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</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Goldbeater%27s_skin" title="Special:EditPage/Goldbeater's skin">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Goldbeater%27s_skin" title="Talk:Goldbeater's skin">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Goldbeater%27s_skin" title="Special:EditPage/Goldbeater's skin">improve this article</a> by <a 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Goldbeater%27s+skin%22">"Goldbeater's skin"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Goldbeater%27s+skin%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Goldbeater%27s+skin%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Goldbeater%27s+skin%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Goldbeater%27s+skin%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Goldbeater%27s+skin%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Goldbeater's skin</b> is the processed outer membrane of the <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestine</a> of an animal, typically cattle, which is valued for its strength against tearing. The term derives from its traditional use as durable layers interleaved between sheets of gold stock during the process of making <a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">gold leaf</a> by <a href="/wiki/Goldbeating" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldbeating">goldbeating</a>, as a batch process producing many "leaves" at the same time. In the early modern production of <a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">airships</a>, application of its high strength-to-weight ratio and reliability were crucial for building at least the largest examples. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacture">Manufacture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goldbeater%27s_skin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Manufacture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To manufacture goldbeater's skin, the gut of <a href="/wiki/Oxen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxen">oxen</a> (or other <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>) is soaked in a dilute solution of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a>, washed, stretched, beaten flat and thin, and treated chemically to prevent <a href="/wiki/Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">putrefaction</a>. A pack of 1,000 pieces of goldbeater's skin requires the gut of about 400 oxen and is 1 inch (25 mm) thick.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Up to 120 sheets of gold laminated with goldbeater's skin can be beaten at the same time, since the skin is thin and elastic and does not tear under heavy <a href="/wiki/Goldbeating" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldbeating">goldbeating</a>. The resultant thickness of gold leaf can be as small as 1 μm-thick.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goldbeater%27s_skin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Goldbeater's skin is used as the sensitive element in <a href="/wiki/Hygrometer" title="Hygrometer">hygrometers</a>, since its <a href="/wiki/Hygroscopy" title="Hygroscopy">hygroscopic</a> behavior includes contraction or expansion in response to atmospheric humidity.</li> <li>During the <a href="/wiki/Invention_of_the_telephone" title="Invention of the telephone">invention of the telephone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> used a drum of goldbeater's skin with an armature of magnetised iron attached to its middle as a sound receiver.</li> <li>In 1754, Vatican priest <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Piaggio" title="Antonio Piaggio">Antonio Piaggio</a> used goldbeater's skin in one of the earliest attempts to unscroll and read the <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum_papyri" title="Herculaneum papyri">Herculaneum papyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> texts buried and hardened into carbonized lumps by the 79 AD eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> printed 10- and 30-<a href="/wiki/Groschen" title="Groschen">groschen</a> <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamps</a> on goldbeater's skin to prevent reuse of these high-value stamps.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Thomas_Clover" title="Joseph Thomas Clover">Joseph Thomas Clover</a> invented an apparatus for measuring the inhalation of <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a> in 1862; it included a large reservoir bag, lined with goldbeater's skin to make it airtight, into which a known volume of liquid chloroform was injected, while its contraction or expansion was monitored.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Due to its transparency, strength, and fairly uniform thickness, goldbeater's skin is used to repair holes and tears in manuscripts written on <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a>.</li> <li>Large quantities of goldbeater's skin were used to make the gas bags of early balloons created by the <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Royal_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Corps of Royal Engineers">Corps of Royal Engineers</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chatham,_Kent" title="Chatham, Kent">Chatham, Kent</a> starting in 1881–82 and culminating in 1883 with <i>The Heron</i>, of 10,000 cu ft capacity. The method of preparing and making gas-tight joins in the skins was known only to a family called Weinling, from the <a href="/wiki/Whitefriars,_London#Alsatia" title="Whitefriars, London">Alsatia</a> London area, who were employed by the Royal Engineers for many years. The British had a monopoly on the technique until around 1912, when the Germans adopted the material for the internal gas bags of the "<a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">zeppelin</a>" <a href="/wiki/Rigid_airship" title="Rigid airship">rigid airships</a>, exhausting the available supply: about 200,000 sheets were used for a typical <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> zeppelin, while the <a href="/wiki/USS_Shenandoah_(ZR-1)" title="USS Shenandoah (ZR-1)">USS <i>Shenandoah</i> (ZR-1)</a> needed 750,000 sheets.<sup id="cite_ref-PTMD_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PTMD-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sheets were joined together and folded into impermeable layers.<sup id="cite_ref-PTMD_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PTMD-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Goldbeater's skin (sometimes also called "fish skin" in this context) is sometimes used to seal <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboe</a> <a href="/wiki/Double_reed" title="Double reed">reeds</a> to prevent them from leaking air.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Goldbeater%27s_skin_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldbeater's skin test">goldbeater's skin test</a> is used to assess the <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tanning</a> properties of a compound.</li> <li>In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, goldbeater's skin was used as a material for condoms.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goldbeater%27s_skin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vark" title="Vark">Vark</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goldbeater%27s_skin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarchant" class="citation web cs1">Marchant, Jo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/buried-ash-vesuvius-scrolls-are-being-read-new-xray-technique-180969358/">"Buried by the Ash of Vesuvius, These Scrolls Are Being Read for the First Time in Millennia"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Buried+by+the+Ash+of+Vesuvius%2C+These+Scrolls+Are+Being+Read+for+the+First+Time+in+Millennia&rft.aulast=Marchant&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fburied-ash-vesuvius-scrolls-are-being-read-new-xray-technique-180969358%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoldbeater%27s+skin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sykes, W.S. (1960), <i>Essays on the First Hundred Years of Anaesthesia</i>, Vol. 2, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-443-02866-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-443-02866-4">0-443-02866-4</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PTMD-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PTMD_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PTMD_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteadman2006" class="citation web cs1">Steadman, Mark (2006-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ptt-museum.dk/en/online_magazine/previous_articles/broadcasting/?id=74">"The Goldbeater, the Cow and the Airship"</a>. <i>MuseumsPosten, Post & Tele Museum Online Magazine</i>. Copenhagen, Denmark<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MuseumsPosten%2C+Post+%26+Tele+Museum+Online+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Goldbeater%2C+the+Cow+and+the+Airship&rft.date=2006-05-01&rft.aulast=Steadman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ptt-museum.dk%2Fen%2Fonline_magazine%2Fprevious_articles%2Fbroadcasting%2F%3Fid%3D74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoldbeater%27s+skin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">François Lebrun, "Les 'Funestes secrets<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>", <i>Les Collections de l'Histoire</i>, 2nd quarter 2006, p. 63. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0182-2411">0182-2411</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goldbeater%27s_skin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChollet1922" class="citation web cs1">Chollet, Capt. L. (December 1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/1922/naca-tm-172.pdf">"Balloon Fabrics Made of Goldbeater's Skins"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF <span style="font-size:85%;">(472 KB)</span>)</span>. Translated and reprinted from <i>L'Aéronautique</i>, August 1922.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Balloon+Fabrics+Made+of+Goldbeater%27s+Skins&rft.date=1922-12&rft.aulast=Chollet&rft.aufirst=Capt.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnaca.central.cranfield.ac.uk%2Freports%2F1922%2Fnaca-tm-172.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoldbeater%27s+skin" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Fuchs, Robert (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060319051027/http://www.karger.com/gazette/67/fuchs/art_5.htm">"The History and Biology of Parchment"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karger.com/"><i>Karger Gazette</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karger.com/WebMaterial/ShowFileCache/13540">No. 67 "Skin"</a> ( PDF).</li> <li>Roberts, Matt T., and Don Etherington (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cool.conservation-us.org/don//dt/dt1574.html">"Goldbeater's skin"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718035217/http://cool.conservation-us.org/don//dt/dt1574.html">Archived</a> 2011-07-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookbindingconse0000robe">Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: A Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology</a></i>. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookbindingconse0000robe/page/118/mode/2up">p. 119</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780844403663" title="Special:BookSources/9780844403663">9780844403663</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7555465">7555465</a>.</li> <li>Thompson, Jack C. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cool.conservation-us.org/coolaic/sg/bpg/annual/v02/bp02-15.html">"Notes on the Manufacture of Goldbeater's Skin"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culturalheritage.org/membership/groups-and-networks/book-and-paper-group/resources/bpgannual"><i>Book and Paper Group Annual</i></a>. Vol. 2. pp. 119–122.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goldbeater%27s_skin&oldid=1219020160">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goldbeater%27s_skin&oldid=1219020160</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Airship_technology" title="Category:Airship technology">Airship technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gilding" title="Category:Gilding">Gilding</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hides_(skin)" title="Category:Hides (skin)">Hides (skin)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2018" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2018">Articles needing additional references from June 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_introduction_cleanup_from_June_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia introduction cleanup from June 2021">Wikipedia introduction cleanup from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup" title="Category:All pages needing cleanup">All pages needing cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_June_2021" title="Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from June 2021">Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify" title="Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify">All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">CS1 maint: postscript</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 April 2024, at 07:40<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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