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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ecology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Toxicity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Toxicity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signs_and_symptoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Signs and symptoms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_victims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_victims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notable victims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_victims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cited_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Cited texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Amanita phalloides</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" > 70 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="أمانيت فالوسياني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أمانيت فالوسياني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Amanita phalloides" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Бледная паганка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бледная паганка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Зелена мухоморка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Зелена мухоморка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farinera_borda" title="Farinera borda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Farinera borda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Amanita phalloides" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muchom%C5%AFrka_zelen%C3%A1" title="Muchomůrka zelená – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Muchomůrka zelená" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_marwol" title="Cap marwol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cap marwol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B8n_fluesvamp" title="Grøn fluesvamp – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grøn fluesvamp" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Knollenbl%C3%A4tterpilz" title="Grüner Knollenblätterpilz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grüner Knollenblätterpilz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roheline_k%C3%A4rbseseen" title="Roheline kärbseseen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Roheline kärbseseen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Αμανίτης ο φαλλοειδής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμανίτης ο φαλλοειδής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Amanita phalloides" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faluseca_amanito" title="Faluseca amanito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Faluseca amanito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiltzaile_berde" title="Hiltzaile berde – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hiltzaile berde" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="کلاهک مرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلاهک مرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanite_phallo%C3%AFde" title="Amanite phalloïde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amanite phalloïde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griene_knolamanyt" title="Griene knolamanyt – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Griene knolamanyt" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caidhp_bh%C3%A1is" title="Caidhp bháis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Caidhp bháis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacaforra_da_morte" title="Cacaforra da morte – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cacaforra da morte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EA%B4%91%EB%8C%80%EB%B2%84%EC%84%AF" title="알광대버섯 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알광대버섯" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%AA%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Դժգույն գարշասունկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դժգույն գարշասունկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelena_pupavka" title="Zelena pupavka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zelena pupavka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallugong_ti_natay_(Uong)" title="Kallugong ti natay (Uong) – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kallugong ti natay (Uong)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amanita phalloides" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo_del_morte" title="Fungo del morte – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Fungo del morte" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%C3%A6%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BE" title="Фæлурсзокъо – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Фæлурсзокъо" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A6nserkur" title="Grænserkur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Grænserkur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amanita phalloides" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אמנית המוות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמנית המוות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D" title="შხამასოკო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შხამასოკო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2trusowati_srom%C3%B2tnik" title="Pòtrusowati sromòtnik – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Pòtrusowati sromòtnik" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Понтшак – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Понтшак" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Amanita phalloides" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za%C4%BC%C4%81_mu%C5%A1mire" title="Zaļā mušmire – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zaļā mušmire" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDalsvoji_musmir%C4%97" title="Žalsvoji musmirė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žalsvoji musmirė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyilkos_gal%C3%B3ca" title="Gyilkos galóca – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gyilkos galóca" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Зелена пупавка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Зелена пупавка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="അമാനിറ്റ ഫല്ലോയിഡസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അമാനിറ്റ ഫല്ലോയിഡസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="امانيت فالوسيانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امانيت فالوسيانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cendawan_payung_maut" title="Cendawan payung maut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cendawan payung maut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groene_knolamaniet" title="Groene knolamaniet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Groene knolamaniet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B4%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B1" title="タマゴテングタケ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タマゴテングタケ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Knolamanit" title="Green Knolamanit – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Green Knolamanit" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nn_fluesopp" title="Grønn fluesopp – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grønn fluesopp" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Amanita phalloides" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%BC%D8%A7_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%DB%8C%DA%89%DB%90%D8%B3" title="آمانیټا فالويیډېس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آمانیټا فالويیډېس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Amanita phalloides" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muchomor_zielonawy" title="Muchomor zielonawy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muchomor zielonawy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amanita phalloides" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Amanita phalloides" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Бледная поганка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бледная поганка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Amanita phalloides" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muchotr%C3%A1vka_zelen%C3%A1" title="Muchotrávka zelená – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Muchotrávka zelená" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelena_mu%C5%A1nica" title="Zelena mušnica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zelena mušnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Зелена пупавка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Зелена пупавка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelena_pupavka" title="Zelena pupavka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zelena pupavka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavalak%C3%A4rp%C3%A4ssieni" title="Kavalakärpässieni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kavalakärpässieni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6msk_flugsvamp" title="Lömsk flugsvamp – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lömsk flugsvamp" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சாவுத் தொப்பிக் காளான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாவுத் தொப்பிக் காளான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="เห็ดระโงกหิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เห็ดระโงกหิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6yg%C3%B6%C3%A7%C3%BCren_mantar%C4%B1" title="Köygöçüren mantarı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Köygöçüren mantarı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Мухомор зелений – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мухомор зелений" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Amanita phalloides" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BA%A5m_t%E1%BB%AD_th%E1%BA%A7n" title="Nấm tử thần – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nấm tử thần" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanite_moudreuse" title="Amanite moudreuse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Amanite moudreuse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Amanita phalloides" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E9%B9%85%E8%86%8F" title="毒鹅膏 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="毒鹅膏" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Amanita_phalloides.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Poisonous mushroom (death cap)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Death cap" redirects here. For the cap formerly worn by British judges during death sentencing, see <a href="/wiki/Black_cap" title="Black cap">black cap</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)">Amanita phalloides </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Amanita_phalloides_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Amanita_phalloides_1.JPG/220px-Amanita_phalloides_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Amanita_phalloides_1.JPG/330px-Amanita_phalloides_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Amanita_phalloides_1.JPG/440px-Amanita_phalloides_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">In <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a>, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Amanita" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Division: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agaricomycetes" title="Agaricomycetes">Agaricomycetes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agaricales" title="Agaricales">Agaricales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amanitaceae" title="Amanitaceae">Amanitaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amanita" title="Amanita">Amanita</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">A. phalloides</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Amanita phalloides <div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Vaillant" title="Sébastien Vaillant">Vaill.</a> ex <a href="/wiki/Elias_Magnus_Fries" title="Elias Magnus Fries">Fr.</a>) <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Friedrich_Link" title="Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link">Link</a> (1833)</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of fungus</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="line-height: 1.4em; font-size:1.2em">Amanita phalloides<div style="float:right; margin: 0 3px"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mycomorphbox" title="View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list"><img alt="View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/14px-Information_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/21px-Information_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/28px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="62" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">Mycological characteristics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gills_icon.png/32px-Gills_icon.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gills_icon.png/48px-Gills_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gills_icon.png/64px-Gills_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="300" /></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right"><a href="/wiki/Lamella_(mycology)" title="Lamella (mycology)">Gills</a> on <a href="/wiki/Hymenium" title="Hymenium">hymenium</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Convex_cap_icon.svg/32px-Convex_cap_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Convex_cap_icon.svg/48px-Convex_cap_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Convex_cap_icon.svg/64px-Convex_cap_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="342" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flat_cap_icon.svg/32px-Flat_cap_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flat_cap_icon.svg/48px-Flat_cap_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flat_cap_icon.svg/64px-Flat_cap_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="342" /></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right"><a href="/wiki/Pileus_(mycology)" title="Pileus (mycology)">Cap</a> is convex or flat</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Free_gills_icon2.svg/32px-Free_gills_icon2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Free_gills_icon2.svg/48px-Free_gills_icon2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Free_gills_icon2.svg/64px-Free_gills_icon2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right"><a href="/wiki/Hymenium" title="Hymenium">Hymenium</a> is free</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ring_and_volva_stipe_icon.svg/32px-Ring_and_volva_stipe_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ring_and_volva_stipe_icon.svg/48px-Ring_and_volva_stipe_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ring_and_volva_stipe_icon.svg/64px-Ring_and_volva_stipe_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right"><a href="/wiki/Stipe_(mycology)" title="Stipe (mycology)">Stipe</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Annulus_(mycology)" title="Annulus (mycology)">ring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volva_(mycology)" title="Volva (mycology)">volva</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><div style="background-color: #FFFFFF; float:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Transparent_spore_print_icon.svg/32px-Transparent_spore_print_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Transparent_spore_print_icon.svg/48px-Transparent_spore_print_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Transparent_spore_print_icon.svg/64px-Transparent_spore_print_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="202" /></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right"><a href="/wiki/Spore_print" title="Spore print">Spore print</a> is white</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mycorrhizal_fungus.svg/32px-Mycorrhizal_fungus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mycorrhizal_fungus.svg/48px-Mycorrhizal_fungus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mycorrhizal_fungus.svg/64px-Mycorrhizal_fungus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="200" /></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right">Ecology is <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhizal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycorrhizal">mycorrhizal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mycomorphbox_Deadly.png/32px-Mycomorphbox_Deadly.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mycomorphbox_Deadly.png/48px-Mycomorphbox_Deadly.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mycomorphbox_Deadly.png/64px-Mycomorphbox_Deadly.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right">Edibility is <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_poisoning" title="Mushroom poisoning">deadly</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Amanita phalloides (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/æməˈnaɪtə fəˈlɔɪdiːz/</a>), commonly known as the death cap, is a deadly poisonous <a href="/wiki/Basidiomycete" class="mw-redirect" title="Basidiomycete">basidiomycete</a> <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">mushroom</a>, one of many in the genus <a href="/wiki/Amanita" title="Amanita">Amanita</a>. Originating in Europe<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> but later introduced to other parts of the world since the late twentieth century,<a href="#cite_note-Litten75-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-MedJAus1993-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kurtziana1983-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> A. phalloides forms <a href="/wiki/Ectomycorrhiza" title="Ectomycorrhiza">ectomycorrhizas</a> with various broadleaved trees. In some cases, the death cap has been introduced to new regions with the cultivation of non-native species of <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus">pine</a>. The large fruiting bodies (<a href="/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">mushrooms</a>) appear in summer and autumn; the <a href="/wiki/Pileus_(mycology)" title="Pileus (mycology)">caps</a> are generally greenish in colour with a white <a href="/wiki/Stipe_(mycology)" title="Stipe (mycology)">stipe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lamella_(mycology)" title="Lamella (mycology)">gills</a>. The cap colour is variable, including white forms, and is thus not a reliable identifier. These toxic mushrooms resemble several edible species (most notably <a href="/wiki/Amanita_caesarea" title="Amanita caesarea">Caesar's mushroom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Volvariella_volvacea" title="Volvariella volvacea">straw mushroom</a>) commonly consumed by humans, increasing the risk of accidental <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_poisoning" title="Mushroom poisoning">poisoning</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amatoxin" title="Amatoxin">Amatoxins</a>, the class of toxins found in these mushrooms, are <a href="/wiki/Thermostability" title="Thermostability">thermostable</a>: they resist changes due to heat, so their toxic effects are not reduced by cooking. Amanita phalloides is the most poisonous of all known mushrooms.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> It is estimated that as little as half a mushroom contains enough toxin to kill an adult human.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> It is also the deadliest mushroom worldwide, responsible for 90% of mushroom-related fatalities every year.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> It has been involved in the majority of human deaths from mushroom poisoning,<a href="#cite_note-benjamin200-11">[11]</a> possibly including <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Roman Emperor Claudius</a> in AD 54 and <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI</a> in 1740.<a href="#cite_note-wasson-12">[12]</a> It has also been the subject of much research and many of its biologically active agents have been isolated. The principal toxic constituent is <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Amanitin" title="Α-Amanitin">α-Amanitin</a>, which causes <a href="/wiki/Liver_failure" title="Liver failure">liver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanita_phalloides&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy">edit</a>]</div> The death cap is named in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as such in the correspondence between the English physician <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Browne" title="Thomas Browne">Thomas Browne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Merrett" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Merrett">Christopher Merrett</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Also, it was <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">described</a> by French botanist <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Vaillant" title="Sébastien Vaillant">Sébastien Vaillant</a> in 1727, who gave a succinct phrase name "Fungus phalloides, annulatus, sordide virescens, et patulus"—a recognizable name for the fungus today.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Though the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific name">scientific name</a> phalloides means "phallus-shaped", it is unclear whether it is named for its resemblance to a literal <a href="/wiki/Phallus" title="Phallus">phallus</a> or the stinkhorn mushrooms <a href="/wiki/Phallus_(fungus)" title="Phallus (fungus)">Phallus</a>. In 1821, <a href="/wiki/Elias_Magnus_Fries" title="Elias Magnus Fries">Elias Magnus Fries</a> described it as Agaricus phalloides, but included all white amanitas within its description.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Finally, in 1833, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Friedrich_Link" title="Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link">Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link</a> settled on the name Amanita phalloides,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> after <a href="/wiki/Christian_Hendrik_Persoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Hendrik Persoon">Persoon</a> had named it Amanita viridis 30 years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Louis_Secretan" title="Louis Secretan">Louis Secretan</a>'s use of the name A. phalloides predates Link's, it has been rejected for nomenclatural purposes because Secretan's works did not use <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a> consistently;<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> some taxonomists have, however, disagreed with this opinion.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Amanita phalloides is the <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a> of Amanita <a href="/wiki/Section_(botany)" title="Section (botany)">section</a> Phalloideae, a group that contains all of the deadly poisonous Amanita species thus far identified. Most notable of these are the species known as <a href="/wiki/Destroying_angel" title="Destroying angel">destroying angels</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Amanita_virosa" title="Amanita virosa">A. virosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amanita_bisporigera" title="Amanita bisporigera">A. bisporigera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amanita_ocreata" title="Amanita ocreata">A. ocreata</a>, as well as the fool's mushroom (<a href="/wiki/Amanita_verna" title="Amanita verna">A. verna</a>). The term "destroying angel" has been applied to A. phalloides at times, but "death cap" is by far the most common vernacular name used in English. Other common names also listed include "stinking amanita"<a href="#cite_note-North67-23">[23]</a> and "deadly amanita".<a href="#cite_note-benjamin203-24">[24]</a> A rarely appearing, all-white form was initially described A. phalloides f. alba by <a href="/wiki/Max_Britzelmayr" title="Max Britzelmayr">Max Britzelmayr</a>,<a href="#cite_note-tulloss-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jord109-26">[26]</a> though its status has been unclear. It is often found growing amid normally colored death caps. It has been described, in 2004, as a distinct variety and includes what was termed A. verna var. tarda.<a href="#cite_note-Nevpoum04-27">[27]</a> The true A. verna fruits in spring and turns yellow with <a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">KOH</a> solution, whereas A. phalloides never does.<a href="#cite_note-tullossverna-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanita_phalloides&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> The death cap has a large and imposing <a href="/wiki/Epigeous" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigeous">epigeous</a> (aboveground) <a href="/wiki/Fruiting_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruiting body">fruiting body</a> (basidiocarp), usually with a <a href="/wiki/Pileus_(mycology)" title="Pileus (mycology)">pileus</a> (cap) from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>5 to 15 centimetres (2 to 5+7⁄8 inches) across, initially rounded and hemispherical, but flattening with age.<a href="#cite_note-Bresinsky-29">[29]</a> The color of the cap can be pale-green, yellowish-green, olive-green, bronze, or (in one form) white; it is often paler toward the margins, which can have darker streaks;<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> it is also often paler after rain. The cap surface is sticky when wet and easily peeled—a troublesome feature, as that is allegedly a feature of edible fungi.<a href="#cite_note-Jord99-31">[31]</a> The remains of the <a href="/wiki/Partial_veil" title="Partial veil">partial veil</a> are seen as a skirtlike, floppy <a href="/wiki/Annulus_(mycology)" title="Annulus (mycology)">annulus</a> usually about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1 to 1.5 cm (3⁄8 to 5⁄8 in) below the cap. The crowded white <a href="/wiki/Lamella_(mycology)" title="Lamella (mycology)">lamellae</a> (gills) are free. The <a href="/wiki/Stipe_(mycology)" title="Stipe (mycology)">stipe</a> is white with a scattering of grayish-olive scales and is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">8 to 15 cm (3+1⁄8 to 5+7⁄8 in) long and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1 to 2 cm (3⁄8 to 3⁄4 in) thick, with a swollen, ragged, sac-like white <a href="/wiki/Volva_(mycology)" title="Volva (mycology)">volva</a> (base).<a href="#cite_note-Bresinsky-29">[29]</a> As the volva, which may be hidden by <a href="/wiki/Leaf_litter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf litter">leaf litter</a>, is a distinctive and diagnostic feature, it is important to remove some debris to check for it.<a href="#cite_note-Jord108-32">[32]</a> Spores: 7-12 x 6-9 μm. Smooth, ellipsoid, amyloid.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The smell has been described as initially faint and honey-sweet, but strengthening over time to become overpowering, sickly-sweet and objectionable.<a href="#cite_note-Zeitl61-34">[34]</a> Young specimens first emerge from the ground resembling a white egg covered by a <a href="/wiki/Universal_veil" title="Universal veil">universal veil</a>, which then breaks, leaving the volva as a remnant. The <a href="/wiki/Spore_print" title="Spore print">spore print</a> is white, a common feature of Amanita. The transparent spores are globular to egg-shaped, measure 8–10 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a> (0.3–0.4 <a href="/wiki/Thou_(unit_of_length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thou (unit of length)">mil</a>) long, and stain blue with <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zeitl61-34">[34]</a> The gills, in contrast, stain pallid lilac or pink with concentrated <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanita_phalloides&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biochemistry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpha-amanitin_structure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Alpha-amanitin_structure.png/220px-Alpha-amanitin_structure.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Alpha-amanitin_structure.png/330px-Alpha-amanitin_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Alpha-amanitin_structure.png/440px-Alpha-amanitin_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="1662" data-file-height="1337" /></a><figcaption>α-Amanitin</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beta-amanitin_structure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Beta-amanitin_structure.png/220px-Beta-amanitin_structure.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Beta-amanitin_structure.png/330px-Beta-amanitin_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Beta-amanitin_structure.png/440px-Beta-amanitin_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="1662" data-file-height="1321" /></a><figcaption>β-Amanitin, where an <a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">amide</a> of the α-Amanitin has been replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylic acid</a> (lower left corner)</figcaption></figure> The species is now known to contain two main groups of toxins, both <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_compound" title="Cyclic compound">multicyclic</a> (ring-shaped) <a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">peptides</a>, spread throughout the mushroom and <a href="/wiki/Thallus_(tissue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallus (tissue)">d cell–destroying</a> activity <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a>. An unrelated compound, <a href="/wiki/Antamanide" title="Antamanide">antamanide</a>, has also been isolated. Amatoxins consist of at least eight compounds with a similar structure, that of eight amino-acid rings; they were isolated in 1941 by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Otto_Wieland" title="Heinrich Otto Wieland">Heinrich O. Wieland</a> and Rudolf Hallermayer of the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">University of Munich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Litten75-2">[2]</a> Of the amatoxins, <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Amanitin" title="Α-Amanitin">α-Amanitin</a> is the chief component and along with <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-amanitin" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-amanitin">β-amanitin</a> is likely responsible for the toxic effects.<a href="#cite_note-Koppel-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-dart-38">[38]</a> Their major toxic mechanism is the inhibition of <a href="/wiki/RNA_polymerase_II" title="RNA polymerase II">RNA polymerase II</a>, a vital enzyme in the synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA">messenger RNA</a> (mRNA), <a href="/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA">microRNA</a>, and small nuclear RNA (<a href="/wiki/SnRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="SnRNA">snRNA</a>). Without mRNA, essential <a href="/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis" title="Protein biosynthesis">protein synthesis</a> and hence cell metabolism grind to a halt and the cell dies.<a href="#cite_note-Karlson-Stiber-39">[39]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> is the principal organ affected, as it is the organ which is first encountered after absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, though other organs, especially the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>, are susceptible.<a href="#cite_note-benjamin217-40">[40]</a> The RNA polymerase of Amanita phalloides is insensitive to the effects of amatoxins, so the mushroom does not poison itself.<a href="#cite_note-Horgen-41">[41]</a> The phallotoxins consist of at least seven compounds, all of which have seven similar peptide rings. <a href="/wiki/Phalloidin" title="Phalloidin">Phalloidin</a> was isolated in 1937 by <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Felix_Konrad_Lynen" class="mw-redirect" title="Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen">Feodor Lynen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wieland" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Wieland">Heinrich Wieland</a>'s student and son-in-law, and Ulrich Wieland of the University of Munich. Though phallotoxins are highly toxic to liver cells,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> they have since been found to add little to the death cap's toxicity, as they are not absorbed through the gut.<a href="#cite_note-Karlson-Stiber-39">[39]</a> Furthermore, phalloidin is also found in the edible (and sought-after) <a href="/wiki/Blusher" title="Blusher">blusher</a> (A. rubescens).<a href="#cite_note-Litten75-2">[2]</a> Another group of minor active peptides are the virotoxins, which consist of six similar monocyclic heptapeptides.<a href="#cite_note-Vetter-43">[43]</a> Like the phallotoxins, they do not induce any acute toxicity after ingestion in humans.<a href="#cite_note-Karlson-Stiber-39">[39]</a> The genome of the death cap has been sequenced.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_of_three_Amanita_phalloides_(Death_Cap).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Death caps in French deciduous wood"><img alt="Death caps in French deciduous wood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Photo_of_three_Amanita_phalloides_%28Death_Cap%29.jpg/202px-Photo_of_three_Amanita_phalloides_%28Death_Cap%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Photo_of_three_Amanita_phalloides_%28Death_Cap%29.jpg/304px-Photo_of_three_Amanita_phalloides_%28Death_Cap%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Photo_of_three_Amanita_phalloides_%28Death_Cap%29.jpg/405px-Photo_of_three_Amanita_phalloides_%28Death_Cap%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Death caps in French deciduous wood</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Amanita_phallo%C3%AFdes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A young death cap emerging from its universal veil"><img alt="A young death cap emerging from its universal veil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Amanita_phallo%C3%AFdes.jpg/187px-Amanita_phallo%C3%AFdes.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Amanita_phallo%C3%AFdes.jpg/280px-Amanita_phallo%C3%AFdes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Amanita_phallo%C3%AFdes.jpg/373px-Amanita_phallo%C3%AFdes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1411" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A young death cap emerging from its universal veil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Amanita_phalloides_young.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Young "death cap" mushrooms in Poland, with matchbox for scale"><img alt="Young "death cap" mushrooms in Poland, with matchbox for scale" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Amanita_phalloides_young.jpg/360px-Amanita_phalloides_young.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Amanita_phalloides_young.jpg/540px-Amanita_phalloides_young.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Amanita_phalloides_young.jpg/720px-Amanita_phalloides_young.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Young "death cap" mushrooms in Poland, with matchbox for scale</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similarity_to_edible_species">Similarity to edible species</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanita_phalloides&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Similarity to edible species">edit</a>]</div> A. phalloides is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">edible</a> paddy straw mushroom (<a href="/wiki/Volvariella_volvacea" title="Volvariella volvacea">Volvariella volvacea</a>)<a href="#cite_note-benjamin198-45">[45]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amanita_princeps" title="Amanita princeps">A. princeps</a>, commonly known as "white Caesar".<a href="#cite_note-Atlantic_2019_article-46">[46]</a> Some may mistake juvenile death caps for edible <a href="/wiki/Puffball" title="Puffball">puffballs</a><a href="#cite_note-hall-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> or mature specimens for other edible Amanita species, such as <a href="/wiki/Amanita_lanei" class="mw-redirect" title="Amanita lanei">A. lanei</a>, so some authorities recommend avoiding the collecting of Amanita species for the table altogether.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The white form of A. phalloides may be mistaken for edible species of <a href="/wiki/Agaricus" title="Agaricus">Agaricus</a>, especially the young fruitbodies whose unexpanded caps conceal the telltale white gills; all mature species of Agaricus have dark-colored gills.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In Europe, other similarly green-capped species collected by mushroom hunters include various green-hued brittlegills of the genus <a href="/wiki/Russula" title="Russula">Russula</a> and the formerly popular <a href="/wiki/Tricholoma_equestre" title="Tricholoma equestre">Tricholoma equestre</a>, now regarded as hazardous owing to a series of restaurant poisonings in France. Brittlegills, such as <a href="/wiki/Russula_heterophylla" title="Russula heterophylla">Russula heterophylla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russula_aeruginea" title="Russula aeruginea">R. aeruginea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russula_virescens" title="Russula virescens">R. virescens</a>, can be distinguished by their brittle flesh and the lack of both volva and ring.<a href="#cite_note-Zeitl62-51">[51]</a> Other similar species include <a href="/wiki/Amanita_subjunquillea" title="Amanita subjunquillea">A. subjunquillea</a> in eastern Asia and <a href="/wiki/Amanita_arocheae" title="Amanita arocheae">A. arocheae</a>, which ranges from <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean</a> Colombia north at least as far as central Mexico, both of which are also poisonous. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanita_phalloides&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat">edit</a>]</div> The death cap is native to Europe, where it is widespread.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> It is found from the southern coastal regions of Scandinavia in the north, to Ireland in the west, east to Poland and western Russia,<a href="#cite_note-Nevpoum04-27">[27]</a> and south throughout the Balkans, in Greece, Italy, Spain, and Portugal in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean basin</a>, and in Morocco and Algeria in north Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Malber70-53">[53]</a> In west Asia, it has been reported from forests of northern Iran.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> There are records from further east in Asia but these have yet to be confirmed as A. phalloides.<a href="#cite_note-Pringvell06-55">[55]</a> By the end of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Horton_Peck" title="Charles Horton Peck">Charles Horton Peck</a> had reported A. phalloides in North America.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In 1918, samples from the eastern United States were identified as being a distinct though similar species, <a href="/wiki/Amanita_brunnescens" title="Amanita brunnescens">A. brunnescens</a>, by <a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Atkinson" title="George Francis Atkinson">George Francis Atkinson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Litten75-2">[2]</a> By the 1970s, it had become clear that A. phalloides does occur in the United States, apparently having been introduced from Europe alongside chestnuts, with populations on the West and East Coasts.<a href="#cite_note-Litten75-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-benjamin204-57">[57]</a> A 2006 historical review concluded the East Coast populations were inadvertently introduced, likely on the roots of other purposely imported plants such as chestnuts.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The origins of the West Coast populations remained unclear, due to scant historical records,<a href="#cite_note-Pringvell06-55">[55]</a> but a 2009 genetic study provided strong evidence for the introduced status of the fungus on the west coast of North America.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Observations of various collections of A. phalloides, from conifers rather than native forests, have led to the hypothesis that the species was introduced to North America multiple times. It is hypothesized that the various introductions led to multiple genotypes which are adapted to either oaks or conifers.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> A. phalloides were conveyed to new countries across the Southern Hemisphere with the importation of hardwoods and conifers in the late twentieth century. Introduced oaks appear to have been the vector to Australia and South America; populations under oaks have been recorded from <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-MedJAus1993-3">[3]</a> (where two people died in January 2012, of four who were poisoned)<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adelaide,_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide, South Australia">Adelaide</a>,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> It has been recorded under other introduced trees in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kurtziana1983-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a> plantations are associated with the fungus in Tanzania<a href="#cite_note-Peg77-66">[66]</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, and it is also found under oaks and <a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">poplars</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> A number of deaths in India have been attributed to it.<a href="#cite_note-JCEH2014-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanita_phalloides&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</div> It is <a href="/wiki/Ectomycorrhiza" title="Ectomycorrhiza">ectomycorrhizally</a> associated with several tree species and is symbiotic with them. In Europe, these include <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a> and, less frequently, <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifer</a> species. It appears most commonly under <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oaks</a>, but also under <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beeches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aesculus" title="Aesculus">horse-chestnuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corylus_maxima" title="Corylus maxima">filberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">hornbeams</a>, pines, and <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tulloss-25">[25]</a> In other areas, A. phalloides may also be associated with these trees or with only some species and not others. In coastal California, for example, A. phalloides is associated with <a href="/wiki/Coast_live_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast live oak">coast live oak</a>, but not with the various coastal pine species, such as <a href="/wiki/Monterey_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterey pine">Monterey pine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In countries where it has been introduced, it has been restricted to those exotic trees with which it would associate in its natural range. There is, however, evidence of A. phalloides associating with <a href="/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga">hemlock</a> and with genera of the <a href="/wiki/Myrtaceae" title="Myrtaceae">Myrtaceae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a> in Tanzania<a href="#cite_note-Peg77-66">[66]</a> and Algeria,<a href="#cite_note-Malber70-53">[53]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leptospermum" title="Leptospermum">Leptospermum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kunzea" title="Kunzea">Kunzea</a> in New Zealand,<a href="#cite_note-tulloss-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rid91-71">[71]</a> suggesting that the species may have invasive potential.<a href="#cite_note-Pringvell06-55">[55]</a> It may have also been anthropogenically introduced to the island of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, where it has been documented to fruit within <a href="/wiki/Corylus_avellana" title="Corylus avellana">Corylus avellana</a> plantations.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanita_phalloides&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Toxicity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_Cap_Mushroom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Death_Cap_Mushroom.jpg/170px-Death_Cap_Mushroom.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Death_Cap_Mushroom.jpg/255px-Death_Cap_Mushroom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Death_Cap_Mushroom.jpg/340px-Death_Cap_Mushroom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Warning sign in <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>, Australia</figcaption></figure> As the common name suggests, the fungus is highly toxic, and is responsible for the majority of fatal <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_poisoning" title="Mushroom poisoning">mushroom poisonings</a> worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-benjamin200-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Its biochemistry has been researched intensively for decades,<a href="#cite_note-Litten75-2">[2]</a> and 30 grams (1.1 ounces), or half a cap, of this mushroom is estimated to be enough to kill a human.<a href="#cite_note-benjamin211-74">[74]</a> On average, one person dies a year in North America from death cap ingestion.<a href="#cite_note-Atlantic_2019_article-46">[46]</a> The toxins of the death cap mushrooms primarily target the liver, but other organs, such as the kidneys, are also affected. Symptoms of death cap mushroom toxicity usually occur 6 to 12 hours after ingestion.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Symptoms of ingestion of the death cap mushroom may include nausea and vomiting, which is then followed by <a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">jaundice</a>, seizures, and coma which will lead to death. The mortality rate of ingestion of the death cap mushroom is believed to be around 10–30%.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Some authorities strongly advise against putting suspected death caps in the same basket with fungi collected for the table and to avoid even touching them.<a href="#cite_note-Jord99-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Furthermore, the toxicity is not <a href="/wiki/Thermostability" title="Thermostability">reduced by cooking</a>, freezing, or drying.<a href="#cite_note-trim99-78">[78]</a> Poisoning incidents usually result from errors in identification. Recent cases highlight the issue of the similarity of A. phalloides to the edible paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea), with East- and Southeast-Asian immigrants in Australia and the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_U.S." class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast of the U.S.">West Coast of the U.S.</a> falling victim. In an episode in <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, four members of a Korean family required <a href="/wiki/Liver_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver transplant">liver transplants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-benjamin198-45">[45]</a> Many North American incidents of death cap poisoning have occurred among <a href="/wiki/Laotian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Laotian American">Laotian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hmong_Americans" title="Hmong Americans">Hmong</a> immigrants, since it is easily confused with A. princeps ("white Caesar"), a popular mushroom in their native countries.<a href="#cite_note-Atlantic_2019_article-46">[46]</a> Of the 9 people poisoned in Australia's <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> region between 1988 and 2011, three were from <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and two were from China.<a href="#cite_note-trim99-78">[78]</a> In January 2012, four people were accidentally poisoned when death caps (reportedly misidentified as straw mushrooms, which are popular in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> and other Asian dishes) were served for dinner in Canberra; all the victims required hospital treatment and two of them died, with a third requiring a liver transplant.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanita_phalloides&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms">edit</a>]</div> Death caps have been reported to taste pleasant.<a href="#cite_note-Litten75-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clel76-80">[80]</a> This, coupled with the delay in the appearance of symptoms—during which time internal organs are being severely, sometimes irreparably, damaged—makes them particularly dangerous. Initially, symptoms are <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal">gastrointestinal</a> in nature and include <a href="/wiki/Biliary_colic" title="Biliary colic">colicky</a> abdominal pain, with watery <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, which may lead to <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a> if left untreated, and, in severe cases, <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypoglycemia" title="Hypoglycemia">hypoglycemia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_homeostasis" title="Acid–base homeostasis">acid–base disturbances</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pinson-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-klein-82">[82]</a> These first symptoms resolve two to three days after the ingestion. A more serious deterioration signifying liver involvement may then occur—<a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">jaundice</a>, diarrhea, <a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">delirium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizures">seizures</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Fulminant_liver_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulminant liver failure">fulminant liver failure</a> and attendant <a href="/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy" title="Hepatic encephalopathy">hepatic encephalopathy</a> caused by the accumulation of normally liver-removed substances in the blood.<a href="#cite_note-North67-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">Kidney failure</a> (either secondary to severe <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a><a href="#cite_note-Vetter-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> or caused by direct toxic kidney damage<a href="#cite_note-Karlson-Stiber-39">[39]</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Coagulopathy" title="Coagulopathy">coagulopathy</a> may appear during this stage. Life-threatening complications include increased <a href="/wiki/Intracranial_pressure" title="Intracranial pressure">intracranial pressure</a>, intracranial <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhage">bleeding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">pancreatic inflammation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acute_kidney_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute kidney failure">acute kidney failure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pinson-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-klein-82">[82]</a> Death generally occurs six to sixteen days after the poisoning.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> It is noticed that after up to 24 hours have passed, the symptoms seem to disappear and the person might feel fine for up to 72 hours. Symptoms of liver and kidney damage start 3 to 6 days after the mushrooms were eaten, with the considerable increase of the transaminases.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Mushroom poisoning is more common in Europe than in North America.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Up to the mid-20th century, the mortality rate was around 60–70%, but this has been greatly reduced with advances in medical care. A review of death cap poisoning throughout Europe from 1971 to 1980 found the overall mortality rate to be 22.4% (51.3% in children under ten and 16.5% in those older than ten).<a href="#cite_note-Floer82-87">[87]</a> This was revised to around 10–15% in surveys reviewed in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-benjamin215-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment">Treatment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanita_phalloides&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Treatment">edit</a>]</div> Consumption of the death cap is a <a href="/wiki/Medical_emergency" title="Medical emergency">medical emergency</a> requiring hospitalization. The four main categories of therapy for poisoning are preliminary medical care, supportive measures, specific treatments, and liver transplantation.<a href="#cite_note-Enjalbert-89">[89]</a> Preliminary care consists of gastric decontamination with either <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">activated carbon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gastric_lavage" title="Gastric lavage">gastric lavage</a>; due to the delay between ingestion and the first symptoms of poisoning, it is common for patients to arrive for treatment many hours after ingestion, potentially reducing the efficacy of these interventions.<a href="#cite_note-Enjalbert-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vesconi-90">[90]</a> Supportive measures are directed towards treating the dehydration which results from fluid loss during the gastrointestinal phase of intoxication and correction of <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_acidosis" title="Metabolic acidosis">metabolic acidosis</a>, hypoglycemia, <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a> imbalances, and impaired coagulation.<a href="#cite_note-Enjalbert-89">[89]</a> No definitive antidote is available, but some specific treatments have been shown to improve survivability. High-dose continuous intravenous <a href="/wiki/Benzylpenicillin" title="Benzylpenicillin">penicillin G</a> has been reported to be of benefit, though the exact mechanism is unknown,<a href="#cite_note-Floer82-87">[87]</a> and trials with <a href="/wiki/Cephalosporin" title="Cephalosporin">cephalosporins</a> show promise.<a href="#cite_note-benjamin227-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Some evidence indicates intravenous <a href="/wiki/Silibinin" title="Silibinin">silibinin</a>, an extract from the <a href="/wiki/Silybum_marianum" title="Silybum marianum">blessed milk thistle</a> (Silybum marianum), may be beneficial in reducing the effects of death cap poisoning. A long-term clinical trial of intravenous silibinin began in the US in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Silibinin prevents the uptake of amatoxins by <a href="/wiki/Hepatocyte" title="Hepatocyte">liver cells</a>, thereby protecting undamaged liver tissue; it also stimulates DNA-dependent RNA polymerases, leading to an increase in RNA synthesis.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> According to one report<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> based on a treatment of 60 patients with silibinin, patients who started the drug within 96 hours of ingesting the mushroom and who still had intact kidney function all survived. As of February 2014 supporting research has not yet been published. <a href="/wiki/SLCO1B3" class="mw-redirect" title="SLCO1B3">SLCO1B3</a> has been identified as the human hepatic uptake transporter for amatoxins; moreover, substrates and inhibitors of that protein—among others <a href="/wiki/Rifampicin" title="Rifampicin">rifampicin</a>, penicillin, silibinin, <a href="/wiki/Antamanide" title="Antamanide">antamanide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">paclitaxel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciclosporin" title="Ciclosporin">ciclosporin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prednisolone" title="Prednisolone">prednisolone</a>—may be useful for the treatment of human amatoxin poisoning.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Acetylcysteine" title="Acetylcysteine">N-acetylcysteine</a> has shown promise in combination with other therapies.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Animal studies indicate the amatoxins deplete hepatic <a href="/wiki/Glutathione" title="Glutathione">glutathione</a>;<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> N-acetylcysteine serves as a glutathione precursor and may therefore prevent reduced glutathione levels and subsequent liver damage.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> None of the antidotes used have undergone prospective, <a href="/wiki/Randomized_clinical_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Randomized clinical trial">randomized clinical trials</a>, and only anecdotal support is available. Silibinin and N-acetylcysteine appear to be the therapies with the most potential benefit.<a href="#cite_note-Enjalbert-89">[89]</a> Repeated doses of activated carbon may be helpful by absorbing any toxins returned to the gastrointestinal tract following <a href="/wiki/Enterohepatic_circulation" title="Enterohepatic circulation">enterohepatic circulation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Other methods of enhancing the elimination of the toxins have been trialed; techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Hemodialysis" title="Hemodialysis">hemodialysis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hemoperfusion" title="Hemoperfusion">hemoperfusion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plasmapheresis" title="Plasmapheresis">plasmapheresis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peritoneal_dialysis" title="Peritoneal dialysis">peritoneal dialysis</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> have occasionally yielded success, but overall do not appear to improve outcome.<a href="#cite_note-Karlson-Stiber-39">[39]</a> In patients developing liver failure, a liver transplant is often the only option to prevent death. Liver transplants have become a well-established option in amatoxin poisoning.<a href="#cite_note-pinson-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-klein-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> This is a complicated issue, however, as transplants themselves may have significant <a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">complications</a> and mortality; patients require long-term <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">immunosuppression</a> to maintain the transplant.<a href="#cite_note-Enjalbert-89">[89]</a> That being the case, the criteria have been reassessed, such as onset of symptoms, <a href="/wiki/Prothrombin_time" title="Prothrombin time">prothrombin time</a> (PT), serum <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a>, and presence of <a href="/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy" title="Hepatic encephalopathy">encephalopathy</a>, for determining at what point a transplant becomes necessary for survival.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Evidence suggests, although survival rates have improved with modern medical treatment, in patients with moderate to severe poisoning, up to half of those who did recover suffered permanent liver damage.<a href="#cite_note-benjamin231-111">[111]</a> A follow-up study has shown most survivors recover completely without any <a href="/wiki/Sequelae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequelae">sequelae</a> if treated within 36 hours of mushroom ingestion.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_victims">Notable victims</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanita_phalloides&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable victims">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;">Ce plat de champignons a changé la destinée de l'Europe. [This mushroom dish has changed the destiny of Europe.]<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Voltaire, Mémoires</cite></div></blockquote> Several historical figures may have died from A. phalloides poisoning (or other similar, toxic Amanita species). These were either accidental poisonings or <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassination</a> plots. Alleged victims of this kind of poisoning include <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Roman Emperor Claudius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a>, the Russian tsaritsa <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Naryshkina" class="mw-redirect" title="Natalia Naryshkina">Natalia Naryshkina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor_Charles_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI">Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wasson-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/R._Gordon_Wasson" title="R. Gordon Wasson">R. Gordon Wasson</a> recounted<a href="#cite_note-wasson-12">[12]</a> the details of these deaths, noting the likelihood of Amanita poisoning. In the case of Clement VII, the illness that led to his death lasted five months, making the case inconsistent with amatoxin poisoning. <a href="/wiki/Natalya_Naryshkina" title="Natalya Naryshkina">Natalya Naryshkina</a> is said to have consumed a large quantity of <a href="/wiki/Pickled_mushrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickled mushrooms">pickled mushrooms</a> prior to her death. It is unclear whether the mushrooms themselves were poisonous or if she succumbed to <a href="/wiki/Food_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Food poisoning">food poisoning</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a> experienced <a href="/wiki/Indigestion" title="Indigestion">indigestion</a> after eating a dish of <a href="/wiki/Saut%C3%A9ing" title="Sautéing">sautéed</a> mushrooms. This led to an illness from which he died 10 days later—symptomatology consistent with amatoxin poisoning. His death led to the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>. Noted <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, "this mushroom dish has changed the destiny of Europe."<a href="#cite_note-wasson-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-benjamin35-113">[113]</a> The case of <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>'s poisoning is more complex. Claudius was known to have been very fond of eating <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_mushroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's mushroom">Caesar's mushroom</a>. Following his death, many sources have attributed it to his being fed a meal of death caps instead of Caesar's mushrooms. Ancient authors, such as <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, are unanimous about poison having been added to the mushroom dish, rather than the dish having been prepared from poisonous mushrooms. Wasson speculated the poison used to kill Claudius was derived from death caps, with a fatal dose of an unknown poison (possibly a variety of <a href="/wiki/Nightshade" class="mw-redirect" title="Nightshade">nightshade</a>) being administered later during his illness.<a href="#cite_note-wasson-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-benjamin33-114">[114]</a> Other historians have speculated that Claudius may have died of natural causes. In July 2023, four people in <a href="/wiki/Leongatha" title="Leongatha">Leongatha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> were taken to hospital after consuming a <a href="/wiki/Beef_Wellington" title="Beef Wellington">Beef Wellington</a> suspected to have contained A. phalloides. Three of the four guests subsequently died, and one survived, later receiving a <a href="/wiki/Liver_transplantation" title="Liver transplantation">liver transplant</a>. The woman who cooked the meal, Erin Patterson, was <a href="/wiki/2023_Leongatha_mushroom_poisoning" title="2023 Leongatha mushroom poisoning">charged with murder in November 2023</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanita_phalloides&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/25px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/38px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/51px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="1215" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fungi" title="Portal:Fungi">Fungi portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Amanita_species" title="List of Amanita species">List of Amanita species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deadly_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of deadly fungi">List of deadly fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_Fernand-Widal" title="Hôpital Fernand-Widal">Hôpital Fernand-Widal</a> – Paris hospital founded as Maison Dubois, known for expertise in treating mushroom poisoning</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanita_phalloides&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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David & Charles. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-0129-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-0129-6"><bdi>978-0-7153-0129-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Fungi+of+Britain+and+Europe&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7153-0129-6&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanita+phalloides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Amanita_phalloides.html">"California Fungi: Amanita phalloides"</a>. 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British Medical Journal. 2 (6150): 1465. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.6150.1465">10.1136/bmj.2.6150.1465</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1608737">1608737</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/719466">719466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Amanita+phalloides+poisoning+treated+by+early+charcoal+haemoperfusion&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=6150&rft.pages=1465&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1608737%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F719466&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.2.6150.1465&rft.aulast=Wauters&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Rossel%2C+C&rft.au=Farquet%2C+JJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1608737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanita+phalloides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanderBischoffWoodcock2000" class="citation journal cs1">Jander S, Bischoff J, Woodcock BG (2000). "Plasmapheresis in the treatment of Amanita phalloides poisoning: II. A review and recommendations". Therapeutic Apheresis. 4 (4): 308–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1526-0968.2000.004004303.x">10.1046/j.1526-0968.2000.004004303.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10975479">10975479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Therapeutic+Apheresis&rft.atitle=Plasmapheresis+in+the+treatment+of+Amanita+phalloides+poisoning%3A+II.+A+review+and+recommendations&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=308-12&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1526-0968.2000.004004303.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10975479&rft.aulast=Jander&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Bischoff%2C+J&rft.au=Woodcock%2C+BG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanita+phalloides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangerVesconiIapichinoCostantino1980" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Langer M, Vesconi S, Iapichino G, Costantino D, Radrizzani D (1980). "The early removal of amatoxins in the treatment of amanita phalloides poisoning". Klinische Wochenschrift (in German). 58 (3): 117–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01477268">10.1007/BF01477268</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7366125">7366125</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39522161">39522161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Klinische+Wochenschrift&rft.atitle=The+early+removal+of+amatoxins+in+the+treatment+of+amanita+phalloides+poisoning&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=117-23&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39522161%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7366125&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01477268&rft.aulast=Langer&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Vesconi%2C+S&rft.au=Iapichino%2C+G&rft.au=Costantino%2C+D&rft.au=Radrizzani%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanita+phalloides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanzertFelgenhauerZilker2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ganzert M, Felgenhauer N, Zilker T (2005). 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Journal of Hepatology. 42 (2): 202–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhep.2004.10.023">10.1016/j.jhep.2004.10.023</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15664245">15664245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hepatology&rft.atitle=Indication+of+liver+transplantation+following+amatoxin+intoxication&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=202-9&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhep.2004.10.023&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15664245&rft.aulast=Ganzert&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Felgenhauer%2C+N&rft.au=Zilker%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanita+phalloides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'gradyGraeme_J.M._AlexanderKaren_M._HayllarRoger_Williams1989" class="citation journal cs1">O'grady, John G.; Graeme J.M. Alexander; Karen M. Hayllar; Roger Williams; et al. (August 1989). "Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure". Gastroenterology. 97 (2): 439–445. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0016-5085%2889%2990081-4">10.1016/0016-5085(89)90081-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2490426">2490426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Early+indicators+of+prognosis+in+fulminant+hepatic+failure&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=439-445&rft.date=1989-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0016-5085%2889%2990081-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2490426&rft.aulast=O%27grady&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft.au=Graeme+J.M.+Alexander&rft.au=Karen+M.+Hayllar&rft.au=Roger+Williams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanita+phalloides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanaroEnzo_AndornoNicola_MorelliMarco_Casaccia2006" class="citation journal cs1">Panaro, Fabrizio; Enzo Andorno; Nicola Morelli; Marco Casaccia; Giuliano Bottino; Ferruccio Ravazzoni; Monica Centanaro; Sara Ornis; Umberto Valente; et al. (April 2006). "Letter to the editor: Liver transplantation represents the optimal treatment for fulminant hepatic failure from Amanita phalloides poisoning". Transplant International. 19 (4): 344–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1432-2277.2006.00275.x">10.1111/j.1432-2277.2006.00275.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16573553">16573553</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39474194">39474194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transplant+International&rft.atitle=Letter+to+the+editor%3A+Liver+transplantation+represents+the+optimal+treatment+for+fulminant+hepatic+failure+from+Amanita+phalloides+poisoning&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=344-5&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39474194%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16573553&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1432-2277.2006.00275.x&rft.aulast=Panaro&rft.aufirst=Fabrizio&rft.au=Enzo+Andorno&rft.au=Nicola+Morelli&rft.au=Marco+Casaccia&rft.au=Giuliano+Bottino&rft.au=Ferruccio+Ravazzoni&rft.au=Monica+Centanaro&rft.au=Sara+Ornis&rft.au=Umberto+Valente&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanita+phalloides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEscudiéFrancozVinelMoucari2007" class="citation journal cs1">Escudié L, Francoz C, Vinel JP, Moucari R, Cournot M, Paradis V, Sauvanet A, Belghiti J, Valla D, Bernuau J, Durand F (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhep.2006.10.013">"Amanita phalloides poisoning: reassessment of prognostic factors and indications for emergency liver transplantation"</a>. J. Hepatol. 46 (3): 466–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhep.2006.10.013">10.1016/j.jhep.2006.10.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17188393">17188393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Hepatol.&rft.atitle=Amanita+phalloides+poisoning%3A+reassessment+of+prognostic+factors+and+indications+for+emergency+liver+transplantation&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=466-73&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhep.2006.10.013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17188393&rft.aulast=Escudi%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Francoz%2C+C&rft.au=Vinel%2C+JP&rft.au=Moucari%2C+R&rft.au=Cournot%2C+M&rft.au=Paradis%2C+V&rft.au=Sauvanet%2C+A&rft.au=Belghiti%2C+J&rft.au=Valla%2C+D&rft.au=Bernuau%2C+J&rft.au=Durand%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jhep.2006.10.013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanita+phalloides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-benjamin231-111"><a href="#cite_ref-benjamin231_111-0">^</a> Benjamin, pp.231–232 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGianniniVannacciMissanelliMastroianni2007" class="citation journal cs1">Giannini L, Vannacci A, Missanelli A, Mastroianni R, Mannaioni PF, Moroni F, Masini E (2007). "Amatoxin poisoning: A 15-year retrospective analysis and follow-up evaluation of 105 patients". Clinical Toxicology. 45 (5): 539–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15563650701365834">10.1080/15563650701365834</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17503263">17503263</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37788880">37788880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Amatoxin+poisoning%3A+A+15-year+retrospective+analysis+and+follow-up+evaluation+of+105+patients&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=539-42&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37788880%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17503263&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15563650701365834&rft.aulast=Giannini&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Vannacci%2C+A&rft.au=Missanelli%2C+A&rft.au=Mastroianni%2C+R&rft.au=Mannaioni%2C+PF&rft.au=Moroni%2C+F&rft.au=Masini%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanita+phalloides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-benjamin35-113"><a href="#cite_ref-benjamin35_113-0">^</a> Benjamin, p.35 </li> <li id="cite_note-benjamin33-114"><a href="#cite_ref-benjamin33_114-0">^</a> Benjamin, pp.33–34 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-australia-66667514">"Australia mushroom deaths: Memorial for couple draws hundreds"</a>. BBC. 31 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Australia+mushroom+deaths%3A+Memorial+for+couple+draws+hundreds&rft.date=2023-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-australia-66667514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanita+phalloides" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_texts">Cited texts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanita_phalloides&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cited texts">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin1995" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Denis R. (1995). Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas—A Handbook for Naturalists, Mycologists and Physicians. New York: WH Freeman and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-2600-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-2600-5"><bdi>978-0-7167-2600-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mushrooms%3A+Poisons+and+Panaceas%E2%80%94A+Handbook+for+Naturalists%2C+Mycologists+and+Physicians&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=WH+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-2600-5&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Denis+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanita+phalloides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordanWheeler2001" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, Peter; Wheeler, Steven (2001). The Ultimate Mushroom Book. London: Hermes House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85967-092-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85967-092-7"><bdi>978-1-85967-092-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+Mushroom+Book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hermes+House&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85967-092-7&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanita+phalloides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeitlmayr1976" class="citation book cs1">Zeitlmayr, Linus (1976). Wild Mushrooms: An Illustrated Handbook. Hertfordshire: Garden City Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-584-10324-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-584-10324-3"><bdi>978-0-584-10324-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+Mushrooms%3A+An+Illustrated+Handbook&rft.place=Hertfordshire&rft.pub=Garden+City+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-584-10324-3&rft.aulast=Zeitlmayr&rft.aufirst=Linus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmanita+phalloides" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanita_phalloides&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid 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phalloides">Amanita phalloides</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2978434/One-woman-dead-and-another-seriously-ill-after-eating-Death-Cap-mushrooms.html">UK Telegraph Newspaper (September 2008) - One woman dead, another critically ill after eating Death Cap fungi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanmushrooms.com/deathcap.htm">AmericanMushrooms.com - The Death Cap Mushroom Amanita phalloides</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mushroomexpert.com/amanita_phalloides.html">Amanita phalloides: the death cap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bayareamushrooms.org/mushroommonth/amanita_phalloides.html">Amanita phalloides: Invasion of the Death Cap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pluto.njcc.com/~ret/amanita/key.dir/phallimb.html">Key to species of Amanita Section Phalloideae from North and Central America - Amanita studies website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Amanita_phalloides.html">California Fungi—Amanita phalloides</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anbg.gov.au/fungi/deathcap.html">Death cap in Australia - ANBG website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7251327">On the Trail of the Death Cap Mushroom</a> from National Public Radio</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230000000000/http://www.eol.org/pages/1009706">"Amanita phalloides"</a>. 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id="Poisonous_Amanita_mushrooms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Poisonous <a href="/wiki/Amanita" title="Amanita">Amanita</a> mushrooms</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenus Amanita</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Amanita" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Amanita</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_albocreata" title="Amanita albocreata"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. albocreata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_crenulata" title="Amanita crenulata"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. crenulata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_farinosa" title="Amanita farinosa"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. farinosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_frostiana" title="Amanita frostiana"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. frostiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_gemmata" title="Amanita gemmata"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. gemmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_ibotengutake" title="Amanita ibotengutake"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. ibotengutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_multisquamosa" title="Amanita multisquamosa"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. multisquamosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. muscaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_pantherina" title="Amanita pantherina"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. pantherina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_porphyria" title="Amanita porphyria"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. porphyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_regalis" title="Amanita regalis"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. regalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_strobiliformis" title="Amanita strobiliformis"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. strobiliformis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_xanthocephala" title="Amanita xanthocephala"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. xanthocephala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Toxins: <a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_Acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibotenic Acid">Ibotenic Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a></li> <li>Other compounds: <a href="/wiki/Muscarine" title="Muscarine">Muscarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscazone" title="Muscazone">Muscazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amavadin" title="Amavadin">Amavadine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Amanita_muscaria_(38010247562).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Amanita_muscaria_%2838010247562%29.jpg/150px-Amanita_muscaria_%2838010247562%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Amanita_muscaria_%2838010247562%29.jpg/225px-Amanita_muscaria_%2838010247562%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Amanita_muscaria_%2838010247562%29.jpg/300px-Amanita_muscaria_%2838010247562%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenus Amanitina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Lepidella (=<a href="/wiki/Saproamanita" title="Saproamanita">Saproamanita</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_thiersii" class="mw-redirect" title="Amanita thiersii"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. thiersii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>unknown toxin</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Phalloideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Destroying_angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Destroying angels">Destroying angels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_bisporigera" title="Amanita bisporigera"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. bisporigera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_exitialis" title="Amanita exitialis"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. exitialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_magnivelaris" title="Amanita magnivelaris"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. magnivelaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_ocreata" title="Amanita ocreata"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. ocreata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_verna" title="Amanita verna"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. verna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_virosa" title="Amanita virosa"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. virosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_virosiformis" title="Amanita virosiformis"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. virosiformis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Other members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_arocheae" title="Amanita arocheae"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. arocheae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_fuliginea" title="Amanita fuliginea"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. fuliginea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanita_fuligineoides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amanita fuligineoides (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. fuligineoides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_pallidorosea" title="Amanita pallidorosea"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. pallidorosea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. phalloides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_rimosa" title="Amanita rimosa"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. rimosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_subjunquillea" title="Amanita subjunquillea"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. subjunquillea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Amatoxin" title="Amatoxin">Amatoxins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amatoxin" title="Amatoxin">Amanitins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Amanitin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Amanitin">alpha-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Amanitin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Amanitin">beta-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Amanitin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Amanitin">gamma-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon-Amanitin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epsilon-Amanitin">epsilon-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanullin" title="Amanullin">Amanullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanullinic_acid" title="Amanullinic acid">Amanullinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaninamide" title="Amaninamide">Amaninamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanin" title="Amanin">Amanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proamanullin" title="Proamanullin">Proamanullin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Phallotoxin" title="Phallotoxin">Phallotoxins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phallacidin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phallacidin (page does not exist)">Phallacidin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phallacin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phallacin (page does not exist)">Phallacin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phallisacin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phallisacin (page does not exist)">Phallisacin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phallisin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phallisin (page does not exist)">Phallisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalloidin" title="Phalloidin">Phalloidin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phalloin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phalloin (page does not exist)">Phalloin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prophalloin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prophalloin (page does not exist)">Prophalloin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Virotoxins" title="Virotoxins">Virotoxins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alaviroidin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alaviroidin (page does not exist)">Alaviroidin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viroisin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viroisin (page does not exist)">Viroisin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deoxoviroisin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deoxoviroisin (page does not exist)">Deoxoviroisin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viroidin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viroidin (page does not exist)">Viroidin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deoxoviroidin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deoxoviroidin (page does not exist)">Deoxoviroidin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Other compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antamanide" title="Antamanide">Antamanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phallolysin" title="Phallolysin">Phallolysin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxophallin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toxophallin (page does not exist)">Toxophallin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Roanokenses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_proxima" title="Amanita proxima"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. proxima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_smithiana" title="Amanita smithiana"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. smithiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_sphaerobulbosa" title="Amanita sphaerobulbosa"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. sphaerobulbosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allenic_norleucine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allenic norleucine (page does not exist)">Allenic norleucine</a> (2-amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propargylglycine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propargylglycine (page does not exist)">Propargylglycine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Validae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_rubescens" class="mw-redirect" title="Amanita rubescens"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. rubescens</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanita_amerirubescens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amanita amerirubescens (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. amerirubescens</a> nom. prov.)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubescenslysin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubescenslysin (page does not exist)">Rubescenslysin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Amanita_species" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#BABFA3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amanitas" title="Template:Amanitas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amanitas" title="Template talk:Amanitas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amanitas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amanitas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Amanita_species" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Amanita" title="Amanita">Amanita</a> species</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BABFA3;width:1%">Subgenus Amanita</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BABFA3;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Section Amanita</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_albocreata" title="Amanita albocreata"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. albocreata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_aliena" title="Amanita aliena"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. aliena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_altipes" title="Amanita altipes"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. altipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_aprica" title="Amanita aprica"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. aprica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_armeniaca" title="Amanita armeniaca"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. armeniaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_augusta" title="Amanita augusta"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_breckonii" title="Amanita breckonii"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. breckonii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_chrysoblema" title="Amanita chrysoblema"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. chrysoblema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_diemii" title="Amanita diemii"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. diemii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_eliae" title="Amanita eliae"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. eliae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_farinosa" title="Amanita farinosa"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. farinosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_frostiana" title="Amanita frostiana"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. frostiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_gemmata" title="Amanita gemmata"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. gemmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_gioiosa" title="Amanita gioiosa"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. gioiosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_ibotengutake" title="Amanita ibotengutake"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. ibotengutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_multisquamosa" title="Amanita multisquamosa"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. multisquamosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. muscaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_nehuta" title="Amanita nehuta"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. nehuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_orientigemmata" title="Amanita orientigemmata"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. orientigemmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_parcivolvata" title="Amanita parcivolvata"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. parcivolvata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_pantherina" title="Amanita pantherina"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. pantherina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_parvipantherina" title="Amanita parvipantherina"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. parvipantherina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_persicina" title="Amanita persicina"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. persicina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_regalis" title="Amanita regalis"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. regalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_roseotincta" title="Amanita roseotincta"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. roseotincta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_rubrovolvata" title="Amanita rubrovolvata"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. rubrovolvata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_velatipes" title="Amanita velatipes"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. velatipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_virgineoides" title="Amanita virgineoides"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. virgineoides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_viscidolutea" title="Amanita viscidolutea"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. viscidolutea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_wellsii" title="Amanita wellsii"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. wellsii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_xanthocephala" title="Amanita xanthocephala"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. xanthocephala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BABFA3;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Section Caesareae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_arkansana" title="Amanita arkansana"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. arkansana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_basii" title="Amanita basii"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. basii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_calyptratoides" title="Amanita calyptratoides"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. calyptratoides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_calyptroderma" title="Amanita calyptroderma"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. calyptroderma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_caesarea" title="Amanita caesarea"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_caesareoides" title="Amanita caesareoides"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. caesareoides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_chepangiana" title="Amanita chepangiana"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. chepangiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_hemibapha" title="Amanita hemibapha"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. hemibapha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_kitamagotake" title="Amanita kitamagotake"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. kitamagotake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_jacksonii" title="Amanita jacksonii"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. jacksonii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_lanei" class="mw-redirect" title="Amanita lanei"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. lanei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_princeps" title="Amanita princeps"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. princeps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_spreta" title="Amanita spreta"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. spreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_yema" title="Amanita yema"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. yema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_zambiana" title="Amanita zambiana"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. zambiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BABFA3;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Section Vaginatae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_arctica" title="Amanita arctica"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. arctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_arenicola" title="Amanita arenicola"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. arenicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_battarrae" title="Amanita battarrae"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. battarrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_beckeri" title="Amanita beckeri"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. beckeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_betulae" title="Amanita betulae"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. betulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_ceciliae" title="Amanita ceciliae"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. ceciliae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_crocea" title="Amanita crocea"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. crocea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_flavescens" title="Amanita flavescens"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. flavescens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_fuligineodisca" title="Amanita fuligineodisca"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. fuligineodisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_friabilis" title="Amanita friabilis"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. friabilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_fulva" title="Amanita fulva"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. fulva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_groenlandica" title="Amanita groenlandica"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. groenlandica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_islandica" title="Amanita islandica"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. islandica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_liquii" title="Amanita liquii"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. liquii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_lividopallescens" title="Amanita lividopallescens"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. lividopallescens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_mairei" title="Amanita mairei"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. mairei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_nivalis" title="Amanita nivalis"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. nivalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_olivaceogrisea" title="Amanita olivaceogrisea"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. olivaceogrisea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_orientifulva" title="Amanita orientifulva"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. orientifulva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_pachycolea" title="Amanita pachycolea"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. pachycolea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_pekeoides" title="Amanita pekeoides"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. pekeoides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_protecta" title="Amanita protecta"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. protecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_rhacopus" title="Amanita rhacopus"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. rhacopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_sinicoflava" title="Amanita sinicoflava"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. sinicoflava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_submembranacea" title="Amanita submembranacea"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. submembranacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_subnudipes" title="Amanita subnudipes"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. subnudipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_umbrinolutea" title="Amanita umbrinolutea"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. umbrinolutea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_vaginata" title="Amanita vaginata"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. vaginata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_velosa" title="Amanita velosa"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. velosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Amanita_crocea_-_Lindsey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Amanita_crocea_-_Lindsey.jpg/150px-Amanita_crocea_-_Lindsey.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Amanita_crocea_-_Lindsey.jpg/225px-Amanita_crocea_-_Lindsey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Amanita_crocea_-_Lindsey.jpg/300px-Amanita_crocea_-_Lindsey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BABFA3;width:1%">Subgenus Amanitina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BABFA3;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Section Amidella</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_chepangiana" title="Amanita chepangiana"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. chepangiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_curtipes" title="Amanita curtipes"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. curtipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_gilbertii" title="Amanita gilbertii"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. gilbertii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_ovoidea" title="Amanita ovoidea"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. ovoidea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_ponderosa" title="Amanita ponderosa"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. ponderosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_proxima" title="Amanita proxima"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. proxima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_volvata" title="Amanita volvata"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. volvata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BABFA3;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Section Phalloideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_arocheae" title="Amanita arocheae"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. arocheae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_bisporigera" title="Amanita bisporigera"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. bisporigera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_elliptosperma" title="Amanita elliptosperma"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. elliptosperma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_exitialis" title="Amanita exitialis"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. exitialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_fuliginea" title="Amanita fuliginea"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. fuliginea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_gayana" title="Amanita gayana"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. gayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_griseorosea" title="Amanita griseorosea"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. griseorosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_hesleri" title="Amanita hesleri"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. hesleri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_hygroscopica" title="Amanita hygroscopica"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. hygroscopica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_magnivelaris" title="Amanita magnivelaris"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. magnivelaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_marmorata" title="Amanita marmorata"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. marmorata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_manginiana" title="Amanita manginiana"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. manginiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_molliuscula" title="Amanita molliuscula"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. molliuscula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_ocreata" title="Amanita ocreata"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. ocreata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_pallidorosea" title="Amanita pallidorosea"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. pallidorosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_parviexitialis" title="Amanita parviexitialis"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. parviexitialis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. phalloides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_pseudoporphyria" title="Amanita pseudoporphyria"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. pseudoporphyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_rimosa" title="Amanita rimosa"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. rimosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_suballiacea" title="Amanita suballiacea"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. suballiacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_subfuliginea" title="Amanita subfuliginea"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. subfuliginea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_subjunquillea" title="Amanita subjunquillea"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. subjunquillea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_subpallidorosea" title="Amanita subpallidorosea"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. subpallidorosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_veldiei" title="Amanita veldiei"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. veldiei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_verna" title="Amanita verna"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. verna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_virosa" title="Amanita virosa"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. virosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_virosiformis" title="Amanita virosiformis"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. virosiformis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_volvarielloides" title="Amanita volvarielloides"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. volvarielloides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BABFA3;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Section Roanokenses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_abrupta" title="Amanita abrupta"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. abrupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_atkinsoniana" title="Amanita atkinsoniana"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. atkinsoniana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_austroviridis" title="Amanita austroviridis"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. austroviridis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_ananiceps" title="Amanita ananiceps"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. ananiceps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_carneiphylla" title="Amanita carneiphylla"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. carneiphylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_chlorinosma" title="Amanita chlorinosma"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. chlorinosma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_cinereovelata" title="Amanita cinereovelata"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. cinereovelata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_cokeri" title="Amanita cokeri"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. cokeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_daucipes" title="Amanita daucipes"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. daucipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_echinocephala" title="Amanita echinocephala"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. echinocephala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_kotohiraensis" title="Amanita kotohiraensis"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. kotohiraensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_lesueurii" title="Amanita lesueurii"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. lesueurii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_longipes" title="Amanita longipes"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. longipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_magniverrucata" title="Amanita magniverrucata"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. magniverrucata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_mutabilis" title="Amanita mutabilis"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. mutabilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_neoovoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Amanita neoovoidea"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. neoovoidea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_ochrophylla" title="Amanita ochrophylla"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. ochrophylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_ochrophylloides" title="Amanita ochrophylloides"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. ochrophylloides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_onusta" title="Amanita onusta"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. onusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_ovoidea" title="Amanita ovoidea"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. ovoidea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_polypyramis" title="Amanita polypyramis"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. polypyramis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_pyramidifera" title="Amanita pyramidifera"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. pyramidifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_ravenelii" title="Amanita ravenelii"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. ravenelii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_rhopalopus" title="Amanita rhopalopus"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. rhopalopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_sculpta" title="Amanita sculpta"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. sculpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_smithiana" title="Amanita smithiana"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. smithiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_solitaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Amanita solitaria"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. solitaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_sphaerobulbosa" title="Amanita sphaerobulbosa"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. sphaerobulbosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_strobiliformis" title="Amanita strobiliformis"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. strobiliformis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_westii" title="Amanita westii"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. westii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BABFA3;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Section Validae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_aestivalis" title="Amanita aestivalis"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. aestivalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_australis" title="Amanita australis"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. australis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_brunnescens" title="Amanita brunnescens"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. brunnescens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_brunneolocularis" title="Amanita brunneolocularis"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. brunneolocularis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_canescens" title="Amanita canescens"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. canescens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_citrina" title="Amanita citrina"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. citrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_elongata" title="Amanita elongata"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. elongata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_excelsa" title="Amanita excelsa"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. excelsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_excelsa_v._spissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Amanita excelsa v. spissa"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. excelsa v. spissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_flavella" title="Amanita flavella"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. flavella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_flavipes" title="Amanita flavipes"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. flavipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_flavoconia" title="Amanita flavoconia"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. flavoconia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_flavorubens" title="Amanita flavorubens"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. flavorubens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_franchetii" title="Amanita franchetii"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. franchetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_luteofusca" title="Amanita luteofusca"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. luteofusca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_nothofagi" title="Amanita nothofagi"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. nothofagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_novinupta" class="mw-redirect" title="Amanita novinupta"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. novinupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_porphyria" title="Amanita porphyria"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. porphyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_rubescens" class="mw-redirect" title="Amanita rubescens"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. rubescens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_silvicola" title="Amanita silvicola"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. silvicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_solaniolens" title="Amanita solaniolens"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. solaniolens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BABFA3;width:1%">Subgenus Lepidella (=<a href="/wiki/Saproamanita" title="Saproamanita">Saproamanita</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Section_Lepidella(=Saproamanita)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BABFA3;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Section Lepidella (=<a href="/wiki/Saproamanita" title="Saproamanita">Saproamanita</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_nauseosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Amanita nauseosa"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. nauseosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_prairiicola" title="Amanita prairiicola"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. prairiicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_thiersii" class="mw-redirect" title="Amanita thiersii"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. thiersii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_vittadinii" class="mw-redirect" title="Amanita vittadinii"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. vittadinii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Amanita phalloides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188643" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q188643">Q188643</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Amanita phalloides">Amanita phalloides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/133337">133337</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/amanita-phalloides/">amanita-phalloides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_online_fauna_%26_flora_databases" title="Australian online fauna & flora databases">AusFungi</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/fungi/60022907">60022907</a></li> <li>BioLib: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id60473">60473</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65ZB2">65ZB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1009706">1009706</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/AMANPH">AMANPH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5240325">5240325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/52135">52135</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_Fungorum" title="Index Fungorum">IndexFungorum</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=178962">178962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10382520">10382520</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MycoBank" title="MycoBank">MycoBank</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mycobank.org/MB/178962">178962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.903125/">2.903125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0001474469">NHMSYS0001474469</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=67723">67723</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/6a2c82ec-13d4-45fc-9d2f-751349dfdefb">6a2c82ec-13d4-45fc-9d2f-751349dfdefb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=545199">545199</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_Fungorum" title="Index Fungorum">SpeciesFungorum</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=178962">178962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1456973">1456973</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Agaricus phalloides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61962642" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q61962642">Q61962642</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_online_fauna_%26_flora_databases" title="Australian online fauna & flora databases">AusFungi</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/fungi/60022908">60022908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65P3C">65P3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2526235">2526235</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_Fungorum" title="Index Fungorum">IndexFungorum</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=452913">452913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11389981">11389981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MycoBank" title="MycoBank">MycoBank</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mycobank.org/MB/452913">452913</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/a17e02fd-637f-4e9e-96c2-1887ade40743">a17e02fd-637f-4e9e-96c2-1887ade40743</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_Fungorum" title="Index Fungorum">SpeciesFungorum</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=452913">452913</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" 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