with positive airway pressure (PAP) on diabetes-related outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to explore the association of PAP adherence with diabetes-related outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and OSA. Methods: In this prospective study, we included T2DM patients diagnosed with OSA during an 8-year period (2015–2023). PAP adherence (optimal usage for > 6 h/night for ≥ 70% of nights), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale—ESS) and cardiovascular (CVD) events were recorded. Comparisons of the change in diabetes-related outcomes (follow-up to baseline) in the adherent and non-adherent groups were assessed by analysis of covariance to adjust for relevant confounders. Results: Of the 355 patients included, 199 (56%) were PAP adherent. The mean follow-up period was 5.5 years. At the end of the follow up period, the PAP adherent group achieved a greater decrease in HbA1c levels (−1.4 vs. −0.3), SBP (−10.1 vs. −5.5), DBP (−2.9 vs. −0.55) and ESS (−5.9 vs. −4.2) compared to the non-adherent groups. Conclusions: Achieving optimal PAP adherence in patients with T2DM and OSA was associated with improved diabetes-related outcomes. Therefore, current practices need to be modified to incorporate systematic assessment and treatment of OSA in these patients." > <link rel="image_src" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/diagnostics-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" > <meta name="dc.title" content="Association of Positive Airway Pressure Adherence with Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Obstructive Sleep Apnea"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Izolde Bouloukaki"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="George Stathakis"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Violeta Moniaki"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Eleni Mavroudi"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Ioanna Tsiligianni"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Sophia Schiza"> <meta name="dc.type" content="Article"> <meta name="dc.source" content="Diagnostics 2024, Vol. 14, Page 2781"> <meta name="dc.date" content="2024-12-11"> <meta name ="dc.identifier" content="10.3390/diagnostics14242781"> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="dc.rights" content="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"> <meta name="dc.format" content="application/pdf" > <meta name="dc.language" content="en" > <meta name="dc.description" content="Background/Objectives: There are controversies regarding the effect of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) treatment with positive airway pressure (PAP) on diabetes-related outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to explore the association of PAP adherence with diabetes-related outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and OSA. Methods: In this prospective study, we included T2DM patients diagnosed with OSA during an 8-year period (2015–2023). PAP adherence (optimal usage for > 6 h/night for ≥ 70% of nights), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale—ESS) and cardiovascular (CVD) events were recorded. Comparisons of the change in diabetes-related outcomes (follow-up to baseline) in the adherent and non-adherent groups were assessed by analysis of covariance to adjust for relevant confounders. Results: Of the 355 patients included, 199 (56%) were PAP adherent. The mean follow-up period was 5.5 years. At the end of the follow up period, the PAP adherent group achieved a greater decrease in HbA1c levels (−1.4 vs. −0.3), SBP (−10.1 vs. −5.5), DBP (−2.9 vs. −0.55) and ESS (−5.9 vs. −4.2) compared to the non-adherent groups. Conclusions: Achieving optimal PAP adherence in patients with T2DM and OSA was associated with improved diabetes-related outcomes. Therefore, current practices need to be modified to incorporate systematic assessment and treatment of OSA in these patients." > <meta name="dc.subject" content="obstructive sleep apnea" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="type 2 diabetes mellitus" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="positive airway pressure" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="treatment adherence" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="diabetes-related outcomes" > <meta name ="prism.issn" content="2075-4418"> <meta name ="prism.publicationName" content="Diagnostics"> <meta name ="prism.publicationDate" content="2024-12-11"> <meta name ="prism.volume" content="14"> <meta name ="prism.number" content="24"> <meta name ="prism.section" content="Article" > <meta name ="prism.startingPage" content="2781" > <meta name="citation_issn" content="2075-4418"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Diagnostics"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Association of Positive Airway Pressure Adherence with Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Obstructive Sleep Apnea"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/1"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/12/11"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="14"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="24"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="2781"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Bouloukaki, Izolde"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Stathakis, George"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Moniaki, Violeta"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Mavroudi, Eleni"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Tsiligianni, Ioanna"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Schiza, Sophia"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.3390/diagnostics14242781"> <meta name="citation_id" content="mdpi-diagnostics14242781"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/24/2781"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/24/2781/pdf?version=1733922955"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" title="PDF Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/24/2781/pdf?version=1733922955"> <meta name="fulltext_pdf" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/24/2781/pdf?version=1733922955"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@MDPIOpenAccess" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/diagnostics-logo-social.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="131189377574"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="MDPI"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/24/2781" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Association of Positive Airway Pressure Adherence with Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Obstructive Sleep Apnea" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Background/Objectives: There are controversies regarding the effect of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) treatment with positive airway pressure (PAP) on diabetes-related outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to explore the association of PAP adherence with diabetes-related outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and OSA. Methods: In this prospective study, we included T2DM patients diagnosed with OSA during an 8-year period (2015–2023). PAP adherence (optimal usage for > 6 h/night for ≥ 70% of nights), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale—ESS) and cardiovascular (CVD) events were recorded. Comparisons of the change in diabetes-related outcomes (follow-up to baseline) in the adherent and non-adherent groups were assessed by analysis of covariance to adjust for relevant confounders. Results: Of the 355 patients included, 199 (56%) were PAP adherent. The mean follow-up period was 5.5 years. At the end of the follow up period, the PAP adherent group achieved a greater decrease in HbA1c levels (−1.4 vs. −0.3), SBP (−10.1 vs. −5.5), DBP (−2.9 vs. −0.55) and ESS (−5.9 vs. −4.2) compared to the non-adherent groups. Conclusions: Achieving optimal PAP adherence in patients with T2DM and OSA was associated with improved diabetes-related outcomes. Therefore, current practices need to be modified to incorporate systematic assessment and treatment of OSA in these patients." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/diagnostics-logo-social.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Latest articles" href="https://www.mdpi.com/rss"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="PxTlsg7z2S00aHroktQd57fxygEjMiNHydKn3txhvwY"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mcoq8dtq6sb2hf7z29j8w515jjoof7" /> <script id="Cookiebot" data-cfasync="false" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="51491ddd-fe7a-4425-ab39-69c78c55829f" type="text/javascript" async></script>  <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WPK7SW5'); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> _linkedin_partner_id = "2846186"; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids = window._linkedin_data_partner_ids || []; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id); </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function(){var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; var b = document.createElement("script"); b.type = "text/javascript";b.async = true; b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})(); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics" data-cfasync="false" src="//script.crazyegg.com/pages/scripts/0116/4951.js" async="async" ></script> </head> <body> <div class="direction direction_right" id="small_right" style="border-right-width: 0px; padding:0;"> <i class="fa fa-caret-right fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction direction_right" id="big_right" style="border-right-width: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: right;"> Next Article in Journal<br> <div><a href="/2075-4418/14/24/2782">Surgical Outcomes in Laparoscopic Hysterectomy, Robotic-Assisted, and Laparoscopic-Assisted Vaginal Hysterectomy for Uterine and Cervical Cancers: A Systematic Review</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="direction" id="small_left" style="border-left-width: 0px"> <i class="fa fa-caret-left fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction" id="big_left" style="border-left-width: 0px;"> <div> Previous Article in Journal<br> <div><a href="/2075-4418/14/24/2780">Does the LDH/Albumin Ratio Bring Novelty? 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hypothesis_container" itemprop="name"> Association of Positive Airway Pressure Adherence with Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Obstructive Sleep Apnea </h1> <div class="art-authors hypothesis_container"> by <span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13515635' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Izolde Bouloukaki</div><div id="profile-card-drop13515635" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/941361/thumb/Izolde_Bouloukaki.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Izolde Bouloukaki</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a 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fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5903-3550" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1733905199" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13515636' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> George Stathakis</div><div id="profile-card-drop13515636" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">George Stathakis</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/3120421?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=George%20Stathakis" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=George%20Stathakis&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=George%20Stathakis" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="13515636" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#c0efa3aea4eda3a7a9efacefa5ada1a9acedb0b2afb4a5a3b4a9afaee3f0f0f0f7f7f3f1f2f0f7f1a2f1f2f1f8f1a1f0f0f1f4f1f4f3f3f1f4f1a5f1f2f1a1f1a6f5a4f1f0f1a3f1a5"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13515637' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Violeta Moniaki</div><div id="profile-card-drop13515637" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Violeta Moniaki</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a 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href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#341b575a501957535d1b581b5159555d581944465b405157405d5b5a17040405560302050d050c05520503055005520702045205030551050d050d010c05050400"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13515638' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Eleni Mavroudi</div><div id="profile-card-drop13515638" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Eleni Mavroudi</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a 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href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#7a5519141e57191d135516551f171b1316570a08150e1f190e131514594a4a4a434c4f4a4a4a184a194a424a4e4f4d4f4c484f4a1e4a1b4b4b4a424a4e4a194a434e184a4c4a1b4a42"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13515639' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Ioanna Tsiligianni</div><div id="profile-card-drop13515639" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Ioanna Tsiligianni</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a 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Schiza</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/3471005?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Sophia%20Schiza" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Sophia%20Schiza&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Sophia%20Schiza" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="13515640" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#1c337f7278317f7b7533703379717d7570316c6e7368797f687573723f2c2c2d2c2b2f2d7e2d7d2c252d2e2c2c2f2f2c2a2d7f2d2c29782d282c2d"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a></span> </div> <div class="nrm"></div> <span style="display:block; height:6px;"></span> <div></div> <div style="margin: 5px 0 15px 0;" class="hypothesis_container"> <div class="art-affiliations"> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>1</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71410 Heraklion, Greece</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>2</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71410 Heraklion, Greece</div> </div> <div class="affiliation"> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>*</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bib-identity" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <em>Diagnostics</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(24), 2781; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14242781">https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14242781</a> </div> <div class="pubhistory" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 10px;"> <span style="display: inline-block">Submission received: 3 November 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Revised: 8 December 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Accepted: 10 December 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Published: 11 December 2024</span> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/diagnostics/special_issues/C0EMS392S5 ">Hyperglycemia in Respiratory Diseases—Impact and Challenges</a>)<br/> </div> <div class="highlight-box1"> <div class="download"> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--drop-down" data-dropdown="drop-download-1541470" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1541470" aria-expanded="false"> Download <i class="material-icons">keyboard_arrow_down</i> </a> <div id="drop-download-1541470" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--button" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <a class="UD_ArticlePDF" href="/2075-4418/14/24/2781/pdf?version=1733922955" data-name="Association of Positive Airway Pressure Adherence with Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Obstructive Sleep Apnea" data-journal="diagnostics">Download PDF</a> <br/> </div> <a class="button button--color-inversed" href="/2075-4418/14/24/2781/notes">Versions Notes</a> </div> </div> <div class="responsive-moving-container small hidden" data-id="article-counters" style="margin-top: 15px;"></div> <div class="html-dynamic"> <section> <h2>Abstract</h2> <div class="art-abstract art-abstract-new in-tab hypothesis_container"> <b>Background/Objectives</b>: There are controversies regarding the effect of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) treatment with positive airway pressure (PAP) on diabetes-related outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to explore the association of PAP adherence with diabetes-related outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and OSA. <b>Methods:</b> In this prospective study, we included T2DM patients diagnosed with OSA during an 8-year period (2015–2023). PAP adherence (optimal usage for > 6 h/night for ≥ 70% of nights), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale—ESS) and cardiovascular (CVD) events were recorded. Comparisons of the change in diabetes-related outcomes (follow-up to baseline) in the adherent and non-adherent groups were assessed by analysis of covariance to adjust for relevant confounders. <b>Results:</b> Of the 355 patients included, 199 (56%) were PAP adherent. The mean follow-up period was 5.5 years. At the end of the follow up period, the PAP adherent group achieved a greater decrease in HbA1c levels (−1.4 vs. −0.3), SBP (−10.1 vs. −5.5), DBP (−2.9 vs. −0.55) and ESS (−5.9 vs. −4.2) compared to the non-adherent groups. <b>Conclusions</b>: Achieving optimal PAP adherence in patients with T2DM and OSA was associated with improved diabetes-related outcomes. Therefore, current practices need to be modified to incorporate systematic assessment and treatment of OSA in these patients. </div> <div class="art-keywords in-tab hypothesis_container"><strong>Keywords: </strong> <span itemprop="keywords" style="display:none">obstructive sleep apnea; type 2 diabetes mellitus; positive airway pressure; treatment adherence; diabetes-related outcomes</span> <span> <a href="/search?q=obstructive%20sleep%20apnea">obstructive sleep apnea</a>; <a href="/search?q=type%202%20diabetes%20mellitus">type 2 diabetes mellitus</a>; <a href="/search?q=positive%20airway%20pressure">positive airway pressure</a>; <a href="/search?q=treatment%20adherence">treatment adherence</a>; <a href="/search?q=diabetes-related%20outcomes">diabetes-related outcomes</a></span> </div> </section> </div> <div class="additional-content"> <h2><a name="cite"></a>Share and Cite</h2> <div class="social-media-links" style="text-align: left;"> <a 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Association of Positive Airway Pressure Adherence with Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Obstructive Sleep Apnea. <em>Diagnostics</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>, 2781. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14242781 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Bouloukaki I, Stathakis G, Moniaki V, Mavroudi E, Tsiligianni I, Schiza S. Association of Positive Airway Pressure Adherence with Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Obstructive Sleep Apnea. <em>Diagnostics</em>. 2024; 14(24):2781. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14242781 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Bouloukaki, Izolde, George Stathakis, Violeta Moniaki, Eleni Mavroudi, Ioanna Tsiligianni, and Sophia Schiza. 2024. 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Association of Positive Airway Pressure Adherence with Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Obstructive Sleep Apnea. <em>Diagnostics</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>, 2781. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14242781 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Bouloukaki I, Stathakis G, Moniaki V, Mavroudi E, Tsiligianni I, Schiza S. Association of Positive Airway Pressure Adherence with Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Obstructive Sleep Apnea. <em>Diagnostics</em>. 2024; 14(24):2781. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14242781 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Bouloukaki, Izolde, George Stathakis, Violeta Moniaki, Eleni Mavroudi, Ioanna Tsiligianni, and Sophia Schiza. 2024. 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