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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Four_major_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four_major_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Four major elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four_major_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encyclopedic_dictionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encyclopedic_dictionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Encyclopedic dictionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encyclopedic_dictionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_between_encyclopedias_and_dictionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_between_encyclopedias_and_dictionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Differences between encyclopedias and dictionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_between_encyclopedias_and_dictionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-modern_encyclopedias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-modern_encyclopedias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pre-modern encyclopedias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-modern_encyclopedias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Printed_encyclopedias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printed_encyclopedias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Printed encyclopedias</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Printed_encyclopedias-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Printed encyclopedias subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Printed_encyclopedias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Encyclopédie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encyclopédie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i>Encyclopédie</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encyclopédie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encyclopædia_Britannica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encyclopædia_Britannica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encyclopædia_Britannica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brockhaus_Enzyklopädie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brockhaus_Enzyklopädie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span><i>Brockhaus Enzyklopädie</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brockhaus_Enzyklopädie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encyclopedias_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encyclopedias_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Encyclopedias in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encyclopedias_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_encyclopedias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_encyclopedias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Digital encyclopedias</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Digital_encyclopedias-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Digital encyclopedias subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Digital_encyclopedias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Physical media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Online</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Free_encyclopedias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_encyclopedias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Free encyclopedias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_encyclopedias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Encyclopedia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 213 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-213" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">213 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedie" title="Ensiklopedie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ensiklopedie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyklop%C3%A4die" title="Enzyklopädie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Enzyklopädie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8B%9D%E1%8C%88%E1%89%A0_%E1%8B%95%E1%8B%8D%E1%89%80%E1%89%B5" title="መዝገበ ዕውቀት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መዝገበ ዕውቀት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%ABsd%C5%8Dmb%C5%8Dc" title="Wīsdōmbōc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Wīsdōmbōc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="موسوعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسوعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedia" title="Enciclopedia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Enciclopedia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հանրագիտարան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հանրագիտարան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entsiclopedie" title="Entsiclopedie – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Entsiclopedie" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7" title="বিশ্বকোষ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বিশ্বকোষ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedia" title="Enciclopedia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Enciclopedia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%27%E1%BA%BDryrupav%E1%BA%BD" title="Ñe'ẽryrupavẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñe'ẽryrupavẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энциклопедия – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Энциклопедия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopediya" title="Ensiklopediya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ensiklopediya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="بیلیکلیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیلیکلیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%94nniyagafeba" title="Dɔnniyagafeba – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Dɔnniyagafeba" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7" title="বিশ্বকোষ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিশ্বকোষ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindai_pangatahuan" title="Kindai pangatahuan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kindai pangatahuan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pek-kho-cho%C3%A2n-su" title="Pek-kho-choân-su – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pek-kho-choân-su" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedia" title="Ensiklopedia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Ensiklopedia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энциклопедия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Энциклопедия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Энцыклапедыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Энцыклапедыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BF%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Энцыкляпэдыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Энцыкляпэдыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6" title="ज्ञानकोश – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ज्ञानकोश" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedya" title="Ensiklopedya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ensiklopedya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Енциклопедия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Енциклопедия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyklop%C3%A4die" title="Enzyklopädie – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Enzyklopädie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedija" title="Enciklopedija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Enciklopedija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holloueziadur" title="Holloueziadur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Holloueziadur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B1%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Нэбтэрхы толи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Нэбтэрхы толи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclop%C3%A8dia" title="Enciclopèdia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enciclopèdia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Энциклопеди – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Энциклопеди" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedya" title="Ensiklopedya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ensiklopedya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklopedie" title="Encyklopedie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Encyklopedie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encicluped%C3%ACa" title="Enciclupedìa – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Enciclupedìa" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyddoniadur" title="Gwyddoniadur – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwyddoniadur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklop%C3%A6di" title="Encyklopædi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Encyklopædi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="موسوعة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="موسوعة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffguckbichli" title="Uffguckbichli – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Uffguckbichli" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyklop%C3%A4die" title="Enzyklopädie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Enzyklopädie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8B%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%AC%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%82%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%A7" title="ދާނެސްނާމާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ދާނެސްނާމާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dnsadoob%C3%AD%C3%ADdiiya" title="Ínsadoobíídiiya – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ínsadoobíídiiya" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklopedija" title="Encyklopedija – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Encyklopedija" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7" title="विश्वकोष – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="विश्वकोष" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ents%C3%BCklopeedia" title="Entsüklopeedia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Entsüklopeedia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Εγκυκλοπαίδεια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εγκυκλοπαίδεια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensicloped%C3%ACa" title="Ensiclopedìa – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Ensiclopedìa" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedia" title="Enciclopedia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enciclopedia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedio" title="Enciklopedio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Enciklopedio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entziklopedia" title="Entziklopedia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Entziklopedia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87" title="دانشنامه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشنامه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Alfrøði – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Alfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Encyclopédie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensyklopedy" title="Ensyklopedy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ensyklopedy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maanditorde" title="Maanditorde – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Maanditorde" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclip%C3%A9id" title="Ciclipéid – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ciclipéid" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leabhar-e%C3%B2lais" title="Leabhar-eòlais – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Leabhar-eòlais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedia" title="Enciclopedia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Enciclopedia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Энциклопеди – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Энциклопеди" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="百科全書 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="百科全書" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9E%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B6" title="જ્ઞાનકોશ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જ્ઞાનકોશ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak-kh%C3%B4-chhi%C3%B2n-s%C3%BB" title="Pak-khô-chhiòn-sû – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pak-khô-chhiòn-sû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%84" title="백과사전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="백과사전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insakulofidiya" title="Insakulofidiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Insakulofidiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puke_noi%E2%80%98i_k%C5%AB%E2%80%98ikena" title="Puke noi‘i kū‘ikena – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Puke noi‘i kū‘ikena" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հանրագիտարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հանրագիտարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6" title="विश्वज्ञानकोश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विश्वज्ञानकोश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklopedija" title="Encyklopedija – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Encyklopedija" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedija" title="Enciklopedija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Enciklopedija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedio" title="Enciklopedio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Enciklopedio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedia" title="Ensiklopedia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ensiklopedia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7" title="বিশ্বকোষ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বিশ্বকোষ" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedia" title="Ensiklopedia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ensiklopedia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uiqiqaluk" title="Uiqiqaluk – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Uiqiqaluk" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Энциклопеди – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Энциклопеди" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INgqoqelolwazi" title="INgqoqelolwazi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INgqoqelolwazi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfr%C3%A6%C3%B0irit" title="Alfræðirit – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alfræðirit" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedia" title="Enciclopedia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Enciclopedia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94" title="אנציקלופדיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנציקלופדיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88nsiklop%C3%A9dhi" title="Ènsiklopédhi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ènsiklopédhi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90sakuliye_takaya%C9%A3_k%C9%A9kala%C9%A3" title="Ɛsakuliye takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɛsakuliye takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklop%C3%A6dii" title="Encyklopædii – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Encyklopædii" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энциклопедия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Энциклопедия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ენციკლოპედია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ენციკლოპედია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%96%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="اِنسایکلوپیٖڈیا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اِنسایکلوپیٖڈیا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklopedij%C3%B4" title="Encyklopedijô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Encyklopedijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энциклопедия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Энциклопедия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhoniador" title="Godhoniador – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Godhoniador" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamusi_elezo" title="Kamusi elezo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kamusi elezo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansiklopedi" title="Ansiklopedi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ansiklopedi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ens%C3%AEkloped%C3%AE" title="Ensîklopedî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ensîklopedî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энциклопедия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Энциклопедия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansiklopedya" title="Ansiklopedya – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Ansiklopedya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энциклопедия – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Энциклопедия" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1" title="ສາລານຸກົມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສາລານຸກົມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%86ciklopedeja" title="Eņciklopedeja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Eņciklopedeja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia" title="Encyclopaedia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Encyclopaedia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklop%C4%93dija" title="Enciklopēdija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Enciklopēdija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyklopedie" title="Enzyklopedie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Enzyklopedie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedija" title="Enciklopedija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Enciklopedija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedie" title="Encyclopedie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Encyclopedie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclupedia" title="Enciclupedia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Enciclupedia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklop%C3%A9dia" title="Enciklopédia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Enciklopédia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88nsiklope%E1%B8%8Dia" title="Ènsiklopeḍia – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Ènsiklopeḍia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6" title="विश्वकोश – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="विश्वकोश" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Енциклопедија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Енциклопедија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raki-pahalalana" title="Raki-pahalalana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Raki-pahalalana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="വിജ്ഞാനകോശം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിജ്ഞാനകോശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/En%C4%8Biklopedija" title="Enċiklopedija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Enċiklopedija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6" title="ज्ञानकोश – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ज्ञानकोश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ენციკლოპედია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ენციკლოპედია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%87" title="موسوعه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="موسوعه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87" title="فرهنگنومه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فرهنگنومه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedia" title="Ensiklopedia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ensiklopedia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A7%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A9" title="ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯀꯩ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯀꯩ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubuak_aka" title="Lubuak aka – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Lubuak aka" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1ik-ku%C5%8F-ci%C3%B2ng-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%86" title="Báik-kuŏ-ciòng-cṳ̆ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Báik-kuŏ-ciòng-cṳ̆" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anciclop%C3%A9dia" title="Anciclopédia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Anciclopédia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Нэвтэрхий толь – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нэвтэрхий толь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="စွယ်စုံကျမ်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စွယ်စုံကျမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%93ntlamatiliz%C4%81moxtli" title="Cēntlamatilizāmoxtli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cēntlamatilizāmoxtli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedie" title="Encyclopedie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Encyclopedie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklopedie" title="Encyklopedie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Encyklopedie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6" title="विश्वकोश – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विश्वकोश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8" title="百科事典 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="百科事典" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encicloped%C3%ADa" title="Enciclopedía – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Enciclopedía" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Энциклопеди – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Энциклопеди" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklopedi" title="Encyklopedi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Encyklopedi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikon" title="Leksikon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Leksikon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encycliop%C3%A9die" title="Encycliopédie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Encycliopédie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclop%C3%A8dia" title="Enciclopèdia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Enciclopèdia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Энциклопедий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Энциклопедий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B7" title="ଜ୍ଞାନକୋଷ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜ୍ଞାନକୋଷ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubee" title="Kubee – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kubee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopediya" title="Ensiklopediya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ensiklopediya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਵਿਸ਼ਵਕੋਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਸ਼ਵਕੋਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="انسائیکلوپیڈیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انسائیکلوپیڈیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F" title="ကျမ်ꩻပေါင်ꩻစွုမ်ႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ကျမ်ꩻပေါင်ꩻစွုမ်ႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedia" title="Ensiklopedia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Ensiklopedia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%DA%89" title="پوهنغونډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پوهنغونډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%BB%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6" title="ប្រជុំវីជ្ជា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រជុំវីជ្ជា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensaiklopedia" title="Ensaiklopedia – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ensaiklopedia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyklop%C3%A4die" title="Enzyklopädie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Enzyklopädie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklopedia" title="Encyklopedia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Encyklopedia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Εγκυκλοπαίδεια – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Εγκυκλοπαίδεια" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclop%C3%A9dia" title="Enciclopédia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Enciclopédia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entsiklopediya" title="Entsiklopediya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Entsiklopediya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nohkixel" title="Nohkixel – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Nohkixel" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedie" title="Enciclopedie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Enciclopedie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Енціклопедія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Енціклопедія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энциклопедия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Энциклопедия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энциклопедия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Энциклопедия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="विश्वकोशः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="विश्वकोशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D9%8F%D9%88%D9%85_%DA%B3%D9%88%D8%AC%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="بھُوم ڳوجھی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بھُوم ڳوجھی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedia" title="Enciclopedia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Enciclopedia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia" title="Encyclopaedia – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Encyclopaedia" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyklop%C3%A4die" title="Enzyklopädie – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Enzyklopädie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensaetlolopedia" title="Ensaetlolopedia – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Ensaetlolopedia" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedia" title="Enciklopedia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Enciklopedia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nciclupid%C3%ACa" title="Nciclupidìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nciclupidìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%82%E2%80%8D" title="විශ්‍‍වකෝෂ‍ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විශ්‍‍වකෝෂ‍" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="انسائيڪلوپيڊيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انسائيڪلوپيڊيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklop%C3%A9dia" title="Encyklopédia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Encyklopédia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedija" title="Enciklopedija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Enciklopedija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%B7%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%94%D0%B4%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Єнкѷклопєдїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Єнкѷклопєдїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yncyklopedyjo" title="Yncyklopedyjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Yncyklopedyjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DA%B5%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئینسایکڵۆپیدیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئینسایکڵۆپیدیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Енциклопедија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Енциклопедија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedija" title="Enciklopedija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Enciklopedija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nsiklop%C3%A9di" title="Énsiklopédi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Énsiklopédi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tietosanakirja" title="Tietosanakirja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tietosanakirja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppslagsverk" title="Uppslagsverk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Uppslagsverk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedya" title="Ensiklopedya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ensiklopedya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கலைக்களஞ்சியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலைக்களஞ்சியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasanayt" title="Tasanayt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasanayt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ngeclopedije" title="'Ngeclopedije – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="'Ngeclopedije" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энциклопедия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Энциклопедия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%80%9E%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="ပပ်ႉသႅၼ်သမ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပပ်ႉသႅၼ်သမ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9E%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="విజ్ఞాన సర్వస్వం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విజ్ఞాన సర్వస్వం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="สารานุกรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สารานุกรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Донишнома – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Донишнома" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B6" title="ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansiklopedi" title="Ansiklopedi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ansiklopedi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Енциклопедія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Енциклопедія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%DB%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81" title="دائرۃ المعارف – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دائرۃ المعارف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nsklop%C3%A9diye" title="Énsklopédiye – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Énsklopédiye" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiclopedia" title="Ensiclopedia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ensiclopedia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1ch_khoa_to%C3%A0n_th%C6%B0" title="Bách khoa toàn thư – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bách khoa toàn thư" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikloped" title="Sikloped – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sikloped" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eciclopedeye" title="Eciclopedeye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Eciclopedeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="百科全書 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="百科全書" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensayklopedya" title="Ensayklopedya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ensayklopedya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimbulang" title="Jimbulang – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Jimbulang" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="百科全书 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="百科全书" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopediya" title="Encyclopediya – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Encyclopediya" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A2" title="ענציקלאפעדיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ענציקלאפעדיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="百科全書 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="百科全書" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopediye" title="Ensiklopediye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ensiklopediye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encikluoped%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Encikluopedėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Encikluopedėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="百科全书 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="百科全书" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedia" title="Ensiklopedia – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Ensiklopedia" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_%C3%A8lmu" title="Banda èlmu – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Banda èlmu" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedia" title="Ensiklopedia – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Ensiklopedia" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedia" title="Ensiklopedia – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Ensiklopedia" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balay_tinoduh" title="Balay tinoduh – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Balay tinoduh" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedij%C9%99" title="Ensiklopedijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ensiklopedijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%93" title="ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵓ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵓ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5292#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Encyclopedia" rel="discussion" title="Discuss 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other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Encyclopedia (disambiguation)">Encyclopedia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:!_Wikimini_-_Encyclop%C3%A9die_en_ligne_pour_enfants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%21_Wikimini_-_Encyclop%C3%A9die_en_ligne_pour_enfants.jpg/300px-%21_Wikimini_-_Encyclop%C3%A9die_en_ligne_pour_enfants.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%21_Wikimini_-_Encyclop%C3%A9die_en_ligne_pour_enfants.jpg/450px-%21_Wikimini_-_Encyclop%C3%A9die_en_ligne_pour_enfants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%21_Wikimini_-_Encyclop%C3%A9die_en_ligne_pour_enfants.jpg/600px-%21_Wikimini_-_Encyclop%C3%A9die_en_ligne_pour_enfants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption>Entry for the French word <i>amour</i> ('love') in a paper encyclopedia (<i>Larousse Universel</i>) and in an online encyclopedia (wikimini.org)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ringelbergius,_%27Lucubrationes...KYKLOPEDEIA...%27_ed._Basel_1541_original.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ringelbergius%2C_%27Lucubrationes...KYKLOPEDEIA...%27_ed._Basel_1541_original.JPG/220px-Ringelbergius%2C_%27Lucubrationes...KYKLOPEDEIA...%27_ed._Basel_1541_original.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ringelbergius%2C_%27Lucubrationes...KYKLOPEDEIA...%27_ed._Basel_1541_original.JPG/330px-Ringelbergius%2C_%27Lucubrationes...KYKLOPEDEIA...%27_ed._Basel_1541_original.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ringelbergius%2C_%27Lucubrationes...KYKLOPEDEIA...%27_ed._Basel_1541_original.JPG/440px-Ringelbergius%2C_%27Lucubrationes...KYKLOPEDEIA...%27_ed._Basel_1541_original.JPG 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Title page of <i>Lucubrationes</i>, 1541 edition, one of the first books to use a variant of the word <i>encyclopedia</i> in the title</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>encyclopedia</b> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>) or <b>encyclopaedia</b> (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (from Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc-Grek" style="font-style: normal;">ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία</span></span> meaning 'general education')<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Reference_work" title="Reference work">reference work</a> or <a href="/wiki/Compendium" title="Compendium">compendium</a> providing summaries of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>, either general or special, in a particular field or discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-what_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-what-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Encyclopedias are divided into <a href="/wiki/Article_(publishing)" title="Article (publishing)">articles</a> or entries that are arranged <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_order" title="Alphabetical order">alphabetically</a> by article name<sup id="cite_ref-DOLencyclopedia_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOLencyclopedia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or by thematic categories, or else are <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinked</a> and searchable.<sup id="cite_ref-webster_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webster-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DOLencyclopedia_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOLencyclopedia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-humanities_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humanities-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally speaking, encyclopedia articles focus on <i><a href="/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">factual</a> information</i> concerning the subject named in the article's title;<sup id="cite_ref-humanities_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humanities-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this is unlike dictionary entries, which focus on <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistic</a> information about <a href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">words</a>, such as their <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a>, meaning, <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation" title="Pronunciation">pronunciation</a>, use, and <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammatical</a> forms.<sup id="cite_ref-humanities_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humanities-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bejoint_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bejoint-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DOLei_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOLei-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OHEL22_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHEL22-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Encyclopedias have existed for around 2,000 years and have evolved considerably during that time as regards language (written in a major international or a vernacular language), size (few or many volumes), intent (presentation of a global or a limited range of knowledge), cultural perspective (authoritative, ideological, didactic, utilitarian), authorship (qualifications, style), readership (education level, background, interests, capabilities), and the technologies available for their production and distribution (hand-written manuscripts, small or large print runs, Internet). As a valued source of reliable information compiled by experts, printed versions found a prominent place in <a href="/wiki/Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Libraries">libraries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Schools">schools</a> and other educational institutions. </p><p>The appearance of <a href="/wiki/Online_encyclopedia" title="Online encyclopedia">digital and open-source versions</a> in the 21st century, such as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> (combining with the <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a> website format), has vastly expanded the accessibility, authorship, readership, and variety of encyclopedia entries.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:40%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Indeed, the purpose of an encyclopedia is to collect knowledge disseminated around the globe; to set forth its general system to the men with whom we live, and transmit it to those who will come after us, so that the work of preceding centuries will not become useless to the centuries to come; and so that our offspring, becoming better instructed, will at the same time become more virtuous and happy, and that we should not die without having rendered a service to the human race in the future years to come. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>The word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/encyclopedia" class="extiw" title="wikt:encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a></i> (<i>encyclo</i>|<i>pedia</i>) comes from the <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία</span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Transliterated" class="mw-redirect" title="Transliterated">transliterated</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">enkyklios paideia</i></span>, meaning 'general education' from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">enkyklios</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐγκύκλιος</span></span>), meaning 'circular, recurrent, required regularly, general'<sup id="cite_ref-humanities_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humanities-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">paideia</a></i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">παιδεία</span></span>), meaning 'education, rearing of a child'; together, the phrase literally translates as 'complete instruction' or 'complete knowledge'.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the two separate words were reduced to a single word due to a scribal error<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by copyists of a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> manuscript edition of <a href="/wiki/Quintillian" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintillian">Quintillian</a> in 1470.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The copyists took this phrase to be a single Greek word, <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">enkyklopaedia</i></span>, with the same meaning, and this spurious Greek word became the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">encyclopaedia</i></span>, which in turn came into English. Because of this compounded word, fifteenth-century readers since have often, and incorrectly, thought that the Roman authors Quintillian and <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Pliny</a> described an ancient genre.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The modern encyclopedia evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionary</a> in the 18th century; this lineage can be seen in the alphabetical order of print encyclopedias.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, both encyclopedias and dictionaries have been compiled by well-educated, well-informed content <a href="/wiki/Expert" title="Expert">experts</a>, but they are significantly different in structure. A dictionary is a linguistic work that primarily focuses on an alphabetical listing of <a href="/wiki/Words" class="mw-redirect" title="Words">words</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Definitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Definitions">definitions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">Synonymous</a> words and those related by the subject matter are to be found scattered around the dictionary, giving no obvious place for in-depth treatment. Thus, a dictionary typically provides limited <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Analysis" class="extiw" title="wikt:Analysis">analysis</a> or background for the word defined. While it may offer a definition, it may leave the reader lacking in <a href="/wiki/Understanding" title="Understanding">understanding</a> the meaning, significance or limitations of a <a href="/wiki/Term_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Term (language)">term</a>, and how the term relates to a broader field of knowledge. </p><p>To address those needs, an encyclopedia article is typically not limited to simple definitions, and is not limited to defining an individual word, but provides a more extensive meaning for a <i>subject or <a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_disciplines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of academic disciplines">discipline</a></i>. In addition to defining and listing synonymous terms for the topic, the article can treat the topic's more extensive meaning in more depth and convey the most relevant accumulated knowledge on that subject. An encyclopedia article also often includes many <a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">maps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">illustrations</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">bibliography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-humanities_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humanities-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An encyclopedia is, theoretically, not written to convince, although one of its goals is indeed to convince its reader of its veracity. </p><p>In addition, sometimes books or reading lists are compiled from a compendium of articles (either wholly or partially taken) from a specific encyclopedia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Four_major_elements">Four major elements</h3></div> <p>Four major elements define an encyclopedia: its subject matter, its scope, its method of organization, and its method of production: </p> <ol><li>Encyclopedias can be general, containing articles on topics in every field (the English-language <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> and German <i><a href="/wiki/Brockhaus_Enzyklop%C3%A4die" title="Brockhaus Enzyklopädie">Brockhaus</a></i> are well-known examples).<sup id="cite_ref-what_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-what-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General encyclopedias may contain guides on how to do a variety of things, as well as embedded dictionaries and <a href="/wiki/Gazetteer" title="Gazetteer">gazetteers</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are also encyclopedias that cover a wide variety of topics from a particular cultural, ethnic, or national perspective, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i>.</li> <li>Works of encyclopedic scope aim to convey the important accumulated knowledge for their subject domain, such as an encyclopedia of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>. Works vary in the breadth of material and the depth of discussion, depending on the <a href="/wiki/Target_audience" title="Target audience">target audience</a>.</li> <li>Some systematic methods of organization are essential to making an encyclopedia usable for reference. There have historically been two main methods of organizing printed encyclopedias: the <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_order" title="Alphabetical order">alphabetical</a> method (consisting of several separate articles, organized in alphabetical order) and organization by <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchical</a> categories.<sup id="cite_ref-webster_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webster-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former method is today the more common, especially for general works. The fluidity of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">electronic media</a>, however, allows new possibilities for multiple methods of organization of the same content. Further, electronic media offer new capabilities for search, <a href="/wiki/Subject_indexing" title="Subject indexing">indexing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cross_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross reference">cross reference</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Epigraph_(literature)" title="Epigraph (literature)">epigraph</a> from <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a> on the title page of the 18th century <i>Encyclopédie</i> suggests the importance of the structure of an encyclopedia: "What grace may be added to commonplace matters by the power of order and connection."</li> <li>As modern multimedia and the information age have evolved, new methods have emerged for the collection, verification, summation, and presentation of information of all kinds. Projects such as <a href="/wiki/Everything2" title="Everything2">Everything2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encarta" title="Encarta">Encarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/H2g2" title="H2g2">h2g2</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> are examples of new forms of the encyclopedia as <a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">information retrieval</a> becomes simpler. The method of production for an encyclopedia historically has been supported in both for-profit and non-profit contexts, such was the case of the <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a></i> mentioned above which was entirely state-sponsored, while the <i>Britannica</i> was supported as a for-profit institution.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encyclopedic_dictionaries">Encyclopedic dictionaries</h3></div> <p>Some works entitled "dictionaries" are similar to encyclopedias, especially those concerned with a particular field (such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="Dictionary of the Middle Ages">Dictionary of the Middle Ages</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships" title="Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships">Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Black%27s_Law_Dictionary" title="Black's Law Dictionary">Black's Law Dictionary</a></i>). The <i><a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Dictionary" title="Macquarie Dictionary">Macquarie Dictionary</a>,</i> Australia's national dictionary, became an <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedic_dictionary" title="Encyclopedic dictionary">encyclopedic dictionary</a> after its first edition in recognition of the use of proper nouns in common communication, and the words derived from such proper nouns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_between_encyclopedias_and_dictionaries">Differences between encyclopedias and dictionaries</h3></div> <p>There are some broad differences between encyclopedias and dictionaries. Most noticeably, encyclopedia articles are longer, fuller and more thorough than entries in most general-purpose dictionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-DOLencyclopedia_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOLencyclopedia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DOLencyclopedicdefinition_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOLencyclopedicdefinition-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are differences in content as well. Generally speaking, dictionaries provide <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistic</a> information about words themselves, while encyclopedias focus more on the things for which those words stand.<sup id="cite_ref-bejoint_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bejoint-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DOLei_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOLei-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OHEL22_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHEL22-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, while dictionary entries are inextricably fixed to the word described, encyclopedia articles can be given a different entry name. As such, dictionary entries are not fully translatable into other languages, but encyclopedia articles can be.<sup id="cite_ref-bejoint_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bejoint-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practice, however, the distinction is not concrete, as there is no clear-cut difference between factual, "encyclopedic" information and linguistic information such as appear in dictionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-DOLei_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOLei-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DOLencyclopedicdefinition_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOLencyclopedicdefinition-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bejoint31_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bejoint31-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus encyclopedias may contain material that is also found in dictionaries, and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-Bejoint31_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bejoint31-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, dictionary entries often contain factual information about the thing named by the word.<sup id="cite_ref-DOLencyclopedicdefinition_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOLencyclopedicdefinition-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bejoint31_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bejoint31-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-modern_encyclopedias">Pre-modern encyclopedias</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_encyclopedias" title="History of encyclopedias">History of encyclopedias</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturalishistoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Naturalishistoria.jpg/180px-Naturalishistoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Naturalishistoria.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="235" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><i>Naturalis Historiæ</i>, 1669 edition, title page</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest encyclopedic work to have survived to modern times is the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Naturalis_Historia" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalis Historia">Naturalis Historia</a></i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> statesman living in the 1st century AD,<sup id="cite_ref-humanities_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humanities-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chicago_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chicago-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-history_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-capsules_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-capsules-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a work indebted to <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a> (1st century BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He compiled a work of 37 chapters covering <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a>, architecture, medicine, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, geology, and all aspects of the world around him.<sup id="cite_ref-capsules_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-capsules-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work became very popular in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Antiquity</a>, was one of the first classical manuscripts to be printed in 1470, and has remained popular ever since as a source of information on the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> world, and especially <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman technology">Roman technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman engineering">Roman engineering</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isidore_de_S%C3%A9ville.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Isidore_de_S%C3%A9ville.jpg/150px-Isidore_de_S%C3%A9ville.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Isidore_de_S%C3%A9ville.jpg/225px-Isidore_de_S%C3%A9ville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Isidore_de_S%C3%A9ville.jpg/300px-Isidore_de_S%C3%A9ville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="1606" /></a><figcaption>Isidore of Seville author of Etymologiae (10th. century <a href="/wiki/Ottonian_dynasty" title="Ottonian dynasty">Ottonian</a> manuscript)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Spanish scholar <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a> was the first Christian writer to try to compile a <i><a href="/wiki/Summa" title="Summa">summa</a></i> of universal knowledge, the <i><a href="/wiki/Etymologiae" title="Etymologiae">Etymologiae</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600–625</span>), also known by classicists as the <i>Origines</i> (abbreviated <i>Orig</i>.). This encyclopedia—the first such Christian <a href="/wiki/Epitome" title="Epitome">epitome</a>—formed a huge compilation of 448 chapters in 20 books<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on hundreds of classical sources, including the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Naturalis Historia</i></span>. Of the <i>Etymologiae</i> in its time it was said <i>quaecunque fere sciri debentur</i>, "practically everything that it is necessary to know".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-history_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the areas covered were: <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heretical" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretical">heretical</a> sects, <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosophers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities">cities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">physical world</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">public buildings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">roads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Metals">metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clothes" class="mw-redirect" title="Clothes">clothes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">tools</a>. </p><p>Another Christian encyclopedia was the <i>Institutiones divinarum et saecularium litterarum</i> of <a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a> (543–560) dedicated to the Christian divinity and the seven liberal arts.<sup id="cite_ref-history_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-humanities_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humanities-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The encyclopedia of <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a>, a massive 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia, had 30,000 entries, many drawings from ancient sources that have since been lost, and often derived from medieval <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> compilers. The text was arranged alphabetically with some slight deviations from common vowel order and placed in the Greek alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-history_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_of_Yongle_Encyclopedia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Image_of_Yongle_Encyclopedia.jpg/220px-Image_of_Yongle_Encyclopedia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Image_of_Yongle_Encyclopedia.jpg/330px-Image_of_Yongle_Encyclopedia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Image_of_Yongle_Encyclopedia.jpg/440px-Image_of_Yongle_Encyclopedia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Encyclopedia" title="Yongle Encyclopedia">Yongle Encyclopedia</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-capsules_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-capsules-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>From India, the <a href="/wiki/Siribhoovalaya" title="Siribhoovalaya">Siribhoovalaya</a> (Kannada: ಸಿರಿಭೂವಲಯ), dated between 800 A.D. to 15th century, is a work of <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> literature written by <a href="/wiki/Kumudendu_Muni" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumudendu Muni">Kumudendu Muni</a>, a Jain monk. It is unique because rather than employing alphabets, it is composed entirely in <a href="/wiki/Kannada_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada numerals">Kannada numerals</a>. Many philosophies which existed in the Jain classics are eloquently and skillfully interpreted in the work. </p><p>The enormous encyclopedic work in China of the <i><a href="/wiki/Four_Great_Books_of_Song" title="Four Great Books of Song">Four Great Books of Song</a></i>, compiled by the 11th century during the early <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (960–1279), was a massive literary undertaking for the time. The last encyclopedia of the four, the <i><a href="/wiki/Prime_Tortoise_of_the_Record_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau">Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau</a></i>, amounted to 9.4 million <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> in 1,000 written volumes. The <i><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Encyclopedia" title="Yongle Encyclopedia">Yongle Encyclopedia</a></i> (completed 1408) comprised 11,095 volumes. </p><p>There were many great encyclopedists throughout Chinese history, including the scientist and statesman <a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a> (1031–1095) with his <i><a href="/wiki/Dream_Pool_Essays" title="Dream Pool Essays">Dream Pool Essays</a></i> of 1088; the statesman, inventor, and agronomist <a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Zhen (official)">Wang Zhen</a> (active 1290–1333) with his <i>Nong Shu</i> of 1313; and <a href="/wiki/Song_Yingxing" title="Song Yingxing">Song Yingxing</a> (1587–1666) with his <i>Tiangong Kaiwu</i>. Song Yingxing was termed the "<a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a> of China" by British historian <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Joseph Needham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Printed_encyclopedias">Printed encyclopedias</h2></div> <p>Before the advent of the printing press, encyclopedic works were all hand-copied and thus rarely available, beyond wealthy patrons or monastic men of learning: they were expensive, and usually written for those extending knowledge rather than those using it. During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, the creation of <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> allowed a wider diffusion of encyclopedias and every scholar could have his or her copy. The <i><a href="/wiki/De_expetendis_et_fugiendis_rebus" title="De expetendis et fugiendis rebus">De expetendis et fugiendis rebus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Valla" title="Giorgio Valla">Giorgio Valla</a> was posthumously printed in 1501 by <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Manuzio" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldo Manuzio">Aldo Manuzio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. This work followed the traditional scheme of liberal arts. However, Valla added the translation of ancient Greek works on mathematics (firstly by <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a>), newly discovered and translated. The <i>Margarita Philosophica</i> by <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Reisch" title="Gregor Reisch">Gregor Reisch</a>, printed in 1503, was a complete encyclopedia explaining the <a href="/wiki/Seven_liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven liberal arts">seven liberal arts</a>. </p><p>Financial, commercial, legal, and intellectual factors changed the size of encyclopedias. Middle classes had more time to read and encyclopedias helped them to learn more. Publishers wanted to increase their output so some countries like Germany started selling books missing alphabetical sections, to publish faster. Also, publishers could not afford all the resources by themselves, so multiple publishers would come together with their resources to create better encyclopedias. Later, rivalry grew, causing copyright to occur due to weak underdeveloped laws. <a href="/wiki/John_Harris_(writer)" title="John Harris (writer)">John Harris</a> is often credited with introducing the now-familiar alphabetic format in 1704 with his English <i>Lexicon Technicum: Or, A Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences: Explaining not only the Terms of Art, but the Arts Themselves</i> – to give its full title. Organized alphabetically, its content does indeed contain an explanation not merely of the terms used in the arts and sciences, but of the arts and sciences themselves. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Sir Isaac Newton</a> contributed his only published work on chemistry to the second volume of 1710. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encyclopédie"><span id="Encyclop.C3.A9die"></span><i>Encyclopédie</i></h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A9die&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> for 'Encyclopedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts'),<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> better known as <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɑ̃siklɔpedi]</a></span>), was a general encyclopedia published in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> between 1751 and 1772, with later supplements, revised editions, and translations. It had many writers, known as the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopédistes</a>. It was edited by <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a> and, until 1759, co-edited by <a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">Jean le Rond d'Alembert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Encyclopédie</i> is most famous for representing the thought of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>. According to Denis Diderot in the article "Encyclopédie", the <i>Encyclopédies aim was "to change the way people think" and for people to be able to inform themselves and to know things.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and the other contributors advocated for the <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a> of learning away from the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diderot wanted to incorporate all of the world's knowledge into the </i>Encyclopédie<i> and hoped that the text could disseminate all this information to the public and future generations.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, it is an example of <a href="/wiki/Democratization_of_knowledge" title="Democratization of knowledge">democratization of knowledge</a>.</i> </p> It was also the first encyclopedia to include contributions from many named contributors, and it was the first general encyclopedia to describe the <a href="/wiki/Artes_Mechanicae" class="mw-redirect" title="Artes Mechanicae">mechanical arts</a>. In the first publication, seventeen folio volumes were accompanied by detailed engravings. Later volumes were published without the engravings, in order to better reach a wide audience within Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encyclopædia_Britannica"><span id="Encyclop.C3.A6dia_Britannica"></span><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for 'British Encyclopaedia') is a <a href="/wiki/General_knowledge" title="General knowledge">general knowledge</a> English-language <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia">encyclopaedia</a>. It has been published by <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> since 1768, although the company has changed ownership seven times. The encyclopaedia is maintained by about 100 full-time editors and more than 4,000 contributors. The 2010 version of the 15th edition, which spans 32 volumes<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_nytstop_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_nytstop-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 32,640 pages, was the last printed edition. Since 2016, it has been published exclusively as an <a href="/wiki/Online_encyclopedia" title="Online encyclopedia">online encyclopaedia</a>. </p><p>Printed for 244 years, the <i>Britannica</i> was the longest-running in-print encyclopaedia in the English language. It was first published between 1768 and 1771 in the Scottish capital of <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, in three volumes. The encyclopaedia grew in size; the second edition was 10 volumes,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by its fourth edition (1801–1810), it had expanded to 20 volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its rising stature as a scholarly work helped recruit eminent contributors, and the 9th (1875–1889) and <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">11th editions</a> (1911) are landmark encyclopaedias for scholarship and literary style. Starting with the 11th edition and following its acquisition by an American firm, the <i>Britannica</i> shortened and simplified articles to broaden its appeal to the North American market. </p><p>In 1933, the <i>Britannica</i> became the first encyclopaedia to adopt "continuous revision", in which the encyclopaedia is continually reprinted, with every article updated on a schedule.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the 21st century, the <i>Britannica</i> suffered first from competition with the digital multimedia encyclopaedia <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Encarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Encarta">Microsoft Encarta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later with the online <a href="/wiki/Peer_production" title="Peer production">peer-produced</a> encyclopaedia <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Wired_best_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Wired_best-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_NYT_no_print_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_NYT_no_print-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Atlantic_no_print_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Atlantic_no_print-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2012, it announced it would no longer publish printed editions and would focus instead on the online version.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_NYT_no_print_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_NYT_no_print-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britannica has been assessed as being more politically centrist compared to Wikipedia, which is considered to have a more left-leaning orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> The 15th edition (1974–2010) has a three-part structure: a 12-volume <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Micropædia</i></span> of short articles (generally fewer than 750 words), a 17-volume <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Macrop%C3%A6dia" title="Macropædia">Macropædia</a></i></span> of long articles (two to 310 pages), and a single <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Prop%C3%A6dia" title="Propædia">Propædia</a></i></span> volume to give a <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical">hierarchical</a> outline of knowledge. The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Micropædia</i></span> was meant for quick <a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">fact-checking</a> and as a guide to the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Macropædia</i></span>; readers are advised to study the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Propædia</i></span> outline to understand a subject's context and to find more detailed articles. Over 70 years, the size of the <i>Britannica</i> has remained steady, with about 40 million words on half a million topics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Though published in the United States since 1901, the <i>Britannica</i> has for the most part maintained <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences" title="American and British English spelling differences">British English spelling</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brockhaus_Enzyklopädie"><span id="Brockhaus_Enzyklop.C3.A4die"></span><i>Brockhaus Enzyklopädie</i></h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Brockhaus_Enzyklop%C3%A4die" title="Brockhaus Enzyklopädie">Brockhaus Enzyklopädie</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brockhaus_Enzyklop%C3%A4die&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Brockhaus Enzyklopädie</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> for <i>Brockhaus Encyclopedia</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German-language</a> encyclopedia which until 2009 was published by the <a href="/wiki/F._A._Brockhaus_AG" title="F. A. Brockhaus AG">F. A. Brockhaus</a> printing house. </p><p>The first edition originated in the <i><a href="/wiki/Conversations-Lexikon_mit_vorz%C3%BCglicher_R%C3%BCcksicht_auf_die_gegenw%C3%A4rtigen_Zeiten" title="Conversations-Lexikon mit vorzüglicher Rücksicht auf die gegenwärtigen Zeiten">Conversations-Lexikon</a></i> published by Renatus Gotthelf Löbel and Franke in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> 1796–1808. Renamed <i>Der Große Brockhaus</i> in 1928 and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Brockhaus Enzyklopädie</i></span> from 1966, the current<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> 21st thirty-volume edition contains about 300,000 entries on about 24,000 pages, with about 40,000 maps, graphics and tables. It is the largest German-language printed encyclopedia in the 21st century. </p> In February 2008, F. A. Brockhaus announced the changeover to an <a href="/wiki/Online_encyclopedia" title="Online encyclopedia">online encyclopedia</a> and the discontinuation of the printed editions. The rights to the <i>Brockhaus</i> trademark were purchased by <a href="/wiki/Arvato_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Arvato services">Arvato services</a>, a subsidiary of the <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann" title="Bertelsmann">Bertelsmann</a> media group. After more than 200 years, the distribution of the Brockhaus encyclopedia ceased completely in 2014.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encyclopedias_in_the_United_States">Encyclopedias in the United States</h3></div> <p>In the United States, the 1950s and 1960s saw the introduction of several large popular encyclopedias, often sold on installment plans. The best known of these were <i><a href="/wiki/World_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="World Book">World Book</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Funk_and_Wagnalls" class="mw-redirect" title="Funk and Wagnalls">Funk and Wagnalls</a></i>. As many as 90% were sold <a href="/wiki/Door_to_door" class="mw-redirect" title="Door to door">door to door</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chicago_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chicago-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jack Lynch says in his book <i><a href="/wiki/You_Could_Look_It_Up" title="You Could Look It Up">You Could Look It Up</a></i> that encyclopedia salespeople were so common that they became the butt of jokes. He describes their sales pitch saying, "They were selling not books but a lifestyle, a future, a promise of social mobility." A 1961 <i>World Book</i> ad said, "You are holding your family's future in your hands right now," while showing a feminine hand holding an order form.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of the 1990s, two of the most prominent encyclopedias published in the United States were <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's Encyclopedia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_encyclopedias">Digital encyclopedias<span class="anchor" id="Digital"></span></h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_media">Physical media</h3></div> <p>By the late 20th century, encyclopedias were being published on <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROMs</a> for use with <a href="/wiki/Personal_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal computers">personal computers</a>. This was the usual way computer users accessed encyclopedic knowledge from the 1980s and 1990s. Later, <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> discs replaced CD-ROMs, and by the mid-2000s, <a href="/wiki/Internet_encyclopedias" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet encyclopedias">internet encyclopedias</a> were dominant and replaced disc-based software encyclopedias.<sup id="cite_ref-humanities_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humanities-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CD-ROM encyclopedias were usually a <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> or <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> (3.0, 3.1 or 95/98) application on a CD-ROM disc. The user would execute the encyclopedia's software program to see a menu that allowed them to start browsing the encyclopedia's articles, and most encyclopedias also supported a way to search the contents of the encyclopedia. The article text was usually <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinked</a> and also included <a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">photographs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">audio</a> clips (for example in articles about historical speeches or musical instruments), and <a href="/wiki/Video_clip" title="Video clip">video clips</a>. In the CD-ROM age, the video clips had usually a low resolution, often 160x120 or 320x240 pixels. Such encyclopedias which made use of photos, audio and video were also called <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia encyclopedias</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Encarta" title="Encarta">Encarta</a></i>, launched in 1993, was a landmark example as it had no printed equivalent. Articles were supplemented with video and audio files as well as numerous high-quality images. After sixteen years, Microsoft discontinued the Encarta line of products in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples of CD-ROM encyclopedia are <a href="/wiki/Grolier" title="Grolier">Grolier</a> Multimedia Encyclopedia and <i>Britannica</i>. </p><p>Digital encyclopedias enable "Encyclopedia Services" (such as <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikimedia Enterprise">Wikimedia Enterprise</a>) to facilitate programmatic access to the content.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online">Online <span class="anchor" id="Online"></span></h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Online_encyclopedia" title="Online encyclopedia">Online encyclopedia</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Online_encyclopedia&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> An <a href="/wiki/Online_encyclopedia" title="Online encyclopedia">online encyclopedia</a>, also called an Internet encyclopedia, is a digital encyclopedia accessible through the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a> since 1998, <a href="/wiki/Encarta" title="Encarta">Encarta</a> from 2000 to 2009, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> since 2001, and <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> since 2016.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Free_encyclopedias">Free encyclopedias</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Free encyclopedia" redirects here. For the website that uses the term as its motto, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Otros_enciclopedias_libres_from_EL.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Otros_enciclopedias_libres_from_EL.png/220px-Otros_enciclopedias_libres_from_EL.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Otros_enciclopedias_libres_from_EL.png/330px-Otros_enciclopedias_libres_from_EL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Otros_enciclopedias_libres_from_EL.png/440px-Otros_enciclopedias_libres_from_EL.png 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption>List of other free encyclopedias, from Enciclopedia Libre.</figcaption></figure> <p>The concept of a free encyclopedia began with the <a href="/wiki/Interpedia" title="Interpedia">Interpedia</a> proposal on <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> in 1993, which outlined an Internet-based <a href="/wiki/Online_encyclopedia" title="Online encyclopedia">online encyclopedia</a> to which anyone could submit content that would be freely accessible. Early projects in this vein included <a href="/wiki/Everything2" title="Everything2">Everything2</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open Site (page does not exist)">Open Site</a>. In 1999, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> proposed the <a href="/wiki/GNUPedia" class="mw-redirect" title="GNUPedia">GNUPedia</a>, an online encyclopedia which, similar to the <a href="/wiki/GNU_operating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU operating system">GNU operating system</a>, would be a "generic" resource. The concept was very similar to Interpedia, but more in line with Stallman's <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> philosophy. </p><p>It was not until <a href="/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia">Nupedia</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> that a stable free encyclopedia project was able to be established on the Internet. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</a>, which was started in 2001, became the world's largest encyclopedia in 2004 at the 300,000 article stage.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late 2005, Wikipedia had produced over two million articles in more than 80 languages with content licensed under the <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> <a href="/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GNU Free Documentation License</a>. As of August 2009,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> Wikipedia had over 3 million articles in English and well over 10 million combined articles in over 250 languages. Today, Wikipedia has <a href="/wiki/Special:Statistics" title="Special:Statistics">6,914,447</a> articles in English, over 60 million combined articles in over 300 languages, and over 250 million combined pages including project and discussion pages.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2002, other free encyclopedias appeared, including <a href="/wiki/Hudong" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudong">Hudong</a> (2005–) and <a href="/wiki/Baidu_Baike" title="Baidu Baike">Baidu Baike</a> (2006–) in Chinese, and Google's <a href="/wiki/Knol" title="Knol">Knol</a> (2008–2012) in English. Some MediaWiki-based encyclopedias have appeared, usually under a license compatible with Wikipedia, including <a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Libre_Universal_en_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="Enciclopedia Libre Universal en Español">Enciclopedia Libre</a> (2002–2021) in Spanish and <a href="/wiki/Conservapedia" title="Conservapedia">Conservapedia</a> (2006–), <a href="/wiki/Scholarpedia" title="Scholarpedia">Scholarpedia</a> (2006–), and <a href="/wiki/Citizendium" title="Citizendium">Citizendium</a> (2007–) in English, the latter of which had become inactive by 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/47px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/63px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/28px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/42px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/56px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_encyclopedias" title="Bibliography of encyclopedias">Bibliography of encyclopedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_dictionary" title="Biographical dictionary">Biographical dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedic_knowledge" title="Encyclopedic knowledge">Encyclopedic knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedism" title="Encyclopedism">Encyclopedism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_entry" title="Fictitious entry">Fictitious entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology" title="History of science and technology">History of science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">Lexicography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">Library science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_encyclopedias" title="Lists of encyclopedias">Lists of encyclopedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesaurus" title="Thesaurus">Thesaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculum_literature" title="Speculum literature">Speculum literature</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStevensonLindberg2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stevenson, Angus; Lindberg, Christine A. (2015) [2010]. <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195392883.001.0001/m_en_us1244018">"encyclopedia"</a></span>. In Stevenson, Angus; Lindberg, Christine A. (eds.). <i>New Oxford American Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195392883.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195392883.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195392883" title="Special:BookSources/9780195392883"><bdi>9780195392883</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2024</span> – via Oxford Reference.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=encyclopedia&rft.btitle=New+Oxford+American+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195392883.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780195392883&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Angus&rft.au=Lindberg%2C+Christine+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195392883.001.0001%2Fm_en_us1244018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/encyclopaedia">"Encyclopedia | Definition, History, Examples, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.rcc.edu/riverside/glossaryoflibraryterms.htm#e">the original</a> on August 3, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.rcc.edu%2Friverside%2Fglossaryoflibraryterms.htm%23e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span> Glossary of Library Terms. Riverside City College, Digital Library/Learning Resource Center. Retrieved on: November 17, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-what-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-what_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-what_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122193111/https://eiu.libguides.com/ResearchHelp">"What are Reference Resources?"</a>. <i>Eastern Illinois University</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eiu.libguides.com/ResearchHelp">the original</a> on November 22, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Illinois+University&rft.atitle=What+are+Reference+Resources%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feiu.libguides.com%2FResearchHelp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOLencyclopedia-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOLencyclopedia_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOLencyclopedia_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOLencyclopedia_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmannJames1998" class="citation book cs1">Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114034551/https://books.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49"><i>Dictionary of Lexicography</i></a>. Routledge. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14143-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14143-7"><bdi>978-0-415-14143-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49">the original</a> on January 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Lexicography&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14143-7&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=R.+R.+K.&rft.au=James%2C+Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D49NZ12icE-QC%26q%3D%2522encyclopedic%2520dictionary%2522%252Bencyclopedia%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-webster-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-webster_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-webster_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929221816/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/encyclopedia">"Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/encyclopedia">the original</a> on September 29, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fencyclopedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-humanities-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-humanities_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humanities_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humanities_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humanities_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humanities_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humanities_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humanities_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humanities_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBocco2022" class="citation web cs1">Bocco, Diana (August 30, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927200756/https://www.languagehumanities.org/what-is-an-encyclopedia.htm">"What is an Encyclopedia?"</a>. <i>Language Humanities</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.languagehumanities.org/what-is-an-encyclopedia.htm">the original</a> on September 27, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Language+Humanities&rft.atitle=What+is+an+Encyclopedia%3F&rft.date=2022-08-30&rft.aulast=Bocco&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.languagehumanities.org%2Fwhat-is-an-encyclopedia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bejoint-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bejoint_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bejoint_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bejoint_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Béjoint, Henri (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ8gwtomUpMC&dq=lexicography%20translated%20encyclopedia%20dictionary&pg=PA30"><i>Modern Lexicography</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230031758/https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ8gwtomUpMC&lpg=PA30&dq=lexicography%20translated%20encyclopedia%20dictionary&pg=PA30">Archived</a> December 30, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 30–31. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-829951-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-829951-6">0-19-829951-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia">"Encyclopaedia"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2010</span>. <q>An English lexicographer, H.W. Fowler, wrote in the preface to the first edition (1911) of <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English language</i> that a dictionary is concerned with the uses of words and phrases and with giving information about the things for which they stand only so far as current use of the words depends upon knowledge of those things. The emphasis in an encyclopedia is much more on the nature of the things for which the words and phrases stand.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F186603%2Fencyclopaedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOLei-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOLei_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOLei_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOLei_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmannJames1998" class="citation book cs1">Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114034551/https://books.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49"><i>Dictionary of Lexicography</i></a>. Routledge. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14143-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14143-7"><bdi>978-0-415-14143-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49">the original</a> on January 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2010</span>. <q>In contrast with linguistic information, encyclopedia material is more concerned with the description of objective realities than the words or phrases that refer to them. In practice, however, there is no hard and fast boundary between factual and lexical knowledge.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Lexicography&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14143-7&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=R.+R.+K.&rft.au=James%2C+Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D49NZ12icE-QC%26q%3D%2522encyclopedic%2520dictionary%2522%252Bencyclopedia%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OHEL22-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OHEL22_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OHEL22_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowie2009" class="citation book cs1">Cowie, Anthony Paul (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415131818/https://books.google.com/books?id=nhnVF9Or_wMC"><i>The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14143-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14143-7"><bdi>978-0-415-14143-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nhnVF9Or_wMC">the original</a> on April 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2010</span>. <q>An 'encyclopedia' (encyclopaedia) usually gives more information than a dictionary; it explains not only the words but also the things and concepts referred to by the words.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+English+Lexicography%2C+Volume+I&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14143-7&rft.aulast=Cowie&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnhnVF9Or_wMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunterLobatoRichardsonThomas2013" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Dan; Lobato, Ramon; Richardson, Megan; Thomas, Julian (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kUNpPa-P8BYC&dq=The+appearance+of+digital+and+open-source+versions+in+the+21st+century,+such+as+Wikipedia&pg=PA138"><i>Amateur Media: Social, Cultural and Legal Perspectives</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-78265-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-78265-4"><bdi>978-0-415-78265-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amateur+Media%3A+Social%2C+Cultural+and+Legal+Perspectives&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-78265-4&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Lobato%2C+Ramon&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Megan&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkUNpPa-P8BYC%26dq%3DThe%2Bappearance%2Bof%2Bdigital%2Band%2Bopen-source%2Bversions%2Bin%2Bthe%2B21st%2Bcentury%2C%2Bsuch%2Bas%2BWikipedia%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denis Diderot; Jean le Rond d'Alembert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;idno=did2222.0000.004;rgn=main;view=text"><i>Encyclopédie</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429032124/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;idno=did2222.0000.004;rgn=main;view=text">Archived</a> April 29, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. University of Michigan Library: Scholarly Publishing Office and DLXS. Retrieved on: November 17, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0060%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D1">Ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209012127/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2007.01.0060:book%3D1:chapter%3D10:section%3D1">Archived</a> February 9, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Quintilian, <i>Institutio Oratoria</i>, 1.10.1, at Perseus Project</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3De%29gku%2Fklios">ἐγκύκλιος</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308213346/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3De)gku%2Fklios">Archived</a> March 8, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek–English Lexicon</i>, at Perseus Project</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpaidei%2Fa">παιδεία</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308034728/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpaidei%2Fa">Archived</a> March 8, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek–English Lexicon</i>, at Perseus Project</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to some accounts, such as the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/encyclopedia"><i>American Heritage Dictionary</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819022705/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/encyclopedia">Archived</a> August 19, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, copyists of Latin manuscripts took this phrase to be a single Greek word, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐγκυκλοπαιδεία</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">enkyklopaedia</i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin-Brown2012" class="citation book cs1">Franklin-Brown, Mary (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oG8ttUuJrgUC&pg=PA8"><i>Reading the world: encyclopedic writing in the scholastic age</i></a>. Chicago London: The University of Chicago Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226260709" title="Special:BookSources/9780226260709"><bdi>9780226260709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+world%3A+encyclopedic+writing+in+the+scholastic+age&rft.place=Chicago+London&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780226260709&rft.aulast=Franklin-Brown&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoG8ttUuJrgUC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKönig2013" class="citation book cs1">König, Jason (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mfPXAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Encyclopaedism from antiquity to the Renaissance</i></a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03823-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03823-3"><bdi>978-1-107-03823-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedism+from+antiquity+to+the+Renaissance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-03823-3&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6nig&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmfPXAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As explained by Richard Yeo, <i>Encyclopaedic Visions: Scientific Dictionaries and Enlightenment Culture</i> (Cambridge: University Press, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15292-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15292-1">978-0-521-15292-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOLencyclopedicdefinition-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOLencyclopedicdefinition_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOLencyclopedicdefinition_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOLencyclopedicdefinition_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmannJames1998" class="citation book cs1">Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49"><i>Dictionary of Lexicography</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 48–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14143-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14143-7"><bdi>978-0-415-14143-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114034551/https://books.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2010</span>. <q>Usually these two aspects overlap – encyclopedic information being difficult to distinguish from linguistic information – and dictionaries attempt to capture both in the explanation of a meaning<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Lexicography&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14143-7&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=R.+R.+K.&rft.au=James%2C+Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D49NZ12icE-QC%26q%3D%2522encyclopedic%2520dictionary%2522%252Bencyclopedia%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bejoint31-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bejoint31_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bejoint31_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bejoint31_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBéjoint2000" class="citation book cs1">Béjoint, Henri (2000). <i>Modern Lexicography</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829951-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829951-6"><bdi>978-0-19-829951-6</bdi></a>. <q>The two types, as we have seen, are not easily differentiated; encyclopedias contain information that is also to be found in dictionaries, and vice versa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Lexicography&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829951-6&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9joint&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chicago-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chicago_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chicago_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman2017" class="citation web cs1">Grossman, Ron (December 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221022091053/https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-perspec-flash-encyclopedia-world-book-britannica-1210-20171205-story.html">"Long before Google, there was the encyclopedia"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-perspec-flash-encyclopedia-world-book-britannica-1210-20171205-story.html">the original</a> on October 22, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Long+before+Google%2C+there+was+the+encyclopedia&rft.date=2017-12-07&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fopinion%2Fcommentary%2Fct-perspec-flash-encyclopedia-world-book-britannica-1210-20171205-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006151548/https://www.britannica.com/topic/encyclopaedia/History-of-encyclopaedias">"History of Encyclopaedias"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/encyclopaedia/History-of-encyclopaedias">the original</a> on October 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=History+of+Encyclopaedias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fencyclopaedia%2FHistory-of-encyclopaedias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-capsules-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-capsules_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-capsules_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-capsules_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNobel2015" class="citation web cs1">Nobel, Justin (December 9, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205195631/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/encyclopedias-are-time-capsules/419619/">"Encyclopedias Are Time Capsules"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/encyclopedias-are-time-capsules/419619/">the original</a> on December 5, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Encyclopedias+Are+Time+Capsules&rft.date=2015-12-09&rft.aulast=Nobel&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2015%2F12%2Fencyclopedias-are-time-capsules%2F419619%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSordet2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sordet, Yann (2021). <i>Histoire du livre et de l'édition</i> (in French). Paris: Albin Michel. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-226-45767-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-226-45767-7"><bdi>978-2-226-45767-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+livre+et+de+l%27%C3%A9dition&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Albin+Michel&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-2-226-45767-7&rft.aulast=Sordet&rft.aufirst=Yann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacFarlane 1980:4; MacFarlane translates <i>Etymologiae</i> viii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Braulio, <i>Elogium</i> of Isidore appended to Isidore's <i><a href="/wiki/De_viris_illustribus" title="De viris illustribus">De viris illustribus</a></i>, heavily indebted itself to <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Buchanan, <i>A Dictionary of Critical Theory</i>, Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://britannica.com/topic/Encyclopedie">"Encyclopédie | French reference work"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+%7C+French+reference+work&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbritannica.com%2Ftopic%2FEncyclopedie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denis Diderot as quoted in Hunt, p. 611</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_the_State_of_New_York1893" class="citation book cs1">University of the State of New York (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ABxEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA266"><i>Annual Report of the Regents, Volume 106</i></a>. p. 266.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+of+the+Regents%2C+Volume+106&rft.pages=266&rft.date=1893&rft.au=University+of+the+State+of+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DABxEAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denis Diderot as quoted in Kramnick, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyons, M. (2013). <i>Books: a living history</i>. London: Thames & Hudson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Audi, <i>Diderot, Denis" entry in The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy</i>, (Cambridge University Press, 2015)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_nytstop-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_nytstop_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosman2012" class="citation news cs1">Bosman, Julie (March 13, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/13/after-244-years-encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses">"After 244 Years, Encyclopædia Britannica Stops the Presses"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314014911/http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/13/after-244-years-encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses/">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7356-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7356-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-7356-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Are+libraries+obsolete%3F+an+argument+for+relevance+in+the+digital+age&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+N.C&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7356-4&rft.aulast=Herring&rft.aufirst=Mark+Youngblood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=encyclopedia">"encyclopedia"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308154841/https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=encyclopedia">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chnm.gmu.edu/essays-on-history-new-media/essays/?essayid=42">the original</a> on April 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Can+History+Be+Open+Source%3F+Wikipedia+and+the+Future+of+the+Past&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117-46&rft.date=2006-06&rft.issn=1945-2314&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4486062%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4486062&rft.aulast=Rosenzweig&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchnm.gmu.edu%2Fessays-on-history-new-media%2Fessays%2F%3Fessayid%3D42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIoannides2006" class="citation book cs1">Ioannides, Marinos (2006). <i>The e-volution of information communication technology in cultural heritage: where hi-tech touches the past: risks and challenges for the 21st century</i>. Budapest: Archaeolingua. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-8046-73-2" title="Special:BookSources/963-8046-73-2"><bdi>963-8046-73-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/218599120">218599120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+e-volution+of+information+communication+technology+in+cultural+heritage%3A+where+hi-tech+touches+the+past%3A+risks+and+challenges+for+the+21st+century&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Archaeolingua&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F218599120&rft.isbn=963-8046-73-2&rft.aulast=Ioannides&rft.aufirst=Marinos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh1968" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, S. Padraig (1968). <i>Anglo-American general encyclopedias: a historical bibliography, 1703–1967</i>. New York: Bowker. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/577541">577541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-American+general+encyclopedias%3A+a+historical+bibliography%2C+1703%E2%80%931967&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Bowker&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F577541&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=S.+Padraig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeo2001" class="citation book cs1">Yeo, Richard R. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/history-ideas-and-intellectual-history/encyclopaedic-visions-scientific-dictionaries-and-enlightenment-culture?format=HB"><i>Encyclopaedic visions: scientific dictionaries and enlightenment culture</i></a>. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65191-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65191-2"><bdi>978-0-521-65191-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45828872">45828872</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140416064030/http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/history-ideas-and-intellectual-history/encyclopaedic-visions-scientific-dictionaries-and-enlightenment-culture?format=HB">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedic+visions%3A+scientific+dictionaries+and+enlightenment+culture&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45828872&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65191-2&rft.aulast=Yeo&rft.aufirst=Richard+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Facademic%2Fsubjects%2Fhistory%2Fhistory-ideas-and-intellectual-history%2Fencyclopaedic-visions-scientific-dictionaries-and-enlightenment-culture%3Fformat%3DHB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/encyclopedia" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/encyclopaedia" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:encyclopaedia">encyclopaedia</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/encyclopedic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:encyclopedic">encyclopedic</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Encyclopedias" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Encyclopedias" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060114061155/http://www.educ.fc.ul.pt/hyper/eng/index.html">Encyclopaedia and Hypertext</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accuracyproject.org/cbe-errors-books.html">Internet Accuracy Project</a> – Biographical errors in encyclopedias and almanacs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;idno=did2222.0000.004;rgn=main;view=text">"Encyclopedia"</a> – Diderot's article on the Encyclopedia from the original <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a></i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080615051823/http://www.dm.unipi.it/~tucci/index.html"><i>De expetendis et fugiendis rebus</i></a> – First Renaissance encyclopedia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kennedy.byu.edu/staff/peterson/multivol/multibooks.html">Errors and inconsistencies in several printed reference books and encyclopedias</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010718235527/http://kennedy.byu.edu/staff/peterson/Multivol/Multibooks.html">Archived</a> July 18, 2001, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109213126/http://reviews.cnet.com/1990-3118_7-6378998-1.html">"Digital encyclopedias put the world at your fingertips"</a> –  <a href="/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a> article</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080112134535/http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/reference/encycl.htm">Encyclopedias online</a> University of Wisconsin –  Stout listing by category</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/ACyclopaedia">Chambers' <i>Cyclopaedia</i></a>, 1728, with the 1753 supplement</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa&cc=moa&key=title&page=browse&value=encyclop%C3%A6dia+americana&Submit=Quick+Browse"><i>Encyclopædia Americana</i></a>, 1851, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Lieber" title="Francis Lieber">Francis Lieber</a> ed. (Boston: Mussey & Co.) at the University of Michigan Making of America site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a>, articles and illustrations from 9th ed., 1875–89, and 10th ed., 1902–03.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/909533/">FAST</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4014986-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Encyclopedias"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99001614">United States</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Encyclopedias and dictionaries"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85042997">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Encyclopédies"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12043290b">France</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Encyclopédies et dictionnaires"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931349w">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Encyclopédies"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12043290b">BnF data</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Encyclopédies et dictionnaires"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931349w">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="百科事典"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563841">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="encyklopedie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117188&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Enciclopedias"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4344163">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000133575&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Encyclopedias and dictionaries"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543344005171">Israel</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Encyclopedias"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007394400005171">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/028704">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=17918">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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