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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fourth voyage of Columbus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spanish maritime expedition, 1502–1504</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Fourth voyage of Columbus</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Landing_of_Columbus_(2)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="xx" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Landing_of_Columbus_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Landing_of_Columbus_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Landing_of_Columbus_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Landing_of_Columbus_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Landing_of_Columbus_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Landing_of_Columbus_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2968" data-file-height="1971" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Landing of Columbus <span style="font-size:85%;">/ 1847 oil on canvas by J Vanderlyn / via Commons</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Start</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a><br /> 6–11 May 1502<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1502-05</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">End</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sanl%C3%BAcar_de_Barrameda" title="Sanlúcar de Barrameda">Sanlúcar de Barrameda</a><br /> 7 November 1504<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1504-11-07</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Goal</th><td class="infobox-data">To discover a western maritime passage to the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ships</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><i>Capitana</i></li><li><i>Santiago</i></li><li><i>Gallego</i></li><li><i>Vizcaíno</i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crew</th><td class="infobox-data">138–152 men <span style="font-size:85%;">/ excl impressed Amerindians</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fatalities</th><td class="infobox-data">33–34 men <span style="font-size:85%;">/ excl Amerindian deaths</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Achievements</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>First non-Amerindian discovery of mainland <a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle America</a></li><li>First crossing of <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></li><li>First non-Amerindian survey of eastern <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Honduras" title="Gulf of Honduras">Bay of Honduras</a></li><li>First survey of Caribbean waters off lower Central America</li><li>First non-Amerindian contact with <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilisation</a> / <i>possibly</i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:lavender;color:inherit;">Route</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbus_fourth_voyage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Columbus_fourth_voyage.jpg/220px-Columbus_fourth_voyage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Columbus_fourth_voyage.jpg/330px-Columbus_fourth_voyage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Columbus_fourth_voyage.jpg/440px-Columbus_fourth_voyage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="630" /></a></span><br />Caribbean route <span style="font-size:85%;">/ 2011 map by K Pickering / via Commons</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>fourth voyage of Columbus</b> was a Spanish maritime expedition in 1502–1504 to the western <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>. The voyage, <a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">Columbus's last</a>, failed to find a western maritime route to the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>, returned relatively little profit, and resulted in the loss of many crew men, all the fleet's ships, and a year-long marooning in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>. It is deemed the first non-<a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindian</a> discovery of mainland <a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle America</a>, and one of the first non-Amerindian, non-<a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse</a> discoveries of continental <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_voyage_of_Columbus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon being released from prison on 17 December 1500, Columbus set about planning what he deemed would be 'his most significant, most profitable expedition yet.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolo_Martín2015144Bedini2000720_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolo_Martín2015144Bedini2000720-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discovery_of_the_sea_route_to_India" title="Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India">1497 discovery</a> of an eastern maritime passage to 'the opulent East,' by <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco de Gama</a>, had steeled Columbus's determination to find a shorter, more direct western route.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000720_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000720-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, on 26 February 1502, Columbus requested licence to sail on a fourth voyage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000720_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000720-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passage to the East, he reasoned, might lay farther west than anyone had prior sailed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000720_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000720-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project being deemed viable and desirable, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Catholic Monarchs</a> granted authorisation on 14 March.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000720–721_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000720–721-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The royal licence approved disbursement of ten thousand gold pesos for fitting out a fleet, appointed Francisco de Porras as comptroller of spoils, and Diego de Porras as auditor and Crown representative, and forbid the taking of slaves, among other terms and conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columbus enlisted Diego Tristán to captain the flagship, <i>La Capitana</i>, Francisco de Porras for <i>Santiago de Palos</i>, Pedro de Terreros for <i>El Gallego</i>, and Bartolomeo Fieschi for <i>Vizcaíno</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One hundred and forty men and boys were reportedly recruited to man the fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 28 April, when all preparations had been finalised, Columbus had spent 2,259,239 <a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">maravedis</a> on wages, rent, equipment, and provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil2003613_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil2003613-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voyage">Voyage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_voyage_of_Columbus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Voyage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Departure">Departure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_voyage_of_Columbus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Departure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Columbian fleet set sail on 9 May 1502.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a brief detour to <a href="/wiki/Asilah" title="Asilah">Arzila, Morocco</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II</a> had requested, the fleet reached <a href="/wiki/El_Hierro" title="El Hierro">Hierro, Canary Islands</a>, where they reprovisioned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fleet reached <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> in 21 days, the fastest Atlantic crossing of Columbus's career.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antilles">Antilles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_voyage_of_Columbus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Antilles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crew well-rested and ships repaired, the fleet departed the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a> due west.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though his commission forbade landing at <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> at this stage of the voyage, Columbus anchored just off the <a href="/wiki/Ozama_River" title="Ozama River">Ozama River</a> by the end of June, as he wished to request permission to enter the port of <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> so as to shelter therein from a hurricane he feared was brewing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The petition was denied, but the Admiral was shortly proven right by the landing of a 'massive hurricane,' which the fleet weathered reasonably well, possibly off the <a href="/wiki/Haina_River" title="Haina River">Jaina River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After repairing the ships, the fleet set off downwind from Hispaniola on 15 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721,_724_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721,_724-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a brief stay at <a href="/wiki/Isla_de_la_Juventud" title="Isla de la Juventud">Isle of Pines, Cuba</a>, the ships picked up stiff north-easterlies and set of due southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honduras">Honduras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_voyage_of_Columbus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Honduras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maya_mural_of_coastal_town,_Temple_of_the_Warriors,_Chichen_Itza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Maya_mural_of_coastal_town%2C_Temple_of_the_Warriors%2C_Chichen_Itza.jpg/220px-Maya_mural_of_coastal_town%2C_Temple_of_the_Warriors%2C_Chichen_Itza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Maya_mural_of_coastal_town%2C_Temple_of_the_Warriors%2C_Chichen_Itza.jpg/330px-Maya_mural_of_coastal_town%2C_Temple_of_the_Warriors%2C_Chichen_Itza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Maya_mural_of_coastal_town%2C_Temple_of_the_Warriors%2C_Chichen_Itza.jpg/440px-Maya_mural_of_coastal_town%2C_Temple_of_the_Warriors%2C_Chichen_Itza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption><i>Sea coast village</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">/ 1931 lithograph by A Morris / via HathiTrust</span></figcaption></figure> <p>On 30 July, a crewmate sighted <a href="/wiki/Guanaja" title="Guanaja">Bonacca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, upon anchoring off the island, a richly-laden merchant's canoe approached the fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noting their goods were 'all of a quality superior to what they had seen before,' the Spaniards forced a trade, buying ceramics, dyed cotton textiles, flint-edged swords, and copper hatchets with 'the usual baubles.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the vessel is thought to have hailed from some nearby port in the <a href="/wiki/Maya_Lowlands" title="Maya Lowlands">Maya Lowlands</a>, the event is deemed by some scholars the first instance of contact between Maya and non-Amerindian peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofmanKeehnen2019239Reichert201713Bedini2000361_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmanKeehnen2019239Reichert201713Bedini2000361-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After impressing the canoe's elderly skipper, the fleet anchored in the lee of Cape Honduras, 'where they made the first landing on the mainland of North America.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They next anchored off the Romano River, due east, where 'Columbus took formal possession' of the newly discovered lands on 17 August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weather, which beset them with strong headwinds and fierce rain, prolonged the fleet's journey southeastwards to <a href="/wiki/Cabo_Gracias_a_Dios" title="Cabo Gracias a Dios">Cape Gracias a Dios</a>, so christened because when they rounded it on 14 September, the weather improved noticeably.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_voyage_of_Columbus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nicaragua"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 16 September, two days after having turned south at Cape Gracias a Dios, the fleet anchored just off a large estuary, 'probably [that of] the Rio Grande,' with surf so strong it swamped one of the boats, leading to the death by drowning of two crewmates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costa_Rica">Costa Rica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_voyage_of_Columbus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Costa Rica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 25 September, the fleet moored off Puerto Limón, where they attempted to trade with the Talamancan locals, two of whom were impressed to help with Castilian–Amerindian translation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panama">Panama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_voyage_of_Columbus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Panama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 5 October, the fleet entered <a href="/wiki/Almirante,_Bocas_del_Toro" title="Almirante, Bocas del Toro">Almirante Bay</a>, where Columbus 'found the first sign of fine gold, which an [Amerindian man] wore like a large medal on his breast.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They then anchored in the <a href="/wiki/Chiriqu%C3%AD_Lagoon" title="Chiriquí Lagoon">Chiriqui Lagoon</a>, which the Talamancan interpreters informed was a nine-day's march from <em>Ciguare</em>, a rich land which lay on another ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columbus took Ciguare to mean <a href="/wiki/Cochinchina" title="Cochinchina">Ciamba</a>, but nonetheless seems to have given up his search for a maritime passage to the East, having had no luck so far, and instead focussed on trading for gold, fine specimens of which the new-found peoples had.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ships put out on 17 October, due southeast where they sighted Veragua, a local village which Amerindian guides noted for its gold production.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A storm then blew the ships east to <a href="/wiki/Portobelo,_Col%C3%B3n" title="Portobelo, Colón">Porto Bello</a>, and farther east to <a href="/wiki/Nombre_de_Dios,_Col%C3%B3n" title="Nombre de Dios, Colón">Nombre de Dios</a>, where the crew dropped anchors to repair the fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724–725_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724–725-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To their misfortune, the weather only worsened, tempestuous winds and currents battering the ships back and forth between Porto Bello and the <a href="/wiki/Chagres_River" title="Chagres River">Chagres River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conditions finally improved on 3 January 1503, allowing the fleet to leave for the <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9n_River" title="Belén River">Belén River</a> mouth, where they anchored some days later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this point, Columbus lead exploratory parties up the river, while his brother, <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Columbus" title="Bartholomew Columbus">Bartholomew</a>, led parties up the Veragua River.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February, 'the Spanish put up ten or twelve houses on the west bank of the river [Belén],' thereby founding <em>Santa María de Belén</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This soon proved an unwelcome development among the locals, however, with whom relations quickly soured to the point of military engagement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeking to stave off an attack, Columbus authorised the abduction of the local cacique <i><a href="/wiki/El_Quib%C3%ADan" title="El Quibían">Quibián</a></i>, and his family and principal subordinates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pre-emptive strike, led by Bartholomew and eighty men, proved both successful and profitable, netting them 'a good deal of gold.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cacique soon managed to escape however, and responded with a force of four hundred warriors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the crew managed to repel the attack, they suffered twelve fatal and several non-fatal casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725–726_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725–726-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Growing convinced of Santa María de Belén's untenable situation, Columbus deemed it prudent to abandon the colonial project.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, on 16 April, all ships but <i>El Gallego</i> set sail due east, with Diego Méndez succeeding the recently deceased Diego Tristán as captain of the flagship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After scuttling the newly-unseaworthy <i>Vizcaíno</i> at Porto Bello, the now-halved fleet reached a headland, probably <a href="/wiki/Point_Mosquitos" title="Point Mosquitos">Punta de Mosquito</a>, and set off northwards on 1 May.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antilles_2">Antilles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_voyage_of_Columbus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Antilles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eclipse_Christophe_Colomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Eclipse_Christophe_Colomb.jpg/220px-Eclipse_Christophe_Colomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Eclipse_Christophe_Colomb.jpg/330px-Eclipse_Christophe_Colomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Eclipse_Christophe_Colomb.jpg/440px-Eclipse_Christophe_Colomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="1302" /></a><figcaption><i>L'éclipse de lune de Christophe Colomb</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">/ 1879 sketch by C Flammarion / via Commons</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The fleet, reduced now to <i>La Capitana</i> and <i>Santiago de Palos</i>, both already in a sorry state, anchored at the <a href="/wiki/Jardines_de_la_Reina" title="Jardines de la Reina">Jardín de la Reina, Cuba</a>, on 12 May.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That week proved especially disastrous for the leaky ships, and taxing for the crew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With 'ships pierced by borers worse than a honeycomb, the people spiritless and desperate,' they carried on to Jamaica, reaching <a href="/wiki/Saint_Ann%27s_Bay" title="Saint Ann's Bay">St Ann's Bay</a> on 25 June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columbus deeming the fleet unseaworthy, he had both ships run ashore and the 116 crew mates marooned for what would prove to be a year-long odyssey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Columbus set about securing a vessel to send for rescue. That July, he enlisted his captains Méndez and Fieschi, twelve crew mates, and twenty <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taino</a> rowers to attempt the daring crossing of the <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Channel" title="Jamaica Channel">Jamaica Channel</a> aboard dugout canoes in two parties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In three days' time, both canoes reached <a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a>, where several rowers died or fell very ill of dehydration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these odds, the survivors made the rest of the crossing in one day's time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The captains were detained by <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">the governor</a> at Jaraguá, and did not reach Santo Domingo until March 1504.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, the governor denied them use of a small caravel to rescue their mates, further prolonging their marooning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726–727_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726–727-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, back in Jamaica, the stranded crew's discontent festered until 2 January 1504, when Francisco and Diego de Porras led a mutiny of 48 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000727_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000727-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebels fled ashore towards the eastern end of the island, to the great misfortune of Amerindian settlements they passed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000727_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000727-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next month, they would attempt the Channel crossing twice, but fail both times, and so return to St Ann's Bay by the end of March, where, after a skirmish, the Porras brothers would be imprisoned, and their mutineers pardoned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000727_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000727-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coincidentally, Amerindian attitudes towards the St Ann's party grew strained, leading to markedly fewer provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000727_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000727-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This trend the Admiral rather ingeniously reverted during the <a href="/wiki/March_1504_lunar_eclipse" title="March 1504 lunar eclipse">lunar eclipse of 29 February</a>, which he convinced the caciques was a sign of divine disapproval of their recent reticence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000727_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000727-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, on 29 June, a rescue caravel from Santo Domingo arrived at St Ann's Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000727_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000727-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rescued crew reached that port on 13 August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000727_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000727-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return">Return</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_voyage_of_Columbus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Return"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 12 September, Columbus, his son, his brother, and 22 crew mates departed Santo Domingo for <a href="/wiki/Sanl%C3%BAcar_de_Barrameda" title="Sanlúcar de Barrameda">Sanlúcar de Barrameda</a>, which they reached on 7 November 1504.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000727_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000727-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_voyage_of_Columbus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Columbus's hopes to the contrary, this expedition proved to be 'the least profitable and most dangerous of all his voyages,' the explorer having found no passage to the East, returned miserly profits to Castile, lost many men and all four ships, and suffered a year's stranding in Jamaica.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000720_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000720-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The post-voyage debriefing of the Catholic Monarchs was precluded by the death of <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I</a> on 26 November 1504.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolo_Martín2015146Bedini2000727_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolo_Martín2015146Bedini2000727-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Columbus presented the voyage's negative results only to Ferdinand II that December in <a href="/wiki/Segovia" title="Segovia">Segovia</a>, with the latter proving less than thrilled, as Columbus reportedly 'received nothing' from the King.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolo_Martín2015146Bedini2000727Fernández-Armesto1991xix_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolo_Martín2015146Bedini2000727Fernández-Armesto1991xix-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_voyage_of_Columbus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panama;_a_personal_record_of_forty-six_years,_1861-1907_(1907)_(14574172927).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Panama%3B_a_personal_record_of_forty-six_years%2C_1861-1907_%281907%29_%2814574172927%29.jpg/220px-Panama%3B_a_personal_record_of_forty-six_years%2C_1861-1907_%281907%29_%2814574172927%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Panama%3B_a_personal_record_of_forty-six_years%2C_1861-1907_%281907%29_%2814574172927%29.jpg/330px-Panama%3B_a_personal_record_of_forty-six_years%2C_1861-1907_%281907%29_%2814574172927%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Panama%3B_a_personal_record_of_forty-six_years%2C_1861-1907_%281907%29_%2814574172927%29.jpg/440px-Panama%3B_a_personal_record_of_forty-six_years%2C_1861-1907_%281907%29_%2814574172927%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="2192" /></a><figcaption>Bronze of Columbus and Amerindian girl in Colón, Panama <span style="font-size:85%;">/ in 1907 T Robinson memoir / via IA</span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_scholarship">In scholarship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_voyage_of_Columbus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>First-hand accounts of the voyage by Columbus, his son <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Columbus" title="Ferdinand Columbus">Ferdinand</a>, the Porras brothers, Pedro de Ledesma, and Diego Méndez remain extant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolo_Martín2015144Davidson1997448–450_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolo_Martín2015144Davidson1997448–450-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sixteenth century second-hand accounts include one by <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a>, and another by <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Oviedo_y_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés">Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolo_Martín2015144Davidson1997450_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolo_Martín2015144Davidson1997450-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The itineraries described in these sources, however, do not perfectly concur, resulting in discrepancies within the literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolo_Martín2015144_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolo_Martín2015144-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_culture">In culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_voyage_of_Columbus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Capitulations_of_Santa_Fe" title="Capitulations of Santa Fe">Capitulations of Santa Fe</a> secured for Columbus and his heirs a number of rights and privileges attaching to lands discovered and formally possessed by him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000413–415_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000413–415-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Columbus discovered and formally possessed mainland territory during his fourth voyage, rather than insular lands, conflict arose regarding the extent of mainland to which the Capitulations rights and privileges attached.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000415_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000415-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1508, this resulted in the protracted <i><a href="/wiki/Pleitos_colombinos" title="Pleitos colombinos">Pleitos Colombinos</a></i>, wherein Columbus's heir, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a>, sued for recognition of his inherited rights and privileges over lands discovered and possessed, claiming rights and privileges over large tracts of the Central American subcontinent by dint of Columbus's discoveries and acts of formal possession during his fourth voyage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000416_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000416-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tables">Tables</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_voyage_of_Columbus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ships">Ships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_voyage_of_Columbus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275448275">.mw-parser-output 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.static-row-numbers.wikitable caption+tbody tr:first-child::before,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tbody:first-child tr:first-child::before{border-top-width:1px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tbody tr:last-child::before,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tfoot tr:last-child::before{border-bottom-width:1px}}</style> <table class="wikitable static-row-numbers mw-collapsible"> <caption class="nowrap">Fleet of the fourth voyage of Columbus.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><i>Capitana</i> </th> <th><i>Santiago</i> </th> <th><i>Gallego</i> </th> <th><i>Vizcaíno</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Variant name </th> <td style="text-align:center"><i>Gracia de Dios</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><i>Santiago de Palos</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><i>Gallega</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><i>Vizcaína</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Variant name </th> <td style="text-align:center"><i>Santa María</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><i>Bermuda</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center">– </td> <td style="text-align:center">– </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Class </th> <td style="text-align:center"><i>carabela</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><i>carabela</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><i>navío</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><i>navío</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Crew </th> <td style="text-align:right">50 </td> <td style="text-align:right">37 </td> <td style="text-align:right">27 </td> <td style="text-align:right">25 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Commissioned </th> <td style="text-align:right">4 Mar 1502 </td> <td style="text-align:right">4 Mar 1502 </td> <td style="text-align:right">4 Mar 1502 </td> <td style="text-align:right">4 Mar 1502 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Decommissioned </th> <td style="text-align:right">12 Aug 1503 </td> <td style="text-align:right">23 Jul 1503 </td> <td style="text-align:right">15 Apr 1503 </td> <td style="text-align:right">23 Apr 1503 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Captain </th> <td>Diego Tristán </td> <td>Francisco de Porras </td> <td>Pedro de Terreros </td> <td>Bartolomé de Fiesco </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Pilot </th> <td>Juan Sánchez </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Maestre </th> <td>Ambrosio Sánchez </td> <td>Francisco Bermúdez </td> <td>Quintero de Algruta </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Contramaestre </th> <td>Antón Donato </td> <td>Pedro Gómez </td> <td>Alonso Remón </td> <td>Martín de Fuenterrabia </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Proprietor </th> <td>Mateo Sánchez </td> <td>– </td> <td>Alonso Cerrajero </td> <td>Juan de Orquiva </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Notable crew </th> <td>Ferdinand Columbus </td> <td>Bartholomew Columbus </td> <td>– </td> <td>Pedro de Ledesma </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Notable crew </th> <td>– </td> <td>Andrea Columbus </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Notable crew </th> <td>– </td> <td>Diego de Porras </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Notable crew </th> <td>– </td> <td>Diego Méndez </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Notable crew </th> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:center">Christopher Columbus · Antón de Alaminas </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Notes </th> <td>– </td> <td>cf<span class="nowrap"> </span><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>– </td> <td>cf<span class="nowrap"> </span><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Itinerary">Itinerary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_voyage_of_Columbus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Itinerary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1275448275" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1233514072" /> <table class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers col1right col2right mw-collapsible"> <caption class="nowrap">Itinerary of the fourth voyage of Columbus.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th data-sort-type="date">Date<sup><</sup> </th> <th data-sort-type="date">Date<sup>></sup> </th> <th data-sort-type="text">Place </th> <th class="unsortable">Event </th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-02-26-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">26 Feb 1502</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-02-26-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">26 Feb 1502</span> </td> <td>– </td> <td>Commission requested </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-03-04-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">4 Mar 1502</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-03-04-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">4 Mar 1502</span> </td> <td>Seville </td> <td>Ships commissioned </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-03-14-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">14 Mar 1502</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-03-14-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">14 Mar 1502</span> </td> <td>Valencia de la Torre </td> <td>Commission granted </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-04-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">3 Apr 1502</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-04-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">3 Apr 1502</span> </td> <td>Seville </td> <td>Departure from </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-05-06-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">6 May 1502</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-05-11-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">11 May 1502</span> </td> <td>Cádiz </td> <td>Departure from </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-05-20-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">20 May 1502</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-05-20-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">20 May 1502</span> </td> <td>Gran Canaria </td> <td>Arrival at </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-05-25-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">25 May 1502</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-05-26-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">26 May 1502</span> </td> <td>Hierro </td> <td>Departure from </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-06-15-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">15 Jun 1502</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-06-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">16 Jun 1502</span> </td> <td>Martinique </td> <td>Arrival at </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-06-29-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">29 Jun 1502</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-06-29-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">29 Jun 1502</span> </td> <td>Hispaniola </td> <td>Arrival at </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-06-30-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">30 Jun 1502</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-06-30-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">30 Jun 1502</span> </td> <td>Hispaniola </td> <td>Hurricane </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-07-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">3 Jul 1502</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-07-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">3 Jul 1502</span> </td> <td>Ocoa Bay </td> <td>Arrival at </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-07-14-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">14 Jul 1502</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-07-15-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">15 Jul 1502</span> </td> <td>Ocoa Bay </td> <td>Departure from </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-07-30-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">30 Jul 1502</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-07-30-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">30 Jul 1502</span> </td> <td>Bonacca </td> <td>Arrival at </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-08-14-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">14 Aug 1502</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-08-17-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">17 Aug 1502</span> </td> <td>Romano River </td> <td>Arrival at </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-09-14-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">14 Sep 1502</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-09-14-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">14 Sep 1502</span> </td> <td>Cape Gracias a Dios </td> <td>Rounding of </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-09-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">16 Sep 1502</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-09-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">16 Sep 1502</span> </td> <td>Río Grande </td> <td>Arrival at </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-09-25-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">25 Sep 1502</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-09-25-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">25 Sep 1502</span> </td> <td>Puerto Limón </td> <td>Arrival at </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-10-05-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">5 Oct 1502</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-10-05-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">5 Oct 1502</span> </td> <td>Almirante Bay </td> <td>Arrival at </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-10-06-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">6 Oct 1502</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-10-06-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">6 Oct 1502</span> </td> <td>Chiriqui Lagoon </td> <td>Arrival at </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-10-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">16 Oct 1502</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-10-17-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">17 Oct 1502</span> </td> <td>Chiriqui Lagoon </td> <td>Departure from </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-11-02-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2 Nov 1502</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-11-02-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2 Nov 1502</span> </td> <td>Porto Bello </td> <td>Arrival at </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-11-10-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">10 Nov 1502</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-11-10-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">10 Nov 1502</span> </td> <td>Nombre de Dios Bay </td> <td>Arrival at </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-11-23-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">23 Nov 1502</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-11-23-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">23 Nov 1502</span> </td> <td>Nombre de Dios Bay </td> <td>Departure from </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-12-17-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">17 Dec 1502</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-12-17-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">17 Dec 1502</span> </td> <td>Bahía Limón </td> <td>Arrival at </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-12-25-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">25 Dec 1502</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001502-12-26-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">26 Dec 1502</span> </td> <td>Bahía Limón </td> <td>Arrival at </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001503-01-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">3 Jan 1503</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001503-01-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">3 Jan 1503</span> </td> <td>Bahía Limón </td> <td>Departure from </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001503-01-06-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">6 Jan 1503</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001503-01-06-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">6 Jan 1503</span> </td> <td>Belén River </td> <td>Arrival at </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001503-02-06-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">6 Feb 1503</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001503-02-06-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">6 Feb 1503</span> </td> <td>Belén River </td> <td>Party despatched </td> <td>cf<span class="nowrap"> </span><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001503-04-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">16 Apr 1503</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001503-04-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">16 Apr 1503</span> </td> <td>Belén River </td> <td>Departure from </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001503-05-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 May 1503</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001503-05-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 May 1503</span> </td> <td>– </td> <td>Departure from </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001503-05-12-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">12 May 1503</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001503-05-12-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">12 May 1503</span> </td> <td>Jardín de la Reina </td> <td>Arrival at </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001503-05-20-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">20 May 1503</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001503-05-20-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">20 May 1503</span> </td> <td>Jardín de la Reina </td> <td>Departure from </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001503-06-23-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">23 Jun 1503</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001503-06-25-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">25 Jun 1503</span> </td> <td>St Ann's Bay </td> <td>Arrival at </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001504-01-02-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2 Jan 1504</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001504-01-02-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2 Jan 1504</span> </td> <td>St Ann's Bay </td> <td>Mutiny start </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001504-02-29-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">29 Feb 1504</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001504-02-29-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">29 Feb 1504</span> </td> <td>St Ann's Bay </td> <td>Lunar eclipse </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001504-05-19-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">19 May 1504</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001504-05-20-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">20 May 1504</span> </td> <td>St Ann's Bay </td> <td>Mutiny end </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001504-06-28-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">28 Jun 1504</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001504-06-29-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">29 Jun 1504</span> </td> <td>St Ann's Bay </td> <td>Departure from </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001504-08-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">3 Aug 1504</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001504-08-13-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">13 Aug 1504</span> </td> <td>Santo Domingo </td> <td>Arrival at </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001504-09-12-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">12 Sep 1504</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001504-09-12-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">12 Sep 1504</span> </td> <td>Santo Domingo </td> <td>Departure from </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001504-11-07-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">7 Nov 1504</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001504-11-07-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">7 Nov 1504</span> </td> <td>Sanlúcar de Barrameda </td> <td>Arrival at </td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accounts">Accounts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_voyage_of_Columbus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1275448275" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1233514072" /> <table class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers mw-collapsible"> <caption class="nowrap">Itineraries as per select accounts the fourth voyage of Columbus.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th class="unsortable">Place </th> <th class="unsortable">Porras </th> <th class="unsortable">Columbus<sup>p</sup> </th> <th class="unsortable">Columbus<sup>f</sup> </th> <th class="unsortable">Ledesma </th> <th class="unsortable">Casas </th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>Martininó </td> <td>Dominica </td> <td>Martininó </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>Dominica </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>Santa Cruz </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>San Juan </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> </td> <td>Española </td> <td>Española </td> <td>Española </td> <td>– </td> <td>Española </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>Jamaica </td> <td>Jamaica </td> <td>Los Pozos </td> <td>– </td> <td>Isletas </td> <td>cf<span class="nowrap"> </span><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>Jardín de la Reina </td> <td>Las Figueras </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>Jardín de la Reina </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guanaja" title="Guanaja">Guanaja</a> </td> <td>Guanajas </td> <td>– </td> <td>Guanaja </td> <td>Guanasa </td> <td>Isla Guanaja / isla de Pinos </td> <td>cf<span class="nowrap"> </span><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>Cyguare </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cape Honduras </td> <td>Punta Caxinas </td> <td>– </td> <td>Punta Cajinas </td> <td>– </td> <td>Punta Caxinas </td> <td>cf<span class="nowrap"> </span><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Romano River </td> <td>Río Posysyón </td> <td>– </td> <td>Golfo de Honduras </td> <td>Uiuya </td> <td>– </td> <td>cf<span class="nowrap"> </span><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cabo_Gracias_a_Dios" title="Cabo Gracias a Dios">Cape Gracias a Dios</a> </td> <td>Cabo Gracias a Dios </td> <td>Cabo Gracias a Dios </td> <td>Cabo Gracias a Dios </td> <td>Cabo Gracias a Dios </td> <td>Cabo Gracias a Dios </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>Provincia de Veragua </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>Nombre de Dios </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>Río del Desastre </td> <td>– </td> <td>Río de la Desgracia </td> <td>– </td> <td>Río del Desastre </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>Cabo de Toas </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>cf<span class="nowrap"> </span><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>Provincia del Cariay </td> <td>Cariay </td> <td>Isla Quiribirí / Cariay </td> <td>Provincia de Cariay </td> <td>Isla Quiribirí / Cariari o Huerta </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>Cerabaró </td> <td>Çarabaru </td> <td>Canal Cerabaró </td> <td>Provincia de Carábaru </td> <td>Carabaró </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>Aburemá </td> <td>– </td> <td>Canal Aburemá </td> <td>– </td> <td>Aburemá </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>Río Guiga </td> <td>– </td> <td>Río Guiga </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>Ysla del Escudo </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>cf<span class="nowrap"> </span><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>Río Cateba </td> <td>Provincia de Catiba </td> <td>Río Catiba </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>Cobraba </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>Veragua / Hurirá </td> <td>Provincia de Urirá </td> <td>Veragua / Hurirá </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>Cubija </td> <td>– </td> <td>Cubija </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>Punta de Prados </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>cf<span class="nowrap"> </span><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>Provincia de Cobraba </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portobelo,_Col%C3%B3n" title="Portobelo, Colón">Porto Bello</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>Belpuerto </td> <td>Portobelo </td> <td>– </td> <td>Puerto Belo </td> <td>cf<span class="nowrap"> </span><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>Islas Nombre de Dios </td> <td>– </td> <td>Puerto Nombre de Dios </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bastimentos,_Portobelo" title="Bastimentos, Portobelo">Bastimentos</a> </td> <td>Puerto de Bastimentos </td> <td>Puerto de Bastimentos </td> <td>Puerto de Bastimentos </td> <td>– </td> <td>Puerto de Bastimentos </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>Tierra Guiga </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>Puerto Retrete </td> <td>Puerto Retrete </td> <td>Puerto Retrete </td> <td>– </td> <td>Puerto Retrete </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>Portobelo </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>Canal Huiva </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>N Ebra </td> <td>– </td> <td>Río Yebra </td> <td>– </td> <td>Río Yebra </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%ADa_Lim%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahía Limón">Bahía Limón</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>Puerto Gordo </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>cf<span class="nowrap"> </span><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>Río Beragua </td> <td>Beragua o Huerta </td> <td>Río Beragua / Hurirá </td> <td>Río Veragua </td> <td>Río Veragua </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>Puerto </td> <td>Cobraba </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>Zobraba </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>Río Cateba </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>Beragua </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>St M<sup>a</sup> de Belén </td> <td>Belén </td> <td>Río Belén </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>Belporto </td> <td>Portobelo </td> <td>– </td> <td>Belporto </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>Puerto Retrete </td> <td>Puerto Retrete </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>Islas Barbas </td> <td>Islas Barvas </td> <td>Islas Barbas </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>Punta Mármol </td> <td>– </td> <td>Punta Cartagena </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>Islas Tortugas </td> <td>– </td> <td>Islas Tortugas </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>Juana </td> <td>Mango </td> <td>Jardín de la Reina </td> <td>Ysla de Cuba </td> <td>Jardín de la Reina </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> </td> <td>Jamaica </td> <td>Jamaica </td> <td>Jamaica </td> <td>– </td> <td>Jamaica </td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_voyage_of_Columbus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot#Expeditions" title="John Cabot">Cabot expeditions</a>, pre-1502 English voyages to mainland Northern America</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n%E2%80%93Sol%C3%ADs_voyage" title="Pinzón–Solís voyage">Pinzón–Solís voyage</a>, 1508–1509 Spanish voyage partly tracking the fourth voyage of Columbus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_expedition" title="Magellan expedition">Magellan expedition</a>, 1519–1522 Spanish voyage which finally discovered a western passage to the East</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_voyage_of_Columbus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_footnotes">Explanatory footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_voyage_of_Columbus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Explanatory footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dubbed <i>El Alto Viaje</i> by Columbus (<a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, p. 720). In <a href="/wiki/Infobox" title="Infobox">infobox</a>, start per <a href="#CITEREFDavidson1997">Davidson 1997</a>, p. 451; end per <a href="#CITEREFPolo_Martín2015">Polo Martín 2015</a>, p. 146, <a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, p. 727; goal per <a href="#CITEREFPolo_Martín2015">Polo Martín 2015</a>, p. 144, <a href="#CITEREFDavidson1997">Davidson 1997</a>, p. 450; ships per <a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, p. 721; crew per <a href="#CITEREFLeón_Guerrero2005">León Guerrero 2005</a>, pp. 22, 31–32, <a href="#CITEREFGil2003">Gil 2003</a>, p. 614, <a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, p. 721; fatalities per <a href="#CITEREFLeón_Guerrero2005">León Guerrero 2005</a>, pp. 24–32; achievements per <a href="#CITEREFReichert2017">Reichert 2017</a>, p. 13, <a href="#CITEREFHofmanKeehnen2019">Hofman & Keehnen 2019</a>, p. 239, <a href="#CITEREFFernández-Armesto1991">Fernández-Armesto 1991</a>, pp. 164, 164. Note, Bay of Honduras bound by a line running from Cape Catoche to Cape Gracias a Dios per <a href="#CITEREFReichert2017">Reichert 2017</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The nearest <em>major</em> maritime port was <a href="/wiki/Nito_(Maya_site)" title="Nito (Maya site)">Nito</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Manche_Ch%CA%BCol" title="Manche Chʼol">Manche Chol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Toquegua" title="Toquegua">Toquegua</a> polities, while the nearest maritime post <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">simpliciter</i></span> was Masca, in Toquegua. Alternatively, the merchants 'may have been part of a high culture akin to the Mayan [Maya]' (<a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, p. 724). Candidates for such group include (i) the fairly Mayanised but as-yet-unidentified people of the Lower Ulua Valley, (ii) the not-so-fairly Mayanised <a href="/wiki/Pech_people" title="Pech people">Paya people</a> of the Bay Islands and abutting mainland (<a href="#CITEREFHealySavage2021">Healy & Savage 2021</a>, pp. 2–3, <a href="#CITEREFIkäheimoSalmiÄikäs2015">Ikäheimo, Salmi & Äikäs 2015</a>, pp. 160, 167–168, <a href="#CITEREFSheptak2013">Sheptak 2013</a>, pp. 39, 54–57, 62).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Of the original 140 men, 'six had died or deserted before Veragua, twelve had been killed at Belen, and six had since died' (<a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, p. 726).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson1997">Davidson 1997</a>, pp. xiv, xxv deems the Ferdinand and Casas works as both the most influential accounts of Columbus generally, and so inaccurate or distorted as to make ascertaining fact from myth 'the most difficult task for the Columbus' scholar reading them. Similarly, <a href="#CITEREFPolo_Martín2015">Polo Martín 2015</a>, p. 152 deems the Ferdinand work the most detailed account of Columbus's fourth voyage, but also questions its fidelity to first-hand experience. The Porras source has been noted for its inclusion of distances, and the Ledesma one for its geographic coherence <a href="#CITEREFPolo_Martín2015">Polo Martín 2015</a>, pp. 147, 151. <a href="#CITEREFDavidson1997">Davidson 1997</a>, p. 451 notes that historical accounts of the voyage do not agree on 'most of the dates' they provide, citing as an example the date of departure from Cádiz, which was 'reported differently by all participants.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Per <a href="#CITEREFLeón_Guerrero2005">León Guerrero 2005</a>, pp. 23–32 or <a href="#CITEREFGil2003">Gil 2003</a>, pp. 619, 631–634, unless otherwise stated. Note, pronouns excluded from <i>Variant name</i> rows.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrea was Columbus's nephew (<a href="#CITEREFLeón_Guerrero2005">León Guerrero 2005</a>, p. 25). The Diegos are named in the literature, eg de Porras in <a href="#CITEREFPolo_Martín2015">Polo Martín 2015</a>, pp. 144, 147–148, Méndez in <a href="#CITEREFLeón_Guerrero2005">León Guerrero 2005</a>, pp. 28–29 or <a href="#CITEREFGil2003">Gil 2003</a>, p. 619.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pedro is named in the literature, eg in <a href="#CITEREFPolo_Martín2015">Polo Martín 2015</a>, pp. 144, 149–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Per <a href="#CITEREFPolo_Martín2015">Polo Martín 2015</a>, pp. 144, 146 or <a href="#CITEREFLeón_Guerrero2005">León Guerrero 2005</a>, p. 22 or <a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, pp. 720–727 or <a href="#CITEREFFernández-Armesto1991">Fernández-Armesto 1991</a>, pp. xix–xx, xxvii, unless otherwise stated.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Per <a href="#CITEREFGil2003">Gil 2003</a>, p. 616.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Per <a href="#CITEREFPolo_Martín2015">Polo Martín 2015</a>, pp. 154–155. Tha accounts are those of, from left to right, the Porras brothers, Columbus himself, Columbus's son, de Ledesma, and de las Casas.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note, per Columbus's son, Los Pozos were islands near Jamaica (<a href="#CITEREFPolo_Martín2015">Polo Martín 2015</a>, p. 152).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Place per <a href="#CITEREFPolo_Martín2015">Polo Martín 2015</a>, p. 147. Note, per Columbus's son, Guanaja was a <em>large</em> island, but per the Porras brothers, it was small (<a href="#CITEREFPolo_Martín2015">Polo Martín 2015</a>, pp. 147, 152).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Place per <a href="#CITEREFPolo_Martín2015">Polo Martín 2015</a>, p. 152. Note, per the Porras brothers, this peninsula was 70 leagues distant from Cabo Gracias a Dios (<a href="#CITEREFPolo_Martín2015">Polo Martín 2015</a>, pp. 147–148).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Place per <a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, p. 724.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note, per the Porras brothers, this cape was 12 leagues distant from Río del Desastre (<a href="#CITEREFPolo_Martín2015">Polo Martín 2015</a>, pp. 147–148).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note, per the Porras brothers, this island was 15 leagues distant from Aburemá (<a href="#CITEREFPolo_Martín2015">Polo Martín 2015</a>, pp. 147–148).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note, per the Porras brothers, this peninsula was 28 leagues distant from Ysla de Escudo, and 35 leagues from Puerto de Bastimentos (<a href="#CITEREFPolo_Martín2015">Polo Martín 2015</a>, pp. 147–148).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Place per <a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, p. 724.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Place per <a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, p. 725. Note, per Columbus, this entry logs a <em>return</em> arrival to Puerto Gordo, but no first arrival is logged (<a href="#CITEREFPolo_Martín2015">Polo Martín 2015</a>, pp. 144–145).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_citations">Short citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_voyage_of_Columbus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Short citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolo_Martín2015144Bedini2000720-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolo_Martín2015144Bedini2000720_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolo_Martín2015">Polo Martín 2015</a>, p. 144; <a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, p. 720.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000720-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000720_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000720_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000720_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000720_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, p. 720.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000720–721-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000720–721_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, pp. 720–721.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, p. 721.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil2003613-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil2003613_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGil2003">Gil 2003</a>, p. 613.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721,_724-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000721,_724_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, pp. 721, 724.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, p. 724.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmanKeehnen2019239Reichert201713Bedini2000361-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofmanKeehnen2019239Reichert201713Bedini2000361_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofmanKeehnen2019">Hofman & Keehnen 2019</a>, p. 239; <a href="#CITEREFReichert2017">Reichert 2017</a>, p. 13; <a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, p. 361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724–725-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000724–725_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, pp. 724–725.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, p. 725.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725–726-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000725–726_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, pp. 725–726.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726_14-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726_14-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, p. 726.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726–727-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000726–727_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, pp. 726–727.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000727-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000727_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000727_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000727_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000727_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000727_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000727_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000727_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000727_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, p. 727.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolo_Martín2015146Bedini2000727-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolo_Martín2015146Bedini2000727_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolo_Martín2015">Polo Martín 2015</a>, p. 146; <a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, p. 727.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolo_Martín2015146Bedini2000727Fernández-Armesto1991xix-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolo_Martín2015146Bedini2000727Fernández-Armesto1991xix_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolo_Martín2015">Polo Martín 2015</a>, p. 146; <a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, p. 727; <a href="#CITEREFFernández-Armesto1991">Fernández-Armesto 1991</a>, p. xix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolo_Martín2015144Davidson1997448–450-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolo_Martín2015144Davidson1997448–450_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolo_Martín2015">Polo Martín 2015</a>, p. 144; <a href="#CITEREFDavidson1997">Davidson 1997</a>, pp. 448–450.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolo_Martín2015144Davidson1997450-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolo_Martín2015144Davidson1997450_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolo_Martín2015">Polo Martín 2015</a>, p. 144; <a href="#CITEREFDavidson1997">Davidson 1997</a>, p. 450.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolo_Martín2015144-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolo_Martín2015144_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolo_Martín2015">Polo Martín 2015</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000413–415-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000413–415_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, pp. 413–415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000415-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000415_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, p. 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedini2000416-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedini2000416_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBedini2000">Bedini 2000</a>, p. 416.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full_citations">Full citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_voyage_of_Columbus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Full citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ol><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBedini2000" class="citation book cs1">Bedini SA, ed. (2000) [first published 1992 by Simon & Schuster]. <i>The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia</i> (reprint of 1st ed.). Basingstoke, England: Macmillian. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-12573-9">10.1007/978-1-349-12573-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12573-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12573-9"><bdi>978-1-349-12573-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christopher+Columbus+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+England&rft.edition=reprint+of+1st&rft.pub=Macmillian&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-12573-9&rft.isbn=978-1-349-12573-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+voyage+of+Columbus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarter2006" class="citation journal cs1">Carter R (November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.famsi.org/spanish/aztlan/papers_index.php">"Yucatan Channel and Trade"</a>. <i>FAMSI Journal of the Ancient Americas</i>. <b>sn</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/613035173">613035173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FAMSI+Journal+of+the+Ancient+Americas&rft.atitle=Yucatan+Channel+and+Trade&rft.volume=sn&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F613035173&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.famsi.org%2Fspanish%2Faztlan%2Fpapers_index.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+voyage+of+Columbus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCerezo_Martínez2007–2008" class="citation journal cs1">Cerezo Martínez R (2007–2008). 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Madrid: Sociedad Española de Estudios Mayas; Instituto de Cooperación Iberoamericana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-398-7120-1" title="Special:BookSources/84-398-7120-1"><bdi>84-398-7120-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+mayas+de+los+tiempos+tard%C3%ADos&rft.place=Madrid&rft.series=Publicaciones+de+la+Sociedad+Espa%C3%B1ola+de+Estudios+Mayas&rft.pub=Sociedad+Espa%C3%B1ola+de+Estudios+Mayas%3B+Instituto+de+Cooperaci%C3%B3n+Iberoamericana&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=84-398-7120-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fservlet%2Flibro%3Fcodigo%3D348060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+voyage+of+Columbus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheptak2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Sheptak RN (June 2013). <i>Colonial Masca in motion: tactics of persistence of a Honduran indigenous community</i> (PhD thesis). Leiden, Netherlands: Leiden University. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F20999">1887/20999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Colonial+Masca+in+motion%3A+tactics+of+persistence+of+a+Honduran+indigenous+community&rft.inst=Leiden+University&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F20999&rft.aulast=Sheptak&rft.aufirst=RN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+voyage+of+Columbus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrong1935" class="citation journal cs1">Strong WD (1935). 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/>environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canopy_research" title="Canopy research">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caving" title="Caving">Cave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_exploration" title="Desert exploration">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_exploration" title="Deep-sea exploration">Deep-sea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exploration by<br />region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_European_exploration_of_Asia" title="Chronology of European exploration of Asia">Chronology of European exploration of Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_exploration_in_Tibet" title="History of European exploration in Tibet">History of European exploration in Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_exploration_of_Africa" title="European exploration of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_maritime_exploration_of_Australia" title="European maritime exploration of Australia">European maritime exploration of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_land_exploration_of_Australia" title="European land exploration of Australia">European land exploration of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Americas" title="Exploration of the Americas">Exploration of the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement of the Americas">Settlement of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Pacific" title="Exploration of the Pacific">Exploration of the Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesian navigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_exploration" title="Polar exploration">Polar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploration of Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_exploration" title="Chinese exploration">Chinese exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_European_exploration" title="Timeline of European exploration">Timeline of European exploration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_explorations_after_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Major explorations after the Age of Discovery">Major explorations after the Age of Discovery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_European_exploration_of_Asia" title="Chronology of European exploration of Asia">Chronology of European exploration of Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Timeline of maritime migration and exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_space_exploration" title="Timeline of space exploration">Timeline of space exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Great_Barrier_Reef_expedition" title="1928 Great Barrier Reef expedition">1928 Great Barrier Reef expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_expedition_to_Brazil" title="Austrian expedition to Brazil">Austrian expedition to Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_expeditions" title="Dana expeditions">Dana expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Scientific_Expedition_to_Tristan_Da_Cunha_1937-1938" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Scientific Expedition to Tristan Da Cunha 1937-1938">Norwegian Scientific Expedition to Tristan Da Cunha 1937-1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sunshine_(USS_Nautilus)" title="Operation Sunshine (USS Nautilus)">Operation Sunshine (USS Nautilus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_South_Sea_Expedition" title="Whitney South Sea Expedition">Whitney South Sea Expedition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_explorers" title="List of explorers">Lists of<br />explorers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country of origin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_explorers" title="List of French explorers">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_explorers" title="List of Italian explorers">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_people#Navigators,_explorers_and_pioneers" title="List of Portuguese people">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conquistadors" title="List of conquistadors">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_explorers" title="List of Romanian explorers">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_explorers" title="List of Russian explorers">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations" title="List of circumnavigations">Circumnavigators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climbers_and_mountaineers" title="List of climbers and mountaineers">Climbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_polar_explorers" title="List of polar explorers">Polar explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_explorers" title="List of underwater explorers">Underwater explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_maritime_explorers" title="List of maritime explorers">Seafarers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_travelers_by_nationality" title="List of space travelers by nationality">Space travelers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fourth_voyage_of_Columbus&oldid=1276597125">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fourth_voyage_of_Columbus&oldid=1276597125</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christopher_Columbus" title="Category:Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li><li><a 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