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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dam failure</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selh%C3%A1n%C3%AD_p%C5%99ehrad" title="Selhání přehrad – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Selhání přehrad" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dammbruch" title="Dammbruch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dammbruch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotura_de_presa" title="Rotura de presa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rotura de presa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupture_de_barrage" title="Rupture de barrage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rupture de barrage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebobolan_bendungan" title="Kebobolan bendungan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kebobolan bendungan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%BEtvankos_gri%C5%ABtis" title="Užtvankos griūtis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Užtvankos griūtis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="അണക്കെട്ട് തകർച്ചകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അണക്കെട്ട് തകർച്ചകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dambreuk" title="Dambreuk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dambreuk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barragem#Barragens_fracassadas" title="Barragem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Barragem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="การวิบัติของเขื่อน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การวิบัติของเขื่อน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Руйнування греблі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Руйнування греблі" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Dam burst" redirects here. For the argument type or fallacy, see <a href="/wiki/Slippery_slope" title="Slippery slope">Slippery slope</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(IDAHO-L-0010)_Teton_Dam_Flood_-_Newdale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/%28IDAHO-L-0010%29_Teton_Dam_Flood_-_Newdale.jpg/330px-%28IDAHO-L-0010%29_Teton_Dam_Flood_-_Newdale.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/%28IDAHO-L-0010%29_Teton_Dam_Flood_-_Newdale.jpg/500px-%28IDAHO-L-0010%29_Teton_Dam_Flood_-_Newdale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/%28IDAHO-L-0010%29_Teton_Dam_Flood_-_Newdale.jpg/960px-%28IDAHO-L-0010%29_Teton_Dam_Flood_-_Newdale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2657" data-file-height="1775" /></a><figcaption>The reservoir emptying through the failed <a href="/wiki/Teton_Dam" title="Teton Dam">Teton Dam</a> on June 5, 1976</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Embalse_de_Vega_de_Tera_(Presa_Rota).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Embalse_de_Vega_de_Tera_%28Presa_Rota%29.JPG/330px-Embalse_de_Vega_de_Tera_%28Presa_Rota%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Embalse_de_Vega_de_Tera_%28Presa_Rota%29.JPG/500px-Embalse_de_Vega_de_Tera_%28Presa_Rota%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Embalse_de_Vega_de_Tera_%28Presa_Rota%29.JPG/960px-Embalse_de_Vega_de_Tera_%28Presa_Rota%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the dam of <a href="/wiki/Vega_de_Tera_disaster" title="Vega de Tera disaster">Vega de Tera</a> (Spain) after <a href="/wiki/Vega_de_Tera_disaster" title="Vega de Tera disaster">breaking in 1959</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>dam failure</b> or <b>dam burst</b> is a catastrophic type of <a href="/wiki/Structural_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural failure">structural failure</a> characterized by the sudden, rapid, and uncontrolled release of impounded water or the likelihood of such an uncontrolled release.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the years 2000 and 2009 more than 200 notable dam failures happened worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dam</a> is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, that directs or slows down the flow, often creating a <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lake</a> or impoundments. Most dams have a section called a <i><a href="/wiki/Spillway" title="Spillway">spillway</a> or <a href="/wiki/Weir" title="Weir">weir</a></i> over or through which water flows, either intermittently or continuously, and some have <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric power generation</a> systems installed. </p><p>Dams are considered "installations containing dangerous forces" under <a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">international humanitarian law</a> due to the massive impact of a possible destruction on the civilian population and the environment. Dam failures are comparatively rare, but can cause immense damage and loss of life when they occur. In 1975 the <a href="/wiki/1975_Banqiao_Dam_failure" title="1975 Banqiao Dam failure">failure of the Banqiao Reservoir Dam</a> and other dams in <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan Province</a>, China caused more casualties than any other dam failure in history. The disaster killed an estimated 171,000 people<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 11 million people lost their homes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_causes_of_dam_failures">Main causes of dam failures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dam_failure&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Main causes of dam failures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_special_sign_for_works_and_installations_containing_dangerous_forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/International_special_sign_for_works_and_installations_containing_dangerous_forces.svg/160px-International_special_sign_for_works_and_installations_containing_dangerous_forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/International_special_sign_for_works_and_installations_containing_dangerous_forces.svg/240px-International_special_sign_for_works_and_installations_containing_dangerous_forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/International_special_sign_for_works_and_installations_containing_dangerous_forces.svg/320px-International_special_sign_for_works_and_installations_containing_dangerous_forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>International special sign for works and installations containing dangerous forces</figcaption></figure> <p>Common causes of dam failure include: </p> <ul><li>Sub-standard construction materials/techniques (<a href="/wiki/Gleno_Dam" title="Gleno Dam">Gleno Dam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spillway" title="Spillway">Spillway</a> design error (near failure of <a href="/wiki/Glen_Canyon_Dam" title="Glen Canyon Dam">Glen Canyon Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walnut_Grove_Dam" title="Walnut Grove Dam">Walnut Grove Dam</a><sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>Lowering of dam crest height, which reduces spillway flow (<a href="/wiki/South_Fork_Dam" title="South Fork Dam">South Fork Dam</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>Geological instability caused by changes to water levels during filling or poor surveying (<a href="/wiki/Malpasset_Dam" title="Malpasset Dam">Malpasset Dam</a>).</li> <li>Sliding of a mountain into the reservoir (<a href="/wiki/Vajont_Dam" title="Vajont Dam">Vajont Dam</a> – not a dam failure, but caused nearly the entire volume of the reservoir to be displaced and overtop the dam)</li> <li>Poor maintenance, especially of outlet pipes (<a href="/wiki/Lawn_Lake_Dam" title="Lawn Lake Dam">Lawn Lake Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Val_di_Stava_dam_collapse" title="Val di Stava dam collapse">Val di Stava dam collapse</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Extreme inflow (<a href="/wiki/Shakidor_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakidor Dam">Shakidor Dam</a>)</li> <li>Human, computer or design error (<a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Creek_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo Creek Flood">Buffalo Creek Flood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dale_Dike_Reservoir" title="Dale Dike Reservoir">Dale Dike Reservoir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taum_Sauk_pumped_storage_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Taum Sauk pumped storage plant">Taum Sauk pumped storage plant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_erosion" title="Internal erosion">Internal erosion</a> or piping, especially in earthen dams (<a href="/wiki/Teton_Dam" title="Teton Dam">Teton Dam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquakes</a></li> <li>Climate-driven landscape instability (Rock-ice avalanches, Permafrost landslides, Debris flows, Outburst floods from glacial lakes and landslide-dammed lakes)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deliberate_breaching">Deliberate breaching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dam_failure&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Deliberate breaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A notable case of deliberate dam breaching was the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastise" title="Operation Chastise">Dambusters</a> raid on Germany in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (codenamed <i>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastise" title="Operation Chastise">Operation Chastise</a>"</i>), in which six German dams were selected to be breached in order to impact German infrastructure and manufacturing and power capabilities deriving from the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_(river)" title="Ruhr (river)">Ruhr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eder_(Fulda)" title="Eder (Fulda)">Eder</a> rivers. This raid later became the basis for several films. </p><p>Attacks on dams were restricted in Article 56 of the 1977 <a href="/wiki/Protocol_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol I">Protocol I</a> amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention">Geneva Conventions</a>. Dams may not be lawfully attacked "if such attack may cause the release of dangerous forces from the works or installations and consequent severe losses among the civilian population", unless "it is used for other than its normal function and in regular, significant and direct support of military operations and if such attack is the only feasible way to terminate such support". Similar provisions apply to other sources of "dangerous forces", such as nuclear power plants.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other cases include the Chinese bombing of multiple dams during <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Nina_(1975)" title="Typhoon Nina (1975)">Typhoon Nina (1975)</a> in an attempt to drain them before their reservoirs overflowed. The typhoon produced what is now considered a 1-in-2,000-year flood, which few if any of these dams were designed to survive. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kakhovka_Dam" title="Kakhovka Dam">Kakhovka Dam</a> was <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Kakhovka_Dam" title="Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam">destroyed in June 2023</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_major_dam_failures">List of major dam failures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dam_failure&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List of major dam failures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tailings_dam_failures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tailings dam failures">List of tailings dam failures</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_flash_floods" title="List of flash floods">List of flash floods</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:98%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Dam/incident </th> <th>Date </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Country </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Fatalities </th> <th class="unsortable">Details </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Marib Dam</a> </td> <td>575 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a> </td> <td>Yemen </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td> <td>Unknown causes, possibly neglect. The consequent failure of the irrigation system provoked the migration of up to 50,000 people from Yemen. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Subiaco_Dams" title="Subiaco Dams">Subiaco Dam</a> </td> <td>1305 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Subiaco,_Lazio" title="Subiaco, Lazio">Subiaco</a> </td> <td>Italy </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td> <td>Amateur attempt to lower the dam </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6da_fallet" title="Döda fallet">Döda fallet</a>/1796 Ragunda lake burst disaster </td> <td>1796 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland">Jämtland</a> </td> <td>Sweden </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Natural dam of <a href="/wiki/Glacial_till" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial till">glacial till</a> had canal dug through it for purposes of navigation. As the till was hard to dig, water was used to erode the channel. The canal led to the failure of the dam. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Puentes Dam </td> <td>1802 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lorca,_Spain" title="Lorca, Spain">Lorca</a> </td> <td>Spain </td> <td style="text-align:right;">608 </td> <td>1,800 houses and 40,000 trees destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hog%27s_Back_Falls" title="Hog's Back Falls">Hogs Back Dam</a> </td> <td>1829-04-03 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ottawa,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa, Ontario">Ottawa</a> </td> <td>Upper Canada </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td> <td>Inexperience with cold weather engineering allowed for a small leak in wall to form on March 28 and the dam to slump on April 2. The following day, on April 3, the dam failed and washed away down the <a href="/wiki/Rideau_River" title="Rideau River">Rideau River</a>. A new dam of a different design was built atop the foundation of the original later that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Holmfirth_Floods#1852" class="mw-redirect" title="Holmfirth Floods">Bilberry reservoir</a> </td> <td>1852-02-05 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holme_Valley" title="Holme Valley">Holme Valley</a> </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td style="text-align:right;">81 </td> <td>Failed in a heavy rain. Inquest found construction was culpably negligent. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dale_Dike_Reservoir" title="Dale Dike Reservoir">Dale Dike Reservoir</a>/<a href="/wiki/Great_Sheffield_Flood" title="Great Sheffield Flood">Great Sheffield Flood</a> </td> <td>1864-03-11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a> </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td style="text-align:right;">244 </td> <td>Defective design and construction. Small leak in wall grew until new dam failed. More than 600 houses were damaged or destroyed. Led to regulation. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Iruka" title="Lake Iruka">Iruka Lake Dam</a> </td> <td>1868 </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Inuyama,_Aichi" title="Inuyama, Aichi">Inuyama, Aichi Prefecture</a><br />(then <a href="/wiki/Owari_Province" title="Owari Province">Owari Province</a>) </td> <td>Japan </td> <td style="text-align:right;">941 </td> <td>Under the influence of heavy rain from late April, this soil dam collapsed on May 13. Water accumulated in Lake Iruka overflowed downstream, causing severe damage to Inuyama, <a href="/wiki/Iwakura,_Aichi" title="Iwakura, Aichi">Iwakura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasugai,_Aichi" title="Kasugai, Aichi">Kasugai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsushima,_Aichi" title="Tsushima, Aichi">Tsushima</a> <a href="/wiki/Yatomi,_Aichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yatomi, Aichi">Yatomi</a>, and to Komaki. Eight hundred and seven houses were destroyed, with another 11,709 flooded. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mill River Dam </td> <td>1874 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Massachusetts" title="Williamsburg, Massachusetts">Williamsburg, Massachusetts</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">139 </td> <td>Lax regulations and cost cutting led to an insufficient design, which fell apart when the reservoir was full. Six hundred million gallons of water were released, wiping out 4 towns and making national headlines. This dam break led to increased regulation of dam construction. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Fork_Dam" title="South Fork Dam">South Fork Dam</a>/<a href="/wiki/Johnstown_flood_of_1889" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnstown flood of 1889">Johnstown flood</a> </td> <td>1889-05-31 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johnstown,_Pennsylvania" title="Johnstown, Pennsylvania">Johnstown, Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2 208 </td> <td>Blamed on poor maintenance by owners, who lowered crest by a meter or more;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> court deemed it an "<a href="/wiki/Act_of_God" title="Act of God">Act of God</a>". Followed exceptionally heavy rainfall. Sixteen hundred homes were destroyed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Walnut_Grove_Dam" title="Walnut Grove Dam">Walnut Grove Dam</a> </td> <td>1890 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wickenburg,_Arizona" title="Wickenburg, Arizona">Wickenburg, Arizona</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100+ </td> <td>A drunkard's negligence, shoddy construction, and corporate mismanagement killed as many as 150 after a routine flood exceeded the dam's design capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gohna_Lake_dam-burst" title="Gohna Lake dam-burst">Gohna Lake dam</a> </td> <td>1894-08-25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_division" title="Garhwal division">Garhwal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td>Failure of a <a href="/wiki/Landslide_dam" title="Landslide dam">landslide dam</a>. Authorities had been able to evacuate the valley. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Austin_Dam_failure_(Texas)" title="Austin Dam failure (Texas)">Austin Dam</a> </td> <td>1900-04-07 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8 </td> <td>In an extreme current, two 250-foot sections of the dam slid about 20 m downstream intact. The town was left without electrical power for months. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hauser_Dam" title="Hauser Dam">Hauser Dam</a> </td> <td>1908-04-14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena, Montana</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Heavy flooding coupled with poor foundation quality. Workers managed to warn people downstream. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Broken_Down_Dam" title="Broken Down Dam">Broken Down Dam</a> </td> <td>1908-09-24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota" title="Fergus Falls, Minnesota">Fergus Falls, Minnesota</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Design flaw; dam built on water springs. Four downstream dams and bridge destroyed; a fourth dam was opened and saved. Mills, homes and farms flooded. No fatalities. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Austin_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Austin Dam">Austin Dam</a> </td> <td>1911-09-11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Pennsylvania" title="Austin, Pennsylvania">Austin, Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">78 </td> <td>Poor design, use of dynamite to remedy structural problems. Destroyed paper mill and much of the town of Austin. Replacement failed in 1942. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Desn%C3%A1_Dam" title="Desná Dam">Desná Dam</a> </td> <td>1916 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Desn%C3%A1_(Jablonec_nad_Nisou_District)" title="Desná (Jablonec nad Nisou District)">Desná</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">65 </td> <td>Construction flaws caused the dam failure. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Otay_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Otay Lake">Lower Otay Dam</a> </td> <td>1916 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California" title="San Diego County, California">San Diego County, California</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14 </td> <td>Over-topped from flooding following heavy rains. Locally, blame was placed on <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hatfield" title="Charles Hatfield">Charles Hatfield</a> who had been contracted by the City of <a href="/wiki/San_Diego,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego, California">San Diego</a> for his efforts in <a href="/wiki/Rainmaking" title="Rainmaking">rainmaking</a>. Court cases following the dam's failure resulted in neither liabilities being passed to Mr. Hatfield nor the original payment, as both of the court's decisions ruled the event 'an act of God'. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sweetwater_Dam" title="Sweetwater Dam">Sweetwater Dam</a> </td> <td>1916-01-27 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California" title="San Diego County, California">San Diego County, California</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Over-topped from flooding; spillway inadequate, water rose over a meter higher than the dam and waterfalled over its surface. Dam had been raised after a similar earlier overtopping. Partial failure. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Toxaway" title="Lake Toxaway">Lake Toxaway</a> Dam </td> <td>1916-08-13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Transylvania_County,_North_Carolina" title="Transylvania County, North Carolina">Transylvania County, North Carolina</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Heavy rains and lack of water-level controls caused the dam to give way. Private lake destroyed, resort area failed. Dam was later rebuilt in the 1960s. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tigra_Dam" title="Tigra Dam">Tigra Dam</a> </td> <td>1917-08-19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a> </td> <td>British India </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 000 </td> <td>Failed due to water infiltrating through sandstone foundation. Possibly more fatalities. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gleno_Dam" title="Gleno Dam">Gleno Dam</a> </td> <td>1923-12-01 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Bergamo" title="Province of Bergamo">Province of Bergamo</a> </td> <td>Italy </td> <td style="text-align:right;">356 </td> <td>Poor construction and design, inferior materials. Lasted 40 days. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Llyn_Eigiau" title="Llyn Eigiau">Llyn Eigiau</a> dam and <a href="/wiki/Coedty_reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Coedty reservoir">Coedty reservoir</a> </td> <td>1925-11-02 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dolgarrog" title="Dolgarrog">Dolgarrog</a> </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17 </td> <td>The outflow from Llyn Eigiau destroyed Coedty reservoir. Contractor blamed cost-cutting in construction. Twenty-five inches of rain had fallen in preceding 5 days. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Dam" title="St. Francis Dam">St. Francis Dam</a> </td> <td>1928-03-12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clarita,_California" title="Santa Clarita, California">Santa Clarita, California</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">431+ </td> <td>Geological instability of east canyon wall. Possibly many more unreported casualties due to unknown, large numbers of undocumented migrant workers in farmland below. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Castlewood_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Castlewood Dam">Castlewood Dam</a> </td> <td>1933 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Franktown,_Colorado" title="Franktown, Colorado">Franktown, Colorado</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td> <td>Bad design and maintenance, with proximate cause of heavy rain. Dam failed at 1 am on 3 August 1933, with dam waters just 15 miles from the City of <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>. Warnings to the city by 4 am allowed most people to move out of the way of the flood waters.<sup id="cite_ref-dpl2015_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dpl2015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-colorado2007_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colorado2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-io20190201_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-io20190201-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granadillar_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Granadillar Dam (page does not exist)">Granadillar Dam</a> </td> <td>1934 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> </td> <td>Spain </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8 </td> <td>Bad design and foundation </td></tr> <tr> <td>Secondary Dam of Sella Zerbino </td> <td>1935 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Molare" title="Molare">Molare</a> </td> <td>Italy </td> <td style="text-align:right;">111 </td> <td>Geological unstable base combined with flood. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Horonai Dam </td> <td>1941 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cmu,_Hokkaido" title="Ōmu, Hokkaido">Ōmu, Hokkaido</a> </td> <td>Japan </td> <td style="text-align:right;">60 </td> <td>A torrential rain struck around Horonai River area. This is the dam collapse in the wake, and according to official confirmed, the lost houses reached to 32. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zaporizhzhya Dam </td> <td>1941 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaporizhzhya">Zaporizhzhya</a> </td> <td>Soviet Union </td> <td>20-100.000 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/european-remembrance-day-ukraine-little-known-ww2-tragedy/25083847.html">Stalin's secret police sabotaged the Zaporizhzhya</a> dam to halt the nazi advance into the Soviet Union. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elan_Valley_Reservoirs" title="Elan Valley Reservoirs">Nant-y-Gro dam</a> </td> <td>1942 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elan_Valley" title="Elan Valley">Elan Valley</a> </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Destroyed deliberately with explosive charge during testing and preparation for <a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastise" title="Operation Chastise">Operation Chastise</a> in World War II. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edersee_Dam" title="Edersee Dam">Edersee Dam</a> </td> <td>1943-05-17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> </td> <td>Germany </td> <td style="text-align:right;">70 </td> <td>Destroyed by bombing during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastise" title="Operation Chastise">Operation Chastise</a> in World War II. Widespread destruction. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6hne_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Möhne Dam">Möhne Dam</a> </td> <td>1943-05-17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a> </td> <td>Germany </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 579 </td> <td>Destroyed by bombing during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastise" title="Operation Chastise">Operation Chastise</a> in World War II. Eleven factories were destroyed, 114 seriously damaged. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xuriguera_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xuriguera Dam (page does not exist)">Xuriguera Dam</a> </td> <td>1944 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> </td> <td>Spain </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8 </td> <td>Heavy rain. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Heiwaike Dam </td> <td>1951 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kameoka,_Kyoto" title="Kameoka, Kyoto">Kameoka, Kyoto Prefecture</a> </td> <td>Japan </td> <td style="text-align:right;">117 </td> <td>After heavy rain, the Heiwaike Dam collapsed, and water from the reservoir swallowed a downstream village. Eight houses ware damaged in Kameoka and the surrounding area. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tangiwai_disaster" title="Tangiwai disaster">Tangiwai disaster</a> </td> <td>1953-12-24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Whangaehu_River" title="Whangaehu River">Whangaehu River</a> </td> <td>New Zealand </td> <td style="text-align:right;">151 </td> <td>Failure of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ruapehu" title="Mount Ruapehu">Mount Ruapehu</a>'s crater lake. Natural <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">tephra</a> dam failed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taisho-ike_Dam_(Kyoto,_Japan)" title="Taisho-ike Dam (Kyoto, Japan)">Taisho Lake Dam</a> </td> <td>1953 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ide,_Kyoto" title="Ide, Kyoto">Ide, Kyoto Prefecture</a> </td> <td>Japan </td> <td style="text-align:right;">108 </td> <td>Under the influence of heavy rain, outburst with a Ninotani Lake Dam, shortly before <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Tess" title="Typhoon Tess">Typhoon Tess</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vega_de_Tera_disaster" title="Vega de Tera disaster">Vega de Tera disaster</a> </td> <td>1959-01-09 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ribadelago" title="Ribadelago">Ribadelago</a> </td> <td>Spain </td> <td style="text-align:right;">144 </td> <td>According to dam workers' testimonies, the grounds had serious structural deficiencies due to poor construction. On the night of January 9, a 150-meter-long portion of the containing wall collapsed, releasing nearly 8 million m<sup>3</sup> of stored water.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malpasset_dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Malpasset dam">Malpasset dam</a> </td> <td>1959-12-02 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Azur">Côte d'Azur</a> </td> <td>France </td> <td style="text-align:right;">423 </td> <td>Geological fault possibly enhanced by explosives work during construction; initial geo-study was not thorough. Two villages were destroyed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1961_Kurenivka_mudslide_in_Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="1961 Kurenivka mudslide in Kiev">Kurenivka mudslide</a> </td> <td>1961-03-13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> </td> <td>Soviet Union </td> <td style="text-align:right;">145 </td> <td>Impoundment of the clay slurry reservoir (storing the waste of the local brick factories) failed after heavy rains, inundating the Kurenivka neighborhood with meters of mud. An unofficial modern report claims as high as 1,500 fatalities, while official reports state 145. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Panshet_Dam" title="Panshet Dam">Panshet Dam</a> </td> <td>1961-07-12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a> </td> <td>India </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000 </td> <td>Dam wall burst due to pressure of accumulated rain water.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To protect the earthen dam from the flow of water, concrete blocks were used instead of steel-reinforced concrete due to a steel shortage. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_Hills_Reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin Hills Reservoir">Baldwin Hills Reservoir</a> </td> <td>1963-12-14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">Subsidence</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Over-exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-exploitation">over-exploitation</a> of local oil field. Two hundred and seventy-seven homes destroyed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vajont_Dam" title="Vajont Dam">Vajont Dam</a> </td> <td>1963-10-09 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monte_Toc" title="Monte Toc">Monte Toc</a> </td> <td>Italy </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 917 </td> <td>Strictly not a dam failure, since the dam structure did not collapse and is still standing. Filling the reservoir caused geological failure in valley wall, leading to 110 km/h landslide into the lake; water escaped in a wave over the top of dam. Valley had been incorrectly assessed as stable. Several villages completely wiped out. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spaulding Pond Dam<br />(Mohegan Park) </td> <td>1963-03-06 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norwich,_Connecticut" title="Norwich, Connecticut">Norwich</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6 </td> <td>More than $6 million estimated damages. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swift_Dam_(Montana)" title="Swift Dam (Montana)">Swift Dam</a> </td> <td>1964-06-10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">28 </td> <td>Failed in heavy rains. Another nearby dam did likewise. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1965_Valpara%C3%ADso_earthquake_and_El_Cobre_dam_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="1965 Valparaíso earthquake and El Cobre dam failure">El Cobre New and Old Dam</a> </td> <td>1965-03-28 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso_Region" title="Valparaíso Region">Valparaíso</a> </td> <td>Chile </td> <td style="text-align:right;">350–400 </td> <td>Liquefaction during an <a href="/wiki/1965_Valpara%C3%ADso_earthquake_and_El_Cobre_dam_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="1965 Valparaíso earthquake and El Cobre dam failure">earthquake</a> released water and mining waste which traveled downstream and buried the town of El Cobre. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mina Plakalnitsa </td> <td>1966-05-01 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vratsa" title="Vratsa">Vratsa</a> </td> <td>Bulgaria </td> <td style="text-align:right;">107 </td> <td>A tailings dam at Plakalnitsa copper mine near Vratsa failed. A total 450,000 m<sup>3</sup> of mud and water inundated Vratsa and the nearby village of Zgorigrad, which suffered widespread damage. The official death toll is 107, but an unofficial estimate is around 500 killed.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sempor_Dam" title="Sempor Dam">Sempor Dam</a> </td> <td>1967-11-29 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java Province</a> </td> <td>Indonesia </td> <td style="text-align:right;">138 </td> <td>Flash floods over-topped the dam during construction.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1971_Certej_dam_failure" title="1971 Certej dam failure">Certej dam failure</a> </td> <td>1971-10-30 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Certej_Mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Certej Mine">Certej Mine</a> </td> <td>Romania </td> <td style="text-align:right;">89 </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Tailings_dam" title="Tailings dam">tailings dam</a> built too tall collapsed, flooding <a href="/wiki/Certeju_de_Sus" title="Certeju de Sus">Certeju de Sus</a> with toxic tailings.<sup id="cite_ref-Certej1971_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Certej1971-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Creek_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo Creek Flood">Buffalo Creek Flood</a> </td> <td>1972-02-26 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">125 </td> <td>Unstable loose constructed dam created by local <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">coal mining</a> company, collapsed in heavy rain. 1,121 injured, 507 houses destroyed, over 4,000 left homeless. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills flood">Canyon Lake Dam</a> </td> <td>1972-06-09 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">238 </td> <td>Flooding, dam outlets clogged with debris. 3,057 injuries, over 1,335 homes and 5,000 automobiles destroyed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1975_Banqiao_Dam_failure" title="1975 Banqiao Dam failure">Banqiao and Shimantan Dams</a> </td> <td>1975-08-08 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhumadian" title="Zhumadian">Zhumadian</a> </td> <td>China </td> <td style="text-align:right;">26,000–240,000 </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/1975_Banqiao_Dam_failure" title="1975 Banqiao Dam failure">dam failure</a> was caused by extreme rainfall, beyond the planned design capability of the dam, dumped on China by <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Nina_(1975)" title="Typhoon Nina (1975)">Typhoon Nina</a>. Eleven million people lost their homes. Dam was later rebuilt between 1986 and 1993. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Teton_Dam" title="Teton Dam">Teton Dam</a> </td> <td>1976-06-05 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11 </td> <td>Geological problems including unsuitable bedrock, seismic activity and caves. <a href="/wiki/USGS" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">USGS</a>, said prior to completion: "Since such a flood could be anticipated, we might consider a series of strategically placed motion-picture cameras to document the process". Water leakage eroded the earthen wall and lead to dam failure. Thirteen thousand head of cattle died. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Laurel_Run_Dam" title="Laurel Run Dam">Laurel Run Dam</a> </td> <td>1977-07-19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johnstown,_Pennsylvania" title="Johnstown, Pennsylvania">Johnstown</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">40 </td> <td>Heavy rainfall and flooding that over-topped the dam. Six other dams failed the same day, killing five people. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Barnes_Dam" title="Kelly Barnes Dam">Kelly Barnes Dam</a> </td> <td>1977-11-06 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">39 </td> <td>Unknown, possibly design error as dam was raised several times by owners to improve power generation. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morvi_dam_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Morvi dam failure">Machchu-2 Dam</a> </td> <td>1979-08-11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Morbi" title="Morbi">Morbi</a> </td> <td>India </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5 000 </td> <td>The actual observed flow following the intense rainfall reached 16307 m<sup>3</sup> s, thrice what the dam was designed for, resulting in its collapse. The 762 metres (2,500 ft) of left and 365 metres (1,198 ft) of right embankment of dam were collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within 20 minutes the floods of 12 to 30 feet (3.7 to 9.1 m) height inundated the low-lying areas of Morbi industrial town located 5 km below the dam.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Qattara_Dam" title="Wadi Qattara Dam">Wadi Qattara Dam</a> </td> <td>1979 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a> </td> <td>Libya </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Flooding beyond discharge and storage capacity damaged the main dam and destroyed the secondary dam in the scheme. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lawn_Lake_Dam" title="Lawn Lake Dam">Lawn Lake Dam</a> </td> <td>1982-07-15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_National_Park" title="Rocky Mountain National Park">Rocky Mountain National Park</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 </td> <td>Outlet pipe erosion; dam under-maintained due to location. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tous_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tous Dam">Tous Dam</a> </td> <td>1982-10-20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> </td> <td>Spain </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8 </td> <td>Heavy flooding coupled with poor quality of the dam wall, lack of qualified staff and negligence of a warning of heavy rain in the area. On the next day, newspapers reported possibly 40 fatalities and 25 disappeared but in the coming days the count went down to 8 or 9. One year later, <i>La Vanguardia</i> spoke of 25. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Val_di_Stava_dam_collapse" title="Val di Stava dam collapse">Val di Stava dam</a> </td> <td>1985-07-19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tesero" title="Tesero">Tesero</a> </td> <td>Italy </td> <td style="text-align:right;">268 </td> <td>Poor maintenance and low margin for error in design; outlet pipes failed leading to pressure on dam. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kantale_Dam" title="Kantale Dam">Kantale Dam</a> </td> <td>1986-04-20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kantale" title="Kantale">Kantale</a> </td> <td>Sri Lanka </td> <td style="text-align:right;">180 </td> <td>Poor maintenance, leakage, and consequent failure. Destroyed over 1600 houses and 2,000 acres of <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddy fields</a>. The dam was 1,400 years old, and heavy modern vehicles were driven across it. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Upriver Dam </td> <td>1986-05-20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spokane" class="mw-redirect" title="Spokane">Spokane</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Lightning struck power system, turbines shut down. Water rose behind dam while trying to restart. Backup power systems failed, could not raise spillway gates in time. Dam overtopped (rebuilt). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belci_dam_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belci dam failure (page does not exist)">Belci dam failure</a> </td> <td>1991-07-29 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belci,_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belci, Romania (page does not exist)">Belci</a> </td> <td>Romania </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25 </td> <td>The embankment dam, built between 1958 and 1962 for the <a href="/wiki/Borze%C8%99ti_Petrochemical_Plant" title="Borzești Petrochemical Plant">Borzești Petrochemical Plant</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Tazl%C4%83u_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Tazlău river">Tazlău river</a>, collapsed after record rainfall firstly overtopped the structure, followed by its breach later onwards. As the event happened in the night, 250 houses were destroyed, killing 25 people in the process. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peru%C4%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruća">Peruća</a> Dam detonation </td> <td>1993-01-28 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Split-Dalmatia_County" title="Split-Dalmatia County">Split-Dalmatia County</a> </td> <td>Croatia </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Not strictly a dam failure as there was a detonation of pre-positioned <a href="/wiki/Explosives" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosives">explosives</a> by retreating <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Serbian_Krajina" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Serbian Krajina">Serb Forces</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Merriespruit_tailings_dam_disaster" title="Merriespruit tailings dam disaster">Merriespruit tailings dam</a> </td> <td>1994-02-22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_State_(province)" title="Free State (province)">Free State</a> </td> <td>South Africa </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17 </td> <td>Dam failed after a heavy thunderstorm. The dam was in an unacceptable condition prior to failure. Widespread devastation and environmental damage. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Pond_Dam" title="Meadow Pond Dam">Meadow Pond Dam</a> </td> <td>1996-03-13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td>Design and construction deficiencies resulted in failure in heavy icing conditions. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saguenay_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguenay Flood">Saguenay Flood</a> </td> <td>1996-07-19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> </td> <td>Canada </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10 </td> <td>Problems started after two weeks of constant rain, which severely engorged soils, rivers and reservoirs. Post-flood enquiries discovered that the network of dikes and dams protecting the city was poorly maintained. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Opuha_Dam" title="Opuha Dam">Opuha Dam</a> </td> <td>1997-02-06 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Canterbury, New Zealand">Canterbury</a> </td> <td>New Zealand </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Heavy rain during construction caused failure, dam was later completed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virgen_Dam" title="Virgen Dam">Virgen Dam</a> </td> <td>1998 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Matagalpa_Department" title="Matagalpa Department">Matagalpa</a> </td> <td>Nicaragua </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Heavy rains and flooding from <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Mitch" title="Hurricane Mitch">Hurricane Mitch</a> severely damaged the <a href="/wiki/Mancotal_Dam" title="Mancotal Dam">Mancotal</a> and El Dorado Dams, over-topping their <a href="/wiki/Spillway" title="Spillway">spillways</a> and nearly destroying the dams. The Virgen Dam was destroyed but later rebuilt.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Do%C3%B1ana_disaster" title="Doñana disaster">Doñana disaster</a> </td> <td>1998-04-25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a> </td> <td>Spain </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Over-steepened dam failed by sliding on weak clay foundation, releasing 4–5 million m<sup>3</sup> of acidic mine tailings into the River Agrio, a tributary of the River Guadiamar, which is the main water source for the <a href="/wiki/Do%C3%B1ana_National_Park" title="Doñana National Park">Doñana National Park</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shihgang_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shihgang Dam">Shihgang Dam</a> </td> <td>1999-09-21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taichung" title="Taichung">Taichung</a> </td> <td>Taiwan </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Caused by damage sustained during the <a href="/wiki/1999_Jiji_earthquake" title="1999 Jiji earthquake">1999 Jiji earthquake</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_County_coal_slurry_spill" title="Martin County coal slurry spill">Martin County coal slurry spill</a> </td> <td>2000-10-11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_County,_Kentucky" title="Martin County, Kentucky">Martin County, Kentucky</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Failure of a coal slurry impoundment. The water supply for over 27,000 residents was contaminated. The spill was 30 times larger than the <a href="/wiki/Exxon_Valdez" title="Exxon Valdez">Exxon Valdez</a> oil spill and one of the worst environmental disasters ever in the southeastern United States </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vodní nádrž Soběnov </td> <td>2002 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sob%C4%9Bnov" title="Soběnov">Soběnov</a> </td> <td>Czechia </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Extreme rainfall during the <a href="/wiki/2002_European_floods" title="2002 European floods">2002 European floods</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zeyzoun_Dam" title="Zeyzoun Dam">Zeyzoun Dam</a> </td> <td>2002-06-04 </td> <td>Zeyzoun </td> <td>Syria </td> <td style="text-align:right;">22 </td> <td>2,000 individuals displaced and over 10,000 directly affected.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver_Lake_Dam_(Michigan)" title="Silver Lake Dam (Michigan)">Silver Lake Dam</a> </td> <td>2003-05-14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Heavy rains caused earthen <a href="/wiki/Fuse_plug" title="Fuse plug">Fuse plug</a> dam and bank to wash away. Eighteen hundred people evacuated. Flood caused the failure of the downstream Tourist Park Dam. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hope_Mills_Dam" title="Hope Mills Dam">Hope Mills Dam</a> </td> <td>2003-05-26 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>In heavy rains, floodgate held shut bay-water pressure. Sixteen hundred people evacuated. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ringdijk_Groot-Mijdrecht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ringdijk Groot-Mijdrecht (page does not exist)">Ringdijk Groot-Mijdrecht</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadebreuk_Wilnis_(2003)" class="extiw" title="nl:Kadebreuk Wilnis (2003)">nl</a>]</sup> </td> <td>2003-08-23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wilnis" title="Wilnis">Wilnis</a> </td> <td>Netherlands </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Strictly not a dam or dike failure. The original <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> soil surrounding a <a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">polder</a> (where peat had subsided due to oxidization) was pushed away by the water in the canal. The peat became lighter than water during the 2003 drought. The real cause was new wooden piling along the canal. This new piling was water-tight and therefore the peat soil dried out. Around 1,500 residents had to be evacuated. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Big_Bay_Dam" title="Big Bay Dam">Big Bay Dam</a> </td> <td>2004-03-12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>A small hole in the dam grew, spouted higher, and eventually led to failure. One hundred and four buildings damaged or destroyed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Camar%C3%A1_Dam" title="Camará Dam">Camará Dam</a> </td> <td>2004-06-17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Para%C3%ADba" title="Paraíba">Paraíba</a> </td> <td>Brazil </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 </td> <td>Poor maintenance. Three thousand people homeless. A second failure happened 11 days after. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shakidor_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakidor Dam">Shakidor Dam</a> </td> <td>2005-02-10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pasni_(city)" title="Pasni (city)">Pasni</a> </td> <td>Pakistan </td> <td style="text-align:right;">70 </td> <td>Sudden and extreme flooding caused by abnormally severe rain. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taum_Sauk_Hydroelectric_Power_Station" title="Taum Sauk Hydroelectric Power Station">Taum Sauk reservoir</a> </td> <td>2005-12-14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lesterville,_Missouri" title="Lesterville, Missouri">Lesterville, Missouri</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Computer/operator error; gauges intended to mark dam full were not respected; dam continued to fill. Minor leakages had also weakened the wall through <a href="/wiki/Internal_erosion" title="Internal erosion">piping</a>. The dam of the lower reservoir withstood the onslaught of the flood. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ka_Loko_Reservoir" title="Ka Loko Reservoir">Ka Loko Dam</a> </td> <td>2006-03-14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kauai,_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauai, Hawaii">Kauai, Hawaii</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7 </td> <td>Heavy rain and flooding. Several possible specific factors to include poor maintenance, lack of inspection and illegal modifications.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Campos_Novos_Dam" title="Campos Novos Dam">Campos Novos Dam</a> </td> <td>2006-06-20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Campos_Novos" title="Campos Novos">Campos Novos</a> </td> <td>Brazil </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Tunnel collapse. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gusau_Dam" title="Gusau Dam">Gusau Dam</a> </td> <td>2006-09-30 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gusau" title="Gusau">Gusau</a> </td> <td>Nigeria </td> <td style="text-align:right;">40 </td> <td>Heavy flooding, lack of maintenance. Approximately 500 homes were destroyed, displacing 1,000 people. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Delton_(lake)#2008_draining" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Delton (lake)">Lake Delton</a> </td> <td>2008-06-09 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Failure in <a href="/wiki/June_2008_Midwest_floods" title="June 2008 Midwest floods">June 2008 Midwest floods</a>; nearby highway washed out, creating a new channel which drained the lake. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koshi_Barrage" title="Koshi Barrage">Koshi Barrage</a> </td> <td>2008-08-18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koshi_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Koshi Zone">Koshi Zone</a> </td> <td>Nepal </td> <td style="text-align:right;">250 </td> <td>Neglect of barrage and the building of barrage itself. The region however saw weak monsoon and multi-year drought preceding the barrage failure. The flood affected over 2.3 million people in the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Fossil_Plant_coal_fly_ash_slurry_spill" title="Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill">Kingston Fossil Plant<br />coal fly ash slurry spill</a> </td> <td>2008-12-22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roane_County,_Tennessee" title="Roane County, Tennessee">Roane County, Tennessee</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Failure of a fly ash slurry pond. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algod%C3%B5es_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algodões Dam (page does not exist)">Algodões Dam</a> </td> <td>2009-05-27 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Piau%C3%AD" title="Piauí">Piauí</a> </td> <td>Brazil </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7 </td> <td>Heavy rain.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 80 people injured, 2000 homeless. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Situ_Gintung" title="Situ Gintung">Situ Gintung</a> Dam </td> <td>2009-03-27 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tangerang" title="Tangerang">Tangerang</a> </td> <td>Indonesia </td> <td style="text-align:right;">98 </td> <td>Poor maintenance and heavy monsoon rain. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sayano-Shushenskaya_Dam" title="Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam">Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam</a> </td> <td>2009-08-17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sayanogorsk" title="Sayanogorsk">Sayanogorsk</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td style="text-align:right;">75 </td> <td>Not a dam failure, but rather the power station accident where the turbine 2 broke apart violently due to the <a href="/wiki/Metal_fatigue" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal fatigue">metal fatigue</a> caused by overlooked vibrations, flooding the turbine hall and causing the ceiling to collapse. The dam itself was unaffected, and the power station rebuilt within 5 years. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyzyl-Agash_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyzyl-Agash Dam">Kyzyl-Agash Dam</a> </td> <td>2010-03-11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qyzylaghash" title="Qyzylaghash">Qyzylaghash</a> </td> <td>Kazakhstan </td> <td style="text-align:right;">43 </td> <td>Heavy rain and snowmelt. Causes, deathtoll disputed. Three hundred people were injured and over 1,000 evacuated from the village. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hope_Mills_Dam" title="Hope Mills Dam">Hope Mills Dam</a> </td> <td>2010-06-16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">Sinkhole</a> caused dam failure. Second failure of the dam, will be replaced. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Testalinda_Creek" class="mw-redirect" title="Testalinda Creek">Testalinda Dam</a> </td> <td>2010-06-13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oliver,_British_Columbia" title="Oliver, British Columbia">Oliver, British Columbia</a> </td> <td>Canada </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Heavy Rain, low maintenance. Destroyed at least 5 homes. Buried <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_97" title="British Columbia Highway 97">Highway 97</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Dam" title="Delhi Dam">Delhi Dam</a> </td> <td>2010-07-24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Heavy rain, flooding, malfunctioning spillway and structural problems. Around 8,000 people had to be evacuated. Replacement uncertain due to lake-dredging debt. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niedow_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niedow Dam (page does not exist)">Niedow Dam</a> </td> <td>2010-08-07 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Lower Silesian Voivodeship">Lower Silesian Voivodeship</a> </td> <td>Poland </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td>Heavy rain, over-topped from flooding.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ajka_alumina_plant_accident" title="Ajka alumina plant accident">Ajka alumina plant accident</a> </td> <td>2010-10-04 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ajka" title="Ajka">Ajka</a> </td> <td>Hungary </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10 </td> <td>Failure of concrete impound wall on <a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">alumina</a> plant <a href="/wiki/Tailings_dam" title="Tailings dam">tailings dam</a>. One million cubic meters of <a href="/wiki/Red_mud" title="Red mud">red mud</a> contaminated a large area; within days the mud had reached the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenmare_Resources" title="Kenmare Resources">Kenmare Resources</a> tailings dam </td> <td>2010-10-04 </td> <td>Topuito </td> <td>Mozambique </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td>Failure of <a href="/wiki/Tailings_dam" title="Tailings dam">tailings dam</a> at <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> mine. Three hundred homes had been rebuilt. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fujinuma_Dam" title="Fujinuma Dam">Fujinuma Dam</a> </td> <td>2011-03-11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sukagawa,_Fukushima" title="Sukagawa, Fukushima">Sukagawa</a> </td> <td>Japan </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8 </td> <td>Failed after <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake</a>. Authorities state that the dam failure was caused by the earthquake, making these the first earthquake-caused dam failure fatalities since 1930,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (November 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Dam_failure#see_1965-03-28_above" title="Talk:Dam failure">discuss</a></i>]</sup> worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearby dams damaged by same earthquake. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Campos dos Goytacazes dam </td> <td>2012-01-04 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Campos_dos_Goytacazes" title="Campos dos Goytacazes">Campos dos Goytacazes</a> </td> <td>Brazil </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Failed after a period of flooding.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 4000 people displaced. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivanovo_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivanovo Dam (page does not exist)">Ivanovo Dam</a> </td> <td>2012-02-06 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Biser,_Bulgaria" title="Biser, Bulgaria">Biser</a> </td> <td>Bulgaria </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8 </td> <td>Failed after a period of heavy snowmelt. A crack in the dam went unrepaired for years. Eight people killed and several communities flooded.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_Dam" title="Köprü Dam">Köprü Dam</a> </td> <td>2012-02-24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana Province</a> </td> <td>Turkey </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10 </td> <td>A gate in the diversion tunnel broke after a period of heavy rain during the reservoir's first filing. The accident killed ten workers.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakrong_3_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dakrong 3 Dam (page does not exist)">Dakrong 3 Dam</a> </td> <td>2012-10-07 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Quảng Trị Province">Quảng Trị Province</a> </td> <td>Vietnam </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Poor design aggravated by <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Gaemi" title="Typhoon Gaemi">Typhoon Gaemi</a> flood surge. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tokwe_Mukorsi_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokwe Mukorsi Dam">Tokwe Mukorsi Dam</a> </td> <td>2014-02-04 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Masvingo_Province" title="Masvingo Province">Masvingo Province</a> </td> <td>Zimbabwe </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Downstream slope failure on a 90.3-meter-tall (296 ft) <a href="/wiki/Embankment_dam" title="Embankment dam">embankment dam</a>, possibly as the reservoir was being filled. Residents evacuated upstream. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Polley_mine" title="Mount Polley mine">Mount Polley</a> </td> <td>2014-08-04 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> </td> <td>Canada </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Tailings dam collapse due to negligent operation; reservoir was overfilled beyond design parameters despite repeated warnings of the danger<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> combined with a minor dam breach a few months before<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fundamental design flaws.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mariana_dam_disaster" title="Mariana dam disaster">Mariana dam disaster</a> </td> <td>2015-11-05 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mariana,_Minas_Gerais" title="Mariana, Minas Gerais">Mariana, Minas Gerais</a> </td> <td>Brazil </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19 </td> <td>Tailings dam collapsed. One village destroyed, 600 people evacuated. Sixty million m<sup>3</sup> of iron waste slurry polluted Doce River, and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">sea</a> near the river's mouth. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maple Lake </td> <td>2017-10-05 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paw_Paw,_Michigan" title="Paw Paw, Michigan">Paw Paw, Michigan</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>A heavy rainstorm caused a section of a dam to crumble because of the weight of a pond above, which happened around 5 a.m.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Patel_Dam_failure" title="Patel Dam failure">Patel Dam</a> </td> <td>2018-05-10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solai" title="Solai">Solai</a> </td> <td>Kenya </td> <td style="text-align:right;">47 </td> <td>Failed after several days of heavy rain. Private dam, causes unclear. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panjshir_Valley_dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panjshir Valley dam (page does not exist)">Panjshir Valley dam</a> </td> <td>2018-07-11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Panjshir_Valley" title="Panjshir Valley">Panjshir Valley</a> </td> <td>Afghanistan </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10 </td> <td>Dilapidated dam crumbled under heavy summer rains, 13 missing, 300 houses destroyed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2018_Laos_dam_collapse" title="2018 Laos dam collapse">Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy Dam</a> </td> <td>2018-07-23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Attapeu_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Attapeu Province">Attapeu Province</a> </td> <td>Laos </td> <td style="text-align:right;">36 </td> <td>Saddle dam under construction collapsed during rainstorms. Six thousand six hundred people homeless, 98 missing. Company denied the dam had collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swar_Chaung_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swar Chaung Dam (page does not exist)">Swar Chaung Dam</a> </td> <td>2018-08-19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yedashe" title="Yedashe">Yedashe</a> </td> <td>Myanmar </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4 </td> <td>Breach in the dam's spillway. Sixty-three thousand evacuated, 3 missing. Eighty-five villages affected. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanford_Dam,_Patricia_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanford Dam, Patricia Lake (page does not exist)">Sanford Dam, Patricia Lake</a> </td> <td>2018-09-15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_Spring_Lakes,_North_Carolina" title="Boiling Spring Lakes, North Carolina">Boiling Spring Lakes, North Carolina</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Overtopping after over 36 inches of rainfall during landfall of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Florence" title="Hurricane Florence">Hurricane Florence</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brumadinho_dam_disaster" title="Brumadinho dam disaster">Brumadinho dam disaster</a> </td> <td>2019-01-25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brumadinho" title="Brumadinho">Brumadinho, Minas Gerais</a> </td> <td>Brazil </td> <td style="text-align:right;">270 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tailings_dam" title="Tailings dam">Tailings dam</a> suffered a catastrophic failure releasing 12 million m<sup>3</sup> of tailings slurry. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Dam" title="Spencer Dam">Spencer Dam</a> </td> <td>2019-03-14 </td> <td>Near <a href="/wiki/Spencer,_Nebraska" title="Spencer, Nebraska">Spencer, Nebraska</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Dam was breached after a major storm caused heavy rain. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiware_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiware Dam">Tiware Dam</a> </td> <td>2019-07-02 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ratnagiri_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratnagiri District">Ratnagiri District</a> </td> <td>India </td> <td style="text-align:right;">23 </td> <td>Heavy rains overtopped and breached the dam. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edenville_Dam" title="Edenville Dam">Edenville Dam</a> </td> <td>2020-05-19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edenville,_Michigan" title="Edenville, Michigan">Edenville, Michigan</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Static liquefaction.<sup id="cite_ref-INDEPENDENT_FORENSIC_TEAM_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INDEPENDENT_FORENSIC_TEAM-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanford_Lake" title="Sanford Lake">Sanford Dam</a> </td> <td>2020-05-19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanford,_Michigan" title="Sanford, Michigan">Sanford, Michigan</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>The failure of the <a href="/wiki/Edenville_Dam" title="Edenville Dam">Edenville Dam</a> immediately upstream caused a large inflow into <a href="/wiki/Sanford_Lake" title="Sanford Lake">Sanford Lake</a>, which overtopped the dam.<sup id="cite_ref-INDEPENDENT_FORENSIC_TEAM_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INDEPENDENT_FORENSIC_TEAM-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Uttarakhand_flood" title="2021 Uttarakhand flood">2021 Uttarakhand flood</a> </td> <td>2021-02-07 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamoli,_Uttarkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamoli, Uttarkhand">Chamoli, Uttarkhand</a> </td> <td>India </td> <td style="text-align:right;">61 </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Rishiganga" title="Rishiganga">Rishiganga</a> dam was destroyed by either an <a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">avalanche</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Glacier_burst" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacier burst">glacier burst</a>, leading to a large surge of water downstream that also breached the <a href="/wiki/Tapovan_Vishnugad_Hydropower_Plant" title="Tapovan Vishnugad Hydropower Plant">Tapovan Hydropower Plant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One hundred and forty-five people missing. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_Jagersfontein_Dam_Collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Jagersfontein Dam Collapse">2022 Jagersfontein Dam Collapse</a> </td> <td>2022-09-11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jagersfontein" title="Jagersfontein">Jagersfontein, Free State</a> </td> <td>South Africa </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 </td> <td>Structural failure. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Kakhovka_Dam" title="Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam">Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam</a> </td> <td>2023-06-06 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nova_Kakhovka" title="Nova Kakhovka">Nova Kakhovka, Kherson Oblast</a> </td> <td>Ukraine </td> <td style="text-align:right;">58-350 </td> <td>Unknown, presumed intentional explosion. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_Derna_dam_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Derna dam collapse">Derna dam collapses</a> </td> <td>2023-09-11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Derna,_Libya" title="Derna, Libya">Derna</a> </td> <td>Libya </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,900–20,000 </td> <td>Failure of two roughly 75- and 45-meter-tall dams following heavy rain from <a href="/wiki/Storm_Daniel" title="Storm Daniel">Storm Daniel</a> against the backdrop of the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan civil war">Libyan civil war</a> resulting in the city of <a href="/wiki/Derna,_Libya" title="Derna, Libya">Derna</a> being inundated with approximately 30 million m<sup>3</sup> of water.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bargi_hydroelectric_power_station" title="Bargi hydroelectric power station">Bargi hydroelectric power station</a> </td> <td>2024-04-09 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilia-Romagna, Italy">Emilia-Romagna</a> </td> <td>Italy </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7 </td> <td>An explosion at the power plant left seven workers dead and five others critically injured.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arbaat_Dam_collapse" title="Arbaat Dam collapse">Arbaat Dam collapse</a> </td> <td>2024-08-24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Port_Sudan" title="Port Sudan">Port Sudan</a> </td> <td>Sudan </td> <td style="text-align:right;">148<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The collapse was triggered by severe rainfall and consequential <a href="/wiki/2024_Sudan_floods" title="2024 Sudan floods">flooding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dam_failure&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dam_removal" title="Dam removal">Dam removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grout_curtain" title="Grout curtain">Grout curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridge_failures" title="List of bridge failures">List of bridge failures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hydroelectric_power_station_failures" title="List of hydroelectric power station failures">List of hydroelectric power station failures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_safety" title="Reservoir safety">Reservoir safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_integrity_and_failure" title="Structural integrity and failure">Structural integrity and failure</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dam_failure&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSouzaSanjay_PanditPrakash_Chanekar" class="citation web cs1">Souza, Leonardo; Sanjay Pandit, Grishma; Prakash Chanekar, Tanvi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.issmge.org/uploads/publications/46/47/29.pdf">"Case Study and Forensic Investigation of Failure of Dam Above Kedarnath"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190129010301/https://www.issmge.org/uploads/publications/46/47/29.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Arizona+History&rft.atitle=Terror+on+the+Hassayampa%3A+The+Walnut+Grove+Dam+Disaster+of+1890&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E283-%3C%2Fspan%3E306&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0021-9053&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41859769%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11617262&rft.aulast=Dill&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41859769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColeman2018" class="citation book cs1">Coleman, Neil M. 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Springer International AG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-95215-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-95215-4"><bdi>978-3-319-95215-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johnstown%27s+Flood+of+1889+-+Power+Over+Truth+and+The+Science+Behind+the+Disaster&rft.pub=Springer+International+AG&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-95215-4&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Neil+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNShw5LsXbk&list=PLlOnFMm_a9Up7AiiI3d5uibkQ9xEgHKk8&index=4">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNShw5LsXbk&list=PLlOnFMm_a9Up7AiiI3d5uibkQ9xEgHKk8&index=4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221018145620/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNShw5LsXbk&list=PLlOnFMm_a9Up7AiiI3d5uibkQ9xEgHKk8&index=4">Archived</a> 2022-10-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> | Seconds from disaster, Flood at Satava dam Italy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiLuWallingZhang2022" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Dongfeng; Lu, Xixi; Walling, Desmond E.; Zhang, Ting; Steiner, Jakob F.; Wasson, Robert J.; Harrison, Stephan; Nepal, Santosh; Nie, Yong; Immerzeel, Walter W.; Shugar, Dan H.; Koppes, Michèle; Lane, Stuart; Zeng, Zhenzhong; Sun, Xiaofei; Yegorov, Alexandr; Bolch, Tobias (July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_46E3A9BA8C1F.P001/REF.pdf">"High Mountain Asia hydropower systems threatened by climate-driven landscape instability"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature Geoscience</i>. <b>15</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">520–</span>530. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatGe..15..520L">2022NatGe..15..520L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41561-022-00953-y">10.1038/s41561-022-00953-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1874%2F428480">1874/428480</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1752-0908">1752-0908</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249961353">249961353</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=High+Mountain+Asia+hydropower+systems+threatened+by+climate-driven+landscape+instability&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E520-%3C%2Fspan%3E530&rft.date=2022-07&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1874%2F428480&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249961353%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022NatGe..15..520L&rft.issn=1752-0908&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41561-022-00953-y&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Dongfeng&rft.au=Lu%2C+Xixi&rft.au=Walling%2C+Desmond+E.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Ting&rft.au=Steiner%2C+Jakob+F.&rft.au=Wasson%2C+Robert+J.&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Stephan&rft.au=Nepal%2C+Santosh&rft.au=Nie%2C+Yong&rft.au=Immerzeel%2C+Walter+W.&rft.au=Shugar%2C+Dan+H.&rft.au=Koppes%2C+Mich%C3%A8le&rft.au=Lane%2C+Stuart&rft.au=Zeng%2C+Zhenzhong&rft.au=Sun%2C+Xiaofei&rft.au=Yegorov%2C+Alexandr&rft.au=Bolch%2C+Tobias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fserval.unil.ch%2Fresource%2Fserval%3ABIB_46E3A9BA8C1F.P001%2FREF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/7c4d08d9b287a42141256739003e636b/f6c8b9fee14a77fdc125641e0052b079">"Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210124556/http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/7c4d08d9b287a42141256739003e636b/f6c8b9fee14a77fdc125641e0052b079">Archived</a> 10 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>[ICRC Treaties and Documents]</i>. Retrieved: 14 February 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regmurcia.com/servlet/s.Sl?sit=c,373,m,1096&r=ReP-16664-DETALLE_REPORTAJES">"La rotura del pantano de Puentes - Región de Murcia Digital"</a>. <i>regmurcia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118201102/http://www.regmurcia.com/servlet/s.Sl?sit=c,373,m,1096&r=ReP-16664-DETALLE_REPORTAJES">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=regmurcia.com&rft.atitle=La+rotura+del+pantano+de+Puentes+-+Regi%C3%B3n+de+Murcia+Digital&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regmurcia.com%2Fservlet%2Fs.Sl%3Fsit%3Dc%2C373%2Cm%2C1096%26r%3DReP-16664-DETALLE_REPORTAJES&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rideau-info.com/canal/tales/hogsback-dam.html">"Rideau Canal - Tales of the Rideau: Washed Away, The Hogs Back Dam"</a>. <i>rideau-info.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200202010020/http://www.rideau-info.com/canal/tales/hogsback-dam.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rideau-info.com&rft.atitle=Rideau+Canal+-+Tales+of+the+Rideau%3A+Washed+Away%2C+The+Hogs+Back+Dam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rideau-info.com%2Fcanal%2Ftales%2Fhogsback-dam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNellans2007" class="citation news cs1">Nellans, Joanna Dodder (2007-10-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118011026/http://dcourier.com/main.asp?SectionID=1&SubSectionID=1&ArticleID=48987">"Arizona's 1890 dam disaster killed more than 100 people - The Prescott Daily Courier - Prescott, Arizona"</a>. The Daily Courier. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dcourier.com/main.asp?SectionID=1&SubSectionID=1&ArticleID=48987">the original</a> on 2015-11-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arizona%27s+1890+dam+disaster+killed+more+than+100+people+-+The+Prescott+Daily+Courier+-+Prescott%2C+Arizona&rft.date=2007-10-25&rft.aulast=Nellans&rft.aufirst=Joanna+Dodder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdcourier.com%2Fmain.asp%3FSectionID%3D1%26SubSectionID%3D1%26ArticleID%3D48987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dpl2015-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dpl2015_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OiaGxj10qq0">Cherry Creek Flood, 1933</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423203105/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OiaGxj10qq0">Archived</a> 2019-04-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Denver Public Library, Western History and Genealogy Division, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-colorado2007-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-colorado2007_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpw.state.co.us/placestogo/parks/CastlewoodCanyon/Documents/Castlewood-History.pdf">Castlewood Canyon State Park: A brief history</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020733/https://cpw.state.co.us/placestogo/parks/CastlewoodCanyon/Documents/Castlewood-History.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-02-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Colorado Parks and Wildlife, State of Colorado, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-io20190201-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-io20190201_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://steve.ioncoloradorealestate.com/blog/Disaster+Nearly+Drowns+Denver+In+1933">Disaster Nearly Drowns Denver In 1933</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220211075557/https://steve.ioncoloradorealestate.com/blog/Disaster+Nearly+Drowns+Denver+In+1933">Archived</a> 2022-02-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ion Colorado, 1 February 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/ZAMORA/anos/tragedia/Ribadelago/murieron/144/personas/elpepiesp/19990110elpepinac_18/Tes">40 años de la tragedia de Ribadelago, en la que murieron 144 personas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230916140928/https://elpais.com/diario/1999/01/10/espana/915922818_850215.html">Archived</a> 2023-09-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160401193748/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5671671830883101811&SectionId=5171561142064258099&SectionName=Pune&NewsDate=20100711&NewsTitle=July%2012,%201961...">"July 12, 1961 – Lest We Forget"</a>. <i>sakaaltimes.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5671671830883101811&SectionId=5171561142064258099&SectionName=Pune&NewsDate=20100711&NewsTitle=July%2012,%201961...">the original</a> on 1 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sakaaltimes.com&rft.atitle=July+12%2C+1961+%E2%80%93+Lest+We+Forget&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sakaaltimes.com%2FNewsDetails.aspx%3FNewsId%3D5671671830883101811%26SectionId%3D5171561142064258099%26SectionName%3DPune%26NewsDate%3D20100711%26NewsTitle%3DJuly%252012%2C%25201961...&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sgorigrad.com/history#tragedy1966">"История на село Згориград – Згориград"</a>. <i>Згориград</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201162656/https://sgorigrad.com/history#tragedy1966">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%97%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%97%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4+%E2%80%93+%D0%97%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsgorigrad.com%2Fhistory%23tragedy1966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120728074246/http://zgorigrad.com/tragediata">"Трагедиата"</a>. 28 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zgorigrad.com/tragediata">the original</a> on 28 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.date=2012-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzgorigrad.com%2Ftragediata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=gL9scSG3K_gC&dat=19671202&printsec=frontpage&hl=en">"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Google News Archive Search"</a>. <i>news.google.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601201818/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=gL9scSG3K_gC&dat=19671202&printsec=frontpage&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.google.com&rft.atitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette+-+Google+News+Archive+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3DgL9scSG3K_gC%26dat%3D19671202%26printsec%3Dfrontpage%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Certej1971-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Certej1971_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adevarul.ro/locale/hunedoara/exclusiv-certej-1971-tragedia-uitata-89-vieti-ingropate-300-mii-metri-cubi-namol-atenTie--fotografii-Socante--1_50aea54a7c42d5a6639eb6b8/index.html">"Certej 1971, tragedia uitată a 89 de vieţi îngropate sub 300 de mii de metri cubi de nămol"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Adev%C4%83rul" title="Adevărul">Adevărul</a></i>. 31 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131217225126/http://adevarul.ro/locale/hunedoara/exclusiv-certej-1971-tragedia-uitata-89-vieti-ingropate-300-mii-metri-cubi-namol-atenTie--fotografii-Socante--1_50aea54a7c42d5a6639eb6b8/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adev%C4%83rul&rft.atitle=Certej+1971%2C+tragedia+uitat%C4%83+a+89+de+vie%C5%A3i+%C3%AEngropate+sub+300+de+mii+de+metri+cubi+de+n%C4%83mol&rft.date=2013-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadevarul.ro%2Flocale%2Fhunedoara%2Fexclusiv-certej-1971-tragedia-uitata-89-vieti-ingropate-300-mii-metri-cubi-namol-atenTie--fotografii-Socante--1_50aea54a7c42d5a6639eb6b8%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFXinhua2005" class="citation news cs1">Xinhua (October 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001130412/http://en.people.cn/200510/01/eng20051001_211892.html">"After 30 years, secrets, lessons of China's worst dams burst accident surface"</a>. People's Daily Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.people.cn/200510/01/eng20051001_211892.html">the original</a> on 1 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=After+30+years%2C+secrets%2C+lessons+of+China%27s+worst+dams+burst+accident+surface&rft.date=2005-10-01&rft.au=Xinhua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.people.cn%2F200510%2F01%2Feng20051001_211892.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWood,_Randall2010" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Randall (5 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=08pg2ukTWcEC&q=Apan%C3%A1s+dam+meters&pg=PT373"><i>Moon Nicaragua</i></a>. Avalon Travel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598808414" title="Special:BookSources/9781598808414"><bdi>9781598808414</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moon+Nicaragua&rft.pub=Avalon+Travel&rft.date=2010-10-05&rft.isbn=9781598808414&rft.au=Wood%2C+Randall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D08pg2ukTWcEC%26q%3DApan%25C3%25A1s%2Bdam%2Bmeters%26pg%3DPT373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/dams/index.stm">"Aquastat - Dams in Nicaragua"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aquastat+-+Dams+in+Nicaragua&rft.pub=UNFAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fnr%2Fwater%2Faquastat%2Fdams%2Findex.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130628094120/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/reliefweb_pdf/node-102909.pdf">"Syria – Collapse of Dam/floods OCHA Situation Report No. 4"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ReliefWeb. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/reliefweb_pdf/node-102909.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria+%E2%80%93+Collapse+of+Dam%2Ffloods+OCHA+Situation+Report+No.+4&rft.pub=ReliefWeb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Fsites%2Freliefweb.int%2Ffiles%2Freliefweb_pdf%2Fnode-102909.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChanson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Chanson, Hubert Chanson Hubert (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120902173706/http://espace.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ:185350/chanson_nova09.pdf">"Embankment Overflow Protection Systems and Earth Dam Spillways"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dams: Impacts, Stability and Design</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://espace.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ:185350/chanson_nova09.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-09-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dams%3A+Impacts%2C+Stability+and+Design&rft.atitle=Embankment+Overflow+Protection+Systems+and+Earth+Dam+Spillways&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Chanson&rft.aufirst=Hubert+Chanson+Hubert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fespace.uq.edu.au%2Feserv%2FUQ%3A185350%2Fchanson_nova09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Kauai Dam Breach Killed 7 People Five Years Ago, But Criminal Charges Against Dam Owner Still Pending." <i>Hawaii Reporter</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.hawaiireporter.com/kauai-dam-breach-killed-7-five-years-ago-but-criminal-charges-still-pending/123">http://www.hawaiireporter.com/kauai-dam-breach-killed-7-five-years-ago-but-criminal-charges-still-pending/123</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141104052355/http://www.hawaiireporter.com/kauai-dam-breach-killed-7-five-years-ago-but-criminal-charges-still-pending/123">Archived</a> 2014-11-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 24 July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101111143517/http://www.mabnacional.org.br/english/noticias/290509_barragem_algodoes.html">"Breaching of the Algodões dam and the threat of mega-projects"</a>. Movement of Dam Affected People. 29 May 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mabnacional.org.br/english/noticias/290509_barragem_algodoes.html">the original</a> on 11 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Breaching+of+the+Algod%C3%B5es+dam+and+the+threat+of+mega-projects&rft.pub=Movement+of+Dam+Affected+People&rft.date=2009-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mabnacional.org.br%2Fenglish%2Fnoticias%2F290509_barragem_algodoes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÖffentlichkeitsarbei" class="citation web cs1">Öffentlichkeitsarbei, Referat Kommunikation und. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publikationen.sachsen.de/bdb/artikel/12162">"Ereignisanalyse Hochwasser im August und September 2010 und im Januar 2011 in Sachsen"</a>. <i>publikationen.sachsen.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118065226/https://publikationen.sachsen.de/bdb/artikel/12162">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publikationen.sachsen.de&rft.atitle=Ereignisanalyse+Hochwasser+im+August+und+September+2010+und+im+Januar+2011+in+Sachsen&rft.aulast=%C3%96ffentlichkeitsarbei&rft.aufirst=Referat+Kommunikation+und&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublikationen.sachsen.de%2Fbdb%2Fartikel%2F12162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511140713/http://www.kahoku.co.jp/spe/spe_sys1072/20110518_01.htm">"その時何が（５）ダム決壊（須賀川）"</a> [What happened then (5) Dam burst (Sukagawa)]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kahoku.co.jp/spe/spe_sys1072/20110518_01.htm">the original</a> on 2012-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%81%9D%E3%81%AE%E6%99%82+%E4%BD%95%E3%81%8C%EF%BC%88%EF%BC%95%EF%BC%89%E3%83%80%E3%83%A0%E6%B1%BA%E5%A3%8A%EF%BC%88%E9%A0%88%E8%B3%80%E5%B7%9D%EF%BC%89&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kahoku.co.jp%2Fspe%2Fspe_sys1072%2F20110518_01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span> (JPN)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-16426732">"Brazil dam burst forces thousands from homes"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 5 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105175125/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-16426732">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Brazil+dam+burst+forces+thousands+from+homes&rft.date=2012-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-16426732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=136412">"Bulgarian Dam Collapsed over Unrepaired Crack since 2003"</a>. NoVinite. 6 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204148/http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=136412">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bulgarian+Dam+Collapsed+over+Unrepaired+Crack+since+2003&rft.pub=NoVinite&rft.date=2012-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novinite.com%2Fview_news.php%3Fid%3D136412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haberler.com/kozan-da-baraj-kapaginin-patlamasi-3429296-haberi/">"Cover Kozan Dam Explosion"</a> (in Turkish). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cover+Kozan+Dam+Explosion&rft.pub=Haberler&rft.date=2012-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haberler.com%2Fkozan-da-baraj-kapaginin-patlamasi-3429296-haberi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520103354/http://haber.emlakkulisi.com/ozaltin-holdingin-vicdani-patlayan-kopru-baraji-kapagindan-dolayi-rahat/13564">"Holding Ozaltin conscience"</a> (in Turkish). Emlak Kulisi. 10 March 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haber.emlakkulisi.com/ozaltin-holdingin-vicdani-patlayan-kopru-baraji-kapagindan-dolayi-rahat/13564">the original</a> on 20 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holding+Ozaltin+conscience&rft.pub=Emlak+Kulisi&rft.date=2012-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhaber.emlakkulisi.com%2Fozaltin-holdingin-vicdani-patlayan-kopru-baraji-kapagindan-dolayi-rahat%2F13564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/mount-polley-mine-ex-engineers-warned-tailings-pond-getting-large-1.2732314">"Former tailings pond engineers for Mount Polley say they made warnings"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226135336/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/mount-polley-mine-ex-engineers-warned-tailings-pond-getting-large-1.2732314">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Former+tailings+pond+engineers+for+Mount+Polley+say+they+made+warnings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fbritish-columbia%2Fmount-polley-mine-ex-engineers-warned-tailings-pond-getting-large-1.2732314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/mount-polley-mine-tailings-pond-breach-followed-years-of-government-warnings-1.2728591">"Mount Polley mine tailings breach followed years of government warnings"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180411071523/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/mount-polley-mine-tailings-pond-breach-followed-years-of-government-warnings-1.2728591">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Mount+Polley+mine+tailings+breach+followed+years+of+government+warnings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fbritish-columbia%2Fmount-polley-mine-tailings-pond-breach-followed-years-of-government-warnings-1.2728591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/warnings-about-b-c-tailings-pond-growth-ignored-before-collapse/">"First Nations chief: Warning about B.C. tailings pond 'ignored' - Macleans.ca"</a>. <i>Macleans.ca</i>. 2014-08-05. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170918131738/http://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/warnings-about-b-c-tailings-pond-growth-ignored-before-collapse/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Macleans.ca&rft.atitle=First+Nations+chief%3A+Warning+about+B.C.+tailings+pond+%27ignored%27+-+Macleans.ca&rft.date=2014-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fwarnings-about-b-c-tailings-pond-growth-ignored-before-collapse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british-columbia/bc-mine-had-issues-with-rising-waste-water-ahead-of-breach-consultant-says/article19920040/">"Red flags raised years before B.C. mine-tailings spill, consultant says"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180506002850/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british-columbia/bc-mine-had-issues-with-rising-waste-water-ahead-of-breach-consultant-says/article19920040/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-05-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Red+flags+raised+years+before+B.C.+mine-tailings+spill%2C+consultant+says&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fbritish-columbia%2Fbc-mine-had-issues-with-rising-waste-water-ahead-of-breach-consultant-says%2Farticle19920040%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british-columbia/design-failure-caused-mount-polley-tailings-breach-expert-panel-concludes/article22719967/">"Design failure caused Mount Polley tailings breach, expert panel concludes"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171211164335/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british-columbia/design-failure-caused-mount-polley-tailings-breach-expert-panel-concludes/article22719967/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Design+failure+caused+Mount+Polley+tailings+breach%2C+expert+panel+concludes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fbritish-columbia%2Fdesign-failure-caused-mount-polley-tailings-breach-expert-panel-concludes%2Farticle22719967%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf/2017/10/paw_paw_dam_breaks_releasing_p.html">"Dam breach sends contaminated sediment downstream in Paw Paw"</a>. 16 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180807064613/https://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf/2017/10/paw_paw_dam_breaks_releasing_p.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dam+breach+sends+contaminated+sediment+downstream+in+Paw+Paw&rft.date=2017-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fnews%2Fkalamazoo%2Findex.ssf%2F2017%2F10%2Fpaw_paw_dam_breaks_releasing_p.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wap.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/death-toll-reaches-36-in-laos-dam-collapse-98-missing-118081300164_1.html">"Death toll reaches 36 in Laos dam collapse, 98 missing"</a>. <i>Business Standard</i>. 13 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=Death+toll+reaches+36+in+Laos+dam+collapse%2C+98+missing&rft.date=2018-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwap.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fnews-ians%2Fdeath-toll-reaches-36-in-laos-dam-collapse-98-missing-118081300164_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INDEPENDENT_FORENSIC_TEAM-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-INDEPENDENT_FORENSIC_TEAM_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INDEPENDENT_FORENSIC_TEAM_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://damsafety-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/files/Edenville-Sanford_Final%20Report_Main%20Report%20and%20Appendices.pdf">"Final Report – Investigation of Failures of Edenville and Sanford Dams"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220505001435/https://damsafety-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/files/Edenville-Sanford_Final%20Report_Main%20Report%20and%20Appendices.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-05-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Report+%E2%80%93+Investigation+of+Failures+of+Edenville+and+Sanford+Dams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsafety-prod.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fs3fs-public%2Ffiles%2FEdenville-Sanford_Final%2520Report_Main%2520Report%2520and%2520Appendices.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55975743">"Uttarakhand dam disaster: Race to rescue 150 people missing in India"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2021-02-08. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209113306/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55975743">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Bodies+wash+ashore+in+Libya+as+devastated+city+races+to+count+its+dead&rft.date=2023-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Flibya-floods-latest-updates-derna-bodies-aid-rcna104792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68761493">"Italian explosion: Search after deadly blast at power plant"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>. 9 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Italian+explosion%3A+Search+after+deadly+blast+at+power+plant&rft.date=2024-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-68761493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sudantribune.com/article290115/">"Sudan flood death toll climbs to 148, aid access hampered"</a>. 28 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sudan+flood+death+toll+climbs+to+148%2C+aid+access+hampered&rft.date=2024-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsudantribune.com%2Farticle290115%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/26/a-dam-collapsed-in-northeast-sudan-killing-four">"More than 60 reported killed in northeast Sudan dam collpase"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=More+than+60+reported+killed+in+northeast+Sudan+dam+collpase&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2024%2F8%2F26%2Fa-dam-collapsed-in-northeast-sudan-killing-four&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-collapse-arbaat-dam-port-sudan-red-sea-state-26-august-2024">"Sudan: Collapse of Arba'at Dam in Port Sudan, Red Sea State (26 August 2024) - Sudan"</a>. <i>ReliefWeb</i>. 2024-08-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240827170917/https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-collapse-arbaat-dam-port-sudan-red-sea-state-26-august-2024-enar">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-08-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReliefWeb&rft.atitle=Sudan%3A+Collapse+of+Arba%27at+Dam+in+Port+Sudan%2C+Red+Sea+State+%2826+August+2024%29+-+Sudan&rft.date=2024-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Fsudan%2Fsudan-collapse-arbaat-dam-port-sudan-red-sea-state-26-august-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADam+failure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dam_failure&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100705035133/http://www.damsafety.org/media/Documents/PRESS/US_FailuresIncidents.pdf">A list of dam failures and incidents in the United States</a> Dam Safety.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wise-uranium.org/mdaf.html">Chronology of major tailings dam failures from 1960</a> WISE Uranium Project</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Chanson" title="Hubert Chanson">Chanson, H.</a> (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:164021">Application of the Method of Characteristics to the Dam Break Wave Problem</a> Journal of Hydraulic Research, IAHR, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 41–49 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3826%2Fjhr.2009.2865">10.3826/jhr.2009.2865</a> (ISSN 0022-1686). Available as a pdf at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ:164021/jhr09_01b.pdf">[1]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usbr.gov/ssle/damsafety/documents/RCEM-CaseHistories20140731.pdf">Dam Failure and Flood Event Case History Compilation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308030716/http://www.usbr.gov/ssle/damsafety/documents/RCEM-CaseHistories20140731.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Bureau of Reclamation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/mount-polley-mine-ex-engineers-warned-tailings-pond-getting-large-1.2732314">Mount Polley mine: Ex-engineers warned tailings pond 'getting large'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.110">Floods from tailings dam failures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/european-remembrance-day-ukraine-little-known-ww2-tragedy/25083847.html">Story of Soviet dam explosion to prevent Nazi troop advances</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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title="Mudflow">Mudflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_flow" title="Debris flow">Debris flow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquake</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_earthquakes" title="Lists of earthquakes">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_hazard" title="Seismic hazard">Seismic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_risk" title="Seismic risk">Seismic risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_liquefaction" title="Soil liquefaction">Soil liquefaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">Volcano eruption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_floods" title="List of floods">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal flood">Coastal flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">Flash flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">Storm surge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami">Megatsunami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnic_eruption" title="Limnic eruption">Limnic eruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meteorological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temperature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">Blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_wave" title="Cold wave">Cold wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storm" title="Ice storm">Ice storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megadrought" title="Megadrought">Megadrought</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyclonic storms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_cyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomb cyclone">Bomb cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">Thunderstorm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">Hail</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">Tornado</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tornado_outbreak" title="Tornado outbreak">Tornado outbreak</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derecho" title="Derecho">Derecho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARkStorm" title="ARkStorm">ARkStorm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">Meteor shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" 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