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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American criminologist (1935–2019)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">George L. Kelling</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">George Lee Kelling</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1935-08-21</span>)</span>21 August 1935<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">15 May 2019<span style="display:none">(2019-05-15)</span> (aged 83)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Hanover,_New_Hampshire" title="Hanover, New Hampshire">Hanover, New Hampshire</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Lutheran_Theological_Seminary" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Lutheran Theological Seminary">Northwestern Lutheran Theological Seminary</a><br /><a href="/wiki/St._Olaf_College" title="St. Olaf College">St. Olaf College</a> (<a href="/wiki/B._A." class="mw-redirect" title="B. A.">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Milwaukee" title="University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee">University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee</a> (<a href="/wiki/M._S._W." class="mw-redirect" title="M. S. W.">MSW</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>George Lee Kelling</b> (August 21, 1935 – May 15, 2019) was an American <a href="/wiki/Criminologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminologist">criminologist</a>, a professor in the School of Criminal Justice at <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University%E2%80%93Newark" title="Rutgers University–Newark">Rutgers University–Newark</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-rscj_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rscj-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a senior fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute for Policy Research</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mipr_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mipr-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a fellow at the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_School_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy School of Government">Kennedy School of Government</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. He previously taught at <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_University" title="Northeastern University">Northeastern University</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_L._Kelling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee,_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Milwaukee, Wisconsin">Milwaukee, Wisconsin</a>, Kelling attended <a href="/wiki/Luther_Seminary" title="Luther Seminary">Northwestern Lutheran Theological Seminary</a> to study <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> for two years, but earned no degree. He received a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> from <a href="/wiki/St._Olaf_College" title="St. Olaf College">St. Olaf College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northfield,_Minnesota" title="Northfield, Minnesota">Northfield, Minnesota</a>, an <a href="/wiki/M.S.W." class="mw-redirect" title="M.S.W.">M.S.W.</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Milwaukee" title="University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee">University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> in <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a> in 1973, under <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kadushin" title="Alfred Kadushin">Alfred Kadushin</a>. </p><p>Early in his career, he was a <a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">child care</a> <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_counselor" title="Mental health counselor">counselor</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Probation_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Probation officer">probation officer</a>, but his later career was spent in academia. The author of numerous articles, he developed the <a href="/wiki/Broken_windows_theory" title="Broken windows theory">broken windows theory</a> with <a href="/wiki/James_Q._Wilson" title="James Q. Wilson">James Q. Wilson</a> and Kelling's wife, Catherine M. Coles that led to the <a href="/wiki/Mass_incarceration" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass incarceration">mass incarceration</a> of <a href="/wiki/African-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Americans">African-Americans</a> in impoverished U.S. cities beginning in the mid-1980s. Kelling died in <a href="/wiki/Hanover,_New_Hampshire" title="Hanover, New Hampshire">Hanover, New Hampshire</a> on May 15, 2019 from complications of cancer at the age of 83.<sup id="cite_ref-Obit_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_L._Kelling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kelling was married twice, first to Sally Jean Mosiman, from whom he became divorced, and then to Catherine M. Coles, an attorney and a lawyer and anthropologist studying urban issues and criminal prosecution,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whom Kelling married in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-Obit_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_L._Kelling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rscj-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rscj_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="rscj" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120329101243/http://rscj.newark.rutgers.edu/emeriti/">"Emeritus Professors"</a>. <i>Rutgers School of Criminal Justice - Center for Law and Justice</i>. Rutgers School of Criminal Justice. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rscj.newark.rutgers.edu/emeriti/">the original</a> on 29 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rutgers+School+of+Criminal+Justice+-+Center+for+Law+and+Justice&rft.atitle=Emeritus+Professors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frscj.newark.rutgers.edu%2Femeriti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+L.+Kelling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mipr-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mipr_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="mipr" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manhattan-institute.org/expert/george-l-kelling">"George L. Kelling"</a>. <i>Manhattan Institute for Policy Research</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manhattan+Institute+for+Policy+Research&rft.atitle=George+L.+Kelling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manhattan-institute.org%2Fexpert%2Fgeorge-l-kelling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+L.+Kelling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obit-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Obit_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obit_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2019" class="citation news cs1">Roberts, Sam (May 15, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/15/obituaries/george-kelling-dead.html">"George L. Kelling, a Father of 'Broken Windows' Policing, Is Dead at 83"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=George+L.+Kelling%2C+a+Father+of+%27Broken+Windows%27+Policing%2C+Is+Dead+at+83&rft.date=2019-05-15&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F05%2F15%2Fobituaries%2Fgeorge-kelling-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+L.+Kelling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/unbound/bookauth/broken/broke.htm">"The Promise of Public Order"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. January 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Promise+of+Public+Order&rft.date=1997-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpast%2Fdocs%2Funbound%2Fbookauth%2Fbroken%2Fbroke.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+L.+Kelling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_L._Kelling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120329101243/http://rscj.newark.rutgers.edu/emeriti/">Kelling's page at Rutgers–Newark</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/kelling.htm">Kelling's page at the Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?48520">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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