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<span>Armenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Contemporary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanzania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanzania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Tanzania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanzania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trinidad_and_Tobago"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Trinidad and Tobago</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trinidad_and_Tobago-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11.1</span> <span>Practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_registration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_registration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11.2</span> <span>Education and registration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_registration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pharmacy_School_Accreditation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacy_School_Accreditation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12.1</span> <span>Pharmacy School Accreditation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacy_School_Accreditation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialization_and_credentialing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialization_and_credentialing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12.3</span> <span>Specialization and credentialing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialization_and_credentialing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expanding_Scope_of_Practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expanding_Scope_of_Practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12.4</span> <span>Expanding Scope of Practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expanding_Scope_of_Practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vaccinations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaccinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12.4.1</span> <span>Vaccinations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaccinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12.4.2</span> <span>California</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earnings_and_wages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earnings_and_wages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12.5</span> <span>Earnings and wages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earnings_and_wages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_pharmacists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_pharmacists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable pharmacists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_pharmacists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pharmacist</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apteker" title="Apteker – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Apteker" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A" title="صيدلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صيدلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoticario" title="Apoticario – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Apoticario" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmac%C3%A9uticu" title="Farmacéuticu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Farmacéuticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fcza%C3%A7%C4%B1" title="Əczaçı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əczaçı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%94%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6" title="ঔষধ প্রস্তুতি ও ব্যবহারবিদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঔষধ প্রস্তুতি ও ব্যবহারবিদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io%CC%8Dh-su" title="Io̍h-su – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Io̍h-su" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82" title="Фармацевт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фармацевт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmac%C3%A8utic" title="Farmacèutic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Farmacèutic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmaceut" title="Farmaceut – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Farmaceut" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fferyllydd" title="Fferyllydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fferyllydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmaceut" title="Farmaceut – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Farmaceut" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apotheker" title="Apotheker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Apotheker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apteeker" title="Apteeker – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Apteeker" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Φαρμακοποιός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φαρμακοποιός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmac%C3%A9utico" title="Farmacéutico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Farmacéutico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apotekisto" title="Apotekisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Apotekisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmazialari" title="Farmazialari – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Farmazialari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="داروساز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داروساز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacien" title="Pharmacien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pharmacien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitig%C3%A9ir" title="Poitigéir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Poitigéir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmac%C3%A9utico,_farmac%C3%A9utica" title="Farmacéutico, farmacéutica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Farmacéutico, farmacéutica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo%CC%8Dk-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%82" title="Yo̍k-sṳ̂ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yo̍k-sṳ̂" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%BD%EC%82%AC" title="약사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="약사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF" title="Դեղագետ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դեղագետ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E" title="भेषजज्ञ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भेषजज्ञ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljekarnik" title="Ljekarnik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ljekarnik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoteker" title="Apoteker – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Apoteker" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacista" title="Pharmacista – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pharmacista" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmacista" title="Farmacista – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Farmacista" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%97" title="רוקח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוקח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daktari_wa_dawa" title="Daktari wa dawa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Daktari wa dawa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermansaz" title="Dermansaz – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dermansaz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apdikter" title="Apdikter – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Apdikter" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B3gyszer%C3%A9sz" title="Gyógyszerész – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gyógyszerész" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫാർമസിസ്റ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫാർമസിസ്റ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="داریکر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="داریکر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahli_farmasi" title="Ahli farmasi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ahli farmasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apotheker" title="Apotheker – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Apotheker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%AC%E5%89%A4%E5%B8%AB" title="薬剤師 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="薬剤師" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmas%C3%B8yt" title="Farmasøyt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Farmasøyt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmas%C3%B8yt" title="Farmasøyt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Farmasøyt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F" title="ਫਾਰਮਾਸਿਸਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਾਰਮਾਸਿਸਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftheker" title="Aftheker – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Aftheker" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmaceuta" title="Farmaceuta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Farmaceuta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmac%C3%AAutico" title="Farmacêutico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Farmacêutico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmacist" title="Farmacist – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Farmacist" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampiqhatuq" title="Hampiqhatuq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hampiqhatuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Аптекарь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аптекарь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmacisti" title="Farmacisti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Farmacisti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spizziali" title="Spizziali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Spizziali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacist" title="Pharmacist – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pharmacist" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lek%C3%A1rnik" title="Lekárnik – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lekárnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Апотекар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Апотекар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apotekar" title="Apotekar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Apotekar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apteekkari" title="Apteekkari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Apteekkari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apotekare" title="Apotekare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Apotekare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="เภสัชกร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เภสัชกร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eczac%C4%B1" title="Eczacı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eczacı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82" title="Фармацевт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фармацевт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_s%C4%A9" title="Dược sĩ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dược sĩ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmacyin" title="Farmacyin – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Farmacyin" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%AF%E5%89%82%E5%B8%88" title="药剂师 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="药剂师" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E5%8A%91%E5%B8%AB" title="藥劑師 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="藥劑師" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E5%8A%91%E5%B8%AB" title="藥劑師 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="藥劑師" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q105186#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the precursor profession, see <a href="/wiki/Apothecary" title="Apothecary">Apothecary</a>. For a scientist trained in the study of chemistry, see <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">Chemist</a>. For the Alvvays song, see <a href="/wiki/Pharmacist_(song)" title="Pharmacist (song)">Pharmacist (song)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Druggist" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Drug_dealer" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug dealer">Drug dealer</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Pharmacist</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Man_consults_with_pharmacist_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Man_consults_with_pharmacist_%282%29.jpg/280px-Man_consults_with_pharmacist_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Man_consults_with_pharmacist_%282%29.jpg/420px-Man_consults_with_pharmacist_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Man_consults_with_pharmacist_%282%29.jpg/560px-Man_consults_with_pharmacist_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A patient consulting a pharmacist</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">Pharmacist, Chemist, Doctor of Pharmacy, Apothecary</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">Professional</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">Health care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Health sciences">health sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical sciences">chemical sciences</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Competencies</th><td class="infobox-data">Medication</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Education required</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Pharmacy" title="Doctor of Pharmacy">Doctor of Pharmacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Pharmacy" title="Master of Pharmacy">Master of Pharmacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Pharmacy" title="Bachelor of Pharmacy">Bachelor of Pharmacy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fields of<br />employment</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related jobs</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_technician" title="Pharmacy technician">pharmacy technician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toxicologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxicologist">toxicologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Medical_specialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical specialist">medical specialists</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>pharmacist</b>, also known as a <b>chemist</b> in <a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth English</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_professional" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare professional">healthcare professional</a> who is knowledgeable about preparation, mechanism of action, clinical usage and legislation of <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medications</a> in order to dispense them safely to the public and to provide consultancy services.<sup id="cite_ref-HRDC_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRDC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pharmacist also often serves as a <a href="/wiki/Primary_care" title="Primary care">primary care</a> provider in the community and offers services, such as health screenings and immunizations. </p><p>Pharmacists undergo university or graduate-level education to understand the biochemical mechanisms and actions of drugs, drug uses, therapeutic roles, side effects, potential <a href="/wiki/Drug_interaction" title="Drug interaction">drug interactions</a>, and monitoring parameters. This is mated to <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology" title="Pathophysiology">pathophysiology</a>. Pharmacists interpret and communicate this specialized knowledge to patients, <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a>, and other health care providers. </p><p>Among other licensing requirements, different countries require pharmacists to hold either a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Pharmacy" title="Bachelor of Pharmacy">Bachelor of Pharmacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Pharmacy" title="Master of Pharmacy">Master of Pharmacy</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Pharmacy" title="Doctor of Pharmacy">Doctor of Pharmacy</a> degree. </p><p>The most common pharmacist positions are that of a <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy#Community_pharmacy" title="Pharmacy"><i>community pharmacist</i></a> (also referred to as a <i>retail pharmacist</i>, <i>first-line pharmacist</i> or <i>dispensing chemist</i>), or a <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy#Hospital_pharmacy" title="Pharmacy"><i>hospital pharmacist</i></a>, where they instruct and counsel on the proper use and adverse effects of medically prescribed drugs and medicines.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BLS2011_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLS2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most countries, the profession is subject to professional regulation. Depending on the legal <a href="/wiki/Scope_of_practice" title="Scope of practice">scope of practice</a>, pharmacists may contribute to prescribing (also referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Pharmacist_prescriber" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacist prescriber">pharmacist prescribers</a>") and administering certain medications (e.g., immunizations) in some jurisdictions. Pharmacists may also practice in a variety of other settings, including industry, wholesaling, research, academia, formulary management, military, and government. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nature_of_work">Nature of work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nature of work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></div> <p>Historically, the fundamental role of pharmacists as a healthcare practitioner was to check and distribute drugs to doctors for medication that had been prescribed to patients. In more modern times, pharmacists advise patients and health care providers on the selection, dosages, interactions, and side effects of medications, and act as a <a href="/wiki/Learned_intermediary" title="Learned intermediary">learned intermediary</a> between a prescriber and a patient. Pharmacists monitor the health and progress of patients to ensure the safe and effective use of medication. Pharmacists may practice <a href="/wiki/Compounding" title="Compounding">compounding</a>; however, many medicines are now produced by pharmaceutical companies in a standard dosage and drug delivery form. In some jurisdictions, pharmacists have <a href="/wiki/Medical_prescription" title="Medical prescription">prescriptive authority</a> to either independently prescribe under their own authority or in collaboration with a <a href="/wiki/Primary_care_physician" title="Primary care physician">primary care physician</a> through an agreed upon protocol called a <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_practice_agreement" title="Collaborative practice agreement">collaborative practice agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Increased numbers of <a href="/wiki/Pharmacotherapy" title="Pharmacotherapy">drug therapies</a>, aging but more knowledgeable and demanding populations, and deficiencies in other areas of the health care system seem to be driving increased demand for the clinical counseling skills of the pharmacist.<sup id="cite_ref-HRDC_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRDC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most important roles that pharmacists are currently taking on is one of pharmaceutical care.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pharmaceutical care involves taking direct responsibility for patients and their disease states, medications, and management of each to improve outcomes. Pharmaceutical care has many benefits that may include but are not limited to: decreased <a href="/wiki/Medication_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Medication error">medication errors</a>; increased <a href="/wiki/Patient_compliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient compliance">patient compliance</a> in medication regimen; better <a href="/wiki/Chronic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic disease">chronic disease</a> state management, including hypertension and other cardiovascular disease risk factors;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> strong pharmacist–patient relationship; and decreased long-term costs of medical care. </p><p>Pharmacists are often the first point-of-contact for patients with health inquiries. Thus pharmacists have a significant role in assessing medication management in patients, and in <a href="/wiki/Referral_(medicine)" title="Referral (medicine)">referring</a> patients to physicians. These roles may include, but are not limited to: </p> <ul><li>clinical medication management, including reviewing and monitoring of medication regimens</li> <li>assessment of patients with undiagnosed or diagnosed conditions, and ascertaining clinical medication management needs</li> <li>specialized monitoring of <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> states, such as dosing drugs in <a href="/wiki/Renal_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal failure">kidney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liver_failure" title="Liver failure">liver failure</a></li> <li>compounding medicines</li> <li>providing pharmaceutical information</li> <li>providing patients with health monitoring and advice, including advice and treatment of common ailments and disease states</li> <li>supervising <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_technician" title="Pharmacy technician">pharmacy technicians</a> and other staff</li> <li>oversight of dispensing medicines on prescription</li> <li>provision of and <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_counseling" title="Over-the-counter counseling">counseling</a> about non-prescription or <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter drugs</a></li> <li>education and counseling for patients and other health care providers on optimal use of medicines (e.g., proper use, avoidance of <a href="/wiki/Overmedication" title="Overmedication">overmedication</a>)</li> <li>referrals to other health professionals if necessary</li> <li>pharmacokinetic evaluation</li> <li>promoting <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> by administering immunizations</li> <li>constructing drug formularies</li> <li>designing clinical trials for drug development</li> <li>working with federal, state, or local regulatory agencies to develop safe drug policies</li> <li>ensuring correctness of all medication labels including <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_label" title="Auxiliary label">auxiliary labels</a></li> <li>member of inter-professional care team for critical care patients<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19834408_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19834408-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>symptom assessment leading to medication provision and lifestyle advice for community-based health concerns (e.g. head colds, or smoking cessation<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>staged dosing supply (e.g. opioid substitution therapy<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_credentialing">Education and credentialing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit 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style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pharmacist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hospital Pharmacist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pharmacist.jpg/230px-Pharmacist.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pharmacist.jpg/345px-Pharmacist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pharmacist.jpg/460px-Pharmacist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1824" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Hospital Pharmacist</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:197px;max-width:197px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LAB_COURSE_IN_CHROMATOGRAPHY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Industrial Pharmacist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/LAB_COURSE_IN_CHROMATOGRAPHY.jpg/195px-LAB_COURSE_IN_CHROMATOGRAPHY.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/LAB_COURSE_IN_CHROMATOGRAPHY.jpg/293px-LAB_COURSE_IN_CHROMATOGRAPHY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/LAB_COURSE_IN_CHROMATOGRAPHY.jpg/390px-LAB_COURSE_IN_CHROMATOGRAPHY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="1776" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Industrial Pharmacist</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Pharmacy" title="Bachelor of Pharmacy">Bachelor of Pharmacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Pharmacy" title="Master of Pharmacy">Master of Pharmacy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Pharmacy" title="Doctor of Pharmacy">Doctor of Pharmacy</a></div> <p>The role of pharmacy education, pharmacist licensing, and <a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">continuing education</a> vary from country to country and between regions/localities within countries. In most countries, pharmacists must obtain a university degree at a <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_school" title="Pharmacy school">pharmacy school</a> or related institution, and/or satisfy other national/local credentialing requirements. In many contexts, students must first complete pre-professional (undergraduate) coursework, followed by about four years of professional academic studies to obtain a degree in pharmacy (such as <a href="/wiki/Doctorate_of_Pharmacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorate of Pharmacy">Doctorate of Pharmacy</a>). In the European Union, pharmacists are required to hold a Masters of Pharmacy, which allows them to practice in any other E.U. country, pending professional examinations and language tests in the country in which they want to practice. Pharmacists are educated in <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacognosy" title="Pharmacognosy">pharmacognosy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical chemistry">pharmaceutical chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">microbiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacy practice">pharmacy practice</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Drug_interaction" title="Drug interaction">drug interactions</a>, medicine monitoring, medication management), <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutics" title="Pharmaceutics">pharmaceutics</a>, pharmacy law, pathophysiology, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a>, drug delivery, pharmaceutical care, <a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">nephrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatology" title="Hepatology">hepatology</a>, and compounding of medications. Additional curriculum may cover diagnosis with emphasis on laboratory tests, disease state management, therapeutics and prescribing (selecting the most appropriate medication for a given patient). </p><p>Upon graduation, pharmacists are licensed, either nationally or regionally, to dispense medication of various types in the areas they have trained for. </p><p>Some may undergo further specialized training, such as in cardiology or oncology or long-term care. Specialties include:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li>Academic pharmacist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pharmacy" title="Clinical pharmacy">Clinical pharmacy specialist</a></li> <li>Community pharmacist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compounding" title="Compounding">Compounding pharmacist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultant_pharmacist" title="Consultant pharmacist">Consultant pharmacist</a></li> <li>Long-term care pharmacist</li> <li>Drug information pharmacist</li> <li>Home health pharmacist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_pharmacy" title="Hospital pharmacy">Hospital pharmacist</a></li> <li>Industrial pharmacist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_informatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacy informatics">Informatics pharmacist</a></li> <li>Managed care pharmacist</li> <li>Military pharmacist</li> <li>Nuclear pharmacist</li> <li>Oncology pharmacist</li> <li>Regulatory-affairs pharmacist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_pharmacist" title="Veterinary pharmacist">Veterinary pharmacist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Pharmacist clinical pathologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Pharmacist clinical toxicologist</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training_and_practice_by_country">Training and practice by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Training and practice by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenia">Armenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Armenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health oversee pharmacy school accreditation in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>. Pharmacists are expected to have competency in the <a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO Model List of Essential Medicines</a> (EML), the use of Standard Treatment Guidelines, drug information, clinical pharmacy, and medicine supply management. There are currently no laws requiring pharmacists to be registered, but all pharmacies must have a license to conduct business. According to a <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) report from 2010, there are 0.53 licensed pharmacists and 7.82 licensed pharmacies per 10,000 people in Armenia. Pharmacists are able to substitute for generic equivalents at point of dispensing.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Pharmaceutical_Advisory_Council" title="Australian Pharmaceutical Advisory Council">Australian Pharmaceutical Advisory Council</a></div> <p>The Australian Pharmacy Council is the independent accreditation agency for Australian pharmacists.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accreditation standards for Australian pharmacy degrees include compulsory clinical placements.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an emphasis on encouraging rural experiences to develop a rural workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It conducts a written examination on behalf of the Pharmacy Board of Australia towards eligibility for registration. The Pharmacy Board of Australia conducts an oral examination at the end of the intern year as the last hurdle prior to registration. The Pharmaceutical Society of Australia provides continuing education programs for pharmacists. The number of full-time equivalent pharmacists working in Australia over the past decade has remained stable.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pharmacy practice is described by the practice standards <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and guidelines including those from the Pharmaceutical Society of Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Australian Pharmacy Council is developing accreditation standards for pharmacists to prescribe and for pharmacists to work in aged care. The aged care accreditation standards are being developed in preparation for pharmacists working in residential aged care settings to ensure that they are adequately prepared.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a shortage of pharmacists at present leaving many jobs unfilled. Despite many pharmacists leaving the profession, pharmacists remain optimistic about their profession.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contract and casual work is becoming more common. A contract pharmacist is self-employed and often called a locum; these pharmacists may be hired for one shift or for a longer period of time. The number of pharmacists has stayed stable over a number of years.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pharmacists_Association" title="Canadian Pharmacists Association">Canadian Pharmacists Association</a> (CPhA) is the national professional organization for pharmacists in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Specific requirements for practice vary across provinces, but generally include a bachelor's (BSc Pharm) or <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Pharmacy" title="Doctor of Pharmacy">Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD)</a> degree from one of <a href="/wiki/List_of_pharmacy_schools" title="List of pharmacy schools">10 Canadian universities</a> offering a pharmacy program, successful completion of a national board examination through the <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_Examining_Board_of_Canada" title="Pharmacy Examining Board of Canada">Pharmacy Examining Board of Canada</a> (PEBC) (Quebec being the exception), practical experience through an apprenticeship/internship program, and fluency in French or English.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International pharmacy graduates can begin their journey of becoming licensed to practice in Canada by enrolling with the National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities (NAPRA) Pharmacists' Gateway Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority (~70%) of Canada's licensed pharmacists work in community pharmacies, another 15% work in hospital, and the remainder work in other settings such as industry, government, or universities.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HRDC2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRDC2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pharmacists' scope of practice varies widely among the 13 provinces and territories and continues to evolve with time.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of pharmacists' expanding scope and knowledge application, there has been a purposeful effort to transition the professional programs in Canadian pharmacy schools to offer doctors of pharmacy over baccalaureate curriculums to ensure graduates have the most up to date level of training to match the increasing practice requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pharmacist qualification in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Directive_2005/36/EC" title="Directive 2005/36/EC">Directive 2005/36/EC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Directive_2005/36/EC_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Directive_2005/36/EC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where Section 7 Article 44(2) mandates at least five years of training including "four years of full-time theoretical and practical training" and "six-month <a href="/wiki/Internship" title="Internship">traineeship</a> in a pharmacy which is open to the public or in a hospital, under the supervision of that hospital's pharmaceutical department". The training of pharmacist must include at least: "Plant and animal <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a>, General and <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">inorganic chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">Organic chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">Analytical chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical chemistry">Pharmaceutical chemistry</a>, including analysis of medicinal products, General and applied <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a> (medical), <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>; <a href="/wiki/Medical_terminology" title="Medical terminology">medical terminology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharmacotherapy" title="Pharmacotherapy">pharmacotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical technology">Pharmaceutical technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacognosy" title="Pharmacognosy">Pharmacognosy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">Legislation</a> and, where appropriate, <a href="/wiki/Professional_ethics" title="Professional ethics">professional ethics</a>", which can be adapted to "scientific and technical <a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">progress</a>" according to procedure in Directive 2005/36/EC.<sup id="cite_ref-Directive_2005/36/EC_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Directive_2005/36/EC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Germany, the education and training is divided into three sections, each ending with a state examination: </p> <ul><li>University: Basic studies (at least four semesters)</li> <li>University: Main studies (at least four semesters)</li> <li>Community Pharmacy / Hospital Pharmacy / Industry: Practical training (12 months; 6 months in a Community Pharmacy).</li></ul> <p>After the third state examination a person must become licensed as an RPh ("registered pharmacist") for a licence to practice pharmacy. Today, many pharmacists work as employees in public pharmacies. They will be paid according to the labour agreement of <a href="/wiki/Adexa" title="Adexa">Adexa</a> and employer associations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polish pharmacists have to complete a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-year Master of Pharmacy Programme at medical university and obtain the right to practice as a pharmacist in Poland from District Pharmaceutical Council. The Programme includes 6 months of pharmacy training. The Polish name for the Master of Pharmacy Degree (M.Pharm.) is <i>magister farmacji</i> (mgr farm). Not only pharmacists, but also pharmaceutical technicians are allowed to dispense prescription medicines, except for narcotics, psychotropics and very potent medicines. Pharmacists approve prescriptions fulfilled by pharmaceutical technicians subsequently. Pharmaceutical technicians have to complete 2 years of post-secondary occupational school and 2 years of pharmacy training afterwards. Pharmacists are eligible to prescribe medicines in exceptional circumstances. All Polish pharmacies are obliged to produce compound medicines. Most pharmacists in Poland are pharmacy managers and are responsible for pharmacy marketing in addition to traditional activities. To become a pharmacy manager in Poland, a pharmacist is expected to have at least 5 years of professional experience. All pharmacists in Poland have to maintain an adequate knowledge level by participating in various university- and industry-based courses and arrangements or by undergoing postgraduate specialization.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sweden">Sweden</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, the national board of health and welfare regulates the practice of all legislated health care professionals, and is also responsible for registration of pharmacists in the country. The education to become a licensed pharmacist is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, and states that minimum educational requirements are five years of university studies in a pharmacy program, of which six months must be a pharmacy internship. To be admitted to pharmacy studies, students must complete a minimum of three years of gymnasium, similar to high school (school for about 15–20-year-old students) program in natural science after elementary school (6–16-year-olds). Only three universities in the whole of Sweden offer a pharmacy education, <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a>, where the Faculty of Pharmacy is located, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Gothenburg" title="University of Gothenburg">University of Gothenburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5_University" title="Umeå University">Umeå University</a>. In Sweden, pharmacists are called <i>Apotekare</i>. At pharmacies in Sweden, pharmacists work together with another class of legislated health care professionals called <i>Receptarier</i>, in English so-called <i>prescriptionists</i>, who have completed studies equal to a Bachelor of Science in pharmacy, i.e., three years of university. Prescriptionists also have dispensing rights in Sweden, Norway, Finland and Iceland. The majority of the staff in a pharmacy are <i>Apotekstekniker</i> or "pharmacy technicians" with a three -semester education at a vocational college.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Pharmacy technicians do not have dispensing rights in Sweden but are allowed to advise on and sell over-the-counter medicines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History">History</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In ancient Japan, the men who fulfilled roles similar to pharmacists were respected. The place of pharmacists in society was settled in the <a href="/wiki/Taih%C5%8D_Code" title="Taihō Code">Taihō Code</a> (701) and re-stated in the <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dr%C5%8D_Code" title="Yōrō Code">Yōrō Code</a> (718). Ranked positions in the pre-<a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian</a> Imperial court were established; and this organizational structure remained largely intact until the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> (1868). In this highly stable hierarchy, the pharmacists — and even <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_technician" title="Pharmacy technician">pharmacist assistants</a> — were assigned status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists. In the Imperial household, the pharmacist was even ranked above the two personal physicians of the Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Contemporary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 1997, 46 universities of pharmacy in Japan graduated about 8000 students annually.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary practice of clinical pharmacists in Japan (as evaluated in September 2000) focuses on dispensing of drugs, consultation with patients, supplying drug information, advising on prescription changes and amending prescriptions. These practices have been linked to decreases in the average number of drugs in prescriptions, drug costs and incidence of <a href="/wiki/Adverse_drug_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverse drug events">adverse drug events</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Training to become a registered pharmacist in Nigeria involves a five-year course after six years of secondary/high school or four years after eight years of secondary/high school (i.e. after 2 years of Advanced-level studies in accredited Universities). The degree awarded by most pharmacy schools is a Bachelor of Pharmacy Degree (B.Pharm.) However, in the near future,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2014)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> all schools will offer a 6-year first Degree course leading to the award of a Pharm.D (Doctor of Pharmacy Degree). The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Benin_(Nigeria)" title="University of Benin (Nigeria)">University of Benin</a> has started the Pharm.D programme with other pharmacy schools planning to start soon. The Pharmacy Degree in Nigeria is unclassified i.e. awarded without first class, second class upper, etc., however graduates could be awarded Pass with Distinctions in specific fields such as Pharmaceutics, Pharmacology, medicinal chemistry etc. Pharmacy Graduates are required to undergo 1 year of Tutelage under the supervision of an already Registered Pharmacist(a preceptor) in a recognized and designated Institution before they can become Registered Pharmacists. The Profession is Regulated by a Government Statutory body called the <a href="/wiki/Pharmacists_Council_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacists Council of Nigeria">Pharmacists Council of Nigeria</a>. The West African Post Graduate College of Pharmacy runs post-registration courses on advanced-level practice in various fields of pharmacy. It is a college jointly funded by a number of Countries in the West Africa sub-region. There are thousands of Nigerian-trained pharmacists registered and practicing in countries such as the US, the UK, Canada etc., due to the relatively poor public sector salaries in Nigeria.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, the Pharm.D. (Doctor of Pharmacy) degree is a graduate-level professional doctorate degree. Twenty-one universities are registered with the <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_Council_of_Pakistan" title="Pharmacy Council of Pakistan">Pharmacy Council of Pakistan</a> for imparting Pharmacy courses. In 2004 the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Commission_(Pakistan)" title="Higher Education Commission (Pakistan)">Higher Education Commission</a> of Pakistan and the Pharmacy Council of Pakistan revised the syllabus and changed the 4-year B.Pharmacy (Bachelor of Pharmacy) Program to a 5-year Pharm.D. (Doctor of Pharmacy) program. All 21 universities have started the 5-year Pharm.D Program. In 2011 the Pharmacy Council of Pakistan approved the awarding of a Doctor of Pharmacy degree, a five-year programme at the Department of Pharmacy, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Peshawar" title="University of Peshawar">University of Peshawar</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Switzerland, the federal office of public health regulates pharmacy practice. Four Swiss universities offer a major in pharmaceutical studies, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Basel" title="University of Basel">University of Basel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Geneva" title="University of Geneva">University of Geneva</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lausanne" title="University of Lausanne">University of Lausanne</a> and the <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a>. To major in pharmaceutical studies takes at least five years. Students spend their last year as interns in a pharmacy combined with courses at the university, with focus on the validation of prescriptions and the manufacturing of pharmaceutical formulations. Since all public health professions are regulated by the government it is also necessary to acquire a federal diploma in order to work in a pharmacy. It is not unusual for pharmaceutical studies majors to work in other fields such as the pharmaceutical industry or in hospitals. Pharmacists work alongside <i>pharma assistants</i>, an apprenticeship that takes three years to complete. Pharmacists can further specialize in various fields; this is organized by <a href="/w/index.php?title=PharmaSuisse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PharmaSuisse (page does not exist)">PharmaSuisse</a>, the pharmacists' association of Switzerland.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tanzania">Tanzania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tanzania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, pharmacy practice is regulated by the national Pharmacy Board, which is also responsible for registration of pharmacists in the country. By international standards, the density of pharmacists is very low, with a mean of 0.18 per 10,000 population. The majority of pharmacists are found in urban areas, with some underserved regions having only 2 pharmacists per region. According to 2007–2009 data, the largest group of pharmacists was employed in the public sector (44%). Those working in private retail pharmacies were 23%, and the rest were mostly working for private wholesalers, pharmaceutical manufacturers, in academia/teaching, or with faith-based or non-governmental facilities. The salaries of pharmacists varied significantly depending on the place of work. Those who worked in the academia were the highest paid followed by those who worked in the multilateral non-governmental organizations. The public sector including public retail pharmacies and faith based organizations paid much less. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Social_Welfare_(Tanzania)" title="Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (Tanzania)">Ministry of Health</a> salary scale for medical doctors was considerably higher than that of pharmacists despite having a difference of only one year of training.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trinidad_and_Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Trinidad and Tobago"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, pharmacy practice is regulated by the Pharmacy Board of Trinidad and Tobago, which is responsible for the registration of pharmacists in the twin islands. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies" title="University of the West Indies">University of the West Indies</a> in St. Augustine offers a 4-year Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy as the sole practicing degree of pharmacy. Graduates undertake a 6-month internship, known as pre-registration, under the supervision of a registered pharmacist, at a pharmacy of their choosing, whether community or institutional. After completion of the required pre-registration period, the graduate can then apply to the Pharmacy Board to become a registered pharmacist. After working 1 calendar year as a registered pharmacist, the individual can become a registered, responsible pharmacist. Being a registered, responsible pharmacist allows the individual to license a pharmacy and be a pharmacist-in-charge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Consultant_pharmacist" title="Consultant pharmacist">Consultant pharmacist</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> (and to some extent <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a>), the professional title known as "pharmacist" is also known as <b>"dispensing chemist"</b> or, more commonly, <b>"chemist"</b>. A dispensing chemist usually operates from a pharmacy or chemist's shop, and is allowed to fulfil <a href="/wiki/Medical_prescription" title="Medical prescription">medical prescriptions</a> and sell <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter drugs</a> and other health-related goods. Pharmacists can undertake additional training to allow them to prescribe medicines for specific conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Practices">Practices</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, most pharmacists working in the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> practice in <a href="/wiki/Hospital_pharmacy" title="Hospital pharmacy">hospital pharmacy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Community_pharmacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Community pharmacy">community pharmacy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_National_Health_Service" title="Royal Commission on the National Health Service">Royal Commission on the National Health Service</a> in 1979 reported that there were nearly 3,000 pharmacists employed in the hospital and community health service in the UK at that time. They were enthusiastic about the idea that pharmacists might develop their role of giving advice to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new professional role for pharmacist as prescriber has been recognized in the UK since May 2006, called the "<a href="/wiki/Pharmacist_Independent_Prescriber" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacist Independent Prescriber">Pharmacist Independent Prescriber</a>". Once qualified, a pharmacist independent prescriber can prescribe any licensed medicine for any medical condition within their competence. This includes controlled drugs except schedule 1 and prescribing certain drugs for the treatment of addiction (<a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">diamorphine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dipipanone" title="Dipipanone">dipipanone</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education_and_registration">Education and registration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Education and registration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pharmacists, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_technician" title="Pharmacy technician">pharmacy technicians</a> and pharmacy premises in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> are regulated by the <a href="/wiki/General_Pharmaceutical_Council" title="General Pharmaceutical Council">General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC)</a> for <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_Society_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Pharmaceutical Society of Northern Ireland">Pharmaceutical Society of Northern Ireland</a> for <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>. The role of regulatory and professional body on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">mainland</a> was previously carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Pharmaceutical_Society_of_Great_Britain" title="Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain">Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain</a>, which remained as a professional body after handing over the regulatory role to the GPhC in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following criteria must be met for qualification as a pharmacist in the United Kingdom (the Northern Irish body and the GPhC operate separately but have broadly similar registration requirements):<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Successful completion of a 4-year <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Pharmacy" title="Master of Pharmacy">Master of Pharmacy</a> degree at a GPhC accredited university. Pharmacists holding degrees in pharmacy from overseas institutions are able to fulfill this stage by undertaking the Overseas Pharmacist Assessment Programme (OSPAP), which is a one-year <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_diploma" title="Postgraduate diploma">postgraduate diploma</a>. On completion of the OSPAP, the candidate would proceed with the other stages of the registration process in the same manner as a UK student.</li> <li>Completion of a 52-week preregistration training period. This is a period of paid or unpaid employment, in an approved hospital or community pharmacy under the supervision of a pharmacist tutor. During this time the student must collect evidence of having met certain competency standards set by the GPhC.</li> <li>A pass mark in the GPhC registration assessment (formally an exam). This includes a closed-book paper and an open-book/mental calculations paper (using the <a href="/wiki/British_National_Formulary" title="British National Formulary">British National Formulary</a> and the GPhC's "Standards of Conduct, Ethics and Performance" document as reference sources). The student must achieve an overall mark of 70%, which must include at least 70% in the calculations section of the open-book paper. From June 2016, the assessment will involve two papers, as before but the use of a calculator will now be allowed. However, reference sources will no longer be allowed in the assessment. Instead, relevant extracts of the British National Formulary will be provided within the assessment paper.</li> <li>Satisfactorily meeting the GPhC's <a href="/wiki/Fitness_to_practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitness to practice">Fitness to Practice Standards</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014 the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics revealed that there were 297,100 American pharmacist jobs. By 2024 that number is projected to grow by 3%.<sup id="cite_ref-BLS2015_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLS2015-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority (65%) of those pharmacists work in retail settings, mostly as salaried employees but some as self-employed owners. About 22% work in hospitals, and the rest mainly in mail-order or <a href="/wiki/Online_pharmacy" title="Online pharmacy">Internet pharmacies</a>, pharmaceutical wholesalers, practices of physicians, and the Federal Government.<sup id="cite_ref-BLS2011_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLS2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All graduating pharmacists must now obtain the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Pharmacy" title="Doctor of Pharmacy">Doctor of Pharmacy</a> (Pharm.D.) degree before they are eligible to sit for the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (<a href="/wiki/NAPLEX" title="NAPLEX">NAPLEX</a>) to enter into pharmacy practice.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, pharmacists are subject to state-level jurisprudence exams in order to practice from state to state.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pharmacy_School_Accreditation">Pharmacy School Accreditation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Pharmacy School Accreditation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Accreditation_Council_for_Pharmacy_Education" title="Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education">Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education</a> (ACPE) has operated since 1932 as the accrediting body for schools of pharmacy in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-acpeabout_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acpeabout-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission of ACPE is "To assure and advance excellence in education for the profession of pharmacy".<sup id="cite_ref-acpeabout_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acpeabout-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ACPE is recognized for the accreditation of professional degree programs by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">United States Department of Education</a> (USDE) and the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Higher_Education_Accreditation" title="Council for Higher Education Accreditation">Council for Higher Education Accreditation</a> (CHEA).<sup id="cite_ref-acpepolicies_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acpepolicies-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1975, ACPE has also been the accrediting body for continuing pharmacy education. The ACPE board of directors are appointed by the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Colleges_of_Pharmacy" title="American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy">American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy</a> (AACP), the <a href="/wiki/American_Pharmacists_Association" title="American Pharmacists Association">American Pharmacists Association</a> (APhA), the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Boards_of_Pharmacy" title="National Association of Boards of Pharmacy">National Association of Boards of Pharmacy</a> (NABP) (three appointments each), and the <a href="/wiki/American_Council_on_Education" title="American Council on Education">American Council on Education</a> (one appointment). To obtain licensure in the United States, applicants for the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX) must graduate from an ACPE accredited school of pharmacy. ACPE publishes standards that schools of pharmacy must comply with to gain accreditation.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_school" title="Pharmacy school">Pharmacy school</a> pursuing accreditation must first apply and be granted Pre-candidate status.<sup id="cite_ref-acpepolicies_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acpepolicies-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These schools have met all the requirements for accreditation, but have not yet enrolled any students. This status indicates that the school of pharmacy has developed its program in accordance with the ACPE standards and guidelines. Once a school has enrolled students, but has not yet had a graduating class, they may be granted Candidate status. The expectations of a Candidate program are that they continue to mature in accordance with stated plans. The graduates of a Candidate program are the same as those of fully accredited programs. Full accreditation is granted to a program once they have demonstrated they comply with the standards set forth by ACPE. </p><p>The customary review cycle for established accredited programs is six years, whereas for programs achieving their initial accreditation this cycle is two years. These are comprehensive on-site evaluations of the programs. Additional evaluations may be conducted at the discretion of ACPE in the interim between comprehensive evaluations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education">Education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pharmacist" title="Special:EditPage/Pharmacist">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Acceptance into a doctorate of pharmacy program depends upon completing specific prerequisites or obtaining a transferable bachelor's degree. <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_school" title="Pharmacy school">Pharmacy school</a> is four years of graduate school (accelerated Pharmacy Schools go January to January and are only 3 years), which include at least one year of practical experience. Graduates receive a Doctorate of Pharmacy (<a href="/wiki/PharmD" class="mw-redirect" title="PharmD">PharmD</a>) upon graduation. Most schools require students to take a Pharmacy College Admissions Test <a href="/wiki/PCAT" class="mw-redirect" title="PCAT">PCAT</a> and complete 90 credit hours of university coursework in the sciences, mathematics, composition, and humanities before entry into the <a href="/wiki/PharmD" class="mw-redirect" title="PharmD">PharmD</a> program. Due to the large admittance requirements and highly competitive nature of the field, most pharmacy students complete a bachelor's degree before entry to pharmacy school. </p><p>Possible prerequisites: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology" title="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">Organic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">Physical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">Calculus</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Besides taking classes, additional requirements before graduating may include a certain number of hours for community service, e.g., working in hospitals, clinics, and retail. </p><p>Estimated timeline: 4 years undergraduate + 4 years doctorate + 1–2 years residency + 1–3 years fellowship = 8–13 years </p><p>A doctorate of pharmacy (except non-traditional, i.e. transferring a license from another country) is the only degree accepted by the National Associate of Boards of Pharmacy <a href="/wiki/NABP" class="mw-redirect" title="NABP">NABP</a> to be eligible to "sit" for the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (<a href="/wiki/NAPLEX" title="NAPLEX">NAPLEX</a>). Previously the United States had a 5-year bachelor's degree in pharmacy. For BS Pharmacy graduates currently licensed in US, there are 10 Universities offering non-traditional doctorate degree programs via part-time, weekend or on-line programs. These are programs fully accredited by Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (<a href="/wiki/Accreditation_Council_for_Pharmacy_Education" title="Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education">ACPE</a>) but only available to current BS Pharmacy graduates with a license to practice pharmacy. Some institutions still offer 6 year accelerated <a href="/wiki/PharmD" class="mw-redirect" title="PharmD">PharmD</a> programs. </p><p>The current Pharm.D. degree curriculum is considerably different from that of the prior BS in pharmacy. It now includes extensive didactic clinical preparation, a full year of hands-on practice experience in a wider array of healthcare settings, and a greater emphasis on clinical pharmacy practice pertaining to pharmacotherapy optimization. Legal requirements in the US to becoming a pharmacist include: graduating from an accredited <a href="/wiki/PharmD" class="mw-redirect" title="PharmD">PharmD</a> program, conducting a specified number of internship hours under a licensed pharmacist (i.e. 1800 hours in some states), passing the <a href="/wiki/NAPLEX" title="NAPLEX">NAPLEX</a>, and passing a Multi-state Pharmacy Jurisprudence Exam <a href="/wiki/MPJE" class="mw-redirect" title="MPJE">MPJE</a>. Arkansas, California, and Virginia have their own exams instead of the MPJE; in those states, pharmacists must pass the Arkansas Jurisprudence Exam, the California Jurisprudence Exam, or the Virginia Pharmacy Law Exam.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Residency is an option for post-graduates that is typically 1–2 years in length. A residency gives licensed pharmacists decades of clinical experience in an extremely condensed timeframe of only a few short years. In order for new graduates to remain competitive, employers generally favor residency trained applicants for clinical positions. The profession is moving toward resident-trained pharmacists who wish to provide direct patient care clinical services. In 1990, the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (<a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Colleges_of_Pharmacy" title="American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy">AACP</a>) required the new professional degree. Graduates from a <a href="/wiki/PharmD" class="mw-redirect" title="PharmD">PharmD</a> program may also elect to do a fellowship that is geared toward research. Fellowships can varying in length but last 1–3 years depending on the program and usually require 1 year of residency at minimum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Specialization_and_credentialing">Specialization and credentialing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Specialization and credentialing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_U.S._Soldier_with_the_Special_Warfare_Medical_Group(Airborne),_speaks_to_Dr_110228-A-GV060-946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/A_U.S._Soldier_with_the_Special_Warfare_Medical_Group%28Airborne%29%2C_speaks_to_Dr_110228-A-GV060-946.jpg/270px-A_U.S._Soldier_with_the_Special_Warfare_Medical_Group%28Airborne%29%2C_speaks_to_Dr_110228-A-GV060-946.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/A_U.S._Soldier_with_the_Special_Warfare_Medical_Group%28Airborne%29%2C_speaks_to_Dr_110228-A-GV060-946.jpg/405px-A_U.S._Soldier_with_the_Special_Warfare_Medical_Group%28Airborne%29%2C_speaks_to_Dr_110228-A-GV060-946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/A_U.S._Soldier_with_the_Special_Warfare_Medical_Group%28Airborne%29%2C_speaks_to_Dr_110228-A-GV060-946.jpg/540px-A_U.S._Soldier_with_the_Special_Warfare_Medical_Group%28Airborne%29%2C_speaks_to_Dr_110228-A-GV060-946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3761" data-file-height="2687" /></a><figcaption>Clinical pharmacists go on rounds with doctors in order to provide direct patient care and comprehensive medication management.</figcaption></figure> <p>American pharmacists can become certified in recognized specialty practice areas by passing an examination administered by one of several credentialing boards. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Pharmacy_Specialties" title="Board of Pharmacy Specialties">Board of Pharmacy Specialties</a> certifies pharmacists in thirteen specialties:<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambulatory_care" title="Ambulatory care">Ambulatory care</a> pharmacy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">Cardiology</a> pharmacy</li> <li>Compounded sterile preparations pharmacy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_care_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical care medicine">Critical care</a> pharmacy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatrics" title="Geriatrics">Geriatric</a> pharmacy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">Infectious diseases</a> pharmacy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_pharmacy" title="Nuclear pharmacy">Nuclear pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a> support pharmacy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a> pharmacy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Pediatric">Pediatric</a> pharmacy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacotherapy" title="Pharmacotherapy">Pharmacotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_pharmacy" title="Psychiatric pharmacy">Psychiatric pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Solid organ transplant</a> pharmacy<sup id="cite_ref-SOT_Specialty_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOT_Specialty-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Applied_Toxicology" title="American Board of Applied Toxicology">American Board of Applied Toxicology</a> certifies pharmacists and other medical professionals in applied <a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">toxicology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expanding_Scope_of_Practice">Expanding Scope of Practice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Expanding Scope of Practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Vaccinations">Vaccinations</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Vaccinations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2016, all 50 states and the District of Columbia permit pharmacists to provide vaccination services, but specific protocols vary between states.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="California">California</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All licensed California pharmacists can perform the following: </p> <ul><li>Order and interpret drug therapy related tests</li> <li>Furnish smoking cessation aids (such as nicotine replacement therapy)</li> <li>Furnish oral self-administered contraception (birth control pills)</li> <li>Furnish travel medications recommended by the CDC<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Administer vaccinations pursuant to the latest CDC standards for anyone ages 3+<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The passage of Assembly Bill 1535 (2014) authorizes pharmacists in California to furnish naloxone without a physician's prescription.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the passage of Senate Bill 159 in 2019, pharmacists in California are authorized to furnish <a href="/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis" title="Pre-exposure prophylaxis">pre-exposure prophylaxis</a> (PrEP) and <a href="/wiki/Post-exposure_prophylaxis" title="Post-exposure prophylaxis">post-exposure prophylaxis</a> (PEP) to patients without a physician's prescription.<sup id="cite_ref-Cal-SB-159_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cal-SB-159-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to be eligible to dispense, a pharmacists must first "complete a training program approved by the" California State Board of Pharmacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Cal-SB-159_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cal-SB-159-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>California pharmacists can apply for Advanced Practice Pharmacist (APh) licenses from the California State Board of Pharmacy. Senate Bill 493, written by Senator Ed Hernandez, established a section on the Advanced Practice Pharmacist and outlines the definition, scope of practice, qualifications, and regulations of those holding this license.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An APh can: </p> <ul><li>Perform patient assessments</li> <li>Refer patients to other healthcare providers</li> <li>Participate in the evaluation and management of diseases and health conditions in collaboration with other health care providers</li> <li>Initiate, adjust, or discontinue therapy pursuant to the regulations outlined in the bill<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>To qualify for an advanced practice pharmacist license in California, the applicant must be in good standing with the State Board of pharmacy, have an active pharmacist license, and fulfill two of three requirements, including certification in their area clinical practice.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The license must be renewed every 2 years, and the APh applying for renewal must complete 10 hours of continuing education in at least one area relevant to their clinical practice.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Earnings_and_wages">Earnings and wages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Earnings and wages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a 2010 <i>PharmacyWeek</i> survey, pharmacists were paid the following average annual salaries, depending on their positions:<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Directors of Pharmacy $125,200</li> <li>Retail Staff Pharmacists $113,600</li> <li>Hospital Staff Pharmacists $111,700</li> <li>Mail Order Staff Pharmacists $109,300</li> <li>Clinical Pharmacists $113,400</li></ul> <p>The <i>American Pharmacy Journal of Education</i> in 2014 reported the average salary around $112,160.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics' <i>Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2016–17 Edition</i>, Median annual wages of wage and salary pharmacists in May 2015 were $121,500.<sup id="cite_ref-BLS2015_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLS2015-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020 <i>US News and World Report</i> noted that the median pharmacist salary was $128,710. The top 25 percent of pharmacist earners made $147,690 that year, while the lowest 25 percent made $112,690.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>School students must take a national exam to enter a university of pharmacy or the pharmacy department of a university of medicine and pharmacy. About 5–7% of students can pass the exam. There are 3 aspects to the exam. These are on math, chemistry, and physics or biology. After being trained at the university for 5 years, successful students receive a bachelor's degree in pharmacy. Or they are university pharmacists (university pharmacist to discriminate between college pharmacist or vocational pharmacist in some countries of the world these trainee pharmacists are called pharmacist assistants). An alternative method of obtaining a bachelor's degree is as follows. School pupils study at a college of pharmacy or a vocational school of pharmacy. After attending the school or college they go to work in a pharmacy, and with two years of practice they could take an exam to enter university of pharmacy or the pharmacy department of a university of medicine and pharmacy. This exam is easier than the national one. Passing the exam they continue studying to gain 3-year bachelor's degrees or 4-year bachelor's degrees. This degree is considered equivalent to a 5-year bachelor's degree.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_pharmacists">Notable pharmacists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notable pharmacists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_pharmacists" title="List of pharmacists">List of pharmacists</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alderton" title="Charles Alderton">Charles Alderton</a> (1857-1941), <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> inventor of the soft drink <a href="/wiki/Dr_Pepper" title="Dr Pepper">Dr Pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Bradham" title="Caleb Bradham">Caleb Bradham</a> (1867-1934), American inventor of the soft drink <a href="/wiki/Pepsi" title="Pepsi">Pepsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikililou_Dhoinine" title="Ikililou Dhoinine">Ikililou Dhoinine</a> (born 1962), <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comorian</a> politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravin_Gordhan" title="Pravin Gordhan">Pravin Gordhan</a> (born 1949), <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">minister</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> government</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Howard" title="Luke Howard">Luke Howard</a> (1772–1864), "the father of <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (1911-1978), U.S. Vice President 1965–69</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Jack_(pharmacologist)" title="David Jack (pharmacologist)">David Jack</a> (1924–2011), leader of research that developed major <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> drugs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edna_O%27Brien" title="Edna O'Brien">Edna O'Brien</a> (born 1930), <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Irish</a> author and <a href="/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright">playwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a> (1777–1851), <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> physicist who discovered <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Pankiewicz" title="Tadeusz Pankiewicz">Tadeusz Pankiewicz</a> (1908-1993), Polish pharmacist in the <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków Ghetto</a> and activist during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pemberton" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pemberton">John Pemberton</a> (1831-1888), American inventor of the soft drink <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Sert%C3%BCrner" title="Friedrich Sertürner">Friedrich Sertürner</a> (1783-1841), <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> chemist who discovered <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Swan" title="Joseph Swan">Joseph Swan</a> (1828–1914), inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">incandescent light bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Henri Moissan</a> (1852–1907), chemist and pharmacist who won the 1906 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apothecary" title="Apothecary">Apothecary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">Chemist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pharmaceutical_scientist" title="Clinical pharmaceutical scientist">Clinical pharmaceutical scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Pharmaco-Therapeutic_Referrals" title="Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals">Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_pharmacy" title="History of pharmacy">History of pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharmacists" title="List of pharmacists">List of pharmacists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharmacy_associations" title="List of pharmacy associations">List of pharmacy associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharmacy_schools" title="List of pharmacy schools">List of pharmacy schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacist_prescriber" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacist prescriber">Pharmacist prescriber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaconomist" title="Pharmaconomist">Pharmaconomist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_automation" title="Pharmacy automation">Pharmacy automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_technician" title="Pharmacy technician">Pharmacy technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_residency" title="Pharmacy residency">Pharmacy residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_jerk" title="Soda jerk">Soda jerk</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HRDC-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HRDC_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRDC_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+Legislative+Information&rft.atitle=Bill+Information+-+SB-159+HIV%3A+preexposure+and+postexposure+prophylaxis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleginfo.legislature.ca.gov%2Ffaces%2FbillTextClient.xhtml%3Fbill_id%3D201920200SB159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharmacist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernandez2013" class="citation web cs1">Hernandez, Ed (3 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB493">"SB-493 Pharmacy Practice"</a>. <i>California Legislative Information</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+Legislative+Information&rft.atitle=SB-493+Pharmacy+Practice&rft.date=2013-10-03&rft.aulast=Hernandez&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleginfo.legislature.ca.gov%2Ffaces%2FbillTextClient.xhtml%3Fbill_id%3D201320140SB493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharmacist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pharmacy.ca.gov/forms/app_app_pkt.pdf">"Advanced Practice Pharmacist Application Instructions (17M-100)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. California State Board of Pharmacy. April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Advanced+Practice+Pharmacist+Application+Instructions+%2817M-100%29&rft.pub=California+State+Board+of+Pharmacy&rft.date=2019-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pharmacy.ca.gov%2Fforms%2Fapp_app_pkt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharmacist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100801044049/http://www.pharmacyweek.com/job_seeker/salary/salary.asp?article_id=13025&etp=0">"2010 Pharmacy Compensation Survey - Spring Edition, National Results"</a>. <i>PharmacyWeek</i>. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pharmacyweek.com/job_seeker/salary/salary.asp?article_id=13025&etp=0">the original</a> on 1 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PharmacyWeek&rft.atitle=2010+Pharmacy+Compensation+Survey+-+Spring+Edition%2C+National+Results&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pharmacyweek.com%2Fjob_seeker%2Fsalary%2Fsalary.asp%3Farticle_id%3D13025%26etp%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharmacist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pharmacytimes.com/contributor/alex-barker-pharmd/2015/04/2015-pharmacist-salary-guide">"2015 Pharmacist Salary Guide"</a>. <i>Pharmacy Times</i>. Pharmacy & Healthcare Communications, LLC. 13 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pharmacy+Times&rft.atitle=2015+Pharmacist+Salary+Guide&rft.date=2015-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pharmacytimes.com%2Fcontributor%2Falex-barker-pharmd%2F2015%2F04%2F2015-pharmacist-salary-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharmacist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.usnews.com/careers/best-jobs/pharmacist/salary">"Pharmacist salary | US news best jobs"</a>. <i>US News and World Report</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+News+and+World+Report&rft.atitle=Pharmacist+salary+%7C+US+news+best+jobs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.usnews.com%2Fcareers%2Fbest-jobs%2Fpharmacist%2Fsalary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharmacist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornes1999" class="citation book cs1">Thornes, John. E. (1999). <i>John Constable's Skies</i>. The University of Birmingham Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902459-02-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-902459-02-4"><bdi>1-902459-02-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Constable%27s+Skies&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=The+University+of+Birmingham+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-902459-02-4&rft.aulast=Thornes&rft.aufirst=John.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharmacist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacist&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Pharmacy" class="extiw" title="v:Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pharmacist" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:pharmacist">pharmacist</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fip.org">International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipsf.org">International Pharmaceutical Students Federation (IPSF)</a></li></ul> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from websites or documents of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government">United States Government</a>. </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharmacy" title="Template:Pharmacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharmacy" title="Template talk:Pharmacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharmacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharmacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pharmacy178" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compounding" title="Compounding">Compounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_pharmacy" title="History of pharmacy">History of pharmacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">Prescription drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_activity" title="Biological activity">Pharmacological activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_prescribing_and_dispensing" title="Separation of prescribing and dispensing">Separation of prescribing and dispensing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pharmaceutical sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</a> & <a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics" title="Pharmacodynamics">Pharmacodynamics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacometrics" title="Pharmacometrics">Pharmacometrics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacogenomics" title="Pharmacogenomics">Pharmacogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical chemistry">Pharmaceutical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutics" title="Pharmaceutics">Pharmaceutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacognosy" title="Pharmacognosy">Pharmacognosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacoepidemiology" title="Pharmacoepidemiology">Pharmacoepidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacocybernetics" title="Pharmacocybernetics">Pharmacocybernetics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pharmacist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharmacists" title="List of pharmacists">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaconomist" title="Pharmaconomist">Pharmaconomist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_residency" title="Pharmacy residency">Pharmacy residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_technician" title="Pharmacy technician">Pharmacy technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_school" title="Pharmacy school">Pharmacy school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practice areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pharmacy" title="Clinical pharmacy">Clinical pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_pharmacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Community pharmacy">Community pharmacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_(shop)" title="Pharmacy (shop)">shop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultant_pharmacist" title="Consultant pharmacist">Consultant pharmacist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_pharmacy" title="Hospital pharmacy">Hospital pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_pharmacy" title="Nuclear pharmacy">Nuclear pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacist_prescriber" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacist prescriber">Pharmacist prescriber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_informatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacy informatics">Pharmacy informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialty_pharmacy" title="Specialty pharmacy">Specialty pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_pharmacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterinary pharmacy">Veterinary pharmacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">Pharmaceutical industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_development" title="Drug development">Drug development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_discovery" title="Drug discovery">Drug discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigational_New_Drug" title="Investigational New Drug">Investigational New Drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_benefit_management" title="Pharmacy benefit management">Pharmacy benefit management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharmaceutical_companies" title="List of pharmaceutical companies">List of pharmaceutical companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medication_costs" title="Medication costs">Medication costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_in_China" title="Pharmacy in China">Pharmacy in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacies_of_Norway" title="Pharmacies of Norway">Pharmacies of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacies_in_the_United_States" title="Pharmacies in the United States">Pharmacies in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_pharmacy_in_the_United_States" title="History of pharmacy in the United States">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105186#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2955" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105186#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2955" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105186#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Apotheker"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4002475-1">Germany</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Apothekerin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4405761-1">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85100592">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pharmaciens"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933092p">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pharmaciens"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933092p">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574212">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="farmaceuti"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120136&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="lékárníci"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph194833&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="farmaceutky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph880182&CON_LNG=ENG">3</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="lékárnice"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1147201&CON_LNG=ENG">4</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX524411">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007541288505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/016398">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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