CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91350c151d2efce2',cH: 'IMIPCctGNIDA3GhOnkEBWMvOff3zMbzb5B2ylpMttns-1739787651-1.2.1.1-0DkD8cnvq4QSDy2U7xtlhaHjQxRzK0FqfDPgBuAGMOWxrAuI4IjEcvcyIgY_B1AJ',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=SPACE&__cf_chl_tk=p0noMHKn.grsnwW0bzSAgykfqgFnhDd5u3NFPVsKNLY-1739787651-1.0.1.1-TC7AfteDpHSY2MmWZmGJqZNVJsv20o.YIjeSL2tgH4k",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739787651',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=SPACE&__cf_chl_f_tk=p0noMHKn.grsnwW0bzSAgykfqgFnhDd5u3NFPVsKNLY-1739787651-1.0.1.1-TC7AfteDpHSY2MmWZmGJqZNVJsv20o.YIjeSL2tgH4k",md: "Rz9Z1F0zd4.L5J2FVCCqhkVKbuhcnPBMmjMBzNLXUiA-1739787651-1.2.1.1-jQMC57HfnrmqyQGzwom.d6YGlIG7HmqRMt.Al1b4zMtm2IRZh78ho9nKNdkWuGrRbRUYCaBWhZcK_h.6jqPC5jZqup87k_l.dL_afT18Ch5t4_7WK5YVgmN5zDeAIrh02a.UaaGWByLyKV.jfMEOFpJ.5SGmx0PZL9.0.t8LWv0jGr6fgtwV8Aww38IDWThnzKtqHi0M_SZ0adkUBsfl85E7ZZCFk_RBDjwoGAZwpBiUt4ofeeOj6QPyOG7qC.93KXp.M6zFAWywzBV19GphUjBKU3VcCnnkq1nMcdAdiTf6WqaPh1c8qxx8v8gPBs9pHIYyfEVtPYOfjABTIfH4SAlbOpLtvmPWmUox5QdybEQSvmDG2tKh7m7V2hwvqHVou_U2TUvkIR7hY2AoLv5vp6DUx6a5uUOzmAooynzY5EjVidJ1aPr54kiTms3RLyB1dRuT7WN1K9yP5PkSLrfUE__j8JeFb.IxXjlqPbt974nt46Ak.m7DhlllUs.kj6RSZW7z36Zi.T_eSg4CNcmEwBkPlkWGhBapmn8HUqlH824RNzftjkPAyxBBIHOC8_mfrbiPTMTHkeYQBgkI9k_n_5Obk8qU7qL7BpaGxr6mXNeW0NiBr9tChAMAOycSd68rN2D8GryC2XaPf2vMP4xtttvODKzg43oSE6IALJjaa4UPL1vfOetB4srx9I3dzGGtaCKsJb_.8huFftcXlpESXEKvCPqedB9ZNfLO1nzjAFxfrxG4TtstGBh6tOI7HErFxGwiXdgyXSn1V6Pl4u1ea1st5amq49lMtCfT6CBPUg3uMuvfCZrq_GQCZSnycAwfTt7ssTnwzxV6c2TGD_q8wloYtdiL_Ht6oYA8HLRy1d5vun3WGXHQAaBJPTz3YM6Ss3HRb781WzjIHmV0kAzdC5xNnJabwdVyON1my8WvPWChY.qRC3PFve0ZCrFcCNKhZzjSNdFfuL6Tprve4KjUxl.AkmW0R8lSHqRrNsensPZtR5_Zrsfd562yvX9yPsG7d1AyvWrYl64PO_x6s4Tv31Q1ZydACMjGFmMvUjOKMoxrutDwPRyFKb3HTq0lgRkt0ABI0ed5KlBoHlVdoYEJRN14yjIwPQptOZN1Ykaz77fJYBwQ3k33bwsZj3WYB2ctTR9mzCUltXX47BwC_mN0Q4c2D5W64lYYT5RTmqFz11DD6Q0ooSSZ.pw5OIegx91n2SejZVbP3EtNe2ok1TB8N_hMUS8ZDKJ5UUw_Pj0Ri9Gwo0Ob9mX6zGNiEufLfSja8Xo4wBm6hRJkMonTBYvQVKPihvj3A5n8jBHzOSQrrHkKBYfr6rLEIfqdNZZ8CM3cPIbgyHJAbTq0BZ5qMVAvdyvqd.sh6DTktnehhZ9CIBWbDpVkO1GxbsqoBg0h5K6QchdKWXVC3mfClo9PlrYCeAMzOBpTujeZOCn6H2JiQ9.smr3ZCl.GOLLNc0fQ7Db.63Lj4dXu1_WCE6Uf6L7dEnqWkhkXG.MZwLKcszqAepTfQ8mJVe3.e9r4P3C65x_gFIYt9Z5PbnPLbl0JTuTiexlKkCYajgvxLSvBe._xf6mOUJtqNc4uCx5pyfRj5vXrG6tTn_CpRiTcjlRwQgJoZCVsG9hq4O6QZlm5zwGqughpiJ.X0ZuXKjL9Ih7iOoDz1UxPg32PIaZib2Jy.nChit5q28YGhyZQtjMogofWbc2vWqcSRjI5lzNNDqvYMISGHyPV0iOgHrLecw2qqJOCnn3JjTyNwS3X5iZWTeo9qiyuX9FKGyirXyDyLCtIhHyRk5bORu6Y0f3SFKP.NurkN2ZsuAO6h1O8sNbu_wZsC974Wv5m_P0XdIq5eX5fYpyq0D3GKXUTHGjMxmkqUQXPHuMb41tDo9buzPAE2HmXE5ufZ5RLLIT5CWquHFgaBnHe",mdrd: "A7JL2NVi27bG8gy6I8EDsS02S1HkApUg4IEzZ3R0gpE-1739787651-1.2.1.1-xKj9uoC5nHwnDyIXcXIG3OiOHNe0AlZgQckhLNQawiZ4O5.zuru5jHB5.d.3ANJhmkhOfwhjeg8C7JXnw8Lw35JBxvPl.hraT594JBYbW6FeTqGmMV_.vOnh4vpjfIZDss2MLnMuWJ5410RO8IZPgZqjoRNv8dAHKFZebNN6lBAj1YD0MFdv5jNhXC2VFxUpnK.ZcxFl2uEbfB_i2gJolbLfnOQOIgzY.z17vyjbWdPRYVJVwhI0TBj9F8WrYMwHhFsX7S9iaTTYw7.BUXzEpP83TCEFl357E8MS337jvCgqHUt9RSwTRlmeX_00fPiUVG8xOYIH2gvYEkosb5_q2ilP_uJN1V5wqXtJo28EQjbh0VBO.GnqQrP8XasKeS_qZzfE3TLP1DBh38w9yI_QlncqTEDDIfBp9JcoRTu6bIn.CNOOaWWg63hCKoqBOV56RX5QGb9R66LQHcbm7f3_Mlp9JeYQh.jBfXFx3ODFWs6vAq.A38SRGxpJI3QTh_8I2eiV3ys63RkxpQBOrQupqR94nCnve4FOZJxQYX5y9PNQOoEoJJsXR8V2jMxCRHbDLyG01N6P9pF.C5v4_GKHC.apbD3jZU9kSlmQOA1OIuS.ytiQpq9XFDSdSCmTUbCaqeYRE41.FydPuPMZ3DWZEAQk_zgPzqOzIyf_9Ozzrh1cOu4eV.Rtjy8O09jfrQuDvvd1Sf0qfVh1rjJlkKsc1vm_uBT.ogE12dx_mDxUbbnalIy5IJs8ZAoE3PwMZtlIP1eodkUtIPQjE4LGHrP7QuvUJBlTV.3cYIM6RXYnhBO7p1AVq_qu6hSmFyq9kcD968D_lHVOxEHyJs64pVWMzYjF_c07PendiAYr4mfUbPCvTl01CmoGhBXqi5ETmeTVfIus0bYteD2.vH7LuMQIvDr630MYCi2h8nwwDqC9WqkxMaGsbR_p2O.dW7tRdIZ9sP8j97Q0mXseaCRt0Bx322TDg0B5kSDWNT6SXilIgtY6prNDmDrFBPmtzfJhPEcDgPovhtTPPIchZ.hvaBMOQC1OL12aloWkV8cknm3oYqfyOfQYXeQG4SJ5N2adIXlE7r5xsHZv0k7xrDSQ8VrJcfLkvoL_HzgJOFHo.A.TfI4l8gPlo0AxhQNJLAOq05_PtBeiT6_8zCfePvKj9szAk2A3Up4hDNB6mnHqcl6Nb27dC5IAZGAX6WohSz4xPXikOktXly22ByQjR4S6X3dN8wjBT8kOpAVwqfh69SiKTsNhVf0NtBC.PLhLVfsigKKlAM1mmVX0SRq75ykIXtZgJd20ZcLSfdF9JuWdp76eSK41u4jGkOg0cIC5MDfdH10FaTQdWIMGCO1bx0Bk.TKEn1AbI_AH6974m_elh5P.pdWepVFPlRrsSQuRt6FAClH7p55gGI2KhQKTm59a_.igMm8I2RbkZjP5n9QU0TSdiedsqjUlMmxTyF27TAA.tnKj8Z9VAqLsv2NOg.jFngQTR8imhUY0SNJPsNbqdnL4vTSdBf9MVmcrNF3q0MkO18AmfuR9U3Js9UJ4TdooLJiTNaWAbmFjj3bKAeQBvETzauf9vi_8UuZX_HMJYz_rqSAEDuuM62dJPMI2S1ixiVbOcU2EMi8e2OBCNLwhqZjkjHnbF7LVMHb9MjaKJag47qm8G6cSNGR_y0JkFE2w5WaQ7_1r1soWP97HiXfUQfRjIJlAdhDlVU4vhnafYX07P7Juc6emh3yaA0jhQ_Rq6yEOmCui9ZIncE1C0V6mtUQUAwde86NtX8EuLftnb6BzNC.JxgBSpee1ntxTygYxAMdXWvTshh0oyq1Pf.yVfiRFkeF7nuLu8SuP3pad6f7jBPHJItYKwjFc1_9SWMl4GUl4pWoRBeC861PYMuIamD4aX9_6ShnfPWJxLt8CdEa8FTGXx26wTzfotYstWAHsDz0zGzbZX0qNKYGzhb5lksum3WGt4gEkVqE.icVNtEXlLr2SLLDVWQBCrSw7._V7VvZAFg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91350c151d2efce2';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=SPACE&__cf_chl_rt_tk=p0noMHKn.grsnwW0bzSAgykfqgFnhDd5u3NFPVsKNLY-1739787651-1.0.1.1-TC7AfteDpHSY2MmWZmGJqZNVJsv20o.YIjeSL2tgH4k" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>