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<span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Empirical_formula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empirical_formula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Empirical formula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empirical_formula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molecular_formula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_formula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Molecular formula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_formula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structural_formula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_formula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Structural formula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_formula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Condensed_formula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Condensed_formula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Condensed formula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Condensed_formula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_names_in_answer_to_limitations_of_chemical_formulae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_names_in_answer_to_limitations_of_chemical_formulae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Chemical names in answer to limitations of chemical formulae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_names_in_answer_to_limitations_of_chemical_formulae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polymers_in_condensed_formulae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polymers_in_condensed_formulae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Polymers in condensed formulae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polymers_in_condensed_formulae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ions_in_condensed_formulae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ions_in_condensed_formulae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Ions in condensed formulae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ions_in_condensed_formulae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Isotopes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trapped_atoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trapped_atoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Trapped atoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trapped_atoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-stoichiometric_chemical_formulae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-stoichiometric_chemical_formulae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Non-stoichiometric chemical formulae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-stoichiometric_chemical_formulae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_forms_for_organic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_forms_for_organic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>General forms for organic compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_forms_for_organic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hill_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hill_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Hill system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hill_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chemical formula</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiese_formule" title="Chemiese formule – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chemiese formule" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="صيغة كيميائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صيغة كيميائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3rmula_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Fórmula química – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fórmula química" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimy%C9%99vi_formul" title="Kimyəvi formul – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kimyəvi formul" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4" title="রাসায়নিক সংকেত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাসায়নিক সংকেত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2a-ha%CC%8Dk-sek" title="Hòa-ha̍k-sek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hòa-ha̍k-sek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Хімічная формула – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хімічная формула" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Химична формула – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Химична формула" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemijska_formula" title="Hemijska formula – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hemijska formula" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formulenn_gimiek" title="Formulenn gimiek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Formulenn gimiek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3rmula_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Fórmula química – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fórmula química" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Химилле формула – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Химилле формула" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemick%C3%BD_vzorec" title="Chemický vzorec – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chemický vzorec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumformel" title="Sumformel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sumformel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فورمولة كيماوية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فورمولة كيماوية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemische_Formel" title="Chemische Formel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chemische Formel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemiline_valem" title="Keemiline valem – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keemiline valem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Χημικός τύπος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χημικός τύπος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3rmula_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Fórmula química – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fórmula química" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemia_formulo" title="Kemia formulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kemia formulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_kimiko" title="Formula kimiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Formula kimiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="فرمول شیمیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرمول شیمیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formule_chimique" title="Formule chimique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Formule chimique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foirmle_cheimiceach" title="Foirmle cheimiceach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Foirmle cheimiceach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formley_kemmigagh" title="Formley kemmigagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Formley kemmigagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3rmula_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Fórmula química – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fórmula química" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%BC%8F" title="化學式 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="化學式" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%8B%9D" title="화학식 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화학식" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B1%D6%87" title="Քիմիական բանաձև – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քիմիական բանաձև" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रासायनिक सूत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रासायनिक सूत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemijska_formula" title="Kemijska formula – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kemijska formula" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemiala_formulo" title="Kemiala formulo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kemiala formulo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumus_kimia" title="Rumus kimia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumus kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_chimic" title="Formula chimic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Formula chimic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efnaform%C3%BAla" title="Efnaformúla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Efnaformúla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_chimica" title="Formula chimica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Formula chimica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91_%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99" title="כתיב כימי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתיב כימי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumus_kimia" title="Rumus kimia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rumus kimia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ქიმიური ფორმულა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქიმიური ფორმულა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Химиялық формула – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Химиялық формула" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B2mil_chimik" title="Fòmil chimik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fòmil chimik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Химиялык формулалар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Химиялык формулалар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_chemica" title="Formula chemica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Formula chemica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_formula" title="Ķīmiskā formula – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīmiskā formula" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheemesch_Formel" title="Cheemesch Formel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Cheemesch Formel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemin%C4%97_formul%C4%97" title="Cheminė formulė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cheminė formulė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furmula_chimica" title="Furmula chimica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Furmula chimica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9miai_k%C3%A9plet" title="Kémiai képlet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kémiai képlet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Хемиска формула – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хемиска формула" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="രാസസൂത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രാസസൂത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रासायनिक सूत्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रासायनिक सूत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_kimia" title="Formula kimia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Formula kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1-h%C5%8Fk-s%C3%A9k" title="Huá-hŏk-sék – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huá-hŏk-sék" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92_%E1%80%96%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC" title="ဓာတုဗေဒ ဖော်မျူလာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဓာတုဗေဒ ဖော်မျူလာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemische_formule" title="Chemische formule – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chemische formule" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रासायनिक सूत्र – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रासायनिक सूत्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%BC%8F" title="化学式 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="化学式" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjemisk_formel" title="Kjemisk formel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjemisk formel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjemisk_formel" title="Kjemisk formel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kjemisk formel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_quimica" title="Formula quimica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Formula quimica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimyoviy_formulalar" title="Kimyoviy formulalar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kimyoviy formulalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਰਸਾਇਣਕ ਫ਼ਾਰਮੂਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਸਾਇਣਕ ਫ਼ਾਰਮੂਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کیمیائی فارمولا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیمیائی فارمولا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92_%E1%80%96%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC" title="ဓာတုဗေဒ ဖော်မျူလာ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဓာတုဗေဒ ဖော်မျူလာ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B8" title="រូបមន្តគីមី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រូបមន្តគីមី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summenformel" title="Summenformel – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Summenformel" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolika_chemiczna" title="Symbolika chemiczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Symbolika chemiczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3rmula_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Fórmula química – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fórmula química" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formul%C4%83_chimic%C4%83" title="Formulă chimică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Formulă chimică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Химическая формула – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Химическая формула" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Химия формулата – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Химия формулата" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کیمیائی فارمولا – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="کیمیائی فارمولا" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chemical formula" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiske_Formel" title="Chemiske Formel – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Chemiske Formel" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_kimike" title="Formula kimike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Formula kimike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB" title="රසායනික සූත්‍ර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රසායනික සූත්‍ර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chemical formula" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemick%C3%BD_vzorec" title="Chemický vzorec – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chemický vzorec" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemijska_formula" title="Kemijska formula – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kemijska formula" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8E%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="شێوگی کیمیایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شێوگی کیمیایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Хемијска формула – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хемијска формула" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemijska_formula" title="Kemijska formula – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kemijska formula" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemiallinen_kaava" title="Kemiallinen kaava – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kemiallinen kaava" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemisk_formel" title="Kemisk formel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kemisk formel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pormulang_kemikal" title="Pormulang kemikal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pormulang kemikal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="மூலக்கூற்று வாய்பாடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மூலக்கூற்று வாய்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taftart_takrurant" title="Taftart takrurant – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taftart takrurant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="రసాయన సూత్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రసాయన సూత్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="สูตรเคมี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สูตรเคมี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B2%D3%A3" title="Формулаи химиявӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Формулаи химиявӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimyasal_form%C3%BCl" title="Kimyasal formül – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kimyasal formül" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Хімічна формула – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хімічна формула" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%81" title="کیمیائی صیغہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیمیائی صیغہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_th%E1%BB%A9c_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Công thức hóa học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công thức hóa học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%BC%8F" title="化學式 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="化學式" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_nga_kimikal" title="Formula nga kimikal – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Formula nga kimikal" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%BC%8F" title="化学式 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="化学式" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%BC%8F" title="化學式 – Cantonese" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chemical+formula%22">"Chemical formula"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chemical+formula%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chemical+formula%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chemical+formula%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chemical+formula%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chemical+formula%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Al_2(SO_4)_3}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>Al</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Al_2(SO_4)_3}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/257075200af6588499e1b3210bd0323309853c5e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:10.463ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Al_2(SO_4)_3}}}"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><i>Chemical formula</i> for <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_sulfate" title="Aluminium sulfate">Aluminium sulfate</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H-{\overset {\displaystyle H \atop |}{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle H}{C}}}-{\overset {\displaystyle H \atop |}{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle H}{C}}}-{\overset {\displaystyle H \atop |}{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle H}{C}}}-{\overset {\displaystyle H \atop |}{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle H}{C}}}-H}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <munder> <mtext>C</mtext> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mstyle> </mfrac> </munder> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mstyle> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <munder> <mtext>C</mtext> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mstyle> </mfrac> </munder> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mstyle> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <munder> <mtext>C</mtext> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mstyle> </mfrac> </munder> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mstyle> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <munder> <mtext>C</mtext> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mstyle> </mfrac> </munder> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mstyle> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mtext>H</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H-{\overset {\displaystyle H \atop |}{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle H}{C}}}-{\overset {\displaystyle H \atop |}{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle H}{C}}}-{\overset {\displaystyle H \atop |}{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle H}{C}}}-{\overset {\displaystyle H \atop |}{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle H}{C}}}-H}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9832d7ae154c8aa976748d951691b600c631232b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.338ex; width:21.729ex; height:10.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H-{\overset {\displaystyle H \atop |}{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle H}{C}}}-{\overset {\displaystyle H \atop |}{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle H}{C}}}-{\overset {\displaystyle H \atop |}{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle H}{C}}}-{\overset {\displaystyle H \atop |}{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle H}{C}}}-H}}}"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Structural_formula" title="Structural formula">Structural formula</a></i> for <a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">butane</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>chemical formula</b> is a way of presenting information about the chemical proportions of <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> that constitute a particular <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compound</a> or <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a> symbols, numbers, and sometimes also other symbols, such as parentheses, dashes, brackets, commas and <i>plus</i> (+) and <i>minus</i> (−) signs. These are limited to a single typographic line of symbols, which may include <a href="/wiki/Subscript_and_superscript" title="Subscript and superscript">subscripts and superscripts</a>. A chemical formula is not a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">chemical name</a> since it does not contain any words. Although a chemical formula may imply certain simple <a href="/wiki/Chemical_structure" title="Chemical structure">chemical structures</a>, it is not the same as a full chemical <a href="/wiki/Structural_formula" title="Structural formula">structural formula</a>. Chemical formulae can fully specify the structure of only the simplest of molecules and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">chemical substances</a>, and are generally more limited in power than chemical names and structural formulae. </p><p>The simplest types of chemical formulae are called <i><a href="/wiki/Empirical_formula" title="Empirical formula">empirical formulae</a></i>, which use letters and numbers indicating the numerical <i>proportions</i> of atoms of each type. <b>Molecular formulae</b> indicate the simple numbers of each type of atom in a molecule, with no information on structure. For example, the empirical formula for <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span> (twice as many <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> atoms as <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>), while its molecular formula is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span> (12 hydrogen atoms, six carbon and oxygen atoms). </p><p>Sometimes a chemical formula is complicated by being written as a <a href="/wiki/Condensed_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Condensed formula">condensed formula</a> (or condensed molecular formula, occasionally called a "semi-structural formula"), which conveys additional information about the particular ways in which the atoms are <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemically bonded</a> together, either in <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionic_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic bond">ionic bonds</a>, or various combinations of these types. This is possible if the relevant bonding is easy to show in one dimension. An example is the condensed molecular/chemical formula for <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, which is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>−CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>−OH</span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>OH</span>. However, even a condensed chemical formula is necessarily limited in its ability to show complex bonding relationships between atoms, especially atoms that have bonds to four or more different <a href="/wiki/Substituent" title="Substituent">substituents</a>. </p><p>Since a chemical formula must be expressed as a single line of chemical <a href="/wiki/Element_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Element symbol">element symbols</a>, it often cannot be as informative as a true structural formula, which is a graphical representation of the spatial relationship between atoms in chemical compounds (see for example the figure for butane structural and chemical formulae, at right). For reasons of structural complexity, a single condensed chemical formula (or semi-structural formula) may correspond to different molecules, known as <a href="/wiki/Isomer" title="Isomer">isomers</a>. For example, glucose shares its <a href="/wiki/Molecular_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular formula">molecular formula</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span> with a number of other <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugars</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">galactose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mannose" title="Mannose">mannose</a>. Linear equivalent chemical <i>names</i> exist that can and do specify uniquely any complex structural formula (see <a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">chemical nomenclature</a>), but such names must use many terms (words), rather than the simple element symbols, numbers, and simple typographical symbols that define a chemical formula. </p><p>Chemical formulae may be used in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_equation" title="Chemical equation">chemical equations</a> to describe <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reactions</a> and other chemical transformations, such as the dissolving of ionic compounds into solution. While, as noted, chemical formulae do not have the full power of structural formulae to show chemical relationships between atoms, they are sufficient to keep track of numbers of atoms and numbers of electrical charges in chemical reactions, thus <a href="/wiki/Chemical_equation#Balancing_chemical_equations" title="Chemical equation">balancing chemical equations</a> so that these equations can be used in chemical problems involving conservation of atoms, and conservation of electric charge. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> <p>A chemical formula identifies each constituent <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">element</a> by its <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">chemical symbol</a> and indicates the proportionate number of atoms of each element. In empirical formulae, these proportions begin with a key element and then assign numbers of atoms of the other elements in the compound, by ratios to the key element. For molecular compounds, these ratio numbers can all be expressed as whole numbers. For example, the empirical formula of <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> may be written <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>O</span> because the molecules of ethanol all contain two carbon atoms, six hydrogen atoms, and one oxygen atom. Some types of ionic compounds, however, cannot be written with entirely whole-number empirical formulae. An example is <a href="/wiki/Boron_carbide" title="Boron carbide">boron carbide</a>, whose formula of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CB<sub class="template-chem2-sub"><i>n</i></sub></span> is a variable non-whole number ratio with n ranging from over 4 to more than 6.5. </p><p>When the chemical compound of the formula consists of simple <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a>, chemical formulae often employ ways to suggest the structure of the molecule. These types of formulae are variously known as <i>molecular formulae</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Structural_formula" title="Structural formula">condensed formulae</a></i>. A molecular formula enumerates the number of atoms to reflect those in the molecule, so that the molecular formula for <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span> rather than the glucose empirical formula, which is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span>. However, except for very simple substances, molecular chemical formulae lack needed structural information, and are ambiguous. </p><p>For simple molecules, a condensed (or semi-structural) formula is a type of chemical formula that may fully imply a correct structural formula. For example, ethanol may be represented by the condensed chemical formula <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>OH</span>, and <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">dimethyl ether</a> by the condensed formula <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>OCH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>. These two molecules have the same empirical and molecular formulae (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>O</span>), but may be differentiated by the condensed formulae shown, which are sufficient to represent the full structure of these simple <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a>. </p><p>Condensed chemical formulae may also be used to represent <a href="/wiki/Ionic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic compound">ionic compounds</a> that do not exist as discrete molecules, but nonetheless do contain covalently bound clusters within them. These <a href="/wiki/Polyatomic_ion" title="Polyatomic ion">polyatomic ions</a> are groups of atoms that are covalently bound together and have an overall ionic charge, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">2−</sup></span> ion. Each polyatomic ion in a compound is written individually in order to illustrate the separate groupings. For example, the compound <a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_hexoxide" title="Dichlorine hexoxide">dichlorine hexoxide</a> has an empirical formula <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>, and molecular formula <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span>, but in liquid or solid forms, this compound is more correctly shown by an ionic condensed formula <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[ClO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup>[ClO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span>, which illustrates that this compound consists of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[ClO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span> ions and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[ClO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span> ions. In such cases, the condensed formula only need be complex enough to show at least one of each ionic species. </p><p>Chemical formulae as described here are distinct from the far more complex chemical systematic names that are used in various systems of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">chemical nomenclature</a>. For example, one systematic name for glucose is (2<i>R</i>,3<i>S</i>,4<i>R</i>,5<i>R</i>)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal. This name, interpreted by the rules behind it, fully specifies glucose's structural formula, but the name is not a chemical formula as usually understood, and uses terms and words not used in chemical formulae. Such names, unlike basic formulae, may be able to represent full structural formulae without graphs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Empirical_formula">Empirical formula</h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Empirical_formulae"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Empirical_formula" title="Empirical formula">Empirical formula</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Empirical_formula" title="Empirical formula">empirical formula</a> of a chemical is a simple expression of the relative number of each type of atom or ratio of the elements in the compound. Empirical formulae are the standard for <a href="/wiki/Ionic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic compound">ionic compounds</a>, such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CaCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>, and for macromolecules, such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>. An empirical formula makes no reference to <a href="/wiki/Isomer" title="Isomer">isomerism</a>, structure, or absolute number of atoms. The term <i>empirical</i> refers to the process of <a href="/wiki/Elemental_analysis" title="Elemental analysis">elemental analysis</a>, a technique of <a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">analytical chemistry</a> used to determine the relative percent composition of a pure chemical substance by element. </p><p>For example, <a href="/wiki/Hexane" title="Hexane">hexane</a> has a molecular formula of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">14</sub></span>, and (for one of its isomers, n-hexane) a structural formula <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>, implying that it has a chain structure of 6 <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> atoms, and 14 <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> atoms. However, the empirical formula for hexane is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">7</sub></span>. Likewise the empirical formula for <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>, is simply <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HO</span>, expressing the 1:1 ratio of component elements. <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a> have the same empirical formula, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span>. This is also the molecular formula for formaldehyde, but acetic acid has double the number of atoms. </p><p>Like the other formula types detailed below, an empirical formula shows the number of elements in a molecule, and determines whether it is a <a href="/wiki/Binary_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary compound">binary compound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ternary_compound" title="Ternary compound">ternary compound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_compound" title="Quaternary compound">quaternary compound</a>, or has even more elements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molecular_formula">Molecular formula</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isobutane_numbered_2D.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Isobutane_numbered_2D.svg/180px-Isobutane_numbered_2D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Isobutane_numbered_2D.svg/270px-Isobutane_numbered_2D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Isobutane_numbered_2D.svg/360px-Isobutane_numbered_2D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="94" data-file-height="94" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isobutane" title="Isobutane">Isobutane</a> structural formula<br />Molecular formula: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">10</sub></span><br />Condensed formula: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">(CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>CH</span></figcaption></figure> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:180px;"> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H-{\overset {\displaystyle H \atop |}{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle H}{C}}}-{\overset {\displaystyle H \atop |}{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle H}{C}}}-{\overset {\displaystyle H \atop |}{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle H}{C}}}-{\overset {\displaystyle H \atop |}{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle H}{C}}}-H}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <munder> <mtext>C</mtext> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mstyle> </mfrac> </munder> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mstyle> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <munder> <mtext>C</mtext> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mstyle> </mfrac> </munder> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mstyle> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <munder> <mtext>C</mtext> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mstyle> </mfrac> </munder> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mstyle> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <munder> <mtext>C</mtext> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mstyle> </mfrac> </munder> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mstyle> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mtext>H</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H-{\overset {\displaystyle H \atop |}{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle H}{C}}}-{\overset {\displaystyle H \atop |}{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle H}{C}}}-{\overset {\displaystyle H \atop |}{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle H}{C}}}-{\overset {\displaystyle H \atop |}{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle H}{C}}}-H}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9832d7ae154c8aa976748d951691b600c631232b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.338ex; width:21.729ex; height:10.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H-{\overset {\displaystyle H \atop |}{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle H}{C}}}-{\overset {\displaystyle H \atop |}{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle H}{C}}}-{\overset {\displaystyle H \atop |}{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle H}{C}}}-{\overset {\displaystyle H \atop |}{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle H}{C}}}-H}}}"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/N-Butane" class="mw-redirect" title="N-Butane"><i>n</i>-Butane</a> structural formula<br />Molecular formula: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">10</sub></span><br />Condensed formula: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></div></div></div> <p>Molecular formulae simply indicate the numbers of each type of atom in a molecule of a molecular substance. They are the same as empirical formulae for molecules that only have one atom of a particular type, but otherwise may have larger numbers. An example of the difference is the empirical formula for glucose, which is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span> (<i>ratio</i> 1:2:1), while its molecular formula is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span> (<i>number of atoms</i> 6:12:6). For water, both formulae are <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span>. A molecular formula provides more information about a molecule than its empirical formula, but is more difficult to establish. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_formula">Structural formula</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Structural_formula" title="Structural formula">Structural formula</a></div> <p>In addition to indicating the number of atoms of each elementa molecule, a structural formula indicates how the atoms are organized, and shows (or implies) the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemical bonds</a> between the atoms. There are multiple types of structural formulas focused on different aspects of the molecular structure. </p><p>The two diagrams show two molecules which are <a href="/wiki/Structural_isomer" title="Structural isomer">structural isomers</a> of each other, since they both have the same molecular formula <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">10</sub></span>, but they have different structural formulas as shown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Condensed_formula">Condensed formula</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Condensed_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Condensed formula">Condensed formula</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Connectivity_(graph_theory)" title="Connectivity (graph theory)">connectivity</a> of a molecule often has a strong influence on its physical and chemical properties and behavior. Two molecules composed of the same numbers of the same types of atoms (i.e. a pair of <a href="/wiki/Isomer" title="Isomer">isomers</a>) might have completely different chemical and/or physical properties if the atoms are connected differently or in different positions. In such cases, a <a href="/wiki/Structural_formula" title="Structural formula">structural formula</a> is useful, as it illustrates which atoms are bonded to which other ones. From the connectivity, it is often possible to deduce the approximate <a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">shape of the molecule</a>. </p><p>A condensed (or semi-structural) formula may represent the types and spatial arrangement of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">bonds</a> in a simple chemical substance, though it does not necessarily specify <a href="/wiki/Isomer" title="Isomer">isomers</a> or complex structures. For example, <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a> consists of two carbon atoms single-bonded to each other, with each carbon atom having three hydrogen atoms bonded to it. Its chemical formula can be rendered as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a> there is a double bond between the carbon atoms (and thus each carbon only has two hydrogens), therefore the chemical formula may be written: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>, and the fact that there is a double bond between the carbons is implicit because carbon has a valence of four. However, a more explicit method is to write <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>C=CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> or less commonly <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>C::CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>. The two lines (or two pairs of dots) indicate that a <a href="/wiki/Double_bond" title="Double bond">double bond</a> connects the atoms on either side of them. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Triple_bond" title="Triple bond">triple bond</a> may be expressed with three lines (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HC≡CH</span>) or three pairs of dots (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HC:::CH</span>), and if there may be ambiguity, a single line or pair of dots may be used to indicate a single bond. </p><p>Molecules with multiple <a href="/wiki/Functional_group" title="Functional group">functional groups</a> that are the same may be expressed by enclosing the repeated group in <a href="/wiki/Parenthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenthesis">round brackets</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Isobutane" title="Isobutane">isobutane</a> may be written <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">(CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>CH</span>. This condensed structural formula implies a different connectivity from other molecules that can be formed using the same atoms in the same proportions (<a href="/wiki/Isomer" title="Isomer">isomers</a>). The formula <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">(CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>CH</span> implies a central carbon atom connected to one hydrogen atom and three <a href="/wiki/Methyl_group" title="Methyl group">methyl groups</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>). The same number of atoms of each element (10 hydrogens and 4 carbons, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">10</sub></span>) may be used to make a straight chain molecule, <i>n</i>-<a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">butane</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_names_in_answer_to_limitations_of_chemical_formulae">Chemical names in answer to limitations of chemical formulae</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">Chemical nomenclature</a></div> <p>The alkene called <a href="/wiki/But-2-ene" title="But-2-ene">but-2-ene</a> has two isomers, which the chemical formula <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>CH=CHCH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span> does not identify. The relative position of the two methyl groups must be indicated by additional notation denoting whether the methyl groups are on the same side of the double bond (<i>cis</i> or <i>Z</i>) or on the opposite sides from each other (<i>trans</i> or <i>E</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As noted above, in order to represent the full structural formulae of many complex organic and inorganic compounds, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">chemical nomenclature</a> may be needed which goes well beyond the available resources used above in simple condensed formulae. See <a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry">IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry">IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005</a> for examples. In addition, linear naming systems such as <a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">International Chemical Identifier</a> (InChI) allow a computer to construct a structural formula, and <a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">simplified molecular-input line-entry system</a> (SMILES) allows a more human-readable ASCII input. However, all these nomenclature systems go beyond the standards of chemical formulae, and technically are chemical naming systems, not formula systems.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polymers_in_condensed_formulae">Polymers in condensed formulae</h3></div> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a> in condensed chemical formulae, parentheses are placed around the repeating unit. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> molecule that is described as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>(CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">50</sub>CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>, is a molecule with fifty repeating units. If the number of repeating units is unknown or variable, the letter <i>n</i> may be used to indicate this formula: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>(CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub"><i>n</i></sub>CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ions_in_condensed_formulae">Ions in condensed formulae</h3></div> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a>, the charge on a particular atom may be denoted with a right-hand superscript. For example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cu<sup>2+</sup></span>. The total charge on a charged molecule or a <a href="/wiki/Polyatomic_ion" title="Polyatomic ion">polyatomic ion</a> may also be shown in this way, such as for <a href="/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium">hydronium</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>, or <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">SO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>4</span></span></span>. Here + and − are used in place of +1 and −1, respectively. </p><p>For more complex ions, brackets [ ] are often used to enclose the ionic formula, as in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[B<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>]<sup>2−</sup></span>, which is found in compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Caesium_dodecaborate" title="Caesium dodecaborate">caesium dodecaborate</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cs<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>[B<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>]</span>. Parentheses ( ) can be nested inside brackets to indicate a repeating unit, as in <a href="/wiki/Hexamminecobalt(III)_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexamminecobalt(III) chloride">Hexamminecobalt(III) chloride</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[Co(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup>Cl<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span>. Here, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span> indicates that the ion contains six <a href="/wiki/Metal_ammine_complex" title="Metal ammine complex">ammine groups</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>) bonded to <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, and [ ] encloses the entire formula of the ion with charge +3. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (November 2012)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This is strictly optional; a chemical formula is valid with or without ionization information, and Hexamminecobalt(III) chloride may be written as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[Co(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup>Cl<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[Co(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>]Cl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>. Brackets, like parentheses, behave in chemistry as they do in mathematics, grouping terms together – they are not specifically employed only for ionization states. In the latter case here, the parentheses indicate 6 groups all of the same shape, bonded to another group of size 1 (the cobalt atom), and then the entire bundle, as a group, is bonded to 3 chlorine atoms. In the former case, it is clearer that the bond connecting the chlorines is <a href="/wiki/Ionic_bonding" title="Ionic bonding">ionic</a>, rather than <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h2></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> are more relevant to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">nuclear chemistry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable isotope</a> chemistry than to conventional chemistry, different isotopes may be indicated with a prefixed <a href="/wiki/Superscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Superscript">superscript</a> in a chemical formula. For example, the phosphate ion containing radioactive phosphorus-32 is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[<sup class="template-chem2-sup">32</sup>PO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">3−</sup></span>. Also a study involving stable isotope ratios might include the molecule <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><sup class="template-chem2-sup">18</sup>O<sup class="template-chem2-sup">16</sup>O</span>. </p><p>A left-hand subscript is sometimes used redundantly to indicate the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a>. For example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> for dioxygen, and <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">16</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">8</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> for the most abundant isotopic species of dioxygen. This is convenient when writing equations for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reaction" title="Nuclear reaction">nuclear reactions</a>, in order to show the balance of charge more clearly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trapped_atoms">Trapped atoms</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Endohedral_fullerene.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Endohedral_fullerene.png/180px-Endohedral_fullerene.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Endohedral_fullerene.png/270px-Endohedral_fullerene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Endohedral_fullerene.png/360px-Endohedral_fullerene.png 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Traditional formula: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">MC<sub class="template-chem2-sub">60</sub></span><br />The "@" notation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">M@C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">60</sub></span></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Endohedral_fullerene" title="Endohedral fullerene">Endohedral fullerene</a></div> <p>The @ symbol (<a href="/wiki/At_sign" title="At sign">at sign</a>) indicates an atom or molecule trapped inside a cage but not chemically bound to it. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">buckminsterfullerene</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">60</sub></span>) with an atom (M) would simply be represented as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">MC<sub class="template-chem2-sub">60</sub></span> regardless of whether M was inside the fullerene without chemical bonding or outside, bound to one of the carbon atoms. Using the @ symbol, this would be denoted <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">M@C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">60</sub></span> if M was inside the carbon network. A non-fullerene example is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[As@Ni<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>As<sub class="template-chem2-sub">20</sub>]<sup>3−</sup></span>, an ion in which one <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> (As) atom is trapped in a cage formed by the other 32 atoms. </p><p>This notation was proposed in 1991<sup id="cite_ref-YanChai_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YanChai-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">fullerene</a> cages (<a href="/wiki/Endohedral_fullerene" title="Endohedral fullerene">endohedral fullerenes</a>), which can trap atoms such as <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> to form, for example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">La@C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">60</sub></span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">La@C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">82</sub></span>. The choice of the symbol has been explained by the authors as being concise, readily printed and transmitted electronically (the at sign is included in <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>, which most modern character encoding schemes are based on), and the visual aspects suggesting the structure of an endohedral fullerene. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-stoichiometric_chemical_formulae">Non-stoichiometric chemical formulae</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Non-stoichiometric_compound" title="Non-stoichiometric compound">Non-stoichiometric compound</a></div> <p>Chemical formulae most often use <a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integers</a> for each element. However, there is a class of compounds, called <a href="/wiki/Non-stoichiometric_compound" title="Non-stoichiometric compound">non-stoichiometric compounds</a>, that cannot be represented by small integers. Such a formula might be written using <a href="/wiki/Decimal_fraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimal fraction">decimal fractions</a>, as in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sub class="template-chem2-sub">0.95</sub>O</span>, or it might include a variable part represented by a letter, as in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sub class="template-chem2-sub">1−<i>x</i></sub>O</span>, where <i>x</i> is normally much less than 1. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_forms_for_organic_compounds">General forms for organic compounds</h2></div> <p>A chemical formula used for a series of compounds that differ from each other by a constant unit is called a <i>general formula</i>. It generates a <a href="/wiki/Homologous_series" title="Homologous series">homologous series</a> of chemical formulae. For example, <a href="/wiki/Alcohols" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohols">alcohols</a> may be represented by the formula <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub"><i>n</i></sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2<i>n</i> + 1</sub>OH</span> (<i>n</i> ≥ 1), giving the homologs <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propanol" title="Propanol">propanol</a> for 1 ≤ <i>n</i> ≤ 3. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hill_system">Hill system</h2></div> <p>The <b>Hill system</b> (or Hill notation) is a system of writing empirical chemical formulae, molecular chemical formulae and components of a condensed formula such that the number of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a> is indicated first, the number of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> atoms next, and then the number of all other <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> subsequently, in <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_order" title="Alphabetical order">alphabetical order</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical symbols">chemical symbols</a>. When the formula contains no carbon, all the elements, including hydrogen, are listed alphabetically. </p><p>By sorting formulae according to the number of atoms of each element present in the formula according to these rules, with differences in earlier elements or numbers being treated as more significant than differences in any later element or number—like sorting text strings into <a href="/wiki/Lexicographical_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicographical order">lexicographical order</a>—it is possible to <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">collate</a> chemical formulae into what is known as Hill system order. </p><p>The Hill system was first published by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_A._Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin A. Hill (page does not exist)">Edwin A. Hill</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a> in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the most commonly used system in chemical databases and printed indexes to sort lists of compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-wiggins_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiggins-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A list of formulae in Hill system order is arranged alphabetically, as above, with single-letter elements coming before two-letter symbols when the symbols begin with the same letter (so "B" comes before "Be", which comes before "Br").<sup id="cite_ref-wiggins_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiggins-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following example formulae are written using the Hill system, and listed in Hill order: </p> <ul><li>BrClH<sub>2</sub>Si</li> <li>BrI</li> <li>CCl<sub>4</sub></li> <li>CH<sub>3</sub>I</li> <li>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>Br</li> <li>H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>S</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 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title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formula_unit" title="Formula unit">Formula unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chemical_formulae" title="Glossary of chemical formulae">Glossary of chemical formulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear notation">Nuclear notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_formula" title="Skeletal formula">Skeletal formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">Simplified molecular-input line-entry system</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/60px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/80px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> has the property: <ul><li><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/4px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/6px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="460" /></span></span> <b><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property_talk:P274" class="extiw" title="d:Property talk:P274">chemical formula (P274)</a></i></b> (see <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#SELECT%20%3FWikidata_item_%20%3FWikidata_item_Label%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20%23Show%20data%20in%20this%20order%0A%7B%0A%09%3FWikidata_item_%20wdt%3AP274%20%3Fvalue%20.%20%23Collecting%20all%20items%20which%20have%20P274%20data%2C%20from%20whole%20Wikidata%20item%20pages%0A%09OPTIONAL%20%7B%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20schema%3Aabout%20%3FWikidata_item_%3B%20schema%3AisPartOf%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2F%3E%20.%7D%20%23If%20collected%20item%20has%20link%20to%20English%20Wikipedia%2C%20show%20that%0A%09SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%22%20%20%7D%20%23Show%20label%20in%20this%20language.%20%22en%22%20is%20English.%20%20%20%0A%7D%0ALIMIT%201000">uses</a></span>)</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBurrows,_Andrew.2013" class="citation book cs1">Burrows, Andrew. (2013-03-21). <i>Chemistry³ : introducing inorganic, organic and physical chemistry</i> (Second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969185-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969185-2"><bdi>978-0-19-969185-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/818450212">818450212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry%C2%B3+%3A+introducing+inorganic%2C+organic+and+physical+chemistry&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013-03-21&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F818450212&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969185-2&rft.au=Burrows%2C+Andrew.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+formula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles" class="citation web cs1">Miles, Linda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.hostos.cuny.edu/che120/chapter1">"LibGuides: CHE 120 - Introduction to Organic Chemistry - Textbook: Chapter 1 - Organic Chemistry Review / Hydrocarbons"</a>. <i>guides.hostos.cuny.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guides.hostos.cuny.edu&rft.atitle=LibGuides%3A+CHE+120+-+Introduction+to+Organic+Chemistry+-+Textbook%3A+Chapter+1+-+Organic+Chemistry+Review+%2F+Hydrocarbons&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguides.hostos.cuny.edu%2Fche120%2Fchapter1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+formula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YanChai-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YanChai_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChai,_YanGuo,_TingJin,_ChangmingHaufler,_Robert_E.1991" class="citation journal cs1">Chai, Yan; Guo, Ting; Jin, Changming; Haufler, Robert E.; Chibante, L. P. Felipe; Fure, Jan; Wang, Lihong; Alford, J. Michael; Smalley, Richard E. (1991). "Fullerenes wlth Metals Inside". <i>Journal of Physical Chemistry</i>. <b>95</b> (20): 7564–7568. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fj100173a002">10.1021/j100173a002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physical+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Fullerenes+wlth+Metals+Inside&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=7564-7568&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fj100173a002&rft.au=Chai%2C+Yan&rft.au=Guo%2C+Ting&rft.au=Jin%2C+Changming&rft.au=Haufler%2C+Robert+E.&rft.au=Chibante%2C+L.+P.+Felipe&rft.au=Fure%2C+Jan&rft.au=Wang%2C+Lihong&rft.au=Alford%2C+J.+Michael&rft.au=Smalley%2C+Richard+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+formula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwin_A._Hill1900" class="citation journal cs1">Edwin A. Hill (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1428916">"On a system of indexing chemical literature; Adopted by the Classification Division of the U.S. Patent Office"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/J._Am._Chem._Soc." class="mw-redirect" title="J. Am. Chem. Soc.">J. Am. Chem. Soc.</a></i> <b>22</b> (8): 478–494. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja02046a005">10.1021/ja02046a005</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuiug.30112063986233">2027/uiug.30112063986233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.atitle=On+a+system+of+indexing+chemical+literature%3B+Adopted+by+the+Classification+Division+of+the+U.S.+Patent+Office&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=478-494&rft.date=1900&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuiug.30112063986233&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja02046a005&rft.au=Edwin+A.+Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1428916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+formula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wiggins-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wiggins_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wiggins_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiggins, Gary. (1991). <i>Chemical Information Sources.</i> New York: McGraw Hill. p. 120.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrucciHarwoodHerring2002" class="citation book cs1">Petrucci, Ralph H.; Harwood, William S.; Herring, F. Geoffrey (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00hill">"3"</a></span>. <i>General chemistry: principles and modern applications</i> (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-014329-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-014329-7"><bdi>978-0-13-014329-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2001032331">2001032331</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46872308">46872308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3&rft.btitle=General+chemistry%3A+principles+and+modern+applications&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+N.J&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46872308&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2001032331&rft.isbn=978-0-13-014329-7&rft.aulast=Petrucci&rft.aufirst=Ralph+H.&rft.au=Harwood%2C+William+S.&rft.au=Herring%2C+F.+Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralchemistry00hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+formula" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chemical_formulas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chemical formulas">Chemical formulas</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.uml.edu/personal/Marion_Muskiewicz/hillorder.htm">Hill notation example</a>, from the University of Massachusetts Lowell libraries, including how to sort into Hill system order</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemcalc.org">Molecular formula calculation applying Hill notation</a>. The library calculating Hill notation is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/chemcalc">available on npm</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Molecular_visualization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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visualization</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chemical formulas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-structural formulas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empirical_formula" title="Empirical formula">Empirical formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular formula">Molecular formula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Structural_formula" title="Structural formula">Structural formulas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_structure" title="Lewis structure">Lewis structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensed_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Condensed formula">Condensed formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_formula" title="Skeletal formula">Skeletal formula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Molecular_model" title="Molecular model">Molecular models</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball-and-stick_model" title="Ball-and-stick model">Ball-and-stick model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-filling_model" title="Space-filling model">Space-filling model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPK_coloring" title="CPK coloring">CPK coloring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other ways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_graph" title="Molecular graph">Molecular graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMILES" class="mw-redirect" title="SMILES">SMILES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template talk:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Molecules detected in outer space</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">Diatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monochloride" title="Aluminium monochloride">Aluminium monochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monofluoride" title="Aluminium monofluoride">Aluminium monofluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">Aluminium(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonium" title="Argonium">Argonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon cation">Carbon cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monophosphide" title="Carbon monophosphide">Carbon monophosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">Carbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyano_radical" title="Cyano radical">Cyano radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">Diatomic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoromethylidynium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoromethylidynium (page does not exist)">Fluoromethylidynium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_hydride_ion" title="Helium hydride ion">Helium hydride ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">Hydrogen chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">Hydroxyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_monohydride" title="Magnesium monohydride">Magnesium monohydride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">Methylidyne radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidogen" title="Imidogen">Imidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mononitride" title="Sulfur mononitride">Sulfur mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_monoxide" title="Phosphorus monoxide">Phosphorus monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_mononitride" title="Phosphorus mononitride">Phosphorus mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Silicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">Silicon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monosulfide" title="Silicon monosulfide">Silicon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">Sodium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">Sulfanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">Titanium(II) oxide</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/60px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/90px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/120px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="441" /></a></span> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/60px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/90px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/120px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="754" /></a></span> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/60px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/90px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/120px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triatomic_molecule" title="Triatomic molecule">Triatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium(I) hydroxide">Aluminium(I) hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Aluminium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_radical" title="Amino radical">Amino radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CCP_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CCP radical (page does not exist)">CCP radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halonium_ion" title="Halonium ion">Chloronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">Diazenylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disilicon_carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disilicon carbide (page does not exist)">Disilicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethynyl_radical" title="Ethynyl radical">Ethynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formyl radical (page does not exist)">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a> (HCN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a> (HNC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">Hydroperoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_cyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iron cyanide (page does not exist)">Iron cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoformyl (page does not exist)">Isoformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_cyanide" title="Magnesium cyanide">Magnesium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Magnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_(compound)" title="Methylene (compound)">Methylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N<sub>2</sub>H<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">Nitroxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidynephosphane" title="Methylidynephosphane">Methylidynephosphane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">Potassium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">Sodium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbonitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon carbonitride (page does not exist)">Silicon carbonitride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-Silicon_dicarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-Silicon dicarbide (page does not exist)">c-Silicon dicarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SiNC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SiNC (page does not exist)">SiNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thioformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thioformyl (page does not exist)">Thioformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioxoethenylidene" title="Thioxoethenylidene">Thioxoethenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon" title="Tricarbon">Tricarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Four<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">Acetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanoethynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">Fulminic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HCCN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HCCN (page does not exist)">HCCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydromagnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydromagnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Hydromagnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Isothiocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketenyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketenyl (page does not exist)">Ketenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylene_amidogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylene amidogen (page does not exist)">Methylene amidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl cation">Methyl cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">Methyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynylidyne" title="Propynylidyne">Propynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_carbon_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated carbon dioxide (page does not exist)">Protonated carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonated_hydrogen_cyanide" title="Protonated hydrogen cyanide">Protonated hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_tricarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon tricarbide (page does not exist)">Silicon tricarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioformaldehyde" title="Thioformaldehyde">Thioformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monoxide" title="Tricarbon monoxide">Tricarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monosulfide" title="Tricarbon monosulfide">Tricarbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Thiocyanic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Five<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Butadiynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbodiimide" title="Carbodiimide">Carbodiimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">Cyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoformaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoformaldehyde (page does not exist)">Cyanoformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanomethyl" title="Cyanomethyl">Cyanomethyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenylidene" title="Cyclopropenylidene">Cyclopropenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">Formic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Isocyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketene" title="Ketene">Ketene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Methoxy">Methoxy radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylenimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylenimine (page does not exist)">Methylenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propadienylidene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propadienylidene (page does not exist)">Propadienylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_formaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated formaldehyde (page does not exist)">Protonated formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">Silane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon-carbide_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon-carbide cluster (page does not exist)">Silicon-carbide cluster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Six<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">Acetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanobutadiynyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanobutadiynyl radical (page does not exist)">Cyanobutadiynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-Cyanomethanimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-Cyanomethanimine (page does not exist)">E-Cyanomethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenone" title="Cyclopropenone">Cyclopropenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylene" title="Diacetylene">Diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formamide" title="Formamide">Formamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HC4N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HC4N (page does not exist)">HC<sub>4</sub>N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketenimine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketenimine">Ketenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanethiol" title="Methanethiol">Methanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanide" title="Methyl isocyanide">Methyl isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Pentynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynal" class="mw-redirect" title="Propynal">Propynal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_cyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated cyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Protonated cyanoacetylene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Seven<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">Acrylonitrile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_cyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl cyanide">Vinyl cyanide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">Ethylene oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolonitrile" title="Glycolonitrile">Glycolonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexatriynyl_radical" title="Hexatriynyl radical">Hexatriynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">Methylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">Methyl isocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_alcohol" title="Vinyl alcohol">Vinyl alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Eight<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoacetonitrile" title="Aminoacetonitrile">Aminoacetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoallene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoallene (page does not exist)">Cyanoallene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanimine" title="Ethanimine">Ethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Hexapentaenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methylcyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_formate" title="Methyl formate">Methyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Nine<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">Acetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanohexatriyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">Dimethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyldiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octatetraynyl_radical" title="Octatetraynyl radical">Octatetraynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propene">Propene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanethiol" title="Ethanethiol">Ethanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionitrile" title="Propionitrile">Propionitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylformamide" title="N-Methylformamide">N-Methylformamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Ten<br />atoms<br />or more</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzonitrile" title="Benzonitrile">Benzonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">Buckminsterfullerene</a> (C<sub>60</sub>, C<sub>60</sub><sup>+</sup>, fullerene, buckyball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C70_fullerene" title="C70 fullerene">C<sub>70</sub> fullerene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodecapentayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">Ethylene glycol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_formate" title="Ethyl formate">Ethyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_acetate" title="Methyl acetate">Methyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Methyl-cyano-diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyltriacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionaldehyde" title="Propionaldehyde">Propionaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyronitrile" title="Butyronitrile">Butyronitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">Pyrimidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptatrienyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptatrienyl radical (page does not exist)">Heptatrienyl radical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterated</a><br />molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde#Interstellar_reactions" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">Hydrogen deuteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N<sub>2</sub>D<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Unconfirmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">Anthracene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyethane" title="Methoxyethane">Methoxyethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolithin" title="Hemolithin">Hemolithin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H2NCO%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H2NCO+ (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>NCO<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Linear C<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">Naphthalene cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrene" title="Pyrene">Pyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silylidyne" title="Silylidyne">Silylidyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#See_also" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_and_molecular_astrophysics" title="Atomic and molecular astrophysics">Atomic and molecular astrophysics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chemical formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a 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