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<li id="toc-Nineteenth-century_Mexican_liberalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nineteenth-century_Mexican_liberalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Nineteenth-century Mexican liberalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nineteenth-century_Mexican_liberalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberalism_in_the_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberalism_in_the_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Liberalism in the 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberalism_in_the_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_liberal_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_liberal_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Major liberal leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_liberal_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery_of_liberal_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery_of_liberal_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gallery of liberal leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery_of_liberal_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em; border:4px double #C5C12B; background:var( --background-color-base, #FFFFFF ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism" title="Category:Liberalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Yellow" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/75px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/113px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/150px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">List of liberal theorists</a> (contributions to liberal theory)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">Regional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Liberalism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Czechia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Czechia">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a 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</div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; border-bottom:1px solid #C5C12B; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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.navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> in Mexico</b> was part of a broader nineteenth-century political trend affecting Western Europe and the Americas, including the United States, that challenged entrenched power.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, liberalism sought to make fundamental the equality of individuals before the law, rather than their benefiting from special privileges of corporate entities, especially the Roman Catholic Church, the military, and indigenous communities. Liberalism viewed universal, free, secular education as the means to transform Mexico's citizenry. Early nineteenth-century liberals promoted the idea of economic development in the overwhelmingly rural country where much land was owned by the Catholic Church and held in common by indigenous communities to create a large class of <a href="/wiki/Yeoman_farmers" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeoman farmers">yeoman farmers</a>. Liberals passed a series of individual <a href="/wiki/Reform_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform laws">Reform laws</a> and then wrote a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of 1857">constitution</a> in 1857 to give full force to the changes. Liberalism in Mexico "was not only a political philosophy of republicanism but a package including democratic social values, free enterprise, a legal bundle of civil rights to protect individualism, and a group consciousness of nationalism."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexican liberalism is most closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Anticlericalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticlericalism">anticlericalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexican liberals looked to the U.S. as their model for development and actively sought the support of the U.S., while Mexican conservatives looked to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nineteenth-century_Mexican_liberalism">Nineteenth-century Mexican liberalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nineteenth-century Mexican liberalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "liberal" became the name of a political faction, which previously had called itself "the Party of Progress" in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Mexico)" title="Conservative Party (Mexico)">Conservative Party</a>, which they called "the Party of Regression." Conservatives characterized themselves as those that defended Mexican tradition of the <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">colonial era</a>. Following <a href="/wiki/Mexican_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican independence">Mexican independence</a> from Spain in 1821, the first Mexican liberals became important on the national scene. The most prominent was secular priest and intellectual, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Luis_Mora" title="José María Luis Mora">José María Luis Mora</a> (1794–1850), who was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Benjamin Constant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mora attacked corporate privilege, especially the <i><a href="/wiki/Fuero" title="Fuero">fueros</a></i> of the Roman Catholic Church; considered the role of <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</a> (the greatest good for the greatest number) in Mexico; examined the so-called "Indian Question," of how to modernize Mexico when the majority of the population was indigenous living in rural communities; and considered the role of liberalism in economic development.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de_Zavala" title="Lorenzo de Zavala">Lorenzo de Zavala</a> was another prominent liberal of that generation, but he sided with Anglo-Texan rebels in their successful war for independence, with Zavala subsequently considered a traitor to Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early post-independence era was dominated by General <a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a> and Mexican conservatives, who were more effective in forming an ideologically unified political force, so that Mexican liberals were rarely able to exercise political power nationally. </p><p>Most Mexican liberals looked to European thinkers in their formulation of their ideology, which has led to a debate about whether those ideas were merely "Mexicanized" versions.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice in Mexico, liberals viewed the U.S. political and economic system as a model for Mexico, and actively sought U.S. aid when they came to power in 1855, when the liberal <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Ayutla" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of Ayutla">Revolution of Ayutla</a> forced conservative strongman <a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a> into exile.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Mexico, the most salient aspects of nineteenth-century liberalism were to create a secular state separated from the Roman Catholic Church, establish equality before the law by abolishing corporate privileges (<i>fueros</i>) of the Catholic church, the military, both of which had their own courts, and indigenous communities, which held land in common. Liberals' aim was to transform Mexico into a modern secular state with a dynamic economy. Corporate privilege and the conservative elite defenders were considered stumbling blocks to the nation's political, social, and economic progress.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secular, public education was a key element in opening paths to achievement for all Mexican citizens. Schooling historically had been the domain of the Roman Catholic Church and limited to elite men, so that broadening educational access and having a secular curriculum was seen as a way to transform Mexican society.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The breakup of land owned by corporations, specifically the Roman Catholic Church and indigenous communities, was a crucial policy element in diminishing the power of the church and integrating Mexico's Indians into the republic as citizens and transforming them into yeoman farmers. Unlike many liberals elsewhere, Mexican liberals did not call for limitations on executive power,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but early Mexican liberals were largely federalists who wanted considerable power reserved for the states and not the central government. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Luis_Mora.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Luis_Mora.png/150px-Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Luis_Mora.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Luis_Mora.png/225px-Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Luis_Mora.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Luis_Mora.png/300px-Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Luis_Mora.png 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Luis_Mora" title="José María Luis Mora">José María Luis Mora</a> (1794–1850), first major liberal intellectual of independent Mexico.</figcaption></figure> <p>With Mexico's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> (1846–48), a new generation of what historian <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Krauze" title="Enrique Krauze">Enrique Krauze</a> calls "romantic liberals" emerged. They were rooted in literature, and read and translated European writers such as <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a>, Michelet, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a>. Outstanding among these Mexican liberals were <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Ram%C3%ADrez_(politician)" title="Ignacio Ramírez (politician)">Ignacio Ramírez</a> (1818–1879); <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Prieto" title="Guillermo Prieto">Guillermo Prieto</a> (1818–1897); and <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Manuel_Altamirano" title="Ignacio Manuel Altamirano">Ignacio Manuel Altamirano</a> (1834–1893), who was of indigenous <a href="/wiki/Nahua_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahua peoples">Nahua</a> origin and rose to be a major literary figure and journalist.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These intellectuals lived through and tried to shape political thought in the <a href="/wiki/Reform_War" title="Reform War">War of the Reform</a> between conservatives and liberals, and the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">Second French intervention</a>, a foreign intervention supported by Mexican conservatives. </p><p>Pragmatic politicians, preeminently <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a>, born in a <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotec</a> village in <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Lerdo_de_Tejada" title="Miguel Lerdo de Tejada">Miguel Lerdo de Tejada</a>, his brother <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Lerdo_de_Tejada" title="Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada">Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Melchor_Ocampo" title="Melchor Ocampo">Melchor Ocampo</a> aimed at transforming liberal ideas into legislation and reform. They were all guided by liberal principles and fought for them. Liberals enacted <a href="/wiki/Reform_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform laws">reform laws</a> to curtail the power of the Church and the army in the <a href="/wiki/Ju%C3%A1rez_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Juárez Law">Juárez Law</a> (1856) and undermined the Church's economic power with the 1856 <a href="/wiki/Lerdo_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Lerdo Law">Lerdo Law</a>, which prohibited corporations—the Roman Catholic Church, as well as indigenous communities—for holding title to land. In 1857, liberals drafted and promulgated a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of 1857">constitution</a> and required Mexicans to take an oath of fealty to it. Many in the army opposed the <a href="/wiki/La_Reforma" title="La Reforma">Liberal Reform</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mexico" title="Catholic Church in Mexico">Catholic hierarchy</a> in November 1857 forbade Catholics from taking the oath or face ex-communication. Moderate liberal politician, <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Comonfort" title="Ignacio Comonfort">Ignacio Comonfort</a> sought to forge a middle ground when General <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Zuloaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Félix Zuloaga">Félix Zuloaga</a> promulgated the <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Tacubaya" title="Plan of Tacubaya">Plan of Tacubaya</a>, which declared the liberal constitution nullified, but allowed President Comonfort to retain his office and with enhanced powers. Comonfort signed onto the plan and many liberals were jailed, including Juárez. When it quickly became clear that Comonfort's hope to chart a middle course between conservatives and liberals had failed, he resigned from the presidency after freeing the jailed liberals. Benito Juárez had been head of the Supreme Court and with Comonfort's resignation, he succeeded to the presidency as Mexico was plunged into <a href="/wiki/Reform_War" title="Reform War">civil war</a>. </p><p>With the ouster of the French in 1867 and the discrediting of Mexican conservatives who had supported the regime of foreign monarch <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian I of Mexico</a>, Juárez, and his successor following his death of natural causes in 1872, Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada could implement the <a href="/wiki/Reform_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform laws">Reform laws</a> passed in the 1850s. With religious toleration mandated, the Roman Catholic Church was no longer the sole spiritual institution in Mexico; it was excluded from its former role as the only educators of the nation; and its economic power was diminished. </p><p>With that major liberal victory won, a third generation of liberals emerged during the presidency of liberal general and military hero of the Second French intervention in Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a> (r. 1876–1911). During the <a href="/wiki/Porfiriato" title="Porfiriato">Porfiriato</a>, a new group of liberals in name only, the "científicos," were influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a> of French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Henri_de_Rouvroy,_comte_de_Saint-Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a>, scientist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a>, known for <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">social Darwinism</a>. Historian and educator <a href="/wiki/Justo_Sierra" title="Justo Sierra">Justo Sierra</a> was the most prolific and influential of this group surrounding Díaz.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of Mexican politicians supporting the increasingly dictatorial Díaz regime characterized themselves as the <i><a href="/wiki/Cientificos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cientificos">Cientificos</a></i>, "scientists". Díaz's supporters became comfortable with a strong executive, traditionally associated with conservative ideology, as a pragmatic means to achieve stability and ensure economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Díaz, a <i>modus vivendi</i> with the Roman Catholic Church emerged whereby it regained a portion of its power and influence, but the <a href="/wiki/Anticlericalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticlericalism">anticlerical</a> articles of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of 1857">Constitution of 1857</a> remained theoretically enforced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberalism_in_the_20th_century">Liberalism in the 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Liberalism in the 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Partido_Liberal_Mexicano_button_1911.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Partido_Liberal_Mexicano_button_1911.svg/150px-Partido_Liberal_Mexicano_button_1911.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Partido_Liberal_Mexicano_button_1911.svg/225px-Partido_Liberal_Mexicano_button_1911.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Partido_Liberal_Mexicano_button_1911.svg/300px-Partido_Liberal_Mexicano_button_1911.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="834" /></a><figcaption>Political button for the Mexican Liberal Party, which sought the end of the Díaz regime.</figcaption></figure> <p>As the Díaz regime became increasingly dictatorial and trampled on the rights and liberties of Mexicans, a group of Mexican oppositionists led by <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilo_Arriaga" class="extiw" title="es:Camilo Arriaga">Camilo Arriaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Ricardo Flores Magón</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Liberal_Party" title="Mexican Liberal Party">Mexican Liberal Party</a> (PLM). It called for the overthrow of Díaz and agitated for the rights of workers and peasants and for <a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">economic nationalism</a> favoring Mexicans rather than foreigners. The PLM had two basic factions, one was reformist and was supported by elite, urban intellectuals and the other was <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communist">anarcho-communist</a> and advocated revolution. As the opposition to Díaz grew, Liberal clubs met secretly in Mexican cities to discuss politics, which led to the First Liberal Congress that met in San Luis Potosí in 1901. Radicals, such as Flores Magón, were exiled to the United States and drafted the Liberal Party program in 1905. A reformist liberal, rich hacienda owner <a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Francisco I. Madero</a> founded the Anti-Reelectionist Party and ran against Díaz in the <a href="/wiki/1910_Mexican_general_election" title="1910 Mexican general election">1910 presidential elections</a>. He garnered support from PLM members in the campaign. The fraudulent 1910 elections sparked revolts throughout many parts of the country, considered the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a>, and Díaz was forced to resign.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the outbreak of the uprising against Díaz, the opposition pointed to his continued re-election and abrogation of the liberal Constitution of 1857. Francisco Madero was brought to power by revolutionary forces, but he had hoped to proceed via the constitutional path with election. With the ouster of Díaz, his resignation and exile, Madero agreed to an interim government until new elections could be held in fall 1911. He won the presidency overwhelmingly. He lifted censorship of the press, suppression of strikes, and other measures that Díaz had employed to keep dissent in check. Madero was overthrown in <a href="/wiki/Ten_Tragic_Days" title="Ten Tragic Days">a military coup</a> in February 1913. A broad coalition of opposition to the new government formed itself as the <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutionalist Army">Constitutionalist Army</a>, invoking the Constitution of 1857. That faction was victorious in the Mexican Revolution under the leadership of former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Coahuila" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Coahuila">Governor of Coahuila</a> <a href="/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza" title="Venustiano Carranza">Venustiano Carranza</a>. Carranza sought legitimacy for his regime and called for a constitutional convention, which excluded the defeated factions of the revolution. What Carranza envisioned to be a tune-up of the 1857 charter instead was a new constitution, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of 1917">Constitution of 1917</a>, which remains in force. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_liberal_leaders">Major liberal leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Major liberal leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Luis_Mora" title="José María Luis Mora">José María Luis Mora</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero" title="Vicente Guerrero">Vicente Guerrero</a> – <a href="/wiki/Melchor_Ocampo" title="Melchor Ocampo">Melchor Ocampo</a> – <a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas" title="Valentín Gómez Farías">Valentín Gómez Farías</a> – <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a> – <a href="/wiki/Juan_%C3%81lvarez" title="Juan Álvarez">Juan Álvarez</a> – <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Prieto" title="Guillermo Prieto">Guillermo Prieto</a> – <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Lerdo_de_Tejada" title="Miguel Lerdo de Tejada">Miguel Lerdo de Tejada</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Lerdo_de_Tejada" title="Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada">Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Manuel_Altamirano" title="Ignacio Manuel Altamirano">Ignacio Manuel Altamirano</a> – <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Yves_Limantour" title="José Yves Limantour">José Yves Limantour</a> – <a href="/wiki/Justo_Sierra" title="Justo Sierra">Justo Sierra</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Francisco I. Madero</a> - <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pino_Su%C3%A1rez" title="José María Pino Suárez">José María Pino Suárez</a> - <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_A._Madero" title="Gustavo A. Madero">Gustavo A. Madero</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery_of_liberal_leaders">Gallery of liberal leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gallery of liberal leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joaqu%C3%ADn_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Lizardi.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Fernández de Lizardi (1776–1827)"><img alt="Fernández de Lizardi (1776–1827)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Lizardi.png/86px-Joaqu%C3%ADn_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Lizardi.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Lizardi.png/130px-Joaqu%C3%ADn_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Lizardi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Lizardi.png/173px-Joaqu%C3%ADn_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Lizardi.png 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="781" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Lizardi" title="José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi">Fernández de Lizardi</a> (1776–1827)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas,_portrait.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Valentín Gómez Farías (1781–1858)"><img alt="Valentín Gómez Farías (1781–1858)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas%2C_portrait.JPG/90px-Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas%2C_portrait.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas%2C_portrait.JPG/135px-Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas%2C_portrait.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas%2C_portrait.JPG/180px-Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas%2C_portrait.JPG 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas" title="Valentín Gómez Farías">Valentín Gómez Farías</a> (1781–1858)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vicente_Ram%C3%B3n_Guerrero_Salda%C3%B1a.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Vicente Guerrero (1782–1831)"><img alt="Vicente Guerrero (1782–1831)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Vicente_Ram%C3%B3n_Guerrero_Salda%C3%B1a.png/95px-Vicente_Ram%C3%B3n_Guerrero_Salda%C3%B1a.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Vicente_Ram%C3%B3n_Guerrero_Salda%C3%B1a.png/142px-Vicente_Ram%C3%B3n_Guerrero_Salda%C3%B1a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Vicente_Ram%C3%B3n_Guerrero_Salda%C3%B1a.png/189px-Vicente_Ram%C3%B3n_Guerrero_Salda%C3%B1a.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero" title="Vicente Guerrero">Vicente Guerrero</a> (1782–1831)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorenzo_de_Zavala.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lorenzo de Zavala (1788–1836)"><img alt="Lorenzo de Zavala (1788–1836)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lorenzo_de_Zavala.jpg/91px-Lorenzo_de_Zavala.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lorenzo_de_Zavala.jpg/137px-Lorenzo_de_Zavala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lorenzo_de_Zavala.jpg/182px-Lorenzo_de_Zavala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="421" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de_Zavala" title="Lorenzo de Zavala">Lorenzo de Zavala</a> (1788–1836)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Juan_%C3%81lvarez.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Juan Álvarez (1790–1867)"><img alt="Juan Álvarez (1790–1867)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/General_Juan_%C3%81lvarez.jpg/95px-General_Juan_%C3%81lvarez.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/General_Juan_%C3%81lvarez.jpg/143px-General_Juan_%C3%81lvarez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/General_Juan_%C3%81lvarez.jpg/190px-General_Juan_%C3%81lvarez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Juan_%C3%81lvarez" title="Juan Álvarez">Juan Álvarez</a> (1790–1867)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Luis_Mora.png" class="mw-file-description" title="José María Luis Mora (1794–1850)"><img alt="José María Luis Mora (1794–1850)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Luis_Mora.png/97px-Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Luis_Mora.png" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Luis_Mora.png/146px-Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Luis_Mora.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Luis_Mora.png/194px-Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Luis_Mora.png 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Luis_Mora" title="José María Luis Mora">José María Luis Mora</a> (1794–1850)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez_-_Jos%C3%A9_Escudero_y_Espronceda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Benito Juárez (1806–1872)"><img alt="Benito Juárez (1806–1872)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez_-_Jos%C3%A9_Escudero_y_Espronceda.jpg/92px-Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez_-_Jos%C3%A9_Escudero_y_Espronceda.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez_-_Jos%C3%A9_Escudero_y_Espronceda.jpg/138px-Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez_-_Jos%C3%A9_Escudero_y_Espronceda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez_-_Jos%C3%A9_Escudero_y_Espronceda.jpg/184px-Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez_-_Jos%C3%A9_Escudero_y_Espronceda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="3076" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a> (1806–1872)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miguel_Lerdo_de_Tejada.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Miguel Lerdo de Tejada (1812–1861)"><img alt="Miguel Lerdo de Tejada (1812–1861)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Miguel_Lerdo_de_Tejada.jpg/90px-Miguel_Lerdo_de_Tejada.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Miguel_Lerdo_de_Tejada.jpg/135px-Miguel_Lerdo_de_Tejada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Miguel_Lerdo_de_Tejada.jpg/180px-Miguel_Lerdo_de_Tejada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Lerdo_de_Tejada" title="Miguel Lerdo de Tejada">Miguel Lerdo de Tejada</a> (1812–1861)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Comonfort.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ignacio Comonfort (1812–1863)"><img alt="Ignacio Comonfort (1812–1863)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Comonfort.png/92px-Comonfort.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Comonfort.png/138px-Comonfort.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Comonfort.png/184px-Comonfort.png 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Comonfort" title="Ignacio Comonfort">Ignacio Comonfort</a> (1812–1863)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Melchor_Ocampo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Melchor Ocampo (1814–1861)"><img alt="Melchor Ocampo (1814–1861)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Melchor_Ocampo.jpg/87px-Melchor_Ocampo.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Melchor_Ocampo.jpg/131px-Melchor_Ocampo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Melchor_Ocampo.jpg/174px-Melchor_Ocampo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="1248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Melchor_Ocampo" title="Melchor Ocampo">Melchor Ocampo</a> (1814–1861)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guillermo_Prieto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guillermo Prieto (1818–1897)"><img alt="Guillermo Prieto (1818–1897)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Guillermo_Prieto.jpg/96px-Guillermo_Prieto.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Guillermo_Prieto.jpg/143px-Guillermo_Prieto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Guillermo_Prieto.jpg/191px-Guillermo_Prieto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="502" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Prieto" title="Guillermo Prieto">Guillermo Prieto</a> (1818–1897)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramirez_nigromante.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ignacio Ramírez (1818–1879)"><img alt="Ignacio Ramírez (1818–1879)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ramirez_nigromante.jpg/95px-Ramirez_nigromante.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ramirez_nigromante.jpg/143px-Ramirez_nigromante.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Ramirez_nigromante.jpg 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="189" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Ram%C3%ADrez_(politician)" title="Ignacio Ramírez (politician)">Ignacio Ramírez</a> (1818–1879)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabino_Barreda1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gabino Barreda (1818–1881)"><img alt="Gabino Barreda (1818–1881)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gabino_Barreda1.JPG/88px-Gabino_Barreda1.JPG" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gabino_Barreda1.JPG/132px-Gabino_Barreda1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gabino_Barreda1.JPG/176px-Gabino_Barreda1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="1383" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gabino_Barreda" title="Gabino Barreda">Gabino Barreda</a> (1818–1881)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Iglesias.png" class="mw-file-description" title="José María Iglesias (1823–1891)"><img alt="José María Iglesias (1823–1891)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Iglesias.png/99px-Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Iglesias.png" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Iglesias.png/149px-Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Iglesias.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Iglesias.png/198px-Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Iglesias.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="479" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Iglesias" title="José María Iglesias">José María Iglesias</a> (1823–1891)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sebasti%C3%A1n_Lerdo_de_Tejada,_oleo_sobre_tela.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada (1823–1889)"><img alt="Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada (1823–1889)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Lerdo_de_Tejada%2C_oleo_sobre_tela.jpg/83px-Sebasti%C3%A1n_Lerdo_de_Tejada%2C_oleo_sobre_tela.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Lerdo_de_Tejada%2C_oleo_sobre_tela.jpg/125px-Sebasti%C3%A1n_Lerdo_de_Tejada%2C_oleo_sobre_tela.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Lerdo_de_Tejada%2C_oleo_sobre_tela.jpg/167px-Sebasti%C3%A1n_Lerdo_de_Tejada%2C_oleo_sobre_tela.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Lerdo_de_Tejada" title="Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada">Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada</a> (1823–1889)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Porfirio_Diaz_in_uniform.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Porfirio Díaz (1830–1915)"><img alt="Porfirio Díaz (1830–1915)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Porfirio_Diaz_in_uniform.jpg/91px-Porfirio_Diaz_in_uniform.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Porfirio_Diaz_in_uniform.jpg/137px-Porfirio_Diaz_in_uniform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Porfirio_Diaz_in_uniform.jpg/182px-Porfirio_Diaz_in_uniform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="729" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a> (1830–1915)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vicente_Riva_Palacio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vicente Riva Palacio (1832–1896)"><img alt="Vicente Riva Palacio (1832–1896)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Vicente_Riva_Palacio.jpg/83px-Vicente_Riva_Palacio.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Vicente_Riva_Palacio.jpg/124px-Vicente_Riva_Palacio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Vicente_Riva_Palacio.jpg/166px-Vicente_Riva_Palacio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1978" data-file-height="2861" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Riva_Palacio" title="Vicente Riva Palacio">Vicente Riva Palacio</a> (1832–1896)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuel_Gonzalez.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manuel González (1833–1893)"><img alt="Manuel González (1833–1893)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Manuel_Gonzalez.jpg/84px-Manuel_Gonzalez.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Manuel_Gonzalez.jpg/125px-Manuel_Gonzalez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Manuel_Gonzalez.jpg/167px-Manuel_Gonzalez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="639" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Flores" title="Manuel González Flores">Manuel González</a> (1833–1893)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ignacio_Manuel_Altamirano.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ignacio Altamirano (1834–1893)"><img alt="Ignacio Altamirano (1834–1893)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ignacio_Manuel_Altamirano.jpg/117px-Ignacio_Manuel_Altamirano.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ignacio_Manuel_Altamirano.jpg/175px-Ignacio_Manuel_Altamirano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ignacio_Manuel_Altamirano.jpg/233px-Ignacio_Manuel_Altamirano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="251" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Manuel_Altamirano" title="Ignacio Manuel Altamirano">Ignacio Altamirano</a> (1834–1893)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Justo_sierra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Justo Sierra (1848–1912)"><img alt="Justo Sierra (1848–1912)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Justo_sierra.jpg/96px-Justo_sierra.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Justo_sierra.jpg/145px-Justo_sierra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Justo_sierra.jpg/193px-Justo_sierra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="844" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Justo_Sierra" title="Justo Sierra">Justo Sierra</a> (1848–1912)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Yves_Limantour_1910_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="José Yves Limantour (1854–1935)"><img alt="José Yves Limantour (1854–1935)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jos%C3%A9_Yves_Limantour_1910_%28cropped%29.jpg/102px-Jos%C3%A9_Yves_Limantour_1910_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jos%C3%A9_Yves_Limantour_1910_%28cropped%29.jpg/154px-Jos%C3%A9_Yves_Limantour_1910_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jos%C3%A9_Yves_Limantour_1910_%28cropped%29.jpg/205px-Jos%C3%A9_Yves_Limantour_1910_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="588" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Yves_Limantour" title="José Yves Limantour">José Yves Limantour</a> (1854–1935)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_I_Madero_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Francisco I. Madero (1873–1913)"><img alt="Francisco I. Madero (1873–1913)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Francisco_I_Madero_%28cropped%29.jpg/95px-Francisco_I_Madero_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Francisco_I_Madero_%28cropped%29.jpg/143px-Francisco_I_Madero_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Francisco_I_Madero_%28cropped%29.jpg/190px-Francisco_I_Madero_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3781" data-file-height="4772" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Francisco I. Madero</a> (1873–1913)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jose_Maria_Pino_Suarez_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="José María Pino Suárez (1869–1913)"><img alt="José María Pino Suárez (1869–1913)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Jose_Maria_Pino_Suarez_%283%29.jpg/80px-Jose_Maria_Pino_Suarez_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Jose_Maria_Pino_Suarez_%283%29.jpg/120px-Jose_Maria_Pino_Suarez_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Jose_Maria_Pino_Suarez_%283%29.jpg/160px-Jose_Maria_Pino_Suarez_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="619" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pino_Su%C3%A1rez" title="José María Pino Suárez">José María Pino Suárez</a> (1869–1913)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magon.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ricardo Flores Magón (1874–1922)"><img alt="Ricardo Flores Magón (1874–1922)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Magon.png/70px-Magon.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Magon.png/106px-Magon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Magon.png/141px-Magon.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Ricardo Flores Magón</a> (1874–1922)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Bazant, Jan. <i>Alienation of Church Wealth in Mexico: Social and Economic Aspects of Liberal Revolution, 1856-1875</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1971.</li> <li>Berry, Charles R. <i>The Reform in Oaxaca, 1856-1876: A Microhistory of the Liberal Revolution</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1981.</li> <li>Britton, John. "Liberalism" in <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mexico" title="Encyclopedia of Mexico">Encyclopedia of Mexico</a></i>, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 738–742.</li> <li>Caplan, Karen D. <i>Indigenous Citizens: Local Liberalism in Early National Oaxaca and Yucatán</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press 2010.</li> <li>Chevalier, François. "Conservateurs et libéraux au Mexique. Essai de sociologie et géographie politiques de l'indepéndence a l'intervention françcaise," <i>Cahiers d'histoire mondiale</i>, 8(1964).</li> <li>Coatsworth, John. <i>Growth Against Development: The Economic Impact of Railroads in Porfirian Mexico</i>. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press 1980.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Hale" title="Charles A. Hale">Hale, Charles A.</a> <i>Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora, 1821-53</i>. Yale University Press (1968)</li> <li>Hale, Charles A. <i>The Transformation of Liberalism in Late Nineteenth-Century Mexico</i>. Princeton University Press (1989)</li> <li>Hamnett, Brian. <i>Juárez</i>. London: Longman 1994.</li> <li>Jackson, Robert L. <i>Liberals, the Church, and Indian peasants: Corporate lands and the challenge of reform in nineteenth-century Spanish America</i>. Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press, 1997.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Katz" title="Friedrich Katz">Katz, Friedrich</a>, "The Liberal Republic and the Porfiriato, 1867-76" in <i>Mexico Since Independence</i>, <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Bethell" title="Leslie Bethell">Leslie Bethell</a>, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press 1991, pp. 49–124.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Knight_(historian)" title="Alan Knight (historian)">Knight, Alan</a>. "El Liberalismo mexicano desde la reforma hasta la revolución (una interpretación)." <i>Historia Mexicana</i> 35(1985):59-91.</li> <li>Knowlton, Robert J. <i>Church Property and the Mexican Reform, 1856-1910</i>. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press 1976.</li> <li>Olliff, Donathan C. <i>Reforma Mexico and the United States: A Search for Alternatives to Annexation, 1854-1861</i>. University of Alabama Press 1981.</li> <li>Perry, Laurens Ballard. <i>Juárez and Díaz: Machine Politics in Mexico</i>. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press 1978</li> <li>Powell, T.G. <i>El Liberalismo y el campesinado en el centro de México, 1850-1876'</i>. Mexico City: Secretaría de Educación Pública 1974.</li> <li>Powell, T.G. "Mexican Intellectuals and the Indian Question, 1876-1911." <i>Hispanic American Historical Review</i> 40(1968): 19–36.</li> <li>Reyes Heroles, Jesús. <i>El Liberalismo mexicano</i>. 3 vols. Mexico City: UNAM 1957–61.</li> <li>Richmond, Douglas W. <i>Conflict and carnage in Yucatán: Liberals, the Second Empire, and Maya revolutionaries, 1855-1876</i>. Tuscaloosa, Alabama : The University of Alabama Press, 2015</li> <li>Rodríguez, Jaime. <i>The Divine Charter: Constitutionalism and Liberalism in Nineteenth-century Mexico</i>. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2005.</li> <li>Schoonover, Thomas David, <i>Dollars over dominion: The triumph of liberalism in Mexican-United States relations, 1861-1867</i>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978.</li> <li>Sinkin, Richard. <i>The Mexican Reform, 1855-1876: A study in Liberal Nation-Building</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press 1979.</li> <li>Tenenbaum, Barbara. <i>The Politics of Penury: Debt and Taxes in Mexico, 1821-1856</i>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1986.</li> <li>Topik, Steven. "The Economic Role of the State in Liberal Regimes: Brazil and Mexico Compared, 1888–1910," in <i>Guiding the Invisible Hand: Economic Liberalism and the State in Latin American History</i>, Joseph L. Love and Nils Jacobsen, eds. New York 1988, 117–44.</li> <li>Thomson, Guy P. C., <i>Patriotism, politics, and popular liberalism in nineteenth-century Mexico: Juan Francisco Lucas and the Puebla Sierra</i>. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1999.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">History of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="History of democracy in Mexico">History of democracy in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mexico" title="Politics of Mexico">Politics of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_Catholicism_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Roman Catholicism in Mexico">History of Roman Catholicism in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mexico" title="Economic history of Mexico">Economic history of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Reforma" title="La Reforma">Liberal Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of 1857">Constitution of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform laws">Reform laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_War" title="Reform War">Reform War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Mexico" title="List of political parties in Mexico">List of political parties in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mexico" title="Education in Mexico">Education in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porfiriato" title="Porfiriato">Porfiriato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porfirionism" title="Porfirionism">Porfirionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mexico-related_articles" title="Index of Mexico-related articles">Index of Mexico-related articles</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Britton, "Liberalism" in <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mexico" title="Encyclopedia of Mexico">Encyclopedia of Mexico</a></i>, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, 738.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perry, Laurens Ballard. <i>Juárez and Díaz: Machine Politics in Mexico</i>. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press 1978, 340-41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perry, <i>Juárez and Díaz</i>, 342</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olliff, Donathan C. <i>Reforma Mexico and the United States</i>, 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Krauze" title="Enrique Krauze">Krauze, Enrique</a>, <i>Mexico: Biography of Power</i>. New York: HarperCollins 1997, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Hale" title="Charles A. Hale">Hale, Charles A.</a>, <i>Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora, 1821–1853</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press 1968.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olliff, <i>Reforma Mexico</i>, 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hale, Charles A. <i>The Transformation of Mexican Liberalism in Late Nineteenth-Century Mexico</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1989, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olliff, Donathan C. <i>Reforma Mexico and the United States: A Search for Alternatives to Annexation, 1854-1861</i>. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hale, Charles A. <i>Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press 1968, 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Hale" title="Charles A. Hale">Hale, Charles A.</a> <i>The Transformation of Liberalism in Late Nineteenth-Century Mexico</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Britton, "Liberalism" p. 738.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krauze, <i>Mexico: Biography of Power</i>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krauze, <i>Mexico: Biography of Power</i>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Britton, "Liberalism" pp. 742.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James A. Sandos, "Patrido Liberal Mexicano (PLM)" in <i>Encyclopedia of Mexico</i>, vol. 2, pp. 1055–1057. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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class="new" title="Liberalism in Puerto Rico (page does not exist)"><i>Puerto Rico</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)"><i>Sint Maarten</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Central_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Central America (page does not exist)">Central America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Belize (page does not exist)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Liberalism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in El Salvador (page does not exist)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Guatemala (page does not exist)">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Middle_America_(Americas)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Middle America (Americas) (page does not exist)">Middle America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in South America (page does not exist)">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Argentina (page does not exist)">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_French_Guiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in French Guiana (page does not exist)"><i>French Guiana</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Guyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Guyana (page does not exist)">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Suriname&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Suriname (page does not exist)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> not included.<span class="nowrap">    </span><i>Semi-autonomous territories are in italics.</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberalism_in_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberalism_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Liberalism in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in the Bahamas (page does not exist)">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Barbados (page does not exist)">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Belize (page does not exist)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Liberalism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in El Salvador (page does not exist)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Guatemala (page does not exist)">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Haiti (page does not exist)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Jamaica (page does not exist)">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Aruba (page does not exist)">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Greenland (page does not exist)">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Puerto_Rico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Puerto Rico (page does not exist)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> 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