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analysis</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: contract analysis"> <meta name="keywords" content="contract analysis"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="contract analysis"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 28065</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: contract analysis</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28065</span> Lease Contract: Concept and Types, Comparative Legal Analysis Between Bulgarian Legislation and European Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Veselin%20Konstantinov%20Hristov">Veselin Konstantinov Hristov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years, the lease contract has become more and more applicable and occupies a key place in commercial relations and business. In Bulgaria, the legal regulation of the leasing contract is relatively new and imperfectly developed. There are many legal loopholes and it is they that determine the need for a comparative legal analysis. The purpose of the study is to analyze the various European legislations regarding the leasing contract and to find effective solutions for the legal system of Bulgaria. First of all, are examined the concept of the leasing contract, which originated in the United States of America around the 1950s and spread in Europe, and the etymology of the term "leasing". After that, the main types of lease contracts – financial and operational – are examined and analyzed in detail. Their features and characteristics were studied, as well as a comparative analysis was made between them. Next, in the research, a comparative-legal analysis of the leasing contract in different European countries was made in terms of its development and distribution, as well as its legal characteristics. The mechanism of action and functioning of the leasing contract in several European countries is analyzed. Conclusions are made regarding the legal framework under which the lease contract is most effective. Types of leasing contracts specific only to certain European countries and their advantages are examined. In conclusion, recommendations are made to improve the legal framework of the leasing contract in Bulgaria. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alternative%20financing" title="alternative financing">alternative financing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leasing%20contract" title=" leasing contract"> leasing contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financing%20instruments" title=" financing instruments"> financing instruments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=innovation" title=" innovation"> innovation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167808/lease-contract-concept-and-types-comparative-legal-analysis-between-bulgarian-legislation-and-european-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167808.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">82</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28064</span> Modeling Salam Contract for Profit and Loss Sharing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dchieche%20Amina">Dchieche Amina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aboulaich%20Rajae"> Aboulaich Rajae</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Profit and loss sharing suggests an equitable sharing of risks and profits between the parts involved in a financial transaction. Salam is a contract in which advance payment is made for goods to be delivered at a future date. The purpose of this work is to price a new contract for profit and loss sharing based on Salam contract, using Khiyar Al Ghabn which is an agreement of choice in case of misrepresent facts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20finance" title="Islamic finance">Islamic finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shariah%20compliance" title=" shariah compliance"> shariah compliance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=profi%0Ct%20and%20loss%20sharing" title=" profit and loss sharing"> profit and loss sharing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=derivatives" title=" derivatives"> derivatives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risks" title=" risks"> risks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hedging" title=" hedging"> hedging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salam%20contract" title=" salam contract"> salam contract</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41170/modeling-salam-contract-for-profit-and-loss-sharing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41170.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">332</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28063</span> Psycholgical Contract Violation and Its Impact on Job Satisfaction Level: A Study on Subordinate Employees in Enterprises of Hanoi, Vietnam</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Quangyen%20Tran">Quangyen Tran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=YeZhuang%20Tian"> YeZhuang Tian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chengfeng%20Li"> Chengfeng Li</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Psychological contract violations may lead to damaging an organization through losing its potential employees; it is a very significant concept in understanding the employment relationships. The authors selected contents of psychological contract violation scale based on the nine areas of violation most relevant to managerial samples (High pay, training, job security, career development, pay based on performance, promotion, feedback, expertise and quality of co-workers and support with personal problems), using regression analysis, the degree of psychological contract violations was measured by an adaptation of a multiplicative scale with Cronbach’s alpha as a measure of reliability. Through the regression analysis, psychological contract violations was found have a positive impact on employees’ job satisfaction, the frequency of psychological contract violations was more intense among male employees particularly in terms of training, job security and pay based on performance. Job dissatisfaction will lead to a lowering of employee commitment in the job, enterprises in Hanoi, Vietnam should therefore offer lucrative jobs in terms of salary and other emoluments to their employees. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychological%20contract" title="psychological contract">psychological contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychological%20contract%20violation" title=" psychological contract violation"> psychological contract violation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=job%20satisfaction" title=" job satisfaction"> job satisfaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subordinate%20employees" title=" subordinate employees"> subordinate employees</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=employers%E2%80%99%20obligation" title=" employers’ obligation"> employers’ obligation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3227/psycholgical-contract-violation-and-its-impact-on-job-satisfaction-level-a-study-on-subordinate-employees-in-enterprises-of-hanoi-vietnam" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3227.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">325</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28062</span> Formal Verification for Ethereum Smart Contract Using Coq</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xia%20Yang">Xia Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zheng%20Yang"> Zheng Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haiyong%20Sun"> Haiyong Sun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yan%20Fang"> Yan Fang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jingyu%20Liu"> Jingyu Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jia%20Song"> Jia Song</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The smart contract in Ethereum is a unique program deployed on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) to help manage cryptocurrency. The security of this smart contract is critical to Ethereum’s operation and highly sensitive. In this paper, we present a formal model for smart contract, using the separated term-obligation (STO) strategy to formalize and verify the smart contract. We use the IBM smart sponsor contract (SSC) as an example to elaborate the detail of the formalizing process. We also propose a formal smart sponsor contract model (FSSCM) and verify SSC’s security properties with an interactive theorem prover Coq. We found the 'Unchecked-Send' vulnerability in the SSC, using our formal model and verification method. Finally, we demonstrate how we can formalize and verify other smart contracts with this approach, and our work indicates that this formal verification can effectively verify the correctness and security of smart contracts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20contract" title="smart contract">smart contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=formal%20verification" title=" formal verification"> formal verification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ethereum" title=" Ethereum"> Ethereum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Coq" title=" Coq"> Coq</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85595/formal-verification-for-ethereum-smart-contract-using-coq" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85595.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">691</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28061</span> The Contract for Educational Services: Civil and Administrative Aspects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuliya%20Leonidovna%20Kiva-Khamzina">Yuliya Leonidovna Kiva-Khamzina</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The legal nature of the contract for educational services causes a lot of controversies. In particular, it raises the question about industry sector relationships, which require making a contract for educational services. The article describes the different types of contracts classifications for services provision from the perspective of civil law, deals with the specifics of the contract on rendering educational services; the author makes the conclusion that the contract for the provision of educational services is a complex institution that includes elements of the civil and administrative law. The following methods were used to conduct the study: dialectical method of cognition, the historical method, systemic analysis, classification. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=administrative%20aspect" title="administrative aspect">administrative aspect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=civil%20aspect" title=" civil aspect"> civil aspect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=educational%20service" title=" educational service"> educational service</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=industry" title=" industry"> industry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20nature" title=" legal nature"> legal nature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=services%20provision" title=" services provision"> services provision</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51623/the-contract-for-educational-services-civil-and-administrative-aspects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51623.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">324</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28060</span> Waad Bil Mourabaha Pricing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dchieche%20Amina">Dchieche Amina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aboulaich%20Rajae"> Aboulaich Rajae</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this work, we will modelize Waad Bil Mourabaha contract. This islamic contract provides the right to buy goods at a future date with a Mourabaha. Waad is a promise of sale or purchase of goods, declared in a unilateral way. In spite of the divergence between some schools of Islamic law about the Waad, this contract will allow us to study sophisticated and interesting contract: Waad Bil Mourabaha that can be used for hedging. In order to price Waad Bil Mourabaha contract, we will use an adapted Black and Scholes model using the Shariah compliant assumptions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20finance" title="Islamic finance">Islamic finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Black-Scholes%20model" title=" Black-Scholes model"> Black-Scholes model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=call%20option" title=" call option"> call option</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risks" title=" risks"> risks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hedging" title=" hedging"> hedging</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15514/waad-bil-mourabaha-pricing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15514.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">507</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28059</span> Psychological Contract Violation and Occupational Stressors amongst UK Police Officers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fazeelat%20Duran">Fazeelat Duran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Darren%20Bishopp"> Darren Bishopp</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jessica%20%20Woodhams"> Jessica Woodhams</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Psychological contract refers to the perceptions of an employee and their employer regarding their mutual obligations towards each other. The rationale for applying the psychological contract theory in UK policing was to investigate its impact on their wellbeing because the psychological contract is a useful tool in identifying factors having a negative effect on the wellbeing of employees. The paper will report on a study, which examined how occupational stressors and psychological contract violation may influence the wellbeing (e.g. Physical Stress and General Health) of a sample of police officers (N=127). The design of the study was cross-sectional and based on data collected through a self-report survey. The results of hierarchical regression analyses and structural equation model, suggest that occupational stressors and psychological contract violation play a critical role in both physical and psychological health. The implications of these findings and the utility of considering the psychological contract will be discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=police%20officers" title="police officers">police officers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychological%20contract" title=" psychological contract"> psychological contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=occupational%20stressors" title=" occupational stressors"> occupational stressors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wellbeing" title=" wellbeing"> wellbeing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60743/psychological-contract-violation-and-occupational-stressors-amongst-uk-police-officers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60743.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">433</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28058</span> Moderating Role of Psychological Contract in Relationship between Moral Disengagement and Counterproductive Work Behavior</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Afsheen%20Masood">Afsheen Masood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sumaira%20Rashid"> Sumaira Rashid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nadia%20Ijaz"> Nadia Ijaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shama%20Mazahir"> Shama Mazahir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The current study examined the relationship between moral disengagement, psychological contract, organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior. It is hypothesized that there is likely to be a significant relationship between moral disengagement, psychological contract, organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior. It is hypothesized that moral disengagement is likely to significantly predict counterproductive work behavior. It is hypothesized that psychological contract is likely to moderate the relationship between moral disengagement, and counterproductive work behavior. Cross-sectional survey research design was used for the study. The sample consisted of 500 middle managers, age ranging between 30-45 years working in private and public sector. The measures used were Moral Disengagement Scale, Psychological Contract Scale, and Counterproductive Work Behavior. Series of Correlation analyses, Regression analysis, moderation analysis and t-test was run in order to execute descriptive and inferential analyses. The findings revealed that there was a significant positive relationship between moral disengagement and counterproductive work behaviors. Psychological contract significantly mediated the relationship between moral disengagement and counterproductive work behaviors. There were significant gender differences reported in psychological contract and counterproductive work behaviors. The insightful findings carry significant implication for organizational psychologists and organizational stakeholders. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychological%20contract" title="psychological contract">psychological contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moral%20disengagement" title=" moral disengagement"> moral disengagement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=counterproductive%20work%20behaviors" title=" counterproductive work behaviors"> counterproductive work behaviors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mediation%20analysis" title=" mediation analysis"> mediation analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71626/moderating-role-of-psychological-contract-in-relationship-between-moral-disengagement-and-counterproductive-work-behavior" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71626.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">316</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28057</span> A Survey on the Blockchain Smart Contract System: Security Strengths and Weaknesses</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malaw%20Ndiaye">Malaw Ndiaye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karim%20Konate"> Karim Konate</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Smart contracts are computer protocols that facilitate, verify, and execute the negotiation or execution of a contract, or that render a contractual term unnecessary. Blockchain and smart contracts can be used to facilitate almost any financial transaction. Thanks to these smart contracts, the settlement of dividends and coupons could be automated. Smart contracts have become lucrative and profitable targets for attackers because they can hold a great amount of money. Smart contracts, although widely used in blockchain technology, are far from perfect due to security concerns. Since there are recent studies on smart contract security, none of them systematically study the strengths and weaknesses of smart contract security. Some have focused on an analysis of program-related vulnerabilities by providing a taxonomy of vulnerabilities. Other studies are responsible for listing the series of attacks linked to smart contracts. Although a series of attacks are listed, there is a lack of discussions and proposals on improving security. This survey takes stock of smart contract security from a more comprehensive perspective by correlating the level of vulnerability and systematic review of security levels in smart contracts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blockchain" title="blockchain">blockchain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bitcoin" title=" Bitcoin"> Bitcoin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20contract" title=" smart contract"> smart contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=criminal%20smart%20contract" title=" criminal smart contract"> criminal smart contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=security" title=" security"> security</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135465/a-survey-on-the-blockchain-smart-contract-system-security-strengths-and-weaknesses" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135465.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">168</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28056</span> Validating the Contract between Microservices</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parveen%20Banu%20Ansari">Parveen Banu Ansari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Venkatraman%20Chinnappan"> Venkatraman Chinnappan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paramasivam%20Shankar"> Paramasivam Shankar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Contract testing plays a pivotal role in the current landscape of microservices architecture. Testing microservices at the initial stages of development helps to identify and rectify issues before they escalate to higher levels, such as UI testing. By validating microservices through contract testing, you ensure the integration quality of APIs, enhancing the overall reliability and performance of the application. Contract testing, being a collaborative effort between testers and developers, ensures that the microservices adhere to the specified contracts or agreements. This proactive approach significantly reduces defects, streamlines the development process, and contributes to the overall efficiency and robustness of the application. In the dynamic and fast-paced world of digital applications, where microservices are the building blocks, embracing contract testing is indeed a strategic move for ensuring the quality and reliability of the entire system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=validation" title="validation">validation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=testing" title=" testing"> testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contract" title=" contract"> contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agreement" title=" agreement"> agreement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microservices" title=" microservices"> microservices</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/180208/validating-the-contract-between-microservices" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/180208.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">57</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28055</span> Leveraging Unannotated Data to Improve Question Answering for French Contract Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Touila%20Ahmed">Touila Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elie%20Louis"> Elie Louis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamza%20Gharbi"> Hamza Gharbi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> State of the art question answering models have recently shown impressive performance especially in a zero-shot setting. This approach is particularly useful when confronted with a highly diverse domain such as the legal field, in which it is increasingly difficult to have a dataset covering every notion and concept. In this work, we propose a flexible generative question answering approach to contract analysis as well as a weakly supervised procedure to leverage unannotated data and boost our models’ performance in general, and their zero-shot performance in particular. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=question%20answering" title="question answering">question answering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contract%20analysis" title=" contract analysis"> contract analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zero-shot" title=" zero-shot"> zero-shot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20language%20processing" title=" natural language processing"> natural language processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=generative%20models" title=" generative models"> generative models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-supervision" title=" self-supervision"> self-supervision</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164182/leveraging-unannotated-data-to-improve-question-answering-for-french-contract-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164182.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">194</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28054</span> The Psychological Contract and the Readiness to Verbalize It in Financial Institutions in Poland</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anna%20Rogozi%C5%84ska-Pawe%C5%82czyk">Anna Rogozińska-Pawełczyk</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A psychological contract is an agreement between the employer and an employee that covers the parties’ informal and frequently non-verbalized obligations and expectations towards each other. The contract is a cognitive pattern-governing employee’s behaviour in the organization. A gap between employee’s expectations and the organizational reality may lead to difficult-to-solve conflicts or cause the employee to modify their behaviour towards organizational values and goals, if they are willing and ready to verbalize their expectations. The article discusses psychological contracts in the financial institutions in Poland. Its theoretical part outlines the types of psychological contracts in organizations (relational, transactional, and balanced) and shows the process of their verbalization. The purpose of the article is to present how the type of the psychological contract relates to employee’s readiness to verbalize it. The article ends with conclusions arising from the study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=customer%20contact%20staff%20in%20banks" title="customer contact staff in banks">customer contact staff in banks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=employee%20expectations" title=" employee expectations"> employee expectations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20institutions" title=" financial institutions"> financial institutions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mutual%20expectations" title=" mutual expectations"> mutual expectations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychological%20contract" title=" psychological contract"> psychological contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=verbalization%20of%20the%20psychological%20contract" title=" verbalization of the psychological contract"> verbalization of the psychological contract</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35372/the-psychological-contract-and-the-readiness-to-verbalize-it-in-financial-institutions-in-poland" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35372.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">487</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28053</span> Striking a Balance between Certainty and Flexibility: The Role of Ubuntu in South African Contract Law</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yeukai%20Mupangavanhu">Yeukai Mupangavanhu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper examines the concept of ubuntu and the extent to which it can play a role in ensuring fairness and justice in contractual relationships. Courts are expected to balance sanctity of contract and fairness. Public policy is currently a mechanism which is used by courts when balancing the above two competing interests. It, however, generally favours the freedom and sanctity of contract. The question which is addressed in this paper is whether the concept of ubuntu is an alternative mechanism that may be used to mitigate the sometimes harsh and unfair consequences of the doctrine of freedom and sanctity of contract. A comparative study and case analysis is the methodology that is used in this article. Unfairness in contracts is generally related to the problem of inequality in bargaining power underscored by deeply entrenched social and economic inequalities that are a consequence of apartheid and patriarchy. The transformative nature of the constitution demands the inclusion of African legal ideas and values in the legal order. There is a need for the harmonisation of western ideals which are based on the classical model of law of contract with relevant African principles. In order to attain a transformative legal order that promotes a societal transformation and enhances the lives of everyone courts cannot continue to frown upon African values. Ubuntu has the potential of steering the law of contract in a more equitable direction. The substantive rules of contract law undoubtedly need to be infused with the notion of ubuntu. The reconciliation of Western and African values is at the heart of legal transformation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fairness" title="fairness">fairness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sanctity%20of%20contract" title=" sanctity of contract"> sanctity of contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contractual%20justice" title=" contractual justice"> contractual justice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transformative%20constitutionalism" title=" transformative constitutionalism"> transformative constitutionalism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71490/striking-a-balance-between-certainty-and-flexibility-the-role-of-ubuntu-in-south-african-contract-law" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71490.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">253</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28052</span> An Application of Bidirectional Option Contract to Coordinate a Dyadic Fashion Apparel Supply Chain </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arnab%20Adhikari">Arnab Adhikari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arnab%20Bisi"> Arnab Bisi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Since the inception, the fashion apparel supply chain is facing the problem of high demand uncertainty. Often the demand volatility compels the corresponding supply chain member to incur substantial holding cost and opportunity cost in case of the overproduction and the underproduction scenario, respectively. It leads to an uncoordinated fashion apparel supply chain. There exist several scholarly works to achieve coordination in the fashion apparel supply chain by employing the different contracts such as the buyback contract, the revenue sharing contract, the option contract, and so on. Specially, the application of option contract in the apparel industry becomes prevalent with the changing global scenario. Exploration of existing literature related to the option contract reveals that most of the research works concentrate on the one direction demand adjustment i.e. either to match the demand upwards or downwards. Here, we present a holistic approach to coordinate a dyadic fashion apparel supply chain comprising one manufacturer and one retailer with the help of bidirectional option contract. We show a combination of wholesale price contract and bidirectional option contract can coordinate the under expanded supply chain. We also propose a framework that captures the variation of the apparel retailer’s order quantity and the apparel manufacturer’s production quantity with the changing exercise price for the different ranges of the option price. We analytically explore that corresponding cost parameters of the supply chain members along with the nature of demand distribution play an instrumental role in the coordination as well as the retailer’s ordering decision. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fashion%20apparel%20supply%20chain" title="fashion apparel supply chain">fashion apparel supply chain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supply%20chain%20coordination" title=" supply chain coordination"> supply chain coordination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wholesale%20price%20contract" title=" wholesale price contract"> wholesale price contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bidirectional%20option%20contract" title=" bidirectional option contract"> bidirectional option contract</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38689/an-application-of-bidirectional-option-contract-to-coordinate-a-dyadic-fashion-apparel-supply-chain" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38689.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">441</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28051</span> Recovery of Damages by General Cargo Interest under Bill of Lading Carriage Contract</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eunice%20Chiamaka%20Allen-Ngbale">Eunice Chiamaka Allen-Ngbale</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cargo claims are brought by cargo interests against carriers when the goods are not delivered or delivered short or mis-delivered or delivered damaged. The objective of the cargo claimant is to seek recovery for the loss suffered through the award of damages against the carrier by a court of competent jurisdiction. Moreover, whether the vessel on which the goods were carried is or is not under charter, the bill of lading plays a central role in the cargo claim. Since the bill of lading is an important international transport document, this paper examines, by chronicling the progress of a cargo claim as governed by the English law of contract. It finds that other than by contract, there are other modes of recovery available to a consignee or endorsee of a bill of lading to obtain a remedy under the sui generis contract of carriage contained in or evidenced by a bill of lading. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bill%20of%20lading" title="bill of lading">bill of lading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cargo%20interests" title=" cargo interests"> cargo interests</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carriage%20contract" title=" carriage contract"> carriage contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transfer%20of%20right%20of%20suit" title=" transfer of right of suit"> transfer of right of suit</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137752/recovery-of-damages-by-general-cargo-interest-under-bill-of-lading-carriage-contract" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137752.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28050</span> 'Pacta Sunt Servanda': Which Form of Contract to Use in the Construction Industry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Stifi">Ahmed Stifi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sascha%20Gentes"> Sascha Gentes</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The contract in its simplest definition is an agreement involving parties with a number of documents which may be as little as a marriage contract involving two parties or as big as a contract of construction and operation of a nuclear power plant involving companies and stakeholders with hundreds or even thousands of documents. All parties in the construction industry, not only the contract experts, agree that the success of a project is linked primarily to the form of contract regulating the relationship between stakeholders of the project. Therefore it is essential for the construction industry to study, analyze and improve its contracts forms continuously. However, it should be mentioned that different contract forms are developed to suit the construction evolution in term of its machinery, materials and construction process. There exist some similarities in some clauses and variations in many of these forms depending upon the type of project, the kind of clients and more importantly the laws and regulations governing the transaction in the country where the project is carried out. This paper will discuss the most important forms of construction contracts starting from national level, intended to the contract form in Germany and moving on to the international level introducing FIDIC contracts and its different forms, some newly developed contracts forms namely the integrated form of agreement, the new engineering contract and the project alliance agreement. The result of the study shows that many of the contract’s paragraphs are similar and the main difference comes in the approach of the relationship between the parties. Is it based on co-operation and mutual trust, or in some cases a load of responsibility for a particular party which increases the problems and disputes that affects the success of the project negatively. Thus we can say that the form of the contract, that plays an essential role in the approach of the project management, which is ultimately the key factor for the success of the project. So we advise to use a form of contract, which enhance the mutual trust between the project parties, contribute to support the cooperation between them, distribute responsibility and risks on an equitable basis and build on the principle “win-win". In additional to the conventional role of the contract it should integrate all parties into one team to achieve the target value of the project. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contract" title="contract">contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FIDIC" title=" FIDIC"> FIDIC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integrated%20form%20of%20agreement" title=" integrated form of agreement"> integrated form of agreement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20engineering%20contract" title=" new engineering contract"> new engineering contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=project%20alliance%20agreemen" title=" project alliance agreemen"> project alliance agreemen</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27199/pacta-sunt-servanda-which-form-of-contract-to-use-in-the-construction-industry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27199.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">373</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28049</span> Psychological Contract Breach and Violation Relationships with Stress and Wellbeing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fazeelat%20Duran">Fazeelat Duran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Darren%20Bishopp"> Darren Bishopp</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jessica%20Woodhams"> Jessica Woodhams</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Negative emotions resulting from the breach of perceived obligations by an employer is called the psychological contract violation. Employees perceiving breach and feelings of negative emotions result in adverse outcomes for both the employee and employer. This paper aims to identify the relationships between contract breach, violation, stress and wellbeing and investigate whether fairness and self-efficacy mediate the relationships. A mixed method approach was used to analyze the online-surveys and semi-structured interviews with the police officers. It was identified that the psychological contract violation predicts stress and job-related well-being. Fairness and self-efficacy were identified as significant mediators to understand the underlying mechanisms of association. Whilst, in the interviews social support was identified as a popular mediator. Practical implications for employers are discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychological%20contract%20violation%20and%20breach" title="psychological contract violation and breach">psychological contract violation and breach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stressors" title=" stressors"> stressors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=depression" title=" depression"> depression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anxiety" title=" anxiety"> anxiety</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95975/psychological-contract-breach-and-violation-relationships-with-stress-and-wellbeing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95975.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">245</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28048</span> A Transformer-Based Question Answering Framework for Software Contract Risk Assessment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qisheng%20Hu">Qisheng Hu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jianglei%20Han"> Jianglei Han</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yue%20Yang"> Yue Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=My%20Hoa%20Ha"> My Hoa Ha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> When a company is considering purchasing software for commercial use, contract risk assessment is critical to identify risks to mitigate the potential adverse business impact, e.g., security, financial and regulatory risks. Contract risk assessment requires reviewers with specialized knowledge and time to evaluate the legal documents manually. Specifically, validating contracts for a software vendor requires the following steps: manual screening, interpreting legal documents, and extracting risk-prone segments. To automate the process, we proposed a framework to assist legal contract document risk identification, leveraging pre-trained deep learning models and natural language processing techniques. Given a set of pre-defined risk evaluation problems, our framework utilizes the pre-trained transformer-based models for question-answering to identify risk-prone sections in a contract. Furthermore, the question-answering model encodes the concatenated question-contract text and predicts the start and end position for clause extraction. Due to the limited labelled dataset for training, we leveraged transfer learning by fine-tuning the models with the CUAD dataset to enhance the model. On a dataset comprising 287 contract documents and 2000 labelled samples, our best model achieved an F1 score of 0.687. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contract%20risk%20assessment" title="contract risk assessment">contract risk assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NLP" title=" NLP"> NLP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transfer%20learning" title=" transfer learning"> transfer learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=question%20answering" title=" question answering"> question answering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156605/a-transformer-based-question-answering-framework-for-software-contract-risk-assessment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156605.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">129</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28047</span> Drivers of Farmers' Contract Compliance Behaviour: Evidence from a Case Study of Dangote Tomato Processing Plant in Northern Nigeria.</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Umar%20Shehu%20Umar">Umar Shehu Umar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Contract farming is a viable strategy agribusinesses rely on to strengthen vertical coordination. However, low contract compliance remains a significant setback to agribusinesses' contract performance. The present study aims to understand what drives smallholder farmers’ contract compliance behaviour. Qualitative information was collected through Focus Group Discussions to enrich the design of the survey questionnaire administered on a sample of 300 randomly selected farmers contracted by the Dangote Tomato Processing Plant (DTPP) in four regions of northern Nigeria. Novel transaction level data of tomato sales covering one season were collected in addition to socio-economic information of the sampled farmers. Binary logistic model results revealed that open fresh market tomato prices and payment delays negatively affect farmers' compliance behaviour while quantity harvested, education level and input provision correlated positively with compliance. The study suggests that contract compliance will increase if contracting firms devise a reliable and timely payment plan (e.g., digital payment), continue input and service provisions (e.g., improved seeds, extension services) and incentives (e.g., loyalty rewards, bonuses) in the contract. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contract%20farming" title="contract farming">contract farming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compliance" title=" compliance"> compliance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=farmers%20and%20processors." title=" farmers and processors."> farmers and processors.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smallholder" title=" smallholder"> smallholder</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/180897/drivers-of-farmers-contract-compliance-behaviour-evidence-from-a-case-study-of-dangote-tomato-processing-plant-in-northern-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/180897.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">56</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28046</span> Application of Blockchain on Manufacturing Process Control and Pricing Policy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chieh%20Lee">Chieh Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Today, supply chain managers face extensive disruptions in raw material pricing, transportation block, and quality issue due to product complexity. While digitalization might help managers to mitigate the disruption risk and increase supply chain resilience by sharing information between sellers and buyers through the supply chain, entities are reluctant to build such a system. The main reason is it is not clear what information should be shared and who has access to the stored information. In this research, we propose a smart contract built by blockchain technology. This contract helps both buyer and seller to identify the type of information, the access to the information, and how to trace the information. This contract helps managers control their orders through the supply chain and address any disruption they see fit. Furthermore, with the same smart contract, the supplier can track the production process of an order and increase production efficiency by eliminating waste. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blockchain" title="blockchain">blockchain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=production%20process" title=" production process"> production process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20contract" title=" smart contract"> smart contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supply%20chain%20resilience" title=" supply chain resilience"> supply chain resilience</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163138/application-of-blockchain-on-manufacturing-process-control-and-pricing-policy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163138.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">79</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28045</span> Insecurity, Instability and Lack of Benefits: Factors Reasonable for Poor Performance among “Contract Workers” in South Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Charmaine%20Devinee%20Pillay">Charmaine Devinee Pillay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Employees in both public and private sectors are expected to contribute significantly to the growth and development of the organization that employs them. Good working conditions are directly linked to the optimum output emanating from the workforce’s excellent performance. Insecurity, instability and lack of benefits negatively impact on the employees’ commitment to their job. This is a qualitative case study that comprised 40 “Contract Employees” (Academic and Supporting staff) in the Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Questionnaire, as instrument of data collection, was used to obtain qualitative data. Data collected were categorized in themes and sub-themes for analyses and discussion. Findings showed that “contract Employees” are highly demoralized due to job insecurity and non-benefits, among other factors, which directly affect their overall output in discharging their duties. The case study at Walter Sisulu University typifies the generalized challenges faced by workers on contract basis in South Africa. It is therefore, recommended that employers hire their workforce on permanent basis or, where “Contract Employment “is inevitable, similar conditions that go with permanent employment should be incorporated in the contract terms of “Contract Employees”. This serves as impetus for optimum performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contract%20employee" title="contract employee">contract employee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insecurity" title=" insecurity"> insecurity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instability" title=" instability"> instability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20factors" title=" risk factors"> risk factors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119297/insecurity-instability-and-lack-of-benefits-factors-reasonable-for-poor-performance-among-contract-workers-in-south-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119297.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">200</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28044</span> Overview on Effectiveness of Learning Contract in Architecture Design Studios</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Badiossadat%20Hassanpour">Badiossadat Hassanpour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reza%20Sirjani"> Reza Sirjani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nangkuala%20Utaberta"> Nangkuala Utaberta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The avant-garde educational systems are striving to find a life long learning methods. Different fields and majors have test variety of proposed models, and found their difficulties and strengths. Architecture as a critical stage of education due to its characteristics which are learning by doing and critique based education and evaluation is out of this study procedure. Learning contracts is a new alternative form of evaluation of students’ achievements, while it acts as agreement about learning goals. Obtained results from studies in different fields which confirm its positive impact on students' learning in those fields and positively affected students' motivation and confidence in meeting their own learning needs, prompted us to implement this model in architecture design studio. In this implemented contract to the studio, students were asked to use the existing possibility of contract to have self assessment and examine their professional development to identify whether they are deficient or they would like to develop more expertise. The evidences of this research as well indicate that students feel positive about the learning contract and see it accommodating their individual learning needs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contract%20%28LC%29" title="contract (LC)">contract (LC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=architecture%20design%20studio" title=" architecture design studio"> architecture design studio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education" title=" education"> education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=student-centered%20learning" title=" student-centered learning"> student-centered learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3628/overview-on-effectiveness-of-learning-contract-in-architecture-design-studios" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3628.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">439</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28043</span> The Implications of Technological Advancements on the Constitutional Principles of Contract Law</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laura%20%C3%87ami%20%28Vorpsi%29">Laura Çami (Vorpsi)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xhon%20Sk%C3%ABnderi"> Xhon Skënderi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In today's rapidly evolving technological landscape, the traditional principles of contract law are facing significant challenges. The emergence of new technologies, such as electronic signatures, smart contracts, and online dispute resolution mechanisms, is transforming the way contracts are formed, interpreted, and enforced. This paper examines the implications of these technological advancements on the constitutional principles of contract law. One of the fundamental principles of contract law is freedom of contract, which ensures that parties have the autonomy to negotiate and enter into contracts as they see fit. However, the use of technology in the contracting process has the potential to disrupt this principle. For example, online platforms and marketplaces often offer standard-form contracts, which may not reflect the specific needs or interests of individual parties. This raises questions about the equality of bargaining power between parties and the extent to which parties are truly free to negotiate the terms of their contracts. Another important principle of contract law is the requirement of consideration, which requires that each party receives something of value in exchange for their promise. The use of digital assets, such as cryptocurrencies, has created new challenges in determining what constitutes valuable consideration in a contract. Due to the ambiguity in this area, disagreements about the legality and enforceability of such contracts may arise. Furthermore, the use of technology in dispute resolution mechanisms, such as online arbitration and mediation, may raise concerns about due process and access to justice. The use of algorithms and artificial intelligence to determine the outcome of disputes may also raise questions about the impartiality and fairness of the process. Finally, it should be noted that there are many different and complex effects of technical improvements on the fundamental constitutional foundations of contract law. As technology continues to evolve, it will be important for policymakers and legal practitioners to consider the potential impacts on contract law and to ensure that the principles of fairness, equality, and access to justice are preserved in the contracting process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technological%20advancements" title="technological advancements">technological advancements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constitutional%20principles" title=" constitutional principles"> constitutional principles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contract%20law" title=" contract law"> contract law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20contracts" title=" smart contracts"> smart contracts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=online%20dispute%20resolution" title=" online dispute resolution"> online dispute resolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freedom%20of%20contract" title=" freedom of contract"> freedom of contract</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164524/the-implications-of-technological-advancements-on-the-constitutional-principles-of-contract-law" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164524.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28042</span> Quantitative Method of Measurement for the Rights and Obligations of Contracting Parties in Standard Forms of Contract in Malaysia: A Case Study </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sim%20Nee%20Ting">Sim Nee Ting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lan%20Eng%20Ng"> Lan Eng Ng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Standard forms of contract in Malaysia are pre-written, printed contractual documents drafted by recognised authoritative bodies in order to describe the rights and obligations of the contracting parties in all construction projects in Malaysia. Studies and form revisions are usually conducted in a relatively random and qualitative manner, but the search of contractual documents idealization remains. It is not clear how these qualitative findings could be helpful for contractual documents improvements and re-drafting. This study aims to quantitatively and systematically analyse and evaluate the rights and obligations of the contracting parties as stated in the standard forms of contract. The Institution of Engineers Malaysia (IEM) published a new standard form of contract in 2012 with a total of 63 classes but the improvements and changes in the newly revised form that are yet to be analysed. IEM form will be used as the case study for this study. Every clause in this said form were interpreted and analysed according to the involved parties including contractor, engineer and employer. Modified from Matrix Method and Likert Scale, the result analysis were conducted based on a scale from 0 to 1 with five ratings namely “Very Unbalance”, “Unbalance”, “Balance”, “Good Balance” and “Very Good Balance”. It is hoped that quantitative method of form study can be used for future form revisions and any new forms drafting so to reduce on any subjectivity in standard forms of contract studies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contracting%20parties" title="contracting parties">contracting parties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malaysia" title=" Malaysia"> Malaysia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=obligations" title=" obligations"> obligations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantitative%20measurement" title=" quantitative measurement"> quantitative measurement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rights" title=" rights"> rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standard%20form%20of%20contract" title=" standard form of contract"> standard form of contract</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60621/quantitative-method-of-measurement-for-the-rights-and-obligations-of-contracting-parties-in-standard-forms-of-contract-in-malaysia-a-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60621.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">265</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28041</span> Measuring the Level of Knowledge of Construction Contracts Procedures: A Case Study of Botswana</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Babulayi%20B.%20Wilson">Babulayi B. Wilson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Unsatisfactory performance of construction projects in both the industrialised and developing countries indicate that there could be several defects in construction projects phases. Notwithstanding the fact that some project defects are often conceived at the initiation phase of construction projects, insufficient knowledge of contract procedures has been identified as one of the major sources of construction disputes. Contract procedures are a set of rules that outlines the primary obligations and liabilities of parties involved in the implementation of a construction project. Engineering professional bodies often codify contract procedures into standard forms of contract such as the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE, UK) and Association of Consulting Engineers (ACE, UK) and keep them under constant review by updating any clause to reflect any change in case law or relevant piece of legislation. Even so, it is the responsibility of a professional body or conditions of contract draftsperson to introduce contract-specific clauses that may be necessary for business efficacy but not covered in the chosen standard conditions of contract. In Botswana, the use of clients’ drafted and/or un-adapted for environment of use international forms of contract in conjunction with client-drafted pricing schedules is common. The product of the latter often impact negatively upon contractors’ claims and payments, in that, tender rates and prices can only be deemed to be sufficient if the chosen conditions of contract compliment the pricing schedule (use of standardised procurement documents). In addition, client drafted and the use of borrowed forms of contract such as FIDIC often conflict with domicile law resulting in costly disputes on the part of the client. It is upon the preceding text that the object of the research is to measure the level of knowledge of contract procedures amongst key stakeholders in the Botswana construction industry by requesting a representative sample from the industry and academia to respond to tutorial questions prepared from two commonly used forms of contract for civil works, that is, FIDIC (International Form of Contract) and ICE (UK). The questions were prepared under the following captions: (a) preparation of tender documents (b) obligations of the parties (c) contract administration; and (d) claims, variations, and valuation of variations. After ascertaining that the level of knowledge of contract procedures is insufficient among most practitioners in the Botswana construction industry, major procurement entities, and engineering institutions of learning; a guide to drafting a condition of a construction contract was developed and then validated through seminars and workshops. In the present, the effectiveness of the guide is not yet measured but feedback from seminars and workshops conducted indicates an appreciation of the guide by the majority of major construction industry stakeholders. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contract%20procedures" title="contract procedures">contract procedures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conditions%20of%20contract" title=" conditions of contract"> conditions of contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=professional%20practice" title=" professional practice"> professional practice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20law" title=" construction law"> construction law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forms%20of%20contract" title=" forms of contract"> forms of contract</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86930/measuring-the-level-of-knowledge-of-construction-contracts-procedures-a-case-study-of-botswana" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86930.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">194</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28040</span> Identifying Reforms Required in Construction Contracts from Resolved Disputed Cases</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20C.%20Iyer">K. C. Iyer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yogita%20Manan%20Bindal"> Yogita Manan Bindal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sumit%20Kumar%20Bakshi"> Sumit Kumar Bakshi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The construction industry is plagued with disputes and litigation in India with many stalled projects seeking dispute resolution. This has an adverse effect on the performance and overall project delivery and impacts future investments within the industry. While construction industry is the major driver of growth, there has not been major reforms in the government construction contracts. The study is aimed at identifying the proactive means of dispute avoidance, focusing on reforms required within the construction contracts, by studying 49 arbitration awards of construction disputes. The claims presented in the awards are aggregated to study the causes linked to the contract document and are referred against the prospective recommendation and practices as surveyed from literature review of research papers. Within contract administration, record keeping has been a major concern as they are required by the parties to substantiate the claims or the counterclaims and therefore are essential in any dispute redressal process. The study also observes that the right judgment is inhibited when the record keeping is improper and due to lack of coherence between documents, the dispute resolution period is also prolonged. The finding of the research will be relevant to industry practitioners in contract drafting with a view to avoid disputes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20contract" title="construction contract">construction contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contract%20administration" title=" contract administration"> contract administration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contract%20management" title=" contract management"> contract management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dispute%20avoidance" title=" dispute avoidance"> dispute avoidance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89516/identifying-reforms-required-in-construction-contracts-from-resolved-disputed-cases" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89516.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">265</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28039</span> Contractual Complexity and Contract Parties' Opportunistic Behavior in Construction Projects: In a Contractual Function View</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mengxia%20Jin">Mengxia Jin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yongqiang%20Chen"> Yongqiang Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wenqian%20Wang"> Wenqian Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu%20Wang"> Yu Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The complexity and specificity of construction projects have made common opportunism phenomenon, and contractual governance for opportunism has been a topic of considerable ongoing research. Based on TCE, the research distinguishes control and coordination as different functions of the contract to investigate their complexity separately. And in a nuanced way, the dimensionality of contractual control is examined. Through the analysis of motivation and capability of strong or weak form opportunism, the framework focuses on the relationship between the complexity of above contractual dimensions and different types of opportunistic behavior and attempts to verify the possible explanatory mechanism. The explanatory power of the research model is evaluated in the light of empirical evidence from questionnaires. We collect data from Chinese companies in the construction industry, and the data collection is still in progress. The findings will speak to the debate surrounding the effects of contract complexity on opportunistic behavior. This nuanced research will derive implications for research on the role of contractual mechanisms in dealing with inter-organizational opportunism and offer suggestions for curbing contract parties’ opportunistic behavior in construction projects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contractual%20complexity" title="contractual complexity">contractual complexity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contractual%20control" title=" contractual control"> contractual control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contractual%20coordinatio" title=" contractual coordinatio"> contractual coordinatio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=opportunistic%20behavior" title=" opportunistic behavior"> opportunistic behavior</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67361/contractual-complexity-and-contract-parties-opportunistic-behavior-in-construction-projects-in-a-contractual-function-view" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67361.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">384</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28038</span> Transfer of Contractual Right of Suit Evidenced in Carriage Contract of Bill of Lading in Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eunice%20Chiamaka%20Allen-Ngbale">Eunice Chiamaka Allen-Ngbale</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Prior to bill of lading (BOL), merchants travelled along with their goods; then recorded the goods in the ship’s mates’ register; and finally started selling the goods while in transit by way of BOL, indicative that BOL is negotiable. Common law doctrine of privity of contract did not allow the transfer of right to sue to a non-party to the contract. This created hardship to cargo owners, which made many jurisdictions enact laws in this regard. Bill of Lading Act 1855 (BLA) was enacted in the United Kingdom, which applied as statute of general application under section 375 Merchant Shipping Act 1990 (MSA) in Nigeria; and conferred contractual rights of the suit on consignees and endorsees, but on the passing of ownership upon or by reason of such consignment or endorsement on the shipment of the goods simultaneously. The repeal of section 375 MSA by section 439 MSA 2007 created a lacuna, and the doctrine of privity of contract is the extant law in Nigeria. The aim of this study is to evaluate laws governing the transfer of the contractual right of suit to a third party under the bill of lading in Nigeria. The specific objectives of this study are to ascertain: (i) whether the extant law of common law doctrine of privity of the contract covers the transfer of the right of suit to the third party under the bill of lading in Nigeria; (ii) impediment(s) of the common law to transfer such right in Nigeria in the absence of any legislation; (iii) the level of applicability of the doctrine of privity of contract as it relates to transfer of the contractual right of suit to third party under the bill of lading in Nigeria; and (iv) whether to proffer possible suggestion on how to fill the lacuna left by the repeal of Merchant Shipping Act 1990. This work adopted a doctrinal approach with reliance on primary and secondary source materials. It finds that the common law doctrine of privity of contract in Nigeria is retrogressive. This work recommends for amendment of the relevant statute to cure this defect/lacuna like other commonwealth nations for best international practices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contract%20of%20carriage%20by%20sea" title="contract of carriage by sea">contract of carriage by sea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=doctrine%20of%20privity%20of%20contract" title=" doctrine of privity of contract"> doctrine of privity of contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lawful%20holder%20of%20bill%20of%20lading" title=" lawful holder of bill of lading"> lawful holder of bill of lading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=third%20party%20right%20of%20suit" title=" third party right of suit"> third party right of suit</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137755/transfer-of-contractual-right-of-suit-evidenced-in-carriage-contract-of-bill-of-lading-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137755.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">160</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28037</span> Contractual Risk Transfer in Islamic Home Financing: Analysis in Bank Malaysia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Dahlan%20Salleh">Ahmad Dahlan Salleh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nik%20Abdul%20Rahim%20Nik%20Abdul%20Ghani"> Nik Abdul Rahim Nik Abdul Ghani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhamad%20Firdaus%20M.%20Hatta"> Muhamad Firdaus M. Hatta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Risk management has implications on pricing, governance arrangements, business practices and strategy. Nowadays, home financing contract offers more in the risk transfer form to increase bank profit. This is parallel with Islamic jurisprudence method al-Kharaj bi al-thaman (gain accompanies liability for loss) and al-ghurm bil ghunm (gain is justified with risk) that determine the matching between risk transfer and returns. Malaysian financing trend is to buy house. Besides, exists transparency lacking risk transfer issues to the clients because of not been informed clearly. Terms and conditions of each financing also do not reflect clearly that the risk has been transferred to the client, justifying a determination price been made. The assumption on risk occurrence is also inaccurate as each risk is different with the type of financing contract. This makes the Islamic Financial Services Act 2013 in providing standards that transparent and consistent can be used by Islamic financial institution less effective. This study examines how far the level of the risk and obligation incurred by bank and client under various Islamic home financing contract. This research is qualitative by using two methods, document analysis, and semi-structured interviews. Document analysis from literature review to identify profile, themes and risk transfer element in home financing from Islamic jurisprudence perspective. This study finds that need to create a risk transfer parameter by banks which are consistent with risk transfer theory according to Islamic jurisprudence. This study has potential to assist the authority in Islamic finance such as The Central Bank of Malaysia (Bank Negara Malaysia) in regulating Islamic banking industry so that the risk transfer valuation in home financing contract based on home financing good practice and determined risk limits. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20transfer" title="risk transfer">risk transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=home%20financing%20contract" title=" home financing contract"> home financing contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sharia%20compliant" title=" Sharia compliant"> Sharia compliant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malaysia" title=" Malaysia"> Malaysia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74435/contractual-risk-transfer-in-islamic-home-financing-analysis-in-bank-malaysia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74435.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">420</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28036</span> The Effects of Cost-Sharing Contracts on the Costs and Operations of E-Commerce Supply Chains</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sahani%20Rathnasiri">Sahani Rathnasiri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pritee%20Ray"> Pritee Ray</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sardar%20M.%20N.%20Isalm"> Sardar M. N. Isalm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carlos%20A.%20Vega-Mejia"> Carlos A. Vega-Mejia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study develops a cooperative game theory-based cost-sharing contract model for a business to consumer (B2C) e-commerce supply chain to minimize the overall supply chain costs and the individual costs within an information asymmetry scenario. The objective of this study is to address the issues of strategic interactions among the key players of the e-commerce supply chain operation, which impedes the optimal operational outcomes. Game theory has been included in the field of supply chain management to resolve strategic decision-making issues; however, most of the studies are limited only to two-echelons of the supply chains. Multi-echelon supply chain optimizations based on game-theoretic models are less explored in the previous literature. This study adopts a cooperative game model to focus on the common payoff of operations and addresses the issues of information asymmetry and coordination of a three-echelon e-commerce supply chain. The cost-sharing contract model integrates operational features such as production, inventory management and distribution with the contract related constraints. The outcomes of the model highlight the importance of maintaining lower operational costs by all players to obtain benefits from the cost-sharing contract. Further, the cost-sharing contract ensures true cost revelation, and hence eliminates the information asymmetry issues among the players. Comparing the results of the contract model with the de-centralized e-commerce supply chain operation further emphasizes that the cost-sharing contract derives Pareto-improved outcomes and minimizes the costs of overall e-commerce supply chain operation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative%20game%20theory" title="cooperative game theory">cooperative game theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost-sharing%20contract" title=" cost-sharing contract"> cost-sharing contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-commerce%20supply%20chain" title=" e-commerce supply chain"> e-commerce supply chain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20asymmetry" title=" information asymmetry"> information asymmetry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107136/the-effects-of-cost-sharing-contracts-on-the-costs-and-operations-of-e-commerce-supply-chains" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107136.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contract%20analysis&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contract%20analysis&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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