CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en" > <head>   <title>Times change but the Guardian’s values don’t: 200 years, and we’ve only just begun | The Guardian | The Guardian</title> <meta name="description" content="On the Guardian’s 200th anniversary, editor-in-chief Katharine Viner sets out how media can help rebuild a better world beyond Covid" /> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,minimum-scale=1,initial-scale=1"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#052962" /> <link rel="manifest" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/manifest.json" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/icons/homescreen/apple-touch-icon.svg" sizes="any"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/icons/homescreen/apple-touch-icon-512.png" sizes="512x512"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/icons/homescreen/apple-touch-icon-360.png" sizes="360x360"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/icons/homescreen/apple-touch-icon-240.png" sizes="240x240"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/icons/homescreen/apple-touch-icon-120.png" sizes="120x120"> <link rel="icon" href="https://static.guim.co.uk/images/favicon-32x32.ico"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://i.guim.co.uk"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://j.ophan.co.uk"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://ophan.theguardian.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://sourcepoint.theguardian.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://i.guim.co.uk"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://j.ophan.co.uk"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://ophan.theguardian.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://hits-secure.theguardian.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://interactive.guim.co.uk"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://static.theguardian.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://support.theguardian.com"> <script type="application/ld+json"> [{"@type":"NewsArticle","@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.theguardian.com#publisher","name":"The Guardian","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://uploads.guim.co.uk/2018/01/31/TheGuardian_AMP.png","width":190,"height":60},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/theguardian","https://twitter.com/guardian","https://www.youtube.com/user/TheGuardian"]},"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isPartOf":{"@type":["CreativeWork","Product"],"name":"The Guardian","productID":"theguardian.com:basic"},"image":["https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=1200&height=630&quality=85&auto=format&fit=crop&overlay-align=bottom%2Cleft&overlay-width=100p&overlay-base64=L2ltZy9zdGF0aWMvb3ZlcmxheXMvdGctYWdlLTIwMjEucG5n&enable=upscale&s=ae640af804d341d34d658b8489176c3c","https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=1200&height=1200&quality=85&auto=format&fit=crop&s=db407b44ef7715cafc26cbce8834682e","https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=1200&height=900&quality=85&auto=format&fit=crop&s=0a54db3537cda8230d1e461013899ed5","https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=1200&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=63f5a3117f4bbdca3aa674d84f7a80e3"],"author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Katharine Viner","sameAs":"https://www.theguardian.com/profile/katharineviner"}],"datePublished":"2021-05-05T06:35:17.000Z","headline":"Times change but the Guardian’s values don’t: 200 years, and we’ve only just begun","dateModified":"2021-05-21T11:00:16.000Z","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission"},{"@type":"WebPage","@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission","potentialAction":{"@type":"ViewAction","target":"android-app://com.guardian/https/www.theguardian.com/media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission"}}] </script>  <link rel="amphtml" href="https://amp.theguardian.com/media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission"> <link rel="preload" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff2" as="font" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.woff2" as="font" crossorigin> <meta property="og:url" content="http://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission"/> <meta property="article:author" content="https://www.theguardian.com/profile/katharineviner"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=1200&height=630&quality=85&auto=format&fit=crop&overlay-align=bottom%2Cleft&overlay-width=100p&overlay-base64=L2ltZy9zdGF0aWMvb3ZlcmxheXMvdGctYWdlLTIwMjEucG5n&enable=upscale&s=ae640af804d341d34d658b8489176c3c"/> <meta property="al:ios:url" content="gnmguardian://media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission?contenttype=Article&source=applinks"/> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/theguardian"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Times change but Guardian values don’t: 200 years, and we’ve only just begun | Katharine Viner"/> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="180444840287"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2021-05-21T11:00:16.000Z"/> <meta property="og:image:height" content="720"/> <meta property="og:description" content="On the Guardian’s 200th anniversary, editor-in-chief Katharine Viner sets out how media can help rebuild a better world beyond Covid"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="al:ios:app_store_id" content="409128287"/> <meta property="article:section" content="Media"/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2021-05-05T06:35:17.000Z"/> <meta property="article:tag" content="The Guardian,Newspapers,Newspapers & magazines,National newspapers,Media"/> <meta property="al:ios:app_name" content="The Guardian"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="the Guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:dnt" content="on"> <meta name="twitter:app:id:iphone" content="409128287"/> <meta name="twitter:app:name:googleplay" content="The Guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:app:name:ipad" content="The Guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:app:name:iphone" content="The Guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:app:id:ipad" content="409128287"/> <meta name="twitter:app:id:googleplay" content="com.guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:app:url:googleplay" content="guardian://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission"/> <meta name="twitter:app:url:iphone" content="gnmguardian://media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission?contenttype=Article&source=twitter"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=1200&height=630&quality=85&auto=format&fit=crop&overlay-align=bottom%2Cleft&overlay-width=100p&overlay-base64=L2ltZy9zdGF0aWMvb3ZlcmxheXMvdGctYWdlLTIwMjEucG5n&s=441bd200c10bb5739d45dac5880db665"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:app:url:ipad" content="gnmguardian://media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission?contenttype=Article&source=twitter"/>  <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <script> window.guardian = {"config":{"isDotcomRendering":true,"isDev":false,"stage":"PROD","frontendAssetsFullURL":"https://assets.guim.co.uk/","page":{"switches":{"externalVideoEmbeds":true,"abSignInGateMainVariant":true,"lightbox":true,"abGpidPrebidAdUnits":true,"prebidAppnexusUkRow":true,"prebidMagnite":true,"commercialMetrics":true,"prebidTrustx":true,"scAdFreeBanner":false,"adaptiveSite":true,"prebidPermutiveAudience":true,"compareVariantDecision":false,"enableSentryReporting":true,"lazyLoadContainers":true,"ampArticleSwitch":true,"remarketing":true,"articleEndSlot":true,"keyEventsCarousel":true,"registerWithPhone":false,"darkModeWeb":true,"targeting":true,"remoteHeader":true,"slotBodyEnd":true,"prebidImproveDigitalSkins":false,"ampPrebidOzone":true,"extendedMostPopularFronts":true,"emailInlineInFooter":true,"showNewPrivacyWordingOnEmailSignupEmbeds":true,"prebidAnalytics":true,"extendedMostPopular":true,"ampContentAbTesting":false,"prebidCriteo":true,"okta":true,"imrWorldwide":true,"acast":true,"twitterUwt":true,"prebidAppnexusInvcode":true,"ampPrebidPubmatic":true,"abUsaExpandableMarketingCard":true,"a9HeaderBidding":true,"prebidAppnexus":true,"abOnwardsContentArticle":false,"enableDiscussionSwitch":true,"prebidXaxis":true,"stickyVideos":true,"interactiveFullHeaderSwitch":true,"discussionAllPageSize":true,"prebidUserSync":true,"audioOnwardJourneySwitch":true,"brazeTaylorReport":false,"callouts":true,"sentinelLogger":true,"geoMostPopular":true,"weAreHiring":false,"relatedContent":true,"thirdPartyEmbedTracking":true,"prebidOzone":true,"ampLiveblogSwitch":true,"ampAmazon":true,"prebidAdYouLike":true,"mostViewedFronts":true,"optOutAdvertising":true,"abSignInGateMainControl":true,"googleSearch":true,"disableFrontContainerShowHide":true,"abOptOutFrequencyCap":true,"brazeSwitch":true,"prebidKargo":true,"consentManagement":true,"personaliseSignInGateAfterCheckout":true,"prebidSonobi":true,"idProfileNavigation":true,"confiantAdVerification":true,"discussionAllowAnonymousRecommendsSwitch":false,"absoluteServerTimes":false,"permutive":true,"comscore":true,"ampPrebidCriteo":true,"newsletterOnwards":false,"youtubeIma":true,"webFonts":true,"liveBlogTopSponsorship":true,"prebidImproveDigital":false,"abAdBlockAsk":false,"ophan":true,"crosswordSvgThumbnails":true,"prebidTriplelift":true,"weather":true,"prebidPubmatic":true,"serverShareCounts":false,"autoRefresh":true,"enhanceTweets":true,"prebidIndexExchange":true,"prebidOpenx":true,"prebidHeaderBidding":true,"idCookieRefresh":true,"discussionPageSize":true,"smartAppBanner":false,"abNewHeaderBiddingEndpoint":true,"historyTags":true,"brazeContentCards":true,"remoteBanner":true,"emailSignupRecaptcha":true,"prebidSmart":true,"shouldLoadGoogletag":true,"inizio":true,"europeBetaFront":true},"abTests":{},"googletagUrl":"//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js","stage":"PROD","frontendAssetsFullURL":"https://assets.guim.co.uk/","ampIframeUrl":"https://assets.guim.co.uk/data/vendor/2533d5cb94302889e6a8f1b24b5329e7/amp-iframe.html","tones":"Features","facebookIaAdUnitRoot":"facebook-instant-articles","avatarApiUrl":"https://avatar.theguardian.com","isSplash":false,"isColumn":false,"membershipUrl":"https://membership.theguardian.com","headline":"Times change but the Guardian’s values don’t: 200 years, and we’ve only just begun","isImmersive":true,"author":"Katharine Viner","ipsosTag":"guardian","isProd":true,"series":"Guardian 200","toneIds":"tone/features","membershipAccess":"","allowUserGeneratedContent":false,"commissioningDesks":"uk-special-projects","webPublicationDate":1620196517000,"forecastsapiurl":"/weatherapi/forecast","supportUrl":"https://support.theguardian.com","isNumberedList":false,"commercialBundleUrl":"https://assets.guim.co.uk/javascripts/commercial/3e82210237719f4c5558/graun.standalone.commercial.js","idOAuthUrl":"https://oauth.theguardian.com","webTitle":"Times change but Guardian values don’t: 200 years, and we’ve only just begun | Katharine Viner","isPhotoEssay":false,"idWebAppUrl":"https://oauth.theguardian.com","a9PublisherId":"3722","isFront":false,"inBodyInternalLinkCount":46,"googleSearchUrl":"//www.google.co.uk/cse/cse.js","inBodyExternalLinkCount":14,"showRelatedContent":true,"lightboxImages":{"id":"media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission","headline":"Times change but the Guardian’s values don’t: 200 years, and we’ve only just begun","shouldHideAdverts":false,"standfirst":"<p>On the Guardian’s 200th anniversary, our editor-in-chief sets out how media can help rebuild a better world beyond Covid </p><ul><li>Celebrate 200 years of independent Guardian journalism, and help power our future – <a href=\"https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22%3A%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22%2C%22componentType%22%3A%22ACQUISITIONS_EDITORIAL_LINK%22%2C%22componentId%22%3A%22g200_standfirst%22%2C%22campaignCode%22%3A%22g200_standfirst%22%7D&INTCMP=g200_standfirst\">make a contribution</a>, or <a href=\"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22%3A%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22%2C%22componentType%22%3A%22ACQUISITIONS_EDITORIAL_LINK%22%2C%22componentId%22%3A%22gdnwb_copts_g200_standfirst_editorial%22%2C%22campaignCode%22%3A%22gdnwb_copts_g200_standfirst_editorial%22%7D&INTCMP=gdnwb_copts_g200_standfirst_editorial\">become a subscriber</a>. <br><br></li></ul>","images":[{"caption":" ","credit":"Illustration: Andrew Stocks/Ellen Wishart/Guardian Design","displayCredit":true,"src":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=700&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=0426e188c6bf8cf9db06f79bd43363dd","srcsets":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=1920&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=9b5aa9412621971eb98d5fdfa118bb94 1920w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=1225&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=815d6711809ac03f93ce13f461ca543a 1225w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=1065&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=cdab68663669de2ebd948cdac82133a3 1065w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=965&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=cd9211eaa95418d37680f3eab8c5ddb9 965w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=725&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=ea149fae9f446fc5b63763ce3c8bc715 725w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=645&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=a4ce834f47bd41c0c2b5df9f17995e70 645w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=465&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=aaf62ee3976145fe2e0ae33195f6d2d1 465w","sizes":"(min-width: 1300px) 1920px, (min-width: 1140px) 1225px, (min-width: 980px) 1065px, (min-width: 740px) 965px, (min-width: 660px) 725px, (min-width: 480px) 645px, 465px","ratio":1.6666666666666667,"role":"None","parentContentId":"media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission","id":"media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission"},{"caption":"","credit":"Illustration: Andrew Stocks/Ellen Wishart/Guardian Design","displayCredit":true,"src":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8ef22f56de5a5036be052d40d5153cfb50ec1534/882_524_3274_1965/master/3274.jpg?width=700&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=bbfa67a6c934eba1af25c2d1d1339e76","srcsets":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8ef22f56de5a5036be052d40d5153cfb50ec1534/882_524_3274_1965/master/3274.jpg?width=1920&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=1254af818cde434e5c45037787589eab 1920w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8ef22f56de5a5036be052d40d5153cfb50ec1534/882_524_3274_1965/master/3274.jpg?width=1225&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=a60c9e90ee7ca7a3c75814141b9f7a31 1225w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8ef22f56de5a5036be052d40d5153cfb50ec1534/882_524_3274_1965/master/3274.jpg?width=1065&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=4dbfa58fa834b00fea3ef7ab695dcee3 1065w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8ef22f56de5a5036be052d40d5153cfb50ec1534/882_524_3274_1965/master/3274.jpg?width=965&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=08bf10d50caa5dbcc09e3fd68f2b037a 965w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8ef22f56de5a5036be052d40d5153cfb50ec1534/882_524_3274_1965/master/3274.jpg?width=725&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=8b58253b8885e95ddd9634f6efbc49ca 725w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8ef22f56de5a5036be052d40d5153cfb50ec1534/882_524_3274_1965/master/3274.jpg?width=645&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=247d007c7100df670c7d32d22249a23e 645w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8ef22f56de5a5036be052d40d5153cfb50ec1534/882_524_3274_1965/master/3274.jpg?width=465&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=fe4637cafedda567c3b009f87cc166f4 465w","sizes":"(min-width: 1300px) 1920px, (min-width: 1140px) 1225px, (min-width: 980px) 1065px, (min-width: 740px) 965px, (min-width: 660px) 725px, (min-width: 480px) 645px, 465px","ratio":1.6661577608142493,"role":"Some(immersive)","parentContentId":"media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission","id":"media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission"},{"caption":"","credit":"Illustration: Andrew Stocks/Ellen Wishart/Guardian Design","displayCredit":true,"src":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/073e63ba7fe11cb530f63f35b983231dae3db5e9/895_582_3244_1946/master/3244.jpg?width=700&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=1080a8d29c1d572a06438e133c8f4e59","srcsets":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/073e63ba7fe11cb530f63f35b983231dae3db5e9/895_582_3244_1946/master/3244.jpg?width=1920&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=c09b8650f2e04991f06e659a268b5232 1920w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/073e63ba7fe11cb530f63f35b983231dae3db5e9/895_582_3244_1946/master/3244.jpg?width=1225&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=8dd26ad6f4ee42937af0e43a928b1a9e 1225w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/073e63ba7fe11cb530f63f35b983231dae3db5e9/895_582_3244_1946/master/3244.jpg?width=1065&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=191a9a86619af60bc4c352884a25a033 1065w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/073e63ba7fe11cb530f63f35b983231dae3db5e9/895_582_3244_1946/master/3244.jpg?width=965&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=be6b9bfc5bdb549f925443dc4c967fa0 965w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/073e63ba7fe11cb530f63f35b983231dae3db5e9/895_582_3244_1946/master/3244.jpg?width=725&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=ec369c401aad999e03e613f13f2077cd 725w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/073e63ba7fe11cb530f63f35b983231dae3db5e9/895_582_3244_1946/master/3244.jpg?width=645&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=6a060433855a5a780b3f90b83c9f10d6 645w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/073e63ba7fe11cb530f63f35b983231dae3db5e9/895_582_3244_1946/master/3244.jpg?width=465&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=79e440b630b793dece357e3416878d85 465w","sizes":"(min-width: 1300px) 1920px, (min-width: 1140px) 1225px, (min-width: 980px) 1065px, (min-width: 740px) 965px, (min-width: 660px) 725px, (min-width: 480px) 645px, 465px","ratio":1.6670092497430626,"role":"Some(immersive)","parentContentId":"media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission","id":"media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission"}]},"googleSearchId":"007466294097402385199:m2ealvuxh1i","shouldHideReaderRevenue":false,"idUrl":"https://profile.theguardian.com","hasSurveyAd":false,"omnitureAmpAccount":"guardiangu-thirdpartyapps","dfpAdUnitRoot":"theguardian.com","trackingNames":"UK Special Projects","host":"https://www.theguardian.com","blogIds":"","sectionName":"Media","hasMultipleVideosInPage":false,"hasShowcaseMainElement":false,"googleRecaptchaSiteKey":"6LdzlmsdAAAAALFH63cBVagSFPuuHXQ9OfpIDdMc","fbAppId":"180444840287","isContent":true,"shortUrlId":"/p/ha3n2","dfpAccountId":"59666047","plistaPublicApiKey":"462925f4f131001fd974bebe","wordCount":5757,"hasLiveBlogTopAd":false,"dcrSentryDsn":"https://1937ab71c8804b2b8438178dfdd6468f@sentry.io/1377847","cardStyle":"feature","adUnit":"/59666047/theguardian.com/media/article/ng","discussionApiUrl":"https://discussion.theguardian.com/discussion-api","isSensitive":false,"ophanEmbedJsUrl":"//j.ophan.co.uk/ophan.embed","edition":"INT","brazeApiKey":"7f28c639-8bda-48ff-a3f6-24345abfc07c","blogs":"","discussionApiClientHeader":"nextgen","section":"media","userAttributesApiUrl":"https://members-data-api.theguardian.com/user-attributes","videoDuration":0,"disableStickyTopBanner":true,"dfpHost":"pubads.g.doubleclick.net","weatherapiurl":"/weatherapi/city","sentryPublicApiKey":"344003a8d11c41d8800fbad8383fdc50","shortUrl":"https://www.theguardian.com/p/ha3n2","thumbnail":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/500.jpg?quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=7316018c69bfb5058b56007d5c608ed1","pillar":"News","pageId":"media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission","references":[],"beaconUrl":"//phar.gu-web.net","commentable":false,"discussionD2Uid":"zHoBy6HNKsk","ophanJsUrl":"//j.ophan.co.uk/ophan.ng","contributorBio":"","keywordIds":"media/theguardian,media/newspapers,media/pressandpublishing,media/national-newspapers,media/media","contentType":"Article","isDev":false,"isHosted":false,"isAdFree":false,"stripePublicToken":"pk_live_2O6zPMHXNs2AGea4bAmq5R7Z","omnitureAccount":"guardiangu-network","locationapiurl":"/weatherapi/locations?query=","authorIds":"profile/katharineviner","isPaidContent":false,"hasYouTubeAtom":false,"externalEmbedHost":"https://embed.theguardian.com","thirdPartyAppsAccount":"guardiangu-thirdpartyapps","ajaxUrl":"https://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk","byline":"Katharine Viner","keywords":"The Guardian,Newspapers,Newspapers & magazines,National newspapers,Media","contentId":"media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission","nonKeywordTagIds":"media/series/guardian-200,type/article,tone/features,profile/katharineviner,publication/theguardian,theguardian/mainsection,theguardian/mainsection/topstories,tracking/commissioningdesk/uk-special-projects","mobileAppsAdUnitRoot":"beta-guardian-app","hasPageSkin":false,"requiresMembershipAccess":false,"seriesTags":"Guardian 200","revisionNumber":"DEV","seriesId":"media/series/guardian-200","optimizeEpicUrl":"https://support.theguardian.com/epic/control/index.html","assetsPath":"https://assets.guim.co.uk/","mmaUrl":"https://manage.theguardian.com","isLive":false,"richLink":"","campaigns":[],"isLiveBlog":false,"pageCode":"9234137","avatarImagesUrl":"https://avatar.guim.co.uk","publication":"The Guardian","sentryHost":"app.getsentry.com/35463","buildNumber":"DEV","sharedAdTargeting":{"se":["guardian-200"],"ct":"article","su":["0"],"edition":"int","tn":["features"],"p":"ng","k":["pressandpublishing","newspapers","national-newspapers","theguardian","media"],"sh":"https://www.theguardian.com/p/ha3n2","co":["katharineviner"],"url":"/media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission"},"onwardWebSocket":"ws://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk/recently-published","productionOffice":"Uk","shouldHideAdverts":false,"idApiUrl":"https://idapi.theguardian.com","pbIndexSites":[{"bp":"D","id":208240},{"bp":"M","id":213513},{"bp":"T","id":215448}],"googletagJsUrl":"//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js","calloutsUrl":"https://callouts.guardianapis.com/formstack-campaign/submit","isPreview":false,"dcrCouldRender":true},"libs":{"googletag":"//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"},"switches":{"externalVideoEmbeds":true,"abSignInGateMainVariant":true,"lightbox":true,"abGpidPrebidAdUnits":true,"prebidAppnexusUkRow":true,"prebidMagnite":true,"commercialMetrics":true,"prebidTrustx":true,"scAdFreeBanner":false,"adaptiveSite":true,"prebidPermutiveAudience":true,"compareVariantDecision":false,"enableSentryReporting":true,"lazyLoadContainers":true,"ampArticleSwitch":true,"remarketing":true,"articleEndSlot":true,"keyEventsCarousel":true,"registerWithPhone":false,"darkModeWeb":true,"targeting":true,"remoteHeader":true,"slotBodyEnd":true,"prebidImproveDigitalSkins":false,"ampPrebidOzone":true,"extendedMostPopularFronts":true,"emailInlineInFooter":true,"showNewPrivacyWordingOnEmailSignupEmbeds":true,"prebidAnalytics":true,"extendedMostPopular":true,"ampContentAbTesting":false,"prebidCriteo":true,"okta":true,"imrWorldwide":true,"acast":true,"twitterUwt":true,"prebidAppnexusInvcode":true,"ampPrebidPubmatic":true,"abUsaExpandableMarketingCard":true,"a9HeaderBidding":true,"prebidAppnexus":true,"abOnwardsContentArticle":false,"enableDiscussionSwitch":true,"prebidXaxis":true,"stickyVideos":true,"interactiveFullHeaderSwitch":true,"discussionAllPageSize":true,"prebidUserSync":true,"audioOnwardJourneySwitch":true,"brazeTaylorReport":false,"callouts":true,"sentinelLogger":true,"geoMostPopular":true,"weAreHiring":false,"relatedContent":true,"thirdPartyEmbedTracking":true,"prebidOzone":true,"ampLiveblogSwitch":true,"ampAmazon":true,"prebidAdYouLike":true,"mostViewedFronts":true,"optOutAdvertising":true,"abSignInGateMainControl":true,"googleSearch":true,"disableFrontContainerShowHide":true,"abOptOutFrequencyCap":true,"brazeSwitch":true,"prebidKargo":true,"consentManagement":true,"personaliseSignInGateAfterCheckout":true,"prebidSonobi":true,"idProfileNavigation":true,"confiantAdVerification":true,"discussionAllowAnonymousRecommendsSwitch":false,"absoluteServerTimes":false,"permutive":true,"comscore":true,"ampPrebidCriteo":true,"newsletterOnwards":false,"youtubeIma":true,"webFonts":true,"liveBlogTopSponsorship":true,"prebidImproveDigital":false,"abAdBlockAsk":false,"ophan":true,"crosswordSvgThumbnails":true,"prebidTriplelift":true,"weather":true,"prebidPubmatic":true,"serverShareCounts":false,"autoRefresh":true,"enhanceTweets":true,"prebidIndexExchange":true,"prebidOpenx":true,"prebidHeaderBidding":true,"idCookieRefresh":true,"discussionPageSize":true,"smartAppBanner":false,"abNewHeaderBiddingEndpoint":true,"historyTags":true,"brazeContentCards":true,"remoteBanner":true,"emailSignupRecaptcha":true,"prebidSmart":true,"shouldLoadGoogletag":true,"inizio":true,"europeBetaFront":true},"tests":{},"ophan":{"pageViewId":"","browserId":""}},"polyfilled":false,"adBlockers":{"onDetect":[]},"modules":{"sentry":{}}}; window.guardian.queue = []; // Queue for functions to be fired by polyfill.io callback </script> <script type="module"> window.guardian.mustardCut = true; </script> <script nomodule> // Browser fails mustard check window.guardian.mustardCut = false; </script> <script> // Noop monkey patch perf.mark and perf.measure if not supported if(window.performance !== undefined && window.performance.mark === undefined) { window.performance.mark = function(){}; window.performance.measure = function(){}; } </script> <script> // record the number of times the browser goes offline during a pageview window.guardian.offlineCount = 0; window.addEventListener('offline', function incrementOfflineCount () { window.guardian.offlineCount++ }); </script> <script> // this is a global that's called at the bottom of the pf.io response, // once the polyfills have run. This may be useful for debugging. // mainly to support browsers that don't support async=false or defer function guardianPolyfilled() { window.guardian.polyfilled = true; if (window.guardian.mustardCut === false) { window.guardian.queue.forEach(function(callback) { callback() }) } } // We've got contracts to abide by with the Ophan tracker // Setting pageViewId here ensures we're not getting race-conditions at all window.guardian.config.ophan = { // This is duplicated from // https://github.com/guardian/ophan/blob/master/tracker-js/assets/coffee/ophan/transmit.coffee // Please do not change this without talking to the Ophan project first. pageViewId: new Date().getTime().toString(36) + 'xxxxxxxxxxxx'.replace(/x/g, function() { return Math.floor(Math.random() * 36).toString(36); }), }; </script> <script> // Set the browserId from the bwid cookie on the ophan object created above // This will need to be replaced later with an async request to an endpoint (function (window, document) { function getCookieValue(name) { var nameEq = name + "=", cookies = document.cookie.split(';'), value = null; cookies.forEach(function (cookie) { while (cookie.charAt(0) === ' ') { cookie = cookie.substring(1, cookie.length); } if (cookie.indexOf(nameEq) === 0) { value = cookie.substring(nameEq.length, cookie.length); } }); return value; } window.guardian.config.ophan.browserId = getCookieValue("bwid"); })(window, document); </script> <script id="config" type="application/json"> {"renderingTarget":"Web","darkModeAvailable":false,"assetOrigin":"https://assets.guim.co.uk/","editionId":"INT"} </script> <script> window.curlConfig = { baseUrl: 'https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets', apiName: 'require' }; window.curl = window.curlConfig; </script> <noscript> <img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=6035250&cv=2.0&cj=1&cs_ucfr=0&comscorekw=The+Guardian%2CNewspapers%2CNewspapers+%26+magazines%2CNational+newspapers%2CMedia" /> </noscript>  <script defer src="https://assets.guim.co.uk/polyfill.io/v3/polyfill.min.js?rum=0&features=es6%2Ces7%2Ces2017%2Ces2018%2Ces2019%2Cdefault-3.6%2CHTMLPictureElement%2CIntersectionObserver%2CIntersectionObserverEntry%2CURLSearchParams%2Cfetch%2CNodeList.prototype.forEach%2Cnavigator.sendBeacon%2Cperformance.now%2CPromise.allSettled&flags=gated&callback=guardianPolyfilled&unknown=polyfill&cacheClear=1"></script> <script type="module" src="https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/frameworks.client.web.291ea3346dc06fa0cd3f.js"></script> <script type="module" src="https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/index.client.web.6bd5039dbc27e40b7a3d.js"></script>  <script defer src="https://assets.guim.co.uk/javascripts/commercial/3e82210237719f4c5558/graun.standalone.commercial.js"></script> <script defer nomodule src="https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/frameworks.client.web.legacy.291ea3346dc06fa0cd3f.js"></script> <script defer nomodule src="https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/index.client.web.legacy.0e3464642c093175a3af.js"></script> <style class="webfont">@font-face{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:300;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:300;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:300;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:300;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:500;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:500;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:500;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:500;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextSans;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Sans Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextSans;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Sans Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextSans;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Sans Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextSans;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Sans Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}</style> <style> html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, dl, dt, dd, menu, ol, ul, li, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td, article, aside, canvas, details, embed, figure, figcaption, footer, header, hgroup, main, menu, nav, output, ruby, section, summary, time, mark, audio, video { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; font-size: 100%; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; } /* HTML5 display-role reset for older browsers */ article, aside, details, figcaption, figure, footer, header, hgroup, main, menu, nav, section { display: block; } /* HTML5 hidden-attribute fix for newer browsers */ *[hidden] { display: none; } body { line-height: 1; } menu, ol, ul { list-style: none; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } *, *:before, *:after { box-sizing: border-box; } html { -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; /* always show the vertical scroll bar to stop the page * jumping about when navigating between pages where * one has content shorter than the viewport */ overflow-y: scroll; } html, body { text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; font-feature-settings: 'kern'; font-kerning: normal; /* Safari 7+, Firefox 24+, Chrome 33(?)+, Opera 21 */ font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; } body { background-color: #FFFFFF; color: #121212; } em { font-style: italic; } </style> <style data-emotion="dcr-global 0"></style><style data-emotion="dcr-global 1jct05h">:root{--expandingWrapper--background:#F6F6F6;--expandingWrapper--border:#121212;--expandingWrapper--collapseBackground:#FFFFFF;--expandingWrapper--collapseBackgroundHover:#E5E5E5;--expandingWrapper--collapseText:#121212;--expandingWrapper--collapseTextHover:#121212;--expandingWrapper--text:#121212;--expandingWrapper--horizontalRules:#DCDCDC;--expandingWrapper--expandBackground:#121212;--expandingWrapper--expandBackgroundHover:#454545;--expandingWrapper--expandText:#FFFFFF;--tabs--background:#F6F6F6;--tabs--text:#121212;--tabs--border:#999999;--tabs--inactiveBackground:#DCDCDC;--accordion-background:#F6F6F6;--accordion-title:#121212;--accordion-title-row-background:#FFFFFF;--accordion-title-row-border-top:#DCDCDC;--accordion-title-row-fill:#707070;--ad-background:#F6F6F6;--ad-background-article-inner:#F6F6F6;--ad-border:#DCDCDC;--ad-labels-text:#707070;--ad-support-banner-background:#EDEDED;--ad-support-banner-button-background:#052962;--ad-support-banner-button-text:#FFFFFF;--ad-support-banner-text:#052962;--affiliate-disclaimer-background:#F6F6F6;--affiliate-disclaimer-background-hover:#EDEDED;--age-warning-background:#FFE500;--age-warning-text:#121212;--age-warning-wrapper-background:#121212;--apps-epic-background:#F6F6F6;--apps-epic-border:#FFE500;--apps-epic-text:#121212;--apps-footer-background:#F6F6F6;--apps-footer-links-text:#121212;--apps-footer-links-text-hover:#1A1A1A;--article-background:#FFFFFF;--article-border:#DCDCDC;--article-inner-background:transparent;--article-link-border:#DCDCDC;--article-link-border-hover:#C70000;--article-link-text:#C70000;--article-link-text-hover:#C70000;--article-meta-lines:#DCDCDC;--article-section-background:#FFFFFF;--article-section-title:#000000;--article-text:#121212;--audio-atom-background:#F6F6F6;--audio-atom-border:#DCDCDC;--audio-atom-icons:#C70000;--audio-atom-kicker:#C70000;--audio-atom-progress-bar:#999999;--avatar-background:#FF5943;--block-quote-fill:#8B0000;--block-quote-link:#C70000;--block-quote-text:#121212;--branding-border:#DCDCDC;--branding-label-text:#333333;--branding-link-text:#C70000;--bullet-fill:#707070;--byline:#C70000;--byline-anchor:#C70000;--byline-background:#FFE500;--byline-hover:#AB0613;--byline-underline:inherit;--callout-highlight-background:#FFE500;--callout-highlight-text:#121212;--callout-prompt:#0077B6;--callout-submit-background:#052962;--callout-submit-background-hover:#234B8A;--callout-submit-text:#FFFFFF;--caption-link:#C70000;--caption-overlay-text:#FFFFFF;--caption-photo-essay-main-media-text:#707070;--caption-text:#707070;--card-background:transparent;--card-background-hover:rgba(18, 18, 18, 0.1);--card-border-supporting:#DCDCDC;--card-border-top:#BABABA;--card-footer-onwards-content:#707070;--card-footer-text:#707070;--card-headline:#121212;--card-kicker-text:#C70000;--card-sublinks-background:#F6F6F6;--card-trail-text:#545454;--carousel-active-dot:#C70000;--carousel-active-dot-hover:#C70000;--carousel-arrow:#FFFFFF;--carousel-arrow-background:#000000;--carousel-arrow-background-disabled:#707070;--carousel-arrow-background-hover:#FFE500;--carousel-border:#DCDCDC;--carousel-chevron:#121212;--carousel-chevron-border:#BABABA;--carousel-chevron-border-disabled:rgba(186, 186, 186, 0.32);--carousel-chevron-disabled:rgba(18, 18, 18, 0.32);--carousel-chevron-hover:rgba(186, 186, 186, 0.2);--carousel-dot:#EDEDED;--carousel-dot-hover:#DCDCDC;--carousel-text:#121212;--carousel-title-highlight:#C70000;--click-to-view-background:#F6F6F6;--click-to-view-border:#DCDCDC;--click-to-view-button:#052962;--click-to-view-button-hover:#234B8A;--click-to-view-button-text:#FFFFFF;--code-block-background:#f5f2f0;--code-block-text-shadow:#FFFFFF;--comment-count-fill:#C70000;--comment-count-mobile-fill:#C70000;--comment-form-header-background:#F6F6F6;--comment-form-input-background:#FFFFFF;--cricket-scoreboard-border-top:#005689;--cricket-scoreboard-divider:#DCDCDC;--cricket-scoreboard-link-text:#005689;--dateline:#999999;--dateline-mobile:#707070;--design-tag-background:#AB0613;--design-tag-text:#FFFFFF;--discussion-accent-text:#C70000;--discussion-background:#EDEDED;--discussion-border:#DCDCDC;--discussion-button-background-hover:#C70000;--discussion-button-text:#FFFFFF;--discussion-comment-underline:#DCDCDC;--discussion-link:#0077B6;--discussion-loading-background:#EDEDED;--discussion-loading-shimmer:#DCDCDC;--discussion-pagination-background:#FFFFFF;--discussion-pagination-border:#DCDCDC;--discussion-pagination-border-hover:#999999;--discussion-pagination-text:#707070;--discussion-pick-label-text:#121212;--discussion-pre-mod:#0077B6;--discussion-preview-background:#EDEDED;--discussion-primary-button-background:#AB0613;--discussion-report-background:#FFFFFF;--discussion-report-border:#545454;--discussion-report-button:#052962;--discussion-report-error-text:#C70000;--discussion-report-label-text:#121212;--discussion-report-success-text:#22874D;--discussion-section-background:#FFFFFF;--discussion-selected-background:#F6F6F6;--discussion-staff-label-text:#052962;--discussion-subdued:#707070;--discussion-text:#121212;--discussion-top-pick-background:#EDEDED;--discussion-top-pick-link:#0077B6;--drop-cap:#8B0000;--editorial-button-background:#AB0613;--editorial-button-background-hover:#C70000;--editorial-button-border-hover:#C70000;--editorial-button-text:#C70000;--email-signup-button-background:#000000;--email-signup-button-hover:#333333;--email-signup-button-text:#FFFFFF;--expandable-atom-background:#EDEDED;--expandable-atom-border:#DCDCDC;--expandable-atom-button:#000000;--expandable-atom-button-fill:#FFFFFF;--expandable-atom-text-hover:#C70000;--expandable-marketing-card-background:#052962;--expandable-marketing-card-button-background:#FFFFFF;--expandable-marketing-card-fill-background:#FFFFFF;--expandable-marketing-card-svg-background:#FFFFFF;--expandable-marketing-card-svg-fill:#000000;--explainer-atom-accent:#121212;--explainer-atom-background:#F6F6F6;--feature-card-footer-text:#DCDCDC;--feature-card-headline:#F6F6F6;--feature-card-kicker-text:#FFBAC8;--feature-card-trail-text:#DCDCDC;--filter-key-events-toggle-border-top:#DCDCDC;--follow-icon-background:#FFFFFF;--follow-icon-fill:#C70000;--follow-text:#121212;--front-container-background:#FFFFFF;--heading-line:#8B0000;--headline-background:#121212;--headline-blog-background:#FFFFFF;--headline-border:#DCDCDC;--headline-byline:#C70000;--headline-colour:#F6F6F6;--headline-match-colour:#FFFFFF;--highlights-card-headline:#121212;--highlights-card-kicker-text:#C70000;--highlights-container-background:#F6F6F6;--highlights-container-border:#999999;--highlights-container-end-fade:transparent;--highlights-container-mid-fade:rgba(250, 250, 250, 0.6);--highlights-container-start-fade:#F6F6F6;--image-title-background:#C70000;--interactive-atom-background:transparent;--interactive-block-background:#FFFFFF;--interactive-block-background-datawrapper:#FFFFFF;--interactive-contents-hover:#EDEDED;--key-event-background:#F6F6F6;--key-event-background-desktop:#EDEDED;--key-event-border:#707070;--key-event-bullet:#707070;--key-event-bullet-hover:#000000;--key-event-button:#121212;--key-event-button-fill:#FFFFFF;--key-event-button-hover:#FFD900;--key-event-text:#AB0613;--key-event-title:#121212;--kicker-background-live:#C70000;--kicker-pulsing-dot-live:rgba(246, 246, 246, 0.75);--kicker-text-live:#F6F6F6;--last-updated-text:#000000;--latest-links-dotted-line:#999999;--lightbox-divider:#C70000;--link-kicker-text:#C70000;--live-block-border-bottom:#DCDCDC;--live-block-border-top:#C70000;--live-block-container-background:#FFFFFF;--masthead-accreditation-text:#FFE500;--masthead-nav-background:#052962;--masthead-nav-border:#506991;--masthead-nav-lines:#506991;--masthead-nav-link-text:#FFFFFF;--masthead-nav-link-text-hover:#FFE500;--masthead-top-bar-background:#041F4A;--masthead-top-bar-link-text:#FFFFFF;--masthead-top-bar-text:#FFFFFF;--masthead-top-bar-vertical-divider:#506991;--masthead-veggie-burger-background:#FFE500;--masthead-veggie-burger-background-hover:#FFD900;--masthead-veggie-burger-icon:#052962;--match-nav-background:#FFE500;--match-nav-text:#121212;--match-stats-background:#d9edf6;--match-tab-border:#DCDCDC;--match-tab-border-active:#005689;--mini-profiles-text-subdued:#707070;--most-viewed-description:#707070;--most-viewed-footer-hover:#F6F6F6;--most-viewed-headline:#121212;--most-viewed-tab-border:#AB0613;--nav-reader-revenue-link-text:#FFE500;--nav-search-bar-background:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);--nav-search-bar-icon:#FFFFFF;--nav-search-bar-text:#FFFFFF;--numbered-list-heading:#121212;--numbered-list-links:#C70000;--numbered-list-number:#707070;--numbered-list-title:#C70000;--onward-content-card-background:transparent;--onward-content-card-hover:#F6F6F6;--onward-placeholder-background:#FFFFFF;--pagination-text:#C70000;--pinned-post-background:#FFFFFF;--pinned-post-border:#AB0613;--podcast-meta-button-background:#333333;--podcast-meta-button-background-hover:#1A1A1A;--podcast-meta-button-text:#DCDCDC;--podcast-meta-title:#F6F6F6;--privacy-text-regular:#121212;--privacy-text-supporting:#000000;--privacy-text-supporting-subdued:#707070;--pullquote-background:#FFFFFF;--pullquote-border:#DCDCDC;--pullquote-icon:#8B0000;--pullquote-text:#8B0000;--quiz-atom-answers-background:#F6F6F6;--quiz-atom-answers-hover:#DCDCDC;--quiz-atom-check-mark:#000000;--quiz-atom-incorrect-answer-background:#C70000;--quote-icon-fill:#C70000;--recaptcha-border:#121212;--recaptcha-button:#000000;--recaptcha-button-hover:#333333;--recaptcha-button-text:#FFFFFF;--recommendation-count:#F6F6F6;--recommendation-count-arrow:#707070;--recommendation-count-arrow-selected:#FFFFFF;--recommendation-count-selected:#052962;--rich-link-background:#F6F6F6;--rich-link-background-hover:#EDEDED;--rich-link-border:#C70000;--rich-link-branding-text:#707070;--rich-link-fill:#C70000;--rich-link-header:#000000;--rich-link-text:#C70000;--section-background:transparent;--section-background-left:transparent;--section-border:#DCDCDC;--section-date:#C70000;--section-description:#707070;--section-title-background:#C70000;--section-toggle-button:#707070;--section-toggle-button-hover:#121212;--series-title-background:#C70000;--series-title-match-text:#FFFFFF;--series-title-text:#FFFFFF;--share-button:#C70000;--share-button-border:#DCDCDC;--share-button-copied:#121212;--share-button-hover:#FFFFFF;--share-button-liveblog-mobile-meta:#8B0000;--share-button-xsmall-border:#DCDCDC;--sign-in-link:#AB0613;--sign-in-link-underline:#DCDCDC;--slideshow-caption:#FFFFFF;--slideshow-pagination-dot:rgba(18, 18, 18, 0.2);--slideshow-pagination-dot-active:#121212;--staff-contributor-badge:#052962;--staff-contributor-badge-text:#FFFFFF;--staff-pick-badge:#121212;--staff-pick-badge-text:#FFFFFF;--standfirst-background:#FFFFFF;--standfirst-border:#DCDCDC;--standfirst-bullet:#DCDCDC;--standfirst-link-border:#DCDCDC;--standfirst-link-text:#C70000;--standfirst-text:#000000;--star-rating-background:#FFE500;--star-rating-fill:#121212;--straight-lines:#DCDCDC;--stuck-background:#FFFFFF;--sub-meta-background:#FFFFFF;--sub-meta-label-text:#707070;--sub-meta-text:#C70000;--sub-meta-text-hover:#FFFFFF;--sub-nav-border:#C70000;--sub-nav-link-footer:#121212;--sub-nav-link-header:#121212;--sub-nav-link-hover:#C70000;--sub-nav-more:#999999;--subheading-text:#8B0000;--summary-event-bullet:#C70000;--summary-event-bullet-hover:#8B0000;--syndication-button-border:#DCDCDC;--syndication-button-hover:#DCDCDC;--syndication-button-text:#707070;--table-of-contents:#121212;--table-of-contents-border:#DCDCDC;--tabs-input:#FFFFFF;--tag-page-chevron:#000000;--textblock-text:inherit;--timeline-atom-bullet:#121212;--timeline-atom-highlight-text:#000000;--timeline-atom-highlight-text-background:#FFE500;--timeline-bullet:#8B0000;--timeline-event-border:#DCDCDC;--treat-background:#000000;--treat-text:#F6F6F6;--trending-topics-background:#FFFFFF;--trending-topics-separator:#DCDCDC;--trending-topics-text:#333333;--weather-icon:#F6F6F6;--witness-title-author:#C70000;--witness-title-icon:#C70000;--witness-title-text:#C70000;--youtube-overlay-kicker:#FF5943;-webkit-print-color-scheme:light;color-scheme:light;}:root body{color:#121212;}*:focus{outline:0;}html:not(.src-focus-disabled) *:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 3px #0077B6;}::selection{background:#FFE500;color:#121212;}.ad-slot[data-label-show='true']::before{content:attr(ad-label-text);display:block;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:24px;max-height:24px;background-color:var(--ad-background);padding-top:3px;border-top:1px solid var(--ad-border);color:var(--ad-labels-text);text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;}.ad-slot__adtest-cookie-clear-link{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;text-align:left;position:absolute;left:268px;top:1px;z-index:10;padding:0;border:0;}.ad-slot{text-align:center;}.ad-slot .ad-slot__content{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}@media print{.ad-slot{display:none!important;}}.ad-slot.ad-slot--collapse{display:none;}.ad-slot.ad-slot--fluid{min-height:250px;padding:0;margin:0;overflow:visible;width:100%;}.ad-slot-container{max-width:100vw;position:relative;}</style><style data-emotion="dcr-global 16yb6of">html.lightbox-open #gu-lightbox{position:fixed;z-index:34;}html.lightbox-open body{background-color:#1A1A1A;}</style><style data-emotion="dcr-global 19rs85u">@media (max-width: 979.9px){.nav-is-open{overflow:hidden;height:100vh;}}</style><style data-emotion="dcr-global animation-yk1vcf">@-webkit-keyframes animation-yk1vcf{0%{-webkit-background-position:-1500px 0;background-position:-1500px 0;}100%{-webkit-background-position:1500px 0;background-position:1500px 0;}}@keyframes animation-yk1vcf{0%{-webkit-background-position:-1500px 0;background-position:-1500px 0;}100%{-webkit-background-position:1500px 0;background-position:1500px 0;}}</style><style data-emotion="dcr 1gpubb 1e4oyvk os2q47 h4unms 1v07sbc ybr5tf n4pnam 9ww4qd 8mhfnx tviv3x pnu31o 1c9urh0 43tvi7 1xdhyk6 1s8spa1 5k6jfi kohrs2 145list 1vetsv0 1cvta4k vxblrw 3ny4gi 1nph362 1siqup9 1kbi9ft 3i1ea4 1tbybqw 64xqd0 i0vtpq 1vh8gw5 zramh4 1p0hins 1acea34 13u9n6a 1d6g26q 1grikph 1iufw7r ks441s 7612kl 1kcody2 u8sj9p 1xv1515 b3mn8w 1nvgr5i li5n90 1ef3v4m 14vdg2 1srap2j 10y96fo 6sl420 lpsfc3 o6rk0u 11vt4tq 9ra8aa 1julzi7 4hq641 1tnoaxa p0c3jt v7ibvm 1j2dgzz 10b2o1s wp8bgr 16q8bto x5fwww 1yytfii 6zq80y yq9plo 1utnfys 90inr0 1jjnk9d 6v110l qcy5wo radnun 1gsboxi 1q09wwq e1bf28 1rg7stg 3ae42h 1mtufo3 a1su5g 1rinrec iwod0p nnfu1a e3rvah 5uqmqm 18p5u8i x1vgx2 142siv7 1fv4apl evn1e9 13fd1ms 1ikyc8j 194i6pr 1v5z3ey 1ykr3rf u8qikl 1gx3men yg4zrc k1vhee 5ubooo 1pvqcrw 19ds8t4 1qvd3m6 fossqd f68shw 1giivcq 10355cg 1olqyrd b5he5m ivir7f 16plfi9 13832xi 13dpo5c 6murfy 1i4mrud xzr4d9 1fnjjtg 1fujct4 upmzd8 1df5715 1kgqp3h 1xrt66o 14emo0l o3iyg3 194w08h 1v9sla6 5oiine 1kpcv08 1pexjb9 1ybxn6r u0h1qy 9dgpdq 16lnb0w bao4ku 1csot3r 14baf59 fu29fd 1lhv23l 1upb05m 1a4fred 1bwys2b 1q6n3e0 1eu361v 15rw6c2 1your1i 1kyw41h gss5ug 1m887w9 1lhuo3r ut4tvs 1h5b6rb 1dgt1gs eurq8n fkf7vq imskkt 1t8m8f2 4tmywn z9ge1j 1jqghwi ri3hap hsz3vf 1eupayo 1eyan6r scql1j zzndwp w422y2 1h7eqaz 1x1qaem fckw05 1slmqmw 1jl528t 1yfsxuc ncdwh2 1gwziyt nu129i zhx6xs 14rjinq 10el5c8 jwg3xc 1hko8ef 1nzopul 1vxq7bk 17n294h ivr0sq 1ntgn2k 1vf50t wynbiy 1atljbz dah9rt ddf1wi 6m88po 5mqa0r 1pt7toy j5zpwt 1qjcfie 1q1v1nj a4rp9m 1gt8egs ybq1b6 lgyw9b 1b5y2ep bnuca0 1hmrwdw 1ris6nf 1xyi04h 1wf840d u54heg 1ms2xl4 4coeh 1v06yj3 1xnlu54 1bljy3y 6ottnt 18yycfp 13lm9u3 1slcfay 1wna1tt bqcudp">.dcr-1gpubb{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:40px;top:-40px;line-height:30px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;background:#FFFFFF;display:block;text-align:center;margin:0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#000000;}.dcr-1gpubb:focus,.dcr-1gpubb:active{border:5px solid #0077B6;position:static;}.dcr-1gpubb:visited,.dcr-1gpubb:active{color:#000000;}.dcr-1e4oyvk{width:100%;height:100%;background-color:#1A1A1A;}.dcr-1e4oyvk.hide-info aside{display:none;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1e4oyvk.hide-info nav{visibility:hidden;}}.dcr-1e4oyvk button.active{background-color:#707070;}.dcr-1e4oyvk button.reveal{visibility:visible;}.dcr-os2q47{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:100%;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-os2q47{-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}}.dcr-h4unms{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;color:white;background-color:#121212;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-h4unms{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;position:absolute;z-index:1;width:100%;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-h4unms{padding-top:4px;padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px;height:100vh;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-h4unms{border-bottom:1px solid #333333;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-h4unms{border-left:1px solid #333333;}}.dcr-1v07sbc{margin-top:8px;margin-bottom:8px;border-radius:50%;height:44px;width:44px;border:none;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.2s;transition:background-color 0.2s;background-color:#333333;}.dcr-1v07sbc svg{fill:#FFFFFF;margin-top:3px;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1v07sbc{margin-left:8px;}}.dcr-1v07sbc:hover{background-color:#707070;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1v07sbc{position:absolute;right:8px;}}.dcr-1v07sbc svg{height:24px;width:24px;}.dcr-ybr5tf{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-n4pnam{display:none;}}.dcr-9ww4qd{display:block;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:#DCDCDC;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-9ww4qd{text-align:center;padding-top:2.25rem;margin-bottom:4px;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-9ww4qd{margin-bottom:8px;}}.dcr-8mhfnx{margin-left:1px;margin-right:1px;}.dcr-tviv3x{color:#F6F6F6;}.dcr-pnu31o{margin-top:8px;margin-bottom:8px;border-radius:50%;height:44px;width:44px;border:none;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.2s;transition:background-color 0.2s;background-color:#333333;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;}.dcr-pnu31o svg{fill:#FFFFFF;margin-top:3px;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-pnu31o{margin-left:8px;}}.dcr-pnu31o:hover{background-color:#707070;}.dcr-pnu31o svg{height:24px;width:24px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-pnu31o svg{height:32px;width:32px;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-pnu31o{-webkit-order:2;-ms-flex-order:2;order:2;}}.dcr-1c9urh0{margin-top:8px;margin-bottom:8px;border-radius:50%;height:44px;width:44px;border:none;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.2s;transition:background-color 0.2s;background-color:#333333;-webkit-order:2;-ms-flex-order:2;order:2;}.dcr-1c9urh0 svg{fill:#FFFFFF;margin-top:3px;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1c9urh0{margin-left:8px;}}.dcr-1c9urh0:hover{background-color:#707070;}.dcr-1c9urh0 svg{height:24px;width:24px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1c9urh0 svg{height:32px;width:32px;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1c9urh0{-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;}}.dcr-43tvi7{margin-top:8px;margin-bottom:8px;border-radius:50%;height:44px;width:44px;border:none;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.2s;transition:background-color 0.2s;background-color:#333333;-webkit-order:3;-ms-flex-order:3;order:3;}.dcr-43tvi7 svg{fill:#FFFFFF;margin-top:3px;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-43tvi7{margin-left:8px;}}.dcr-43tvi7:hover{background-color:#707070;}.dcr-43tvi7 svg{height:24px;width:24px;}.dcr-5k6jfi{display:grid;grid-auto-rows:auto;grid-template-columns:[viewport-start] 0 [content-start main-column-start] repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr)) [content-end main-column-end] 0 [viewport-end];-webkit-column-gap:10px;column-gap:10px;}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-5k6jfi{-webkit-column-gap:20px;column-gap:20px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-5k6jfi{grid-template-columns:[viewport-start] minmax(0, 1fr) [content-start main-column-start] repeat(12, 40px) [content-end main-column-end] minmax(0, 1fr) [viewport-end];}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-5k6jfi{grid-template-columns:[viewport-start] minmax(0, 1fr) [content-start main-column-start] repeat(12, 60px) [content-end main-column-end] minmax(0, 1fr) [viewport-end];}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-5k6jfi{grid-template-columns:[viewport-start] minmax(0, 1fr) [content-start left-column-start] repeat(2, 60px) [left-column-end main-column-start] repeat(12, 60px) [content-end main-column-end] minmax(0, 1fr) [viewport-end];}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-5k6jfi{grid-template-columns:[viewport-start] minmax(0, 1fr) [content-start left-column-start] repeat(3, 60px) [left-column-end main-column-start] repeat(12, 60px) [main-column-end] repeat(1, 60px) [content-end] minmax(0, 1fr) [viewport-end];}}.dcr-kohrs2{grid-column:content-start/main-column-end;background-color:var(--masthead-top-bar-background);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;box-sizing:border-box;height:52px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-kohrs2{height:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-kohrs2{height:64px;}}.dcr-145list{height:100%;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-right:auto;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-1vetsv0{display:none;}}.dcr-1cvta4k{height:100%;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1cvta4k:before{content:'';border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-top-bar-vertical-divider);height:38px;}}.dcr-vxblrw{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--masthead-top-bar-link-text);-webkit-transition:color 80ms ease-out;transition:color 80ms ease-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:4px;}.dcr-vxblrw:hover,.dcr-vxblrw:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-vxblrw svg{fill:currentColor;float:left;height:18px;width:18px;margin:0 4px 0 0;}.dcr-3ny4gi{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--masthead-top-bar-link-text);-webkit-transition:color 80ms ease-out;transition:color 80ms ease-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:4px 0 4px 4px;z-index:19;}.dcr-3ny4gi:hover,.dcr-3ny4gi:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-3ny4gi svg{fill:currentColor;float:left;height:18px;width:18px;margin:0 4px 0 0;}.dcr-1nph362{grid-column:main-column-start/main-column-end;grid-row:1;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1nph362{justify-self:end;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1nph362{justify-self:start;}}.dcr-1siqup9{z-index:18;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;margin-top:4px;}.dcr-1siqup9 ul{position:absolute;left:0;right:unset;max-height:unset;min-width:200px;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1siqup9 ul{left:unset;right:0;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1siqup9 ul{position:absolute;left:0;right:unset;top:24px;max-height:unset;min-width:200px;}}.dcr-1kbi9ft #checkbox-id-masthead-edition{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);}.dcr-1kbi9ft #dropbox-id-masthead-edition{display:none;}.dcr-1kbi9ft #checkbox-id-masthead-edition:checked+#dropbox-id-masthead-edition{display:block;}.dcr-3i1ea4{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;display:block;cursor:pointer;background:none;border:none;line-height:1.2;color:#FFFFFF;-webkit-transition:color 80ms ease-out;transition:color 80ms ease-out;padding:0px 10px 6px 5px;margin:1px 0 0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;position:relative;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);padding:6px 0 0 0;margin-top:4px;padding:0;margin-top:0;}.dcr-3i1ea4:hover{color:#FFE500;}.dcr-3i1ea4:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg);transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg);}.dcr-3i1ea4:after{content:'';display:inline-block;width:5px;height:5px;-webkit-transform:translateY(-2px) rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:translateY(-2px) rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:translateY(-2px) rotate(45deg);transform:translateY(-2px) rotate(45deg);border:1px solid currentColor;border-left:transparent;border-top:transparent;margin-left:5px;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 250ms ease-out;transition:transform 250ms ease-out;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-3i1ea4{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}}.dcr-3i1ea4:not(ul):hover{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-1tbybqw{z-index:29;list-style:none;background-color:white;padding:6px 0;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);padding:6px 0 0 0;margin-top:4px;padding:0;margin-top:0;}.dcr-1tbybqw li::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1tbybqw{position:fixed;border-radius:0;top:32px;left:0;right:0;width:auto;max-height:calc(100% - 50px);overflow:auto;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1tbybqw{position:absolute;top:100%;width:200px;border-radius:3px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1tbybqw{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}}.dcr-1tbybqw:not(ul):hover{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-64xqd0{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:#121212;-webkit-transition:color 80ms ease-out;transition:color 80ms ease-out;margin:-1px 0 0 0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;padding:10px 18px 15px 30px;font-weight:bold;}.dcr-64xqd0:hover{background-color:#EDEDED;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-64xqd0:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-64xqd0:before{content:'';border-top:1px solid #DCDCDC;display:block;position:absolute;top:0px;left:30px;right:0px;}.dcr-64xqd0:after{content:'';border:2px solid #C70000;border-top:0px;border-right:0px;position:absolute;top:19px;left:12px;width:10px;height:4px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-45deg);transform:rotate(-45deg);}.dcr-64xqd0:before{content:none;}.dcr-i0vtpq{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:#121212;-webkit-transition:color 80ms ease-out;transition:color 80ms ease-out;margin:-1px 0 0 0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;padding:10px 18px 15px 30px;}.dcr-i0vtpq:hover{background-color:#EDEDED;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-i0vtpq:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-i0vtpq:before{content:'';border-top:1px solid #DCDCDC;display:block;position:absolute;top:0px;left:30px;right:0px;}.dcr-1vh8gw5{grid-column:main-column-start/main-column-end;grid-row:1;position:relative;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;justify-self:end;-webkit-align-self:end;-ms-flex-item-align:end;align-self:end;margin-top:8px;margin-bottom:6px;right:52px;position:relative;margin-top:8px;margin-bottom:8px;right:46px;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1vh8gw5{right:0;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1vh8gw5{margin-bottom:8px;}}.dcr-1vh8gw5 svg{width:152px;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1vh8gw5 svg{width:207px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1vh8gw5 svg{width:252px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1vh8gw5 svg{width:291px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1vh8gw5 svg{width:324px;}}@media (min-width: 320px){.dcr-1vh8gw5{right:46px;}}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1vh8gw5{right:46px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1vh8gw5{margin-top:4px;margin-bottom:8px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1vh8gw5{right:32px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1vh8gw5{right:40px;}}.dcr-1vh8gw5 svg{width:130px;}@media (min-width: 320px){.dcr-1vh8gw5 svg{width:130px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1vh8gw5 svg{width:86px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1vh8gw5 svg{width:130px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1vh8gw5 svg{width:140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1vh8gw5 svg{width:145px;}}.dcr-zramh4{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);}.dcr-1p0hins{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);}.dcr-1acea34{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);}.dcr-13u9n6a{grid-column:content-start/content-end;grid-row:2;-webkit-align-self:end;-ms-flex-item-align:end;align-self:end;font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;margin-top:8px;pointer-events:none;position:relative;grid-row:1;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-13u9n6a{grid-row:1/2;}.dcr-13u9n6a li:last-of-type:after{content:'';border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;height:calc(100% - 4px);margin-top:4px;}}.dcr-13u9n6a::after{content:'';position:absolute;border-bottom:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);bottom:0;right:-10px;left:-10px;}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-13u9n6a::after{left:-20px;right:-20px;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-13u9n6a{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-13u9n6a::after{right:0;left:0;}}.dcr-1d6g26q{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;pointer-events:auto;}.dcr-1grikph{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative;overflow:hidden;height:28px;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;list-style:none;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1grikph{height:34px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1grikph{height:37px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1grikph{width:108px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1grikph{height:40px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1grikph{height:52px;width:125px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1grikph{width:136px;}}.dcr-1grikph::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}.dcr-1grikph:after{content:'';border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;height:calc(100% - 4px);margin-top:4px;}.dcr-1grikph a{padding-left:0;}.dcr-1grikph a:after{width:calc(100% - 1px);margin-left:0;}.dcr-1iufw7r{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--masthead-nav-background);color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;padding-left:6px;padding-right:4px;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1iufw7r{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;font-size:0.9375rem;padding-right:8px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1iufw7r{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1iufw7r{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}.dcr-1iufw7r:focus:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}.dcr-1iufw7r:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-1iufw7r:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1iufw7r{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}.dcr-1iufw7r:after{height:5px;background-color:var(--pillar-underline);content:'';display:block;position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;width:calc(100% - 6px - 1px);margin-left:6px;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:transform 0.3s ease-in-out;margin-bottom:-5px;}.dcr-1iufw7r:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}.dcr-1iufw7r:focus:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}.dcr-1iufw7r:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-1iufw7r:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}.dcr-ks441s{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative;overflow:hidden;height:28px;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;list-style:none;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-ks441s{height:34px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-ks441s{height:37px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-ks441s{width:108px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-ks441s{height:40px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-ks441s{height:52px;width:125px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-ks441s{width:136px;}}.dcr-ks441s::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}.dcr-ks441s:after{content:'';border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;height:calc(100% - 4px);margin-top:4px;}.dcr-7612kl{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--masthead-nav-background);color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;padding-left:6px;padding-right:4px;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-7612kl{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;font-size:0.9375rem;padding-right:8px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-7612kl{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-7612kl{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}.dcr-7612kl:focus:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}.dcr-7612kl:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-7612kl:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-7612kl{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}.dcr-7612kl:after{height:5px;background-color:var(--pillar-underline);content:'';display:block;position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;width:calc(100% - 6px - 1px);margin-left:6px;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:transform 0.3s ease-in-out;margin-bottom:-5px;}.dcr-1kcody2{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative;overflow:hidden;height:28px;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;list-style:none;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1kcody2{height:34px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1kcody2{height:37px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1kcody2{width:108px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1kcody2{height:40px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1kcody2{height:52px;width:125px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1kcody2{width:136px;}}.dcr-1kcody2::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}.dcr-u8sj9p{grid-column:content-start/content-end;grid-row:1;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;justify-self:end;position:relative;bottom:2px;position:relative;grid-row:1;-webkit-align-self:end;-ms-flex-item-align:end;align-self:end;bottom:4px;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-u8sj9p{grid-row:1/3;-webkit-align-self:end;-ms-flex-item-align:end;align-self:end;}}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-u8sj9p{bottom:4px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-u8sj9p{right:354px;bottom:6px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-u8sj9p{right:430px;bottom:14px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-u8sj9p{right:534px;}}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-u8sj9p{grid-row:1;-webkit-align-self:end;-ms-flex-item-align:end;align-self:end;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-u8sj9p{right:136px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-u8sj9p{right:356px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-u8sj9p{right:430px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-u8sj9p{right:534px;}}.dcr-1xv1515{position:relative;z-index:1;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#header-nav-input-checkbox:checked~div .dcr-1xv1515{z-index:27;}}.dcr-b3mn8w{cursor:pointer;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;width:40px;height:40px;border-radius:50%;background-color:var(--masthead-veggie-burger-background);}.dcr-b3mn8w:hover{background-color:var(--masthead-veggie-burger-background-hover);}.dcr-b3mn8w:focus{outline:none;}#header-nav-input-checkbox:checked~div .dcr-b3mn8w{display:none;}.dcr-1nvgr5i{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);}.dcr-li5n90{cursor:pointer;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;width:40px;height:40px;border-radius:50%;background-color:var(--masthead-veggie-burger-background);}.dcr-li5n90:hover{background-color:var(--masthead-veggie-burger-background-hover);}.dcr-li5n90:focus{outline:none;}#header-nav-input-checkbox:not(:checked)~div .dcr-li5n90{display:none;}.dcr-1ef3v4m{grid-column:content-start/content-end;grid-row:2;margin-top:-1px;}.dcr-14vdg2{z-index:26;left:0;top:0;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-14vdg2{-webkit-transform:translateX(-110%);-moz-transform:translateX(-110%);-ms-transform:translateX(-110%);transform:translateX(-110%);-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);transition:transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);bottom:0;height:100%;overflow:auto;position:fixed;right:0;will-change:transform;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-14vdg2{display:none;}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#header-nav-input-checkbox:checked~div .dcr-14vdg2{-webkit-transform:translateX(0%);-moz-transform:translateX(0%);-ms-transform:translateX(0%);transform:translateX(0%);}}@media (min-width: 980px){#header-nav-input-checkbox:checked~div .dcr-14vdg2{display:block;overflow:visible;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1srap2j{position:relative;}}.dcr-10y96fo{background-color:var(--masthead-nav-background);font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;z-index:25;left:0;top:0;box-sizing:border-box;position:absolute;margin-right:28px;box-shadow:28px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-10y96fo{margin-right:40px;box-shadow:40px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-10y96fo{margin-right:100px;box-shadow:100px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-10y96fo{box-shadow:none;position:absolute;padding-bottom:0;padding-top:0;top:0;left:0;right:0;width:100%;}@supports (width: 100vw){.dcr-10y96fo{left:50%;right:50%;width:100vw;margin-left:-50vw;margin-right:-50vw;}}}.dcr-6sl420{box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-6sl420{max-width:980px;padding:0 20px;position:relative;margin:0 auto;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;border-right:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);border-top:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);}.dcr-6sl420:first-of-type{border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-6sl420{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-6sl420{max-width:1300px;}}.dcr-lpsfc3{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;list-style:none;margin:0;padding-bottom:10px;position:relative;}.dcr-lpsfc3::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-lpsfc3{width:108px;float:left;position:relative;border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);}.dcr-lpsfc3:first-of-type{border-left:none;width:calc(108px - 2px);}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-lpsfc3{width:125px;}.dcr-lpsfc3:first-of-type{width:calc(125px - 2px);}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-lpsfc3{width:136px;}.dcr-lpsfc3:first-of-type{width:calc(136px - 2px);}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-lpsfc3:before{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;width:1px;background-color:var(--masthead-nav-lines);}}.dcr-o6rk0u{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;display:block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;text-transform:capitalize;}.dcr-o6rk0u >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-o6rk0u{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-o6rk0u{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-o6rk0u:hover,.dcr-o6rk0u:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-o6rk0u:before{margin-top:4px;left:24px;position:absolute;border:2px solid currentColor;border-top:0;border-left:0;content:'';display:inline-block;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);height:10px;width:10px;}#News-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-o6rk0u:before{margin-top:8px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-135deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-135deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-135deg);transform:rotate(-135deg);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-o6rk0u{display:none;}}.dcr-11vt4tq{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-11vt4tq::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-11vt4tq{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 8px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-11vt4tq{padding-left:0;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-11vt4tq{background:var(--masthead-nav-background);}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-11vt4tq{background:var(--masthead-nav-background);}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#News-checkbox-input:not(:checked)~.dcr-11vt4tq{display:none;}}.dcr-9ra8aa{box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:100%;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-9ra8aa{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-9ra8aa{display:none;}}.dcr-1julzi7{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;}.dcr-1julzi7 >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1julzi7{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1julzi7{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-1julzi7:hover,.dcr-1julzi7:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-1julzi7:hover,.dcr-1julzi7:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-4hq641{box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:100%;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-4hq641{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}}.dcr-1tnoaxa{background-color:var(--masthead-nav-border);content:'';display:block;height:1px;margin-left:50px;right:0;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#News-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-1tnoaxa{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1tnoaxa{display:none;}}.dcr-p0c3jt{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;display:block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;text-transform:capitalize;}.dcr-p0c3jt >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-p0c3jt{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-p0c3jt{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-p0c3jt:hover,.dcr-p0c3jt:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-p0c3jt:before{margin-top:4px;left:24px;position:absolute;border:2px solid currentColor;border-top:0;border-left:0;content:'';display:inline-block;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);height:10px;width:10px;}#Opinion-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-p0c3jt:before{margin-top:8px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-135deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-135deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-135deg);transform:rotate(-135deg);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-p0c3jt{display:none;}}.dcr-v7ibvm{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-v7ibvm::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-v7ibvm{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 8px;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-v7ibvm{background:var(--masthead-nav-background);}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Opinion-checkbox-input:not(:checked)~.dcr-v7ibvm{display:none;}}.dcr-1j2dgzz{background-color:var(--masthead-nav-border);content:'';display:block;height:1px;margin-left:50px;right:0;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Opinion-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-1j2dgzz{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1j2dgzz{display:none;}}.dcr-10b2o1s{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;display:block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;text-transform:capitalize;}.dcr-10b2o1s >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-10b2o1s{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-10b2o1s{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-10b2o1s:hover,.dcr-10b2o1s:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-10b2o1s:before{margin-top:4px;left:24px;position:absolute;border:2px solid currentColor;border-top:0;border-left:0;content:'';display:inline-block;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);height:10px;width:10px;}#Sport-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-10b2o1s:before{margin-top:8px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-135deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-135deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-135deg);transform:rotate(-135deg);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-10b2o1s{display:none;}}.dcr-wp8bgr{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-wp8bgr::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-wp8bgr{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 8px;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-wp8bgr{background:var(--masthead-nav-background);}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Sport-checkbox-input:not(:checked)~.dcr-wp8bgr{display:none;}}.dcr-16q8bto{background-color:var(--masthead-nav-border);content:'';display:block;height:1px;margin-left:50px;right:0;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Sport-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-16q8bto{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-16q8bto{display:none;}}.dcr-x5fwww{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;display:block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;text-transform:capitalize;}.dcr-x5fwww >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-x5fwww{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-x5fwww{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-x5fwww:hover,.dcr-x5fwww:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-x5fwww:before{margin-top:4px;left:24px;position:absolute;border:2px solid currentColor;border-top:0;border-left:0;content:'';display:inline-block;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);height:10px;width:10px;}#Culture-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-x5fwww:before{margin-top:8px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-135deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-135deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-135deg);transform:rotate(-135deg);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-x5fwww{display:none;}}.dcr-1yytfii{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-1yytfii::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1yytfii{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 8px;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1yytfii{background:var(--masthead-nav-background);}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Culture-checkbox-input:not(:checked)~.dcr-1yytfii{display:none;}}.dcr-6zq80y{background-color:var(--masthead-nav-border);content:'';display:block;height:1px;margin-left:50px;right:0;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Culture-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-6zq80y{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-6zq80y{display:none;}}.dcr-yq9plo{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;display:block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;text-transform:capitalize;}.dcr-yq9plo >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-yq9plo{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-yq9plo{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-yq9plo:hover,.dcr-yq9plo:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-yq9plo:before{margin-top:4px;left:24px;position:absolute;border:2px solid currentColor;border-top:0;border-left:0;content:'';display:inline-block;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);height:10px;width:10px;}#Lifestyle-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-yq9plo:before{margin-top:8px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-135deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-135deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-135deg);transform:rotate(-135deg);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-yq9plo{display:none;}}.dcr-1utnfys{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-1utnfys::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1utnfys{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 8px;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1utnfys{background:var(--masthead-nav-background);}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Lifestyle-checkbox-input:not(:checked)~.dcr-1utnfys{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-90inr0{display:none;}}.dcr-1jjnk9d{box-sizing:border-box;display:block;margin-left:16px;max-width:380px;position:relative;margin-bottom:24px;margin-right:41px;padding-bottom:15px;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1jjnk9d{margin:0;}}.dcr-6v110l{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:#121212;position:absolute;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);}.dcr-qcy5wo{width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:44px;color:#121212;background-color:#FFFFFF;border:1px solid #707070;border-radius:4px;padding:0 8px;margin-top:4px;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;background-color:var(--nav-search-bar-background);border:0;border-radius:1000px;box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--nav-search-bar-text);height:36px;padding-left:38px;vertical-align:middle;width:100%;}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus{outline:0;}html:not(.src-focus-disabled) .dcr-qcy5wo:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 3px #0077B6;}.dcr-qcy5wo:invalid{box-shadow:none;}.dcr-qcy5wo:invalid[value]:not([value='']){border:2px solid #C70000;border-radius:4px;color:#121212;margin-top:0;}.dcr-qcy5wo::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--nav-search-bar-text);}.dcr-qcy5wo::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--nav-search-bar-text);}.dcr-qcy5wo:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--nav-search-bar-text);}.dcr-qcy5wo::placeholder{color:var(--nav-search-bar-text);}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus{padding-right:40px;}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus::-webkit-input-placeholder{opacity:0;}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus::-moz-placeholder{opacity:0;}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus:-ms-input-placeholder{opacity:0;}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus::placeholder{opacity:0;}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus~button{background-color:transparent;opacity:1;pointer-events:all;}.dcr-radnun{position:absolute;left:7px;top:7px;fill:var(--nav-search-bar-icon);}.dcr-1gsboxi{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;border:none;background:transparent;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:.3s ease-in-out;transition:.3s ease-in-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:44px;min-height:44px;padding:0 20px;border-radius:44px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#052962;color:#FFFFFF;-webkit-flex-direction:row-reverse;-ms-flex-direction:row-reverse;flex-direction:row-reverse;background:transparent;border:0;bottom:0;cursor:pointer;display:block;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:50px;fill:var(--nav-search-bar-icon);}.dcr-1gsboxi:disabled{cursor:not-allowed;}.dcr-1gsboxi:focus{outline:0;}html:not(.src-focus-disabled) .dcr-1gsboxi:focus{outline:5px solid #0077B6;outline-offset:3px;}.dcr-1gsboxi:hover{background-color:#234B8A;}.dcr-1gsboxi svg{-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;display:block;fill:currentColor;position:relative;width:30px;height:auto;}.dcr-1gsboxi .src-button-space{width:12px;}.dcr-1gsboxi svg{margin-left:-4px;}.dcr-1gsboxi:focus,.dcr-1gsboxi:active{opacity:0;pointer-events:all;}.dcr-1gsboxi:before{height:12px;top:12px;width:12px;}.dcr-1gsboxi:after{border-right:0;top:17px;width:20px;}.dcr-1q09wwq{background-color:var(--masthead-nav-border);content:'';display:block;height:1px;margin-left:50px;right:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1q09wwq{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-e1bf28{display:none;}}.dcr-1rg7stg{position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;color:var(--nav-reader-revenue-link-text);font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}.dcr-1rg7stg >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1rg7stg{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1rg7stg{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-1rg7stg:hover,.dcr-1rg7stg:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1rg7stg{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}}.dcr-1rg7stg:hover,.dcr-1rg7stg:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-3ae42h{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;list-style:none;margin:0;padding-bottom:10px;position:relative;}.dcr-3ae42h::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}.dcr-3ae42h:first-of-type:after{content:none;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-3ae42h{width:108px;float:left;position:relative;}.dcr-3ae42h:after{content:none;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-3ae42h{width:125px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-3ae42h{width:136px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-3ae42h:before{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;width:1px;height:auto;background-color:var(--masthead-nav-lines);}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-3ae42h:after{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;width:1px;height:auto;background-color:var(--masthead-nav-lines);}}.dcr-1mtufo3{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-1mtufo3::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1mtufo3{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 8px;}}.dcr-a1su5g{position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}.dcr-a1su5g >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-a1su5g{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-a1su5g{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-a1su5g:hover,.dcr-a1su5g:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-a1su5g:hover,.dcr-a1su5g:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-1rinrec{display:none;padding:8px;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1rinrec{display:block;}}.dcr-iwod0p{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;list-style:none;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0;padding-bottom:0;}.dcr-iwod0p::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-iwod0p{width:140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-iwod0p{width:300px;}}.dcr-nnfu1a{margin-right:0;margin-top:-6px;padding-bottom:0;}.dcr-e3rvah{position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-e3rvah >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-e3rvah{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-e3rvah{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-e3rvah:hover,.dcr-e3rvah:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-e3rvah{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-e3rvah{padding:6px 0;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-e3rvah{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}.dcr-5uqmqm{background-color:var(--article-background);}.dcr-18p5u8i{height:calc(80vh - 126px);min-height:calc(25rem - 126px);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-18p5u8i{height:calc(100vh - 126px);min-height:calc(31.25rem - 126px);}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-18p5u8i{min-height:calc(50rem - 126px);}}.dcr-x1vgx2{height:100%;-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;z-index:3;overflow:hidden;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-x1vgx2{margin:0;-webkit-order:2;-ms-flex-order:2;order:2;}}.dcr-x1vgx2 img{-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;width:100%;height:100%;}.dcr-142siv7{height:100%;}.dcr-1fv4apl{height:100%;width:100%;min-height:25rem;position:relative;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1fv4apl{min-height:31.25rem;}}.dcr-1fv4apl img{object-fit:cover;}.dcr-1fv4apl picture{height:100%;}.dcr-evn1e9{display:block;}.dcr-13fd1ms{position:absolute;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;cursor:pointer;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-13fd1ms:hover>button.open-lightbox{opacity:0.7;}}.dcr-1ikyc8j{position:absolute;right:0;margin:6px;border-radius:50%;border:none;cursor:pointer;background:rgba(18, 18, 18, 0.8);opacity:0;height:44px;width:44px;position:absolute;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);}.dcr-1ikyc8j svg{margin-top:3px;fill:#FFFFFF;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1ikyc8j{padding:0;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1ikyc8j:hover{-webkit-filter:brightness(85%);filter:brightness(85%);opacity:0.8;}.dcr-1ikyc8j:focus{opacity:0.7;}}.dcr-1ikyc8j svg{height:32px;width:32px;}.dcr-194i6pr{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);}.dcr-1v5z3ey{margin-top:-120px;position:relative;z-index:7;}.dcr-1ykr3rf{position:relative;margin:auto;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1ykr3rf{max-width:740px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1ykr3rf{max-width:980px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1ykr3rf{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1ykr3rf{max-width:1300px;}}.dcr-u8qikl{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-positive:1;}.dcr-1gx3men{position:relative;padding-right:10px;}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-1gx3men{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 1140px) and (max-width: 1299.9px){.dcr-1gx3men{-webkit-flex-basis:151px;-ms-flex-preferred-size:151px;flex-basis:151px;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1gx3men{-webkit-flex-basis:230px;-ms-flex-preferred-size:230px;flex-basis:230px;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;}}.dcr-yg4zrc{height:100%;}.dcr-k1vhee{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:100%;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.dcr-5ubooo{margin-top:120px;position:absolute;margin-left:20px;}.dcr-1pvqcrw{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;line-height:135%;padding-top:6px;overflow-wrap:break-word;color:var(--caption-text);margin-bottom:6px;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1pvqcrw{width:140px;position:absolute;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1pvqcrw{width:220px;}}.dcr-19ds8t4{fill:var(--caption-text);margin-right:4px;display:inline-block;position:relative;width:1em;vertical-align:baseline;}.dcr-19ds8t4::before{content:' ';display:block;padding-top:72.22222222222221%;}.dcr-19ds8t4 svg{top:0px;right:0px;bottom:0px;left:0px;width:100%;position:absolute;height:100%;}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-19ds8t4{display:none;}}.dcr-1qvd3m6 a{color:var(--caption-link);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-1qvd3m6 a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-1qvd3m6 strong{font-weight:bold;}.dcr-fossqd{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;width:100%;}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-fossqd{margin-right:68px;}}.dcr-f68shw{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-f68shw{-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1giivcq{display:none;}}.dcr-10355cg{padding-top:8px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-10355cg{-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}}.dcr-1olqyrd{max-width:400px;min-width:200px;margin-bottom:4px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1olqyrd{margin-left:16px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1olqyrd{margin-left:25px;}}.dcr-b5he5m{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;white-space:pre-wrap;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;line-height:28px;padding-right:4px;padding-top:4px;padding-bottom:12px;word-break:break-word;padding-left:10px;color:var(--series-title-text);background-color:var(--series-title-background);box-shadow:-6px 0 0 0 var(--series-title-background),6px 0 0 0 var(--series-title-background);}.dcr-b5he5m:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-b5he5m{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-b5he5m{line-height:28px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-b5he5m{padding-left:18px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-b5he5m{padding-left:4px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-ivir7f{position:relative;}.dcr-ivir7f:after{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;width:50%;right:0;background-color:var(--headline-background);z-index:6;top:0;bottom:0;}}.dcr-16plfi9{background-color:var(--age-warning-wrapper-background);margin-left:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-16plfi9{margin-left:10px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-16plfi9{margin-left:20px;}}.dcr-13832xi{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--age-warning-text);background-color:var(--age-warning-background);display:inline-block;padding:6px 10px;}.dcr-13832xi >strong{font-weight:bold;}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-13832xi{padding-left:12px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-13832xi{padding-left:10px;}}.dcr-13dpo5c{margin-left:6px;-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;z-index:7;background-color:var(--headline-background);color:var(--headline-colour);}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-13dpo5c{margin-left:16px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-13dpo5c{margin-left:25px;}}@media (max-width: 479.9px){.dcr-13dpo5c{margin-right:40px;}}.dcr-6murfy{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:2.125rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:4px;position:relative;white-space:pre-wrap;padding-right:4px;padding-bottom:4px;box-shadow:-6px 0 0 var(--headline-background);-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;min-height:112px;padding-bottom:24px;padding-left:4px;margin-right:20px;display:block;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-6murfy{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:3.125rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:6px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-6murfy{max-width:620px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-6murfy{padding-left:12px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-6murfy{padding-left:4px;}}.dcr-1i4mrud{position:relative;margin:auto;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1i4mrud{max-width:740px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1i4mrud{max-width:980px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1i4mrud{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1i4mrud{max-width:1300px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1i4mrud{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}}.dcr-xzr4d9{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-xzr4d9{margin-left:0px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-xzr4d9{margin-left:151px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-xzr4d9{margin-left:230px;}}@supports (display: grid){.dcr-xzr4d9{display:grid;width:100%;margin-left:0;}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-xzr4d9{grid-column-gap:10px;grid-template-columns:219px 1px 620px 80px 300px;grid-template-areas:'caption border title . right-column' '. border headline . right-column' '. border standfirst . right-column' '. border byline . right-column' 'meta border body . right-column' 'meta border body . right-column' '. border . . right-column';}}@media (max-width: 1299.9px){.dcr-xzr4d9{grid-column-gap:10px;grid-template-columns:140px 1px 620px 300px;grid-template-areas:'. border title right-column' '. border headline right-column' '. border standfirst right-column' '. border byline right-column' 'meta border body right-column' 'meta border body right-column' '. border . right-column';}}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-xzr4d9{grid-template-columns:620px 300px;grid-column-gap:20px;grid-template-areas:'title right-column' 'headline right-column' 'standfirst right-column' 'byline right-column' 'caption right-column' 'meta right-column' 'body right-column';}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-xzr4d9{grid-column-gap:0px;grid-template-columns:100%;grid-template-areas:'title' 'headline' 'standfirst' 'byline' 'caption' 'meta' 'body';}}}.dcr-1fnjjtg{grid-area:var(--grid-area);}.dcr-1fujct4{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;line-height:135%;padding-top:6px;overflow-wrap:break-word;color:var(--caption-text);margin-bottom:6px;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-upmzd8{border-left:1px solid var(--article-border);height:100%;}}.dcr-1df5715{max-width:280px;color:var(--standfirst-text);font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;padding-bottom:0;padding-top:8px;}.dcr-1df5715 li{margin-bottom:6px;padding-left:24px;}.dcr-1df5715 li p{display:inline;}.dcr-1df5715 li:before{display:inline-block;content:'';border-radius:50%;height:0.7em;width:0.7em;margin-right:7px;background-color:var(--standfirst-bullet);margin-left:-24px;}.dcr-1df5715 p:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:8px;}.dcr-1df5715 strong{font-weight:bold;}.dcr-1df5715 [data-dcr-style='bullet']{display:inline-block;content:'';border-radius:50%;height:13px;width:13px;margin-right:2px;background-color:var(--standfirst-bullet);}.dcr-1df5715 a{color:var(--standfirst-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid var(--standfirst-link-border);-webkit-transition:border-color 0.15s ease-out;transition:border-color 0.15s ease-out;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1df5715{max-width:460px;}}.dcr-1df5715 li:before{height:17px;width:17px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1df5715{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1df5715{padding-bottom:0;}}.dcr-1df5715 a:hover{border-bottom:solid 1px var(--standfirst-link-border);}.dcr-1kgqp3h{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;margin-bottom:24px;color:var(--headline-byline);}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1kgqp3h{margin-bottom:0;font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}.dcr-1xrt66o a{color:var(--byline-anchor);text-decoration-color:var(--byline-underline);text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:6px;}.dcr-1xrt66o a:hover{color:var(--byline-hover);text-decoration-color:inherit;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-14emo0l{max-width:620px;}}@media (max-width: 659.9px){.dcr-o3iyg3{margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px;}}@media (max-width: 479.9px){.dcr-o3iyg3{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-o3iyg3{margin-top:20px;}}.dcr-194w08h{display:block;}@media (max-width: 659.9px){.dcr-1v9sla6{margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px;}}@media (max-width: 479.9px){.dcr-1v9sla6{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;}}.dcr-5oiine{padding-top:2px;}@media (min-width: 740px) and (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-5oiine{-webkit-order:3;-ms-flex-order:3;order:3;}}@media (max-width: 479.9px){.dcr-5oiine{padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-5oiine{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}}@media (min-width: 660px){.dcr-5oiine{padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;}}.dcr-1kpcv08{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-1kpcv08{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}}.dcr-1pexjb9{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--dateline);padding-top:2px;margin-bottom:6px;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-1pexjb9{color:var(--mobile-color);}}.dcr-1ybxn6r{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;}.dcr-1ybxn6r::-webkit-details-marker{display:none;}.dcr-u0h1qy:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-9dgpdq{margin-bottom:6px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}.dcr-16lnb0w{border-top:1px solid var(--article-border);-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;padding-top:6px;}@media (max-width: 659.9px){.dcr-16lnb0w{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px) and (max-width: 1299.9px){.dcr-16lnb0w{padding-bottom:6px;}}.dcr-bao4ku{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;border:none;background:transparent;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:.3s ease-in-out;transition:.3s ease-in-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:36px;min-height:36px;padding:0 16px;border-radius:36px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:transparent;color:#052962;border:1px solid #052962;-webkit-flex-direction:row-reverse;-ms-flex-direction:row-reverse;flex-direction:row-reverse;color:var(--share-button);width:105px;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none;border-color:var(--share-button-border);height:36px;}.dcr-bao4ku:disabled{cursor:not-allowed;}.dcr-bao4ku:focus{outline:0;}html:not(.src-focus-disabled) .dcr-bao4ku:focus{outline:5px solid #0077B6;outline-offset:3px;}.dcr-bao4ku:hover{background-color:#E5E5E5;}.dcr-bao4ku svg{-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;display:block;fill:currentColor;position:relative;width:26px;height:auto;}.dcr-bao4ku .src-button-space{width:8px;}.dcr-bao4ku svg{margin-left:-4px;}.dcr-bao4ku svg{fill:var(--share-button);-webkit-transition:inherit;transition:inherit;}.dcr-bao4ku:hover{background-color:var(--share-button);border-color:var(--share-button);color:var(--share-button-hover);}.dcr-bao4ku:hover svg{fill:var(--share-button-hover);}.dcr-1csot3r{border-top:1px solid var(--article-border);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;}@media (min-width: 1140px) and (max-width: 1299.9px){.dcr-1csot3r{-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;-webkit-justify-content:flex-start;justify-content:flex-start;}}@media (max-width: 659.9px){.dcr-1csot3r{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}}.dcr-14baf59{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;}.dcr-fu29fd{-webkit-align-self:start;-ms-flex-item-align:start;align-self:start;position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:0;z-index:9;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-fu29fd{margin-top:24px;margin-bottom:36px;margin-left:1px;margin-right:-1px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-fu29fd{margin-left:0;}}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-1lhv23l{display:none;}}.dcr-1upb05m{z-index:5;grid-area:var(--grid-area);}.dcr-1a4fred{-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;z-index:1;}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-1a4fred{padding-left:0;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1a4fred{width:620px;}}.dcr-1bwys2b{margin-top:0.75rem;}@media (min-width: 740px) and (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-1bwys2b{padding-right:80px;}}.dcr-1bwys2b ol:not([data-ignore='global-ol-styling']){counter-reset:li;}.dcr-1bwys2b ol:not([data-ignore='global-ol-styling']) >li:before{font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian,"Guardian Text Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;line-height:1.15;content:counter(li);counter-increment:li;margin-right:0.25rem;float:left;}.dcr-1bwys2b strong{font-weight:bold;}.dcr-1bwys2b a:not([data-ignore='global-link-styling']){-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid var(--article-link-border);color:var(--article-link-text);}.dcr-1bwys2b a:not([data-ignore='global-link-styling']):hover{color:var(--article-link-text-hover);border-bottom:1px solid var(--article-link-border-hover);}.dcr-1q6n3e0{position:relative;}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot-container{margin:12px auto;text-align:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot-container{background-color:var(--ad-background);}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot-container{clear:left;}}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot-container .ad-slot--interscroller{overflow:hidden;position:relative;}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot-container .ad-slot--interscroller .ad-slot__content{position:absolute;height:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;z-index:-1;}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot-container .ad-slot--interscroller::before{display:none;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot-container--offset-right{float:right;max-width:300px;margin-right:-330px;background-color:transparent;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot-container--offset-right{margin-right:-310px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot-container--offset-right{margin-right:-400px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;-webkit-align-self:flex-start;-ms-flex-item-align:flex-start;align-self:flex-start;}}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot--inline:not(.ad-slot--rendered){min-height:221px;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot--inline:not(.ad-slot--rendered){min-height:274px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot--inline1:not(.ad-slot--rendered){min-height:374px;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot--top-above-nav:not(.ad-slot--rendered){min-height:221px;}}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot--carrot{float:left;clear:both;width:140px;margin-right:20px;margin-bottom:4px;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot--carrot{position:relative;margin-left:-160px;width:140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot--carrot{margin-left:-240px;width:220px;}}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot__scroll{position:fixed;bottom:0;width:100%;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:24px;max-height:24px;background-color:var(--ad-background);padding-top:3px;border-top:1px solid var(--ad-border);color:var(--ad-labels-text);text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot__scroll.visible{visibility:initial;}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot__scroll.hidden{visibility:hidden;}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot--interscroller[data-label-show='true']::before{content:'Advertisement';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;border:0;display:block;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:24px;max-height:24px;background-color:var(--ad-background);padding-top:3px;border-top:1px solid var(--ad-border);color:var(--ad-labels-text);text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;}.dcr-1eu361v{margin-bottom:0.75rem;word-break:break-word;font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian,"Guardian Text Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.4;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--textblock-text);}.dcr-1eu361v strong em,.dcr-1eu361v strong u{font-weight:bold;}.dcr-1eu361v ul{margin-bottom:0.75rem;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1eu361v ul{margin-bottom:1rem;}}.dcr-1eu361v li{margin-bottom:0.25rem;padding-left:1.25rem;display:flow-root;}.dcr-1eu361v li p{margin:-1.5rem 0 0 0;}.dcr-1eu361v:is(ul)>li:before{display:inline-block;content:'';border-radius:50%;height:0.75rem;width:0.75rem;background-color:#DCDCDC;margin-left:-1.25rem;margin-right:0.5rem;}.dcr-1eu361v sub{bottom:-0.25em;}.dcr-1eu361v sup{top:-0.5em;}.dcr-1eu361v sub,.dcr-1eu361v sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}.dcr-1eu361v [data-dcr-style='bullet']{display:inline-block;content:'';border-radius:50%;height:0.5rem;width:0.5rem;background-color:#C70000;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1eu361v{overflow-wrap:anywhere;word-wrap:break-word;}}.dcr-15rw6c2{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;float:left;font-size:7rem;line-height:5.75rem;text-transform:uppercase;box-sizing:border-box;margin-right:4px;vertical-align:text-top;}.dcr-1your1i{margin-bottom:4px;float:left;clear:left;width:8.75rem;margin-right:20px;}@media (max-width: 23.4rem){.dcr-1your1i{width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;}.dcr-1your1i img,.dcr-1your1i .avatar{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1your1i{width:140px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1your1i{position:relative;margin-left:-160px;width:140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1your1i{margin-left:-240px;width:220px;}}.dcr-1kyw41h{background-color:var(--rich-link-background);}.dcr-1kyw41h:hover{background-color:var(--rich-link-background-hover);}.dcr-gss5ug{display:contents;--expandingWrapper--background:#F6F6F6;--expandingWrapper--border:#121212;--expandingWrapper--collapseBackground:#FFFFFF;--expandingWrapper--collapseBackgroundHover:#E5E5E5;--expandingWrapper--collapseText:#121212;--expandingWrapper--collapseTextHover:#121212;--expandingWrapper--text:#121212;--expandingWrapper--horizontalRules:#DCDCDC;--expandingWrapper--expandBackground:#121212;--expandingWrapper--expandBackgroundHover:#454545;--expandingWrapper--expandText:#FFFFFF;--tabs--background:#F6F6F6;--tabs--text:#121212;--tabs--border:#999999;--tabs--inactiveBackground:#DCDCDC;--accordion-background:#F6F6F6;--accordion-title:#121212;--accordion-title-row-background:#FFFFFF;--accordion-title-row-border-top:#DCDCDC;--accordion-title-row-fill:#707070;--ad-background:#F6F6F6;--ad-background-article-inner:#F6F6F6;--ad-border:#DCDCDC;--ad-labels-text:#707070;--ad-support-banner-background:#EDEDED;--ad-support-banner-button-background:#052962;--ad-support-banner-button-text:#FFFFFF;--ad-support-banner-text:#052962;--affiliate-disclaimer-background:#F6F6F6;--affiliate-disclaimer-background-hover:#EDEDED;--age-warning-background:#FFE500;--age-warning-text:#121212;--age-warning-wrapper-background:transparent;--apps-epic-background:#F6F6F6;--apps-epic-border:#FFE500;--apps-epic-text:#121212;--apps-footer-background:#F6F6F6;--apps-footer-links-text:#121212;--apps-footer-links-text-hover:#1A1A1A;--article-background:#EFF1F2;--article-border:#DCDCDC;--article-inner-background:transparent;--article-link-border:#3F464A;--article-link-border-hover:#222527;--article-link-text:#595C5F;--article-link-text-hover:#222527;--article-meta-lines:#DCDCDC;--article-section-background:#FFFFFF;--article-section-title:#000000;--article-text:#121212;--audio-atom-background:#F6F6F6;--audio-atom-border:#DCDCDC;--audio-atom-icons:#C70000;--audio-atom-kicker:#C70000;--audio-atom-progress-bar:#999999;--avatar-background:#EFF1F2;--block-quote-fill:#707070;--block-quote-link:#595C5F;--block-quote-text:#121212;--branding-border:#DCDCDC;--branding-label-text:#333333;--branding-link-text:#595C5F;--bullet-fill:#707070;--byline:#595C5F;--byline-anchor:#595C5F;--byline-background:#FFE500;--byline-hover:#3F464A;--byline-underline:inherit;--callout-highlight-background:#FFE500;--callout-highlight-text:#121212;--callout-prompt:#0077B6;--callout-submit-background:#052962;--callout-submit-background-hover:#234B8A;--callout-submit-text:#FFFFFF;--caption-link:#3F464A;--caption-overlay-text:#FFFFFF;--caption-photo-essay-main-media-text:#707070;--caption-text:#222527;--card-background:transparent;--card-background-hover:rgba(18, 18, 18, 0.1);--card-border-supporting:#DCDCDC;--card-border-top:#BABABA;--card-footer-onwards-content:#707070;--card-footer-text:#707070;--card-headline:#121212;--card-kicker-text:#C70000;--card-sublinks-background:#F6F6F6;--card-trail-text:#545454;--carousel-active-dot:#595C5F;--carousel-active-dot-hover:#595C5F;--carousel-arrow:#FFFFFF;--carousel-arrow-background:#000000;--carousel-arrow-background-disabled:#707070;--carousel-arrow-background-hover:#FFE500;--carousel-border:#DCDCDC;--carousel-chevron:#121212;--carousel-chevron-border:#BABABA;--carousel-chevron-border-disabled:rgba(186, 186, 186, 0.32);--carousel-chevron-disabled:rgba(18, 18, 18, 0.32);--carousel-chevron-hover:rgba(186, 186, 186, 0.2);--carousel-dot:#EDEDED;--carousel-dot-hover:#DCDCDC;--carousel-text:#121212;--carousel-title-highlight:#595C5F;--click-to-view-background:#F6F6F6;--click-to-view-border:#DCDCDC;--click-to-view-button:#052962;--click-to-view-button-hover:#234B8A;--click-to-view-button-text:#FFFFFF;--code-block-background:#f5f2f0;--code-block-text-shadow:#FFFFFF;--comment-count-fill:#3F464A;--comment-count-mobile-fill:#3F464A;--comment-form-header-background:#F6F6F6;--comment-form-input-background:#FFFFFF;--cricket-scoreboard-border-top:#005689;--cricket-scoreboard-divider:#DCDCDC;--cricket-scoreboard-link-text:#005689;--dateline:#707070;--dateline-mobile:#707070;--design-tag-background:#3F464A;--design-tag-text:#FFFFFF;--discussion-accent-text:#C70000;--discussion-background:#EDEDED;--discussion-border:#DCDCDC;--discussion-button-background-hover:#C70000;--discussion-button-text:#FFFFFF;--discussion-comment-underline:#DCDCDC;--discussion-link:#0077B6;--discussion-loading-background:#EDEDED;--discussion-loading-shimmer:#DCDCDC;--discussion-pagination-background:#FFFFFF;--discussion-pagination-border:#DCDCDC;--discussion-pagination-border-hover:#999999;--discussion-pagination-text:#707070;--discussion-pick-label-text:#121212;--discussion-pre-mod:#0077B6;--discussion-preview-background:#EDEDED;--discussion-primary-button-background:#AB0613;--discussion-report-background:#FFFFFF;--discussion-report-border:#545454;--discussion-report-button:#052962;--discussion-report-error-text:#C70000;--discussion-report-label-text:#121212;--discussion-report-success-text:#22874D;--discussion-section-background:#FFFFFF;--discussion-selected-background:#F6F6F6;--discussion-staff-label-text:#052962;--discussion-subdued:#707070;--discussion-text:#121212;--discussion-top-pick-background:#EDEDED;--discussion-top-pick-link:#0077B6;--drop-cap:#303538;--editorial-button-background:#3F464A;--editorial-button-background-hover:#595C5F;--editorial-button-border-hover:#595C5F;--editorial-button-text:#303538;--email-signup-button-background:#000000;--email-signup-button-hover:#333333;--email-signup-button-text:#FFFFFF;--expandable-atom-background:#EDEDED;--expandable-atom-border:#DCDCDC;--expandable-atom-button:#000000;--expandable-atom-button-fill:#FFFFFF;--expandable-atom-text-hover:#C70000;--expandable-marketing-card-background:#052962;--expandable-marketing-card-button-background:#FFFFFF;--expandable-marketing-card-fill-background:#EFF1F2;--expandable-marketing-card-svg-background:#FFFFFF;--expandable-marketing-card-svg-fill:#000000;--explainer-atom-accent:#121212;--explainer-atom-background:#F6F6F6;--feature-card-footer-text:#DCDCDC;--feature-card-headline:#F6F6F6;--feature-card-kicker-text:#DCDCDC;--feature-card-trail-text:#DCDCDC;--filter-key-events-toggle-border-top:#DCDCDC;--follow-icon-background:#FFFFFF;--follow-icon-fill:#3F464A;--follow-text:#121212;--front-container-background:#FFFFFF;--heading-line:#303538;--headline-background:transparent;--headline-blog-background:#EFF1F2;--headline-border:#DCDCDC;--headline-byline:inherit;--headline-colour:#121212;--headline-match-colour:#3F464A;--highlights-card-headline:#121212;--highlights-card-kicker-text:#C70000;--highlights-container-background:#F6F6F6;--highlights-container-border:#999999;--highlights-container-end-fade:transparent;--highlights-container-mid-fade:rgba(250, 250, 250, 0.6);--highlights-container-start-fade:#F6F6F6;--image-title-background:#595C5F;--interactive-atom-background:transparent;--interactive-block-background:#EFF1F2;--interactive-block-background-datawrapper:#EFF1F2;--interactive-contents-hover:#EDEDED;--key-event-background:#F6F6F6;--key-event-background-desktop:#EDEDED;--key-event-border:#707070;--key-event-bullet:#707070;--key-event-bullet-hover:#000000;--key-event-button:#121212;--key-event-button-fill:#FFFFFF;--key-event-button-hover:#FFD900;--key-event-text:#3F464A;--key-event-title:#121212;--kicker-background-live:#C70000;--kicker-pulsing-dot-live:rgba(246, 246, 246, 0.75);--kicker-text-live:#F6F6F6;--last-updated-text:#000000;--latest-links-dotted-line:#999999;--lightbox-divider:#595C5F;--link-kicker-text:#595C5F;--live-block-border-bottom:#DCDCDC;--live-block-border-top:#595C5F;--live-block-container-background:#FFFFFF;--masthead-accreditation-text:#FFE500;--masthead-nav-background:#052962;--masthead-nav-border:#506991;--masthead-nav-lines:#506991;--masthead-nav-link-text:#FFFFFF;--masthead-nav-link-text-hover:#FFE500;--masthead-top-bar-background:#041F4A;--masthead-top-bar-link-text:#FFFFFF;--masthead-top-bar-text:#FFFFFF;--masthead-top-bar-vertical-divider:#506991;--masthead-veggie-burger-background:#FFE500;--masthead-veggie-burger-background-hover:#FFD900;--masthead-veggie-burger-icon:#052962;--match-nav-background:#FFE500;--match-nav-text:#121212;--match-stats-background:#d9edf6;--match-tab-border:#DCDCDC;--match-tab-border-active:#005689;--mini-profiles-text-subdued:#707070;--most-viewed-description:#707070;--most-viewed-footer-hover:#F6F6F6;--most-viewed-headline:#121212;--most-viewed-tab-border:#3F464A;--nav-reader-revenue-link-text:#FFE500;--nav-search-bar-background:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);--nav-search-bar-icon:#FFFFFF;--nav-search-bar-text:#FFFFFF;--numbered-list-heading:#121212;--numbered-list-links:#595C5F;--numbered-list-number:#707070;--numbered-list-title:#595C5F;--onward-content-card-background:transparent;--onward-content-card-hover:#F6F6F6;--onward-placeholder-background:#EFF1F2;--pagination-text:#3F464A;--pinned-post-background:#FFFFFF;--pinned-post-border:#3F464A;--podcast-meta-button-background:#333333;--podcast-meta-button-background-hover:#1A1A1A;--podcast-meta-button-text:#DCDCDC;--podcast-meta-title:#F6F6F6;--privacy-text-regular:#121212;--privacy-text-supporting:#000000;--privacy-text-supporting-subdued:#707070;--pullquote-background:#EFF1F2;--pullquote-border:#DCDCDC;--pullquote-icon:#999999;--pullquote-text:#121212;--quiz-atom-answers-background:#F6F6F6;--quiz-atom-answers-hover:#DCDCDC;--quiz-atom-check-mark:#000000;--quiz-atom-incorrect-answer-background:#C70000;--quote-icon-fill:#595C5F;--recaptcha-border:#121212;--recaptcha-button:#000000;--recaptcha-button-hover:#333333;--recaptcha-button-text:#FFFFFF;--recommendation-count:#F6F6F6;--recommendation-count-arrow:#707070;--recommendation-count-arrow-selected:#FFFFFF;--recommendation-count-selected:#052962;--rich-link-background:#F6F6F6;--rich-link-background-hover:#EDEDED;--rich-link-border:#595C5F;--rich-link-branding-text:#707070;--rich-link-fill:#595C5F;--rich-link-header:#000000;--rich-link-text:#595C5F;--section-background:transparent;--section-background-left:transparent;--section-border:#DCDCDC;--section-date:#C70000;--section-description:#707070;--section-title-background:transparent;--section-toggle-button:#707070;--section-toggle-button-hover:#121212;--series-title-background:#FFE500;--series-title-match-text:#3F464A;--series-title-text:#3F464A;--share-button:#3F464A;--share-button-border:#DCDCDC;--share-button-copied:#121212;--share-button-hover:#FFFFFF;--share-button-liveblog-mobile-meta:#3F464A;--share-button-xsmall-border:#DCDCDC;--sign-in-link:#3F464A;--sign-in-link-underline:#DCDCDC;--slideshow-caption:#FFFFFF;--slideshow-pagination-dot:rgba(18, 18, 18, 0.2);--slideshow-pagination-dot-active:#121212;--staff-contributor-badge:#052962;--staff-contributor-badge-text:#FFFFFF;--staff-pick-badge:#121212;--staff-pick-badge-text:#FFFFFF;--standfirst-background:#EFF1F2;--standfirst-border:#DCDCDC;--standfirst-bullet:#DCDCDC;--standfirst-link-border:#595C5F;--standfirst-link-text:#595C5F;--standfirst-text:#000000;--star-rating-background:#FFE500;--star-rating-fill:#121212;--straight-lines:#DCDCDC;--stuck-background:#FFFFFF;--sub-meta-background:#EFF1F2;--sub-meta-label-text:#3F464A;--sub-meta-text:#222527;--sub-meta-text-hover:#FFFFFF;--sub-nav-border:#595C5F;--sub-nav-link-footer:#121212;--sub-nav-link-header:#121212;--sub-nav-link-hover:#222527;--sub-nav-more:#999999;--subheading-text:#121212;--summary-event-bullet:#595C5F;--summary-event-bullet-hover:#303538;--syndication-button-border:#DCDCDC;--syndication-button-hover:#DCDCDC;--syndication-button-text:#222527;--table-of-contents:#121212;--table-of-contents-border:#DCDCDC;--tabs-input:#FFFFFF;--tag-page-chevron:#000000;--textblock-text:inherit;--timeline-atom-bullet:#121212;--timeline-atom-highlight-text:#000000;--timeline-atom-highlight-text-background:#FFE500;--timeline-bullet:#303538;--timeline-event-border:#DCDCDC;--treat-background:#000000;--treat-text:#F6F6F6;--trending-topics-background:#FFFFFF;--trending-topics-separator:#DCDCDC;--trending-topics-text:#333333;--weather-icon:#F6F6F6;--witness-title-author:#595C5F;--witness-title-icon:#595C5F;--witness-title-text:#595C5F;--youtube-overlay-kicker:#ABC2C9;}.dcr-1m887w9{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-1lhuo3r{border-top:1px;border-top-style:solid;border-top-color:var(--rich-link-border);}.dcr-ut4tvs{padding-top:2px;padding-right:5px;padding-left:5px;padding-bottom:5px;}.dcr-1h5b6rb{padding-bottom:10px;color:var(--rich-link-header);}.dcr-1dgt1gs{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;padding-top:1px;padding-bottom:1px;}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1dgt1gs{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;font-weight:400;padding-bottom:5px;}}.dcr-eurq8n{fill:var(--rich-link-fill);padding-top:2px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;-webkit-justify-content:flex-start;justify-content:flex-start;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;padding-bottom:6px;}.dcr-fkf7vq{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--rich-link-text);padding-left:4px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-fkf7vq{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}}.dcr-imskkt{margin-top:12px;margin-bottom:12px;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-imskkt{margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px;}}@media (max-width: 479.9px){.dcr-imskkt{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-imskkt{margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-100px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-imskkt{margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-340px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-imskkt{margin-left:-160px;margin-right:-320px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-imskkt{margin-left:-240px;margin-right:-400px;}}.dcr-1t8m8f2{position:relative;}.dcr-1t8m8f2 img{height:100%;width:100%;object-fit:cover;}.dcr-4tmywn{position:absolute;right:0;margin:6px;border-radius:50%;border:none;cursor:pointer;background:rgba(18, 18, 18, 0.8);opacity:0;height:44px;width:44px;}.dcr-4tmywn svg{margin-top:3px;fill:#FFFFFF;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-4tmywn{padding:0;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-4tmywn:hover{-webkit-filter:brightness(85%);filter:brightness(85%);opacity:0.8;}.dcr-4tmywn:focus{opacity:0.7;}}.dcr-4tmywn svg{height:32px;width:32px;}.dcr-z9ge1j{height:1px;border:0;margin-bottom:3px;background-color:#DCDCDC;width:150px;margin-left:0px;margin-top:48px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-z9ge1j{margin-left:-20px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-z9ge1j{margin-left:-10px;}}.dcr-1jqghwi{clear:left;margin-top:12px;margin-bottom:12px;font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian,"Guardian Text Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.4;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;background-color:var(--interactive-block-background);min-height:200px;position:relative;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1jqghwi{position:relative;float:left;width:300px;margin-right:20px;line-height:0;margin-top:8px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1jqghwi{margin-left:-160px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1jqghwi{width:380px;margin-left:-240px;}}.dcr-ri3hap{-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;}.dcr-hsz3vf{min-height:200px;width:100%;margin-bottom:px;margin-left:px;background-color:#EDEDED;}.dcr-1eupayo{position:absolute;bottom:4px;left:4px;}.dcr-1eyan6r{color:var(--pullquote-text);font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;position:relative;background-color:var(--pullquote-background);margin-top:2px;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:14px;clear:left;float:left;}@media (min-width: 660px){.dcr-1eyan6r{width:40%;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1eyan6r{position:relative;border:1px solid var(--pullquote-border);padding:2px 10px 16px 10px;width:240px;margin-left:-100px;margin-top:5px;}}.dcr-scql1j{height:0.7em;width:auto;vertical-align:baseline;margin-right:4px;}.dcr-zzndwp{display:inline;font-style:italic;}.dcr-w422y2{margin-top:12px;margin-bottom:12px;font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian,"Guardian Text Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.4;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;background-color:var(--interactive-block-background);min-height:500px;position:relative;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}.dcr-1h7eqaz{min-height:500px;width:100%;margin-bottom:px;margin-left:px;background-color:#EDEDED;}.dcr-1x1qaem{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.75rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:300;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;color:var(--subheading-text);padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:2px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1x1qaem{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:2.125rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:300;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:4px;}}.dcr-1x1qaem strong{font-weight:bold;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1x1qaem{padding-bottom:4px;}}.dcr-fckw05{padding-bottom:36px;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-fckw05{padding-bottom:20px;}}.dcr-1slmqmw{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;display:block;color:var(--sub-meta-label-text);margin-bottom:8px;}.dcr-1jl528t{padding-bottom:12px;margin-bottom:6px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--article-border);}.dcr-1yfsxuc{list-style:none;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:1.5rem 0.25rem;background-image:repeating-linear-gradient( to bottom, var(--sub-meta-background) 0px, var(--sub-meta-background) 36px, transparent 36px, transparent 37px, var(--sub-meta-background) 37px, var(--sub-meta-background) 48px ),repeating-linear-gradient( to right, var(--article-border) 0px, var(--article-border) 3px, transparent 3px, transparent 5px );-webkit-background-position:top;background-position:top;background-repeat:no-repeat;}.dcr-1yfsxuc li::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}.dcr-ncdwh2{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;border:1px solid var(--sub-meta-text);border-radius:12px;padding:2px 9px;}.dcr-ncdwh2:hover{background-color:var(--sub-meta-text);}.dcr-ncdwh2:hover a{color:var(--sub-meta-text-hover);}.dcr-ncdwh2 a{position:relative;display:block;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-1gwziyt{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:var(--sub-meta-text);}.dcr-nu129i{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.dcr-zhx6xs >a{font-weight:normal;}.dcr-14rjinq{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;border:none;background:transparent;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:.3s ease-in-out;transition:.3s ease-in-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:24px;min-height:24px;padding:0 12px;border-radius:24px;padding-bottom:1px;background-color:transparent;color:var(--syndication-button-text);border:1px solid var(--syndication-button-border);}.dcr-14rjinq:disabled{cursor:not-allowed;}.dcr-14rjinq:focus{outline:0;}html:not(.src-focus-disabled) .dcr-14rjinq:focus{outline:5px solid #0077B6;outline-offset:3px;}.dcr-14rjinq:hover{background-color:var(--syndication-button-hover);}.dcr-10el5c8{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;z-index:4;grid-area:var(--grid-area);}@supports (display: grid){.dcr-10el5c8{position:relative;}}.dcr-jwg3xc{padding-top:6px;height:100%;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-jwg3xc{margin-left:20px;margin-right:-20px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-jwg3xc{margin-left:0px;margin-right:0px;}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-1hko8ef{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1hko8ef{height:100%;display:block;-webkit-flex-basis:300px;-ms-flex-preferred-size:300px;flex-basis:300px;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;}}.dcr-1nzopul{margin-top:16px;}.dcr-1vxq7bk{background-color:var(--ad-background-article-inner);max-width:300px;}.dcr-17n294h{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;}.dcr-17n294h.ad-slot-container--centre-slot{width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;margin:0 auto;}.dcr-ivr0sq{position:relative;min-height:274px;margin:12px auto;max-width:1300px;overflow:hidden;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-ivr0sq{margin:0;padding-bottom:20px;min-height:294px;}}@media (min-width: 660px) and (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-ivr0sq:not(.ad-slot--fluid).ad-slot--rendered{display:none;}}.dcr-1ntgn2k{width:100%;background:var(--article-section-background);}.dcr-1vf50t{position:relative;margin:auto;border-top:1px solid;border-color:var(--article-border);padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1vf50t{max-width:740px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1vf50t{max-width:980px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1vf50t{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1vf50t{max-width:1300px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1vf50t{border-left:1px solid;border-right:1px solid;border-color:var(--article-border);}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1vf50t{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}}.dcr-wynbiy{min-height:340px;width:100%;margin-bottom:px;margin-left:px;background-color:var(--onward-placeholder-background);}.dcr-1atljbz{margin-left:0;}.dcr-dah9rt{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;padding-bottom:4px;padding-top:6px;overflow-wrap:break-word;}.dcr-ddf1wi{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-ddf1wi{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}}.dcr-6m88po{margin-left:-1px;}@media (min-width: 980px) and (max-width: 1299.9px){.dcr-6m88po{min-width:627px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-6m88po{min-width:718px;}}.dcr-5mqa0r{min-height:360px;width:100%;margin-bottom:px;margin-left:px;background-color:#EDEDED;-webkit-animation:animation-yk1vcf 2s infinite linear;animation:animation-yk1vcf 2s infinite linear;background:linear-gradient( to right, #EDEDED 4%, white 25%, #EDEDED 36% );-webkit-background-size:1500px 100%;background-size:1500px 100%;}.dcr-1pt7toy{margin-top:9px;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1pt7toy{margin-top:0;margin-left:10px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1pt7toy{margin-top:10px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1pt7toy{margin-left:16px;}}{margin-top:2px;}{margin-top:36px;}{margin-top:9px;}{margin-top:38px;}{margin-top:54px;}.dcr-j5zpwt{min-height:274px;min-width:300px;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;max-width:300px;margin:0 auto;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-j5zpwt{max-width:700px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-j5zpwt{max-width:300px;}}.dcr-1qjcfie{position:relative;min-height:274px;min-width:300px;max-width:300px;text-align:center;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1qjcfie{max-width:700px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1qjcfie{width:auto;max-width:300px;}}.dcr-1q1v1nj{position:relative;margin:auto;border-top:1px solid;border-color:var(--article-border);}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1q1v1nj{max-width:740px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1q1v1nj{max-width:980px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1q1v1nj{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1q1v1nj{max-width:1300px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1q1v1nj{border-left:1px solid;border-right:1px solid;border-color:var(--article-border);}}.dcr-a4rp9m{height:36px;overflow:hidden;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-a4rp9m{height:42px;}}.dcr-1gt8egs{list-style:none;padding:0 5px;}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1gt8egs{padding:0 15px;}}.dcr-1gt8egs li{float:left;display:block;}.dcr-ybq1b6:after{content:'';display:inline-block;width:0;height:0;border-top:6px solid transparent;border-bottom:6px solid transparent;border-left:10px solid var(--sub-nav-border);margin-top:12px;margin-left:2px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-ybq1b6:after{margin-top:16px;}}.dcr-lgyw9b{float:left;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;font-size:14px;font-weight:500;color:var(--sub-nav-link);padding:0 5px;height:36px;line-height:36px;}.dcr-lgyw9b:hover{color:var(--sub-nav-link-hover);}.dcr-lgyw9b:focus{line-height:26px;height:26px;margin-top:5px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-lgyw9b:focus{height:32px;line-height:32px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-lgyw9b{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;font-size:16px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-lgyw9b{height:42px;line-height:42px;}}.dcr-1b5y2ep{font-weight:700;}.dcr-bnuca0{position:relative;margin:auto;border-top:1px solid;border-color:var(--article-border);}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-bnuca0{max-width:740px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-bnuca0{max-width:980px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-bnuca0{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-bnuca0{max-width:1300px;}}.dcr-1hmrwdw{background-color:#052962;color:#FFFFFF;padding-bottom:6px;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}.dcr-1ris6nf{border-left:1px solid #506991;border-right:1px solid #506991;padding-top:8px;position:relative;padding-left:10px;}.dcr-1ris6nf:after{content:'';display:table;clear:both;}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1ris6nf{padding-left:20px;}}.dcr-1ris6nf >ul{clear:none;}.dcr-1ris6nf >ul:after{display:none;}.dcr-1xyi04h{display:grid;-webkit-column-gap:12px;column-gap:12px;grid-template-areas:'signup' 'links' 'acknowledgment';clear:both;width:100%;padding:0 10px;position:relative;border:1px solid #506991;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1xyi04h{grid-template-columns:min-content;grid-template-areas:'signup links' 'acknowledgment links';}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1xyi04h{padding:0 20px;}}.dcr-1wf840d{grid-area:signup;padding-top:8px;margin-bottom:12px;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1wf840d{width:247px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1wf840d{width:298px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1wf840d{width:458px;}}.dcr-u54heg{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;border:none;background:transparent;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:.3s ease-in-out;transition:.3s ease-in-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:36px;min-height:36px;padding:0 16px;border-radius:36px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#052962;color:#FFFFFF;color:#052962;background-color:#FFFFFF;margin-top:12px;}.dcr-u54heg:disabled{cursor:not-allowed;}.dcr-u54heg:focus{outline:0;}html:not(.src-focus-disabled) .dcr-u54heg:focus{outline:5px solid #0077B6;outline-offset:3px;}.dcr-u54heg:hover{background-color:#234B8A;}.dcr-u54heg svg{-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;display:block;fill:currentColor;position:relative;width:26px;height:auto;}.dcr-u54heg .src-button-space{width:8px;}.dcr-u54heg svg{margin-right:-4px;}.dcr-u54heg:hover{background-color:#DCDCDC;}.dcr-1ms2xl4{grid-area:links;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-1ms2xl4{border-top:1px solid #506991;}}.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul{width:50%;border-left:1px solid #506991;padding:12px 0 0 10px;}.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul:nth-of-type(1){border-left:0 none;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul{clear:left;}.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul:nth-of-type(odd){border-left:0;padding-left:0;}.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul:nth-of-type(3){padding-top:0;}.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul:nth-of-type(4){padding-top:0;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul{margin:0 10px 36px 0;width:150px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul:nth-of-type(1){border-left:1px solid #506991;}}.dcr-4coeh{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding-bottom:12px;display:block;line-height:19px;}.dcr-4coeh:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:#FFE500;}.dcr-1v06yj3{border-left:1px solid #506991;-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;padding:12px 0 0 10px;margin:0 10px 36px 0;width:calc(50% - 10px);}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1v06yj3{width:50%;border-top:1px solid #506991;}}.dcr-1xnlu54{background-color:#052962;padding:0 5px;position:absolute;bottom:-21px;right:20px;}.dcr-1bljy3y{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;line-height:42px;}.dcr-1bljy3y:hover{color:#FFE500;}.dcr-1bljy3y:hover .icon-container{background-color:#FFE500;}.dcr-6ottnt{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;padding-right:5px;}.dcr-18yycfp{position:relative;float:right;border-radius:100%;background-color:#FFFFFF;cursor:pointer;height:42px;min-width:42px;}.dcr-13lm9u3:before{position:absolute;top:6px;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;border:2px solid #052962;border-bottom:0;border-right:0;content:'';height:12px;width:12px;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);}.dcr-1slcfay{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;padding:12px;padding-left:20px;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1slcfay{margin-top:11px;}}.dcr-1wna1tt{position:fixed!important;bottom:0;z-index:30!important;max-height:90vh;overflow:auto;width:100%!important;background:none!important;top:auto!important;}.dcr-bqcudp{position:fixed;bottom:0;width:320px;margin:0 auto;right:0;left:0;z-index:23;width:100%;text-align:center;background-color:#F6F6F6;}@media (min-width: 660px){.dcr-bqcudp{display:none;}}.dcr-bqcudp .ad-slot__close-button{display:none;position:absolute;right:3px;top:-21px;padding:0;border:0;height:21px;width:21px;background-color:transparent;}.dcr-bqcudp .ad-slot__close-button svg{height:0.75rem;width:0.75rem;stroke:#121212;fill:#121212;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-width:0;text-align:center;}.dcr-bqcudp .ad-slot--mobile-sticky .ad-slot__close-button{display:block;}.dcr-bqcudp .ad-slot__close-button__x{stroke:#121212;fill:transparent;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-width:2;text-align:center;}.dcr-bqcudp .ad-slot:not[data-label-show='true']::before{content:'';display:block;height:24px;visibility:hidden;}.dcr-bqcudp .ad-slot[data-label-show='true']::before{content:'Advertisement';display:block;position:relative;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:24px;max-height:24px;background-color:var(--ad-background);padding-top:3px;border-top:1px solid var(--ad-border);color:var(--ad-labels-text);text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;}.dcr-bqcudp .ad-slot[data-label-show='true']::before{padding-left:calc((100% - 320px) / 2);padding-right:calc((100% - 320px) / 2);}</style> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/css/print.css"> </head> <body class=""> <a href="#maincontent" data-link-name="skip : main content" class="dcr-1gpubb">Skip to main content</a><a href="#navigation" data-link-name="skip : navigation" class="dcr-1gpubb">Skip to navigation</a><gu-island name="LightboxLayout" priority="feature" deferUntil="hash" props="{"format":{"design":10,"display":1,"theme":0},"images":[{"masterUrl":"https://media.guim.co.uk/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg","width":5000,"height":3000,"elementId":"e98dcff4-73c3-4488-825f-ee018ac56697","displayCredit":true,"alt":"asd","credit":"Illustration: Andrew Stocks/Ellen Wishart/Guardian Design","caption":" ","position":1},{"masterUrl":"https://media.guim.co.uk/8ef22f56de5a5036be052d40d5153cfb50ec1534/882_524_3274_1965/master/3274.jpg","width":3274,"height":1965,"elementId":"70d960eb-367a-42a2-a3f4-7e06c32fd422","displayCredit":true,"alt":"G200 k viner essay illo 1","credit":"Illustration: Andrew Stocks/Ellen Wishart/Guardian Design","position":2},{"masterUrl":"https://media.guim.co.uk/073e63ba7fe11cb530f63f35b983231dae3db5e9/895_582_3244_1946/master/3244.jpg","width":3244,"height":1946,"elementId":"2212b6d3-58e2-4ce5-82da-d0060177f06e","displayCredit":true,"alt":"G200 k viner essay illo 3","credit":"Illustration: Andrew Stocks/Ellen Wishart/Guardian Design","position":3}]}"><div id="gu-lightbox" aria-modal="true" role="dialog" hidden class="dcr-1e4oyvk"><div class="dcr-os2q47"><nav class="dcr-h4unms"><button type="button" title="Close [ESC or Q]" class="close dcr-1v07sbc"><svg viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12.015 14.042 20.707 22 22 20.709 14.06 12 22 3.291 20.707 2l-8.692 7.958L3.293 2.03 2 3.321 9.97 12 2 20.679l1.293 1.291z"></path></svg><span class="dcr-ybr5tf">Close dialogue</span></button><span class="dcr-n4pnam"><span aria-hidden="true" data-testid="lightbox-selected" class="dcr-9ww4qd"><span class="selected">1</span><span class="dcr-8mhfnx">/</span><span class="dcr-tviv3x">3</span></span></span><button type="button" title="Next image [→]" class="next dcr-pnu31o"><svg viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1 12.956h18.274l-7.167 8.575.932.932L23 12.478v-.956l-9.96-9.985-.932.932 7.166 8.575H1z"></path></svg><span class="dcr-ybr5tf">Next image</span></button><button type="button" title="Previous image [←]" class="previous dcr-1c9urh0"><svg viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M23 11.045H4.726l7.167-8.576-.932-.932L1 11.522v.956l9.96 9.984.932-.931-7.166-8.575H23z"></path></svg><span class="dcr-ybr5tf">Previous image</span></button><button type="button" title="Toggle caption [i]" class="info dcr-43tvi7"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="9" height="24" viewBox="0 0 9 24"><path fill="#FFFFFF" d="M.3 22L3.9 9.1H1.3l.4-1.4 5.6-.9.3.3-4.4 14.8H6L5.6 23c-.9.4-2.8.9-4.1.9-1.1 0-1.7-.5-1.2-1.9zM5.5 2C5.5.9 6.4.1 7.3.1c1 0 1.6.7 1.6 1.5 0 1.1-.9 1.9-1.8 1.9-1 .1-1.6-.6-1.6-1.5z"></path></svg><span class="dcr-ybr5tf">Toggle caption</span></button></nav></div></div></gu-island><gu-island name="LightboxHash" priority="feature" deferUntil="idle" props="{}"></gu-island><gu-island name="FocusStyles" priority="enhancement" deferUntil="idle" props="{}"></gu-island><a href="#navigation" data-link-name="skip : navigation" class="dcr-1gpubb">Skip to navigation</a><gu-island name="AlreadyVisited" priority="feature" deferUntil="idle" props="{}"></gu-island><gu-island name="Metrics" priority="critical" props="{"commercialMetricsEnabled":true,"tests":{}}"></gu-island><gu-island name="BrazeMessaging" priority="feature" deferUntil="idle" props="{"idApiUrl":"https://idapi.theguardian.com"}"></gu-island><gu-island name="ReaderRevenueDev" priority="feature" deferUntil="idle" props="{"shouldHideReaderRevenue":false}"></gu-island><gu-island name="SetABTests" priority="critical" props="{"abTestSwitches":{"abSignInGateMainVariant":true,"abGpidPrebidAdUnits":true,"abUsaExpandableMarketingCard":true,"abOnwardsContentArticle":false,"abSignInGateMainControl":true,"abOptOutFrequencyCap":true,"absoluteServerTimes":false,"abAdBlockAsk":false,"abNewHeaderBiddingEndpoint":true},"pageIsSensitive":false,"isDev":false,"serverSideTests":{}}"></gu-island><gu-island name="SetAdTargeting" priority="critical" props="{"adTargeting":{"customParams":{"sens":"f","si":"f","vl":0,"cc":"INT","s":"media","inskin":"f","se":["guardian-200"],"ct":"article","su":["0"],"edition":"int","tn":["features"],"p":"ng","k":["pressandpublishing","newspapers","national-newspapers","theguardian","media"],"sh":"https://www.theguardian.com/p/ha3n2","co":["katharineviner"],"url":"/media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission","pa":"f","urlkw":["guardian","200","anniversary","covid","pandemic","journalism","editor","mission"]},"adUnit":"/59666047/theguardian.com/media/article/ng"}}"></gu-island><header data-component="header"><section style="background-color:var(--masthead-top-bar-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1s8spa1"><div data-component="topbar"><gu-island name="TopBar" priority="critical" props="{"editionId":"INT","idUrl":"https://profile.theguardian.com","mmaUrl":"https://manage.theguardian.com","discussionApiUrl":"https://discussion.theguardian.com/discussion-api","idApiUrl":"https://idapi.theguardian.com","contributionsServiceUrl":"https://contributions.guardianapis.com","hasPageSkin":false}"><div class="dcr-5k6jfi"><div class="dcr-kohrs2"><div style="padding-right:12px;" class="dcr-145list"></div><span class="dcr-1vetsv0"><div style="padding-right:12px;" class="dcr-1cvta4k"><a href="https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe/weekly?REFPVID=undefined&INTCMP=undefined&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22%3A%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22%2C%22componentId%22%3A%22PrintSubscriptionsHeaderLink%22%2C%22componentType%22%3A%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22%2C%22referrerUrl%22%3A%22%22%7D" data-link-name="header : topbar : printsubs" class="dcr-vxblrw">Print subscriptions</a></div></span><span class="dcr-1vetsv0"><div style="padding-right:12px;" class="dcr-1cvta4k"><a href="https://jobs.theguardian.com" data-link-name="header : topbar : job-cta" class="dcr-vxblrw">Search jobs</a></div></span><div style="padding-right:0px;" class="dcr-1cvta4k"><a href="https://profile.theguardian.com/signin?INTCMP=DOTCOM_NEWHEADER_SIGNIN&ABCMP=ab-sign-in&componentEventParams=componentType%3Didentityauthentication%26componentId%3Dguardian_signin_header" data-link-name="header : topbar : signin" class="dcr-3ny4gi"><svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M7 0C3.1 0 0 3.1 0 7c0 2 .9 3.9 2.4 5.2C3.6 13.4 5.3 14 7 14c1.7 0 3.4-.6 4.7-1.8C13.2 10.9 14 9 14 7c0-3.9-3.1-7-7-7zm0 1.8c1.3 0 2.1.8 2.1 2.1S8 6.3 7 6.3c-.8 0-2-1.1-2-2.4 0-1.4.7-2.1 2-2.1zm0 11.6c-1.7 0-3.3-.7-4.5-1.8l.8-3.2.5-.5c1-.4 2.1-.5 3.1-.5 1.1 0 2.1.2 3.1.5l.5.5.9 3.2c-1.1 1.2-2.7 1.8-4.4 1.8z"></path></svg> Sign in</a></div></div></div></gu-island></div></div></section><gu-island name="Titlepiece" priority="critical" props="{"nav":{"pillars":[{"title":"News","longTitle":"Headlines","url":"/","children":[{"title":"World","longTitle":"World news","url":"/world","children":[{"title":"Europe","longTitle":"Europe","url":"/world/europe-news","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"US","longTitle":"US news","url":"/us-news","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Americas","longTitle":"Americas","url":"/world/americas","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Asia","longTitle":"Asia","url":"/world/asia","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Australia","longTitle":"Australia news","url":"/australia-news","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Middle East","longTitle":"Middle East","url":"/world/middleeast","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Africa","longTitle":"Africa","url":"/world/africa","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Inequality","longTitle":"Inequality","url":"/inequality","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Global development","longTitle":"Global development","url":"/global-development","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"US politics","longTitle":"US politics","url":"/us-news/us-politics","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"UK","longTitle":"UK news","url":"/uk-news","children":[{"title":"UK politics","longTitle":"UK politics","url":"/politics","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Education","longTitle":"Education","url":"/education","children":[{"title":"Schools","longTitle":"Schools","url":"/education/schools","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Teachers","longTitle":"Teachers","url":"/teacher-network","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Universities","longTitle":"Universities","url":"/education/universities","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Students","longTitle":"Students","url":"/education/students","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Media","longTitle":"Media","url":"/media","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Society","longTitle":"Society","url":"/society","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Law","longTitle":"Law","url":"/law","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Scotland","longTitle":"Scotland","url":"/uk/scotland","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Wales","longTitle":"Wales","url":"/uk/wales","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Northern Ireland","longTitle":"Northern Ireland","url":"/uk/northernireland","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Climate crisis","longTitle":"Climate crisis","url":"/environment/climate-crisis","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Middle East","longTitle":"Middle East","url":"/world/middleeast","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Ukraine","longTitle":"Ukraine","url":"/world/ukraine","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Environment","longTitle":"Environment","url":"/environment","children":[{"title":"Climate crisis","longTitle":"Climate crisis","url":"/environment/climate-crisis","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Wildlife","longTitle":"Wildlife","url":"/environment/wildlife","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Energy","longTitle":"Energy","url":"/environment/energy","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Pollution","longTitle":"Pollution","url":"/environment/pollution","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Science","longTitle":"Science","url":"/science","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Global development","longTitle":"Global development","url":"/global-development","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Football","longTitle":"Football","url":"/football","children":[{"title":"Live scores","longTitle":"football/live","url":"/football/live","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Tables","longTitle":"football/tables","url":"/football/tables","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Fixtures","longTitle":"football/fixtures","url":"/football/fixtures","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Results","longTitle":"football/results","url":"/football/results","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Competitions","longTitle":"football/competitions","url":"/football/competitions","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Clubs","longTitle":"football/teams","url":"/football/teams","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Tech","longTitle":"Tech","url":"/technology","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Business","longTitle":"Business","url":"/business","children":[{"title":"Economics","longTitle":"Economics","url":"/business/economics","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Banking","longTitle":"Banking","url":"/business/banking","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Money","longTitle":"Money","url":"/money","children":[{"title":"Property","longTitle":"Property","url":"/money/property","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Pensions","longTitle":"Pensions","url":"/money/pensions","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Savings","longTitle":"Savings","url":"/money/savings","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Borrowing","longTitle":"Borrowing","url":"/money/debt","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Careers","longTitle":"Careers","url":"/money/work-and-careers","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Markets","longTitle":"Markets","url":"/business/stock-markets","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Project Syndicate","longTitle":"Project Syndicate","url":"/business/series/project-syndicate-economists","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"B2B","longTitle":"B2B","url":"/business-to-business","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Retail","longTitle":"Retail","url":"/business/retail","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Obituaries","longTitle":"Obituaries","url":"/obituaries","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false,"pillar":0},{"title":"Opinion","longTitle":"Opinion home","url":"/commentisfree","children":[{"title":"The Guardian view","longTitle":"The Guardian view","url":"/profile/editorial","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Columnists","longTitle":"Columnists","url":"/index/contributors","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Cartoons","longTitle":"Cartoons","url":"/tone/cartoons","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Opinion videos","longTitle":"Opinion videos","url":"/type/video+tone/comment","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Letters","longTitle":"Letters","url":"/tone/letters","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false,"pillar":1},{"title":"Sport","longTitle":"Sport home","url":"/sport","children":[{"title":"Football","longTitle":"Football","url":"/football","children":[{"title":"Live scores","longTitle":"football/live","url":"/football/live","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Tables","longTitle":"football/tables","url":"/football/tables","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Fixtures","longTitle":"football/fixtures","url":"/football/fixtures","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Results","longTitle":"football/results","url":"/football/results","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Competitions","longTitle":"football/competitions","url":"/football/competitions","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Clubs","longTitle":"football/teams","url":"/football/teams","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Cricket","longTitle":"Cricket","url":"/sport/cricket","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Rugby union","longTitle":"Rugby union","url":"/sport/rugby-union","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Tennis","longTitle":"Tennis","url":"/sport/tennis","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Cycling","longTitle":"Cycling","url":"/sport/cycling","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"F1","longTitle":"F1","url":"/sport/formulaone","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Golf","longTitle":"Golf","url":"/sport/golf","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"US sports","longTitle":"US sports","url":"/sport/us-sport","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false,"pillar":2},{"title":"Culture","longTitle":"Culture home","url":"/culture","children":[{"title":"Books","longTitle":"Books","url":"/books","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Music","longTitle":"Music","url":"/music","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"TV & radio","longTitle":"TV & radio","url":"/tv-and-radio","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Art & design","longTitle":"Art & design","url":"/artanddesign","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Film","longTitle":"Film","url":"/film","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Games","longTitle":"Games","url":"/games","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Classical","longTitle":"Classical","url":"/music/classicalmusicandopera","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Stage","longTitle":"Stage","url":"/stage","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false,"pillar":3},{"title":"Lifestyle","longTitle":"Lifestyle home","url":"/lifeandstyle","children":[{"title":"Fashion","longTitle":"Fashion","url":"/fashion","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Food","longTitle":"Food","url":"/food","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Recipes","longTitle":"Recipes","url":"/tone/recipes","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Love & sex","longTitle":"Love & sex","url":"/lifeandstyle/love-and-sex","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Health & fitness","longTitle":"Health & fitness","url":"/lifeandstyle/health-and-wellbeing","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Home & garden","longTitle":"Home & garden","url":"/lifeandstyle/home-and-garden","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Women","longTitle":"Women","url":"/lifeandstyle/women","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Men","longTitle":"Men","url":"/lifeandstyle/men","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Family","longTitle":"Family","url":"/lifeandstyle/family","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Travel","longTitle":"Travel","url":"/travel","children":[{"title":"UK","longTitle":"UK","url":"/travel/uk","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Europe","longTitle":"Europe","url":"/travel/europe","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"US","longTitle":"US","url":"/travel/usa","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Money","longTitle":"Money","url":"/money","children":[{"title":"Property","longTitle":"Property","url":"/money/property","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Pensions","longTitle":"Pensions","url":"/money/pensions","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Savings","longTitle":"Savings","url":"/money/savings","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Borrowing","longTitle":"Borrowing","url":"/money/debt","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Careers","longTitle":"Careers","url":"/money/work-and-careers","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false,"pillar":4}],"otherLinks":[{"title":"The Guardian app","longTitle":"The Guardian app","url":"https://app.adjust.com/16xt6hai","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Video","longTitle":"Video","url":"/video","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Podcasts","longTitle":"Podcasts","url":"/podcasts","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Pictures","longTitle":"Pictures","url":"/inpictures","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Newsletters","longTitle":"Newsletters","url":"/email-newsletters","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Today's paper","longTitle":"Today's paper","url":"/theguardian","children":[{"title":"Obituaries","longTitle":"Obituaries","url":"/obituaries","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"G2","longTitle":"G2","url":"/theguardian/g2","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Journal","longTitle":"Journal","url":"/theguardian/journal","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Saturday","longTitle":"Saturday","url":"/theguardian/saturday","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Inside the Guardian","longTitle":"Inside the Guardian","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/insidetheguardian","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"The Observer","longTitle":"The Observer","url":"/observer","children":[{"title":"Comment","longTitle":"Comment","url":"/theobserver/news/comment","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"The New Review","longTitle":"The New Review","url":"/theobserver/new-review","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Observer Magazine","longTitle":"Observer Magazine","url":"/theobserver/magazine","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Observer Food Monthly","longTitle":"Observer Food Monthly","url":"/theobserver/foodmonthly","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Guardian Weekly","longTitle":"Guardian Weekly","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/weekly?INTCMP=gdnwb_mawns_editorial_gweekly_GW_TopNav_Int","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Crosswords","longTitle":"Crosswords","url":"/crosswords","children":[{"title":"Blog","longTitle":"Blog","url":"/crosswords/crossword-blog","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Quick","longTitle":"Quick","url":"/crosswords/series/quick","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Speedy","longTitle":"Speedy","url":"/crosswords/series/speedy","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Quick cryptic","longTitle":"Quick cryptic","url":"/crosswords/series/quick-cryptic","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Everyman","longTitle":"Everyman","url":"/crosswords/series/everyman","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Quiptic","longTitle":"Quiptic","url":"/crosswords/series/quiptic","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Cryptic","longTitle":"Cryptic","url":"/crosswords/series/cryptic","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Prize","longTitle":"Prize","url":"/crosswords/series/prize","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Azed","longTitle":"Azed","url":"/crosswords/series/azed","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Genius","longTitle":"Genius","url":"/crosswords/series/genius","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Weekend","longTitle":"Weekend","url":"/crosswords/series/weekend-crossword","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Special","longTitle":"Special","url":"/crosswords/series/special","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Wordiply","longTitle":"Wordiply","url":"https://www.wordiply.com","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Corrections","longTitle":"Corrections","url":"/theguardian/series/corrections-and-clarifications","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"brandExtensions":[{"title":"Search jobs","longTitle":"Search jobs","url":"https://jobs.theguardian.com","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Holidays","longTitle":"Holidays","url":"https://holidays.theguardian.com?INTCMP=holidays_int_web_newheader","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Digital Archive","longTitle":"Digital Archive","url":"https://theguardian.newspapers.com","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Guardian Licensing","longTitle":"Guardian Licensing","url":"https://licensing.theguardian.com/","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"About Us","longTitle":"About Us","url":"/about","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"currentNavLink":"Media","subNavSections":{"parent":{"title":"UK","longTitle":"UK news","url":"/uk-news","children":[{"title":"UK politics","longTitle":"UK politics","url":"/politics","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Education","longTitle":"Education","url":"/education","children":[{"title":"Schools","longTitle":"Schools","url":"/education/schools","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Teachers","longTitle":"Teachers","url":"/teacher-network","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Universities","longTitle":"Universities","url":"/education/universities","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Students","longTitle":"Students","url":"/education/students","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Media","longTitle":"Media","url":"/media","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Society","longTitle":"Society","url":"/society","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Law","longTitle":"Law","url":"/law","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Scotland","longTitle":"Scotland","url":"/uk/scotland","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Wales","longTitle":"Wales","url":"/uk/wales","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Northern Ireland","longTitle":"Northern Ireland","url":"/uk/northernireland","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},"links":[{"title":"UK politics","longTitle":"UK politics","url":"/politics","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Education","longTitle":"Education","url":"/education","children":[{"title":"Schools","longTitle":"Schools","url":"/education/schools","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Teachers","longTitle":"Teachers","url":"/teacher-network","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Universities","longTitle":"Universities","url":"/education/universities","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Students","longTitle":"Students","url":"/education/students","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Media","longTitle":"Media","url":"/media","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Society","longTitle":"Society","url":"/society","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Law","longTitle":"Law","url":"/law","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Scotland","longTitle":"Scotland","url":"/uk/scotland","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Wales","longTitle":"Wales","url":"/uk/wales","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Northern Ireland","longTitle":"Northern Ireland","url":"/uk/northernireland","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}]},"readerRevenueLinks":{"header":{"subscribe":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=header_support_subscribe&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_support_subscribe%22%7D","support":"https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=header_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_support%22%7D","contribute":"https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=header_support_contribute&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_support_contribute%22%7D","supporter":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=header_supporter_cta&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_supporter_cta%22%7D"},"footer":{"subscribe":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=footer_support_subscribe&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support_subscribe%22%7D","support":"https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=footer_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support%22%7D","contribute":"https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=footer_support_contribute&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support_contribute%22%7D","supporter":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=footer_supporter_cta&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_supporter_cta%22%7D"},"sideMenu":{"subscribe":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=side_menu_support_subscribe&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22side_menu_support_subscribe%22%7D","support":"https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=side_menu_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22side_menu_support%22%7D","contribute":"https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=side_menu_support_contribute&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22side_menu_support_contribute%22%7D","supporter":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=mobilenav_print_cta&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22mobilenav_print_cta%22%7D"},"ampHeader":{"subscribe":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=header_support_subscribe&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_support_subscribe%22%7D","support":"https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=amp_header_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22amp_header_support%22%7D","contribute":"https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=header_support_contribute&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_support_contribute%22%7D","supporter":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=header_supporter_cta&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_supporter_cta%22%7D"},"ampFooter":{"subscribe":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=amp_footer_support_subscribe&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22amp_footer_support_subscribe%22%7D","support":"https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=footer_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support%22%7D","contribute":"https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=amp_footer_support_contribute&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22amp_footer_support_contribute%22%7D","supporter":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=amp_footer_supporter_cta&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22amp_footer_supporter_cta%22%7D"}},"selectedPillar":0},"editionId":"INT","showSubNav":false,"showSlimNav":true,"hasPageSkin":false,"pageId":"media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission"}"><nav style="background-color:var(--masthead-nav-background);color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);" class="dcr-5k6jfi"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () { /** The checkbox input element used to toggle the navigation menu. */ const navInputCheckbox = document.getElementById('header-nav-input-checkbox'); /** The veggie burger button element used to open/close the menu. */ const veggieBurger = document.getElementById('header-veggie-burger'); /** List of menu items that should be selectable when the menu is open. */ const expandedMenuClickableTags = document.querySelectorAll( '.selectableMenuItem', ); /** The root element of the expanded menu. */ const expandedMenu = document.getElementById('header-expanded-menu-root'); /** The label for the first column in the menu, assumed to be "News".*/ const firstColLabel = document.getElementById('News-button'); /** The link element in the second list item under news links. */ const firstColLink = document.querySelector( '#newsLinks > li:nth-of-type(2) > a', ); /** * Focuses on the first navigation element depending on whether the first column label is visible. * * If the first column label is not visible, the function focuses on the first link element. * Otherwise, it focuses on the first column label. */ const focusOnFirstNavElement = () => { if (window.getComputedStyle(firstColLabel).display === 'none') { firstColLink.focus(); } else { firstColLabel.focus(); } }; /** * Updates ARIA attributes and tabindex values based on whether the menu is open or closed. */ const updateAttributesForMenu = (isOpen) => { firstColLabel.setAttribute('aria-expanded', isOpen ? 'true' : 'false'); veggieBurger.setAttribute( 'data-link-name', isOpen ? 'header : veggie-burger : hide' : 'header : veggie-burger : show', ); expandedMenuClickableTags.forEach((tag) => { tag.setAttribute('tabindex', isOpen ? '0' : '-1'); }); }; /** Toggles the navigation menu by simulating a click on the checkbox. */ const toggleMainMenu = () => { if (navInputCheckbox) { navInputCheckbox.click(); } }; /** * Handles keydown events to toggle the menu when the Enter or Space key is pressed. */ const keydownToggleMainMenu = (e) => { if (e.key === 'Enter' || e.key === ' ') { e.preventDefault(); toggleMainMenu(); } }; /** * Handles click events to manage the state of the navigation menu. * * - Toggles the menu open/close state when the menu button (veggieBurger) is clicked. */ const handleMenuClick = (e) => { const menuButtonClicked = navInputCheckbox === e.target; const clickInsideMenu = expandedMenu.contains(e.target); const menuIsOpen = navInputCheckbox.checked if (menuButtonClicked && !menuIsOpen) { document.body.classList.toggle('nav-is-open') firstColLabel.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'false') veggieBurger.setAttribute('data-link-name','header : veggie-burger : show') expandedMenuClickableTags.forEach(function($selectableElement){ $selectableElement.setAttribute('tabindex','-1') }) } else if (menuButtonClicked && menuIsOpen) { document.body.classList.toggle('nav-is-open') firstColLabel.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'true') veggieBurger.setAttribute('data-link-name','header : veggie-burger : hide') expandedMenuClickableTags.forEach(function($selectableElement){ $selectableElement.setAttribute('tabindex','0') }) focusOnFirstNavElement() } }; /** Adds event listeners to manage the navigation menu. */ if (navInputCheckbox) { navInputCheckbox.addEventListener('click', handleMenuClick); veggieBurger.addEventListener('keydown', keydownToggleMainMenu); document.addEventListener('keydown', (e) => { if (e.key === 'Escape' && navInputCheckbox.checked) { toggleMainMenu(); veggieBurger.focus(); } }); /** * Handles mouse down events to manage the state of the navigation menu. * * - Closes the menu if the click occurs outside both the menu button and the expanded menu. */ document.addEventListener('mousedown', function(e){ if(navInputCheckbox.checked && !expandedMenu.contains(e.target) && !veggieBurger.contains(e.target)){ toggleMainMenu() } }); } });</script><div class="dcr-1nph362"><div class="dcr-1siqup9"><div class="dcr-1kbi9ft"><label for="checkbox-id-masthead-edition" class="dcr-3i1ea4">Int</label><input type="checkbox" id="checkbox-id-masthead-edition" aria-checked="false" tabIndex="-1"/><ul id="dropbox-id-masthead-edition" class="dcr-1tbybqw"><li><a href="/preference/edition/int" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : edition-picker: INT" class="dcr-64xqd0">International edition</a></li><li><a href="/preference/edition/uk" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : edition-picker: UK" class="dcr-i0vtpq">UK edition</a></li><li><a href="/preference/edition/us" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : edition-picker: US" class="dcr-i0vtpq">US edition</a></li><li><a href="/preference/edition/au" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : edition-picker: AU" class="dcr-i0vtpq">Australia edition</a></li><li><a href="/preference/edition/eur" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : edition-picker: EUR" class="dcr-i0vtpq">Europe edition</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="dcr-1vh8gw5"><a href="/" data-link-name="header : logo"><span class="dcr-zramh4">The Guardian - Back to home</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 -3 300 100" fill="var(--masthead-nav-link-text)" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0 70.8c0-19.5 13-26.4 27.3-26.4 6.1 0 12 1 15.1 2.3l.3 13.6h-1.4L33 47.2c-1.5-.7-2.8-.9-5.4-.9-7.6 0-11.5 8.8-11.4 23.3.1 17.3 3.1 25.1 10.2 25.1 1.8 0 3.2-.2 4.2-.7V75.5l-4.7-2.7v-1.5h22.5V73l-4.6 2.5v18.3a50.1 50.1 0 0 1-17 2.9C10.5 96.7 0 89 0 70.8Z"></path><path d="m142.8 57.9 1.2.1v11h.3c1.6-8 5.2-11 9.5-11 .7 0 1.5 0 1.9.2v11.2c-.7-.2-2-.2-3.1-.2-3.4 0-6 .6-8.2 1.6v21.7l3.4 1.9v1.4h-19.5v-1.4l3.5-2V63l-4.1-1.2v-1l15-2.8Z"></path><path d="M110.2 74v-4.9c0-7.4-1.6-9.9-6.2-9.9l-1.6.2-8.2 11h-1.1V60.3c3.5-1.1 7.9-2.4 13.7-2.4 10 0 15.8 2.8 15.8 11.1v24l3.6 1v1c-1.4.8-4.2 1.6-7.3 1.6-5 0-7.3-1.6-8.4-4.3h-.4c-2 2.8-5 4.4-9.7 4.4-6 0-10-3.7-10-10S94.2 77 102 75.5l8.1-1.6Zm0 16.6V75.8l-2.5.2c-4 .3-5.3 2.8-5.3 8.3 0 6 2 7.6 4.7 7.6 1.5 0 2.4-.5 3.1-1.3Z"></path><path d="M47.5 61.7v-1.1l15-2.7 1.7.2v29.6c0 3.6 1.7 4.7 4.6 4.7 1.9 0 3.6-.7 4.9-2.3V63.5l-4.1-1.8v-1.1l15-2.7 1.6.1v34l4 1.7v1l-14.9 1.9-1.5-.1V92h-.4a16.8 16.8 0 0 1-11.3 4.7c-7.2 0-10.5-4.2-10.5-10.7V63.5l-4.1-1.8Z"></path><path d="M261.5 92.5V63l-4.2-1.4v-1.5l15-2.7h1.5V62h.5c3.2-2.9 8-4.7 12.8-4.7 6.5 0 9.4 3 9.4 10v25.1l3.5 2v1.4h-19.5v-1.4l3.5-2V68c0-3.8-1.7-5.3-4.8-5.3-2 0-3.6.5-5.1 1.6v28.3l3.4 1.9v1.4h-19.6v-1.4l3.6-2Z"></path><path d="m214 57.8 1.4.2v34.5l3.4 1.9v1.4h-19.5v-1.4l3.5-2v-29l-4.2-1.6v-1.2l15.5-2.8Zm1.5-9.3c0 3.7-3.1 6.4-6.7 6.4a6.4 6.4 0 0 1-6.6-6.4c0-3.6 2.9-6.4 6.6-6.4 3.6 0 6.7 2.8 6.7 6.4Z"></path><path d="M239.8 74v-4.9c0-7.4-1.7-9.9-6.2-9.9l-1.6.2-8.2 11h-1.1V60.3c3.5-1.1 7.9-2.4 13.7-2.4 10 0 15.8 2.8 15.8 11.1v24l3.6 1v1c-1.4.8-4.2 1.6-7.4 1.6-5 0-7.3-1.6-8.4-4.3h-.3c-2 2.8-5 4.4-9.7 4.4-6 0-10-3.7-10-10s3.8-9.6 11.7-11.1l8-1.6Zm0 16.6V75.8l-2.5.2c-4 .3-5.4 2.8-5.4 8.3 0 6 2 7.6 4.8 7.6 1.5 0 2.4-.5 3-1.3Z"></path><path d="M180.6 58.8V47.2l-4.1-1.4v-1l15.2-2.7 1.5.2V92l4.2 1.5v1.3l-15 2-1.2-.2v-4h-.4a13.4 13.4 0 0 1-10 4.1c-8.1 0-14.1-6.2-14.1-19 0-13.5 7-20 17.5-20 3 0 5.3.5 6.4 1.1Zm0 31.8V61c-1-.6-1.7-1.4-4.2-1.3-4 .2-6.6 6.3-6.6 17.2 0 9.8 1.9 15.3 7.3 15.1 1.5 0 2.7-.6 3.5-1.3Z"></path><path d="m68.1 51.6 5.2-2.7V8.5h-4L60 21.1h-1.1l.6-14h41.3l.6 14H100L90.8 8.5h-4v40.3l5.2 2.7V53H68.1v-1.3Z"></path><path d="M105.4 49.8V5l-4-1.6v-.8L115.9 0h1.5v21.2l.4-.4c3.2-2.8 7.8-4.5 12.4-4.5 6.3 0 9.1 3.5 9.1 10.2v23.3l3.4 1.8V53h-18.9v-1.4l3.4-1.8V26.4c0-3.7-1.6-5.1-4.6-5.1a8 8 0 0 0-5 1.6v27l3.3 1.8V53h-19v-1.3l3.5-2Z"></path><path d="M153.7 36c.4 7.4 3.7 13.1 11.6 13.1 3.8 0 6.5-1.7 9-3v1.4c-1.9 2.7-6.9 6.5-13.8 6.5-12.2 0-18.5-6.8-18.5-18.5 0-11.5 6.8-18.6 17.9-18.6 10.3 0 15.7 5.2 15.7 18.8v.3h-21.9Zm-.2-1.7 10.8-.6c0-9.2-1.6-15.3-4.8-15.3-3.3 0-6 7-6 16Z"></path></svg><span class="dcr-1p0hins">The Guardian</span></a></div><input type="checkbox" id="header-nav-input-checkbox" name="more" tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="dcr-1acea34"/><div class="dcr-13u9n6a"><ul class="dcr-1d6g26q"><li class="dcr-1grikph"><a href="/" style="--pillar-underline:#FF5943;" id="navigation" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : nav : primary : News" class="dcr-1iufw7r">News</a></li><li class="dcr-ks441s"><a href="/commentisfree" style="--pillar-underline:#FF7F0F;" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : nav : primary : Opinion" class="dcr-7612kl">Opinion</a></li><li class="dcr-ks441s"><a href="/sport" style="--pillar-underline:#00B2FF;" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : nav : primary : Sport" class="dcr-7612kl">Sport</a></li><li class="dcr-ks441s"><a href="/culture" style="--pillar-underline:#EACCA0;" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : nav : primary : Culture" class="dcr-7612kl">Culture</a></li><li class="dcr-1kcody2"><a href="/lifeandstyle" style="--pillar-underline:#FFABDB;" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : nav : primary : Lifestyle" class="dcr-7612kl">Lifestyle</a></li></ul></div><div class="dcr-u8sj9p"><label id="header-veggie-burger" aria-label="Toggle main menu" for="header-nav-input-checkbox" data-link-name="header : veggie-burger : show" tabIndex="0" role="button" data-testid="veggie-burger" class="dcr-1xv1515"><span class="dcr-b3mn8w"><span class="dcr-1nvgr5i">Show more</span><svg width="26" viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M23 7V5H1v2zm0 6v-2H1v2zm0 6v-2H1v2z" fill="var(--masthead-veggie-burger-icon)"></path></svg></span><span class="dcr-li5n90"><span class="dcr-1nvgr5i">Hide expanded menu</span><svg width="26" viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12.015 14.042 20.707 22 22 20.709 14.06 12 22 3.291 20.707 2l-8.692 7.958L3.293 2.03 2 3.321 9.97 12 2 20.679l1.293 1.291z" fill="var(--masthead-veggie-burger-icon)"></path></svg></span></label></div><div id="header-expanded-menu-root" class="dcr-1ef3v4m"><div id="header-expanded-menu" data-testid="expanded-menu" class="dcr-14vdg2"><div class="dcr-1srap2j"><div class="dcr-10y96fo"><ul role="menubar" data-testid="nav-menu-columns" class="dcr-6sl420"><li role="none" class="dcr-lpsfc3"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('News-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('News-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })</script><input type="checkbox" id="News-checkbox-input" tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-1acea34"/><label id="News-button" aria-label="Toggle News" for="News-checkbox-input" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="newsLinks" tabIndex="-1" role="menuitem" data-testid="column-collapse-News" data-link-name="header : secondary : News" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-o6rk0u">News</label><ul role="menu" id="newsLinks" data-testid="newsLinks" class="dcr-11vt4tq"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="/" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : View all News" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-News" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">View all News</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/world" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : World news" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-World" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">World news</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/us-news/us-politics" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : US politics" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-US politics" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">US politics</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/uk-news" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : UK news" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-UK" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">UK news</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/environment/climate-crisis" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Climate crisis" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Climate crisis" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Climate crisis</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/world/middleeast" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Middle East" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Middle East" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Middle East</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/world/ukraine" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Ukraine" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Ukraine" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Ukraine</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/environment" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Environment" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Environment" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Environment</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/science" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Science" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Science" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Science</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/global-development" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Global development" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Global development" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Global development</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/football" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Football" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Football" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Football</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/technology" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Tech" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Tech" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Tech</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/business" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Business" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Business" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Business</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/obituaries" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Obituaries" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Obituaries" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Obituaries</a></li></ul><div class="dcr-1tnoaxa"></div></li><li role="none" class="dcr-lpsfc3"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('Opinion-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('Opinion-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })</script><input type="checkbox" id="Opinion-checkbox-input" tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-1acea34"/><label id="Opinion-button" aria-label="Toggle Opinion" for="Opinion-checkbox-input" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="opinionLinks" tabIndex="-1" role="menuitem" data-testid="column-collapse-Opinion" data-link-name="header : secondary : Opinion" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-p0c3jt">Opinion</label><ul role="menu" id="opinionLinks" data-testid="opinionLinks" class="dcr-v7ibvm"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="/commentisfree" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : View all Opinion" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Opinion" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">View all Opinion</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/profile/editorial" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : The Guardian view" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-The Guardian view" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">The Guardian view</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/index/contributors" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Columnists" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Columnists" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Columnists</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/tone/cartoons" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Cartoons" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Cartoons" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Cartoons</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/type/video+tone/comment" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Opinion videos" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Opinion videos" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Opinion videos</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/tone/letters" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Letters" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Letters" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Letters</a></li></ul><div class="dcr-1j2dgzz"></div></li><li role="none" class="dcr-lpsfc3"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('Sport-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('Sport-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })</script><input type="checkbox" id="Sport-checkbox-input" tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-1acea34"/><label id="Sport-button" aria-label="Toggle Sport" for="Sport-checkbox-input" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="sportLinks" tabIndex="-1" role="menuitem" data-testid="column-collapse-Sport" data-link-name="header : secondary : Sport" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-10b2o1s">Sport</label><ul role="menu" id="sportLinks" data-testid="sportLinks" class="dcr-wp8bgr"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="/sport" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : View all Sport" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Sport" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">View all Sport</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/football" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Football" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Football" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Football</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/cricket" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Cricket" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Cricket" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Cricket</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/rugby-union" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Rugby union" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Rugby union" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Rugby union</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/tennis" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Tennis" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Tennis" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Tennis</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/cycling" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Cycling" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Cycling" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Cycling</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/formulaone" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : F1" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-F1" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">F1</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/golf" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Golf" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Golf" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Golf</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/us-sport" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : US sports" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-US sports" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">US sports</a></li></ul><div class="dcr-16q8bto"></div></li><li role="none" class="dcr-lpsfc3"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('Culture-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('Culture-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })</script><input type="checkbox" id="Culture-checkbox-input" tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-1acea34"/><label id="Culture-button" aria-label="Toggle Culture" for="Culture-checkbox-input" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="cultureLinks" tabIndex="-1" role="menuitem" data-testid="column-collapse-Culture" data-link-name="header : secondary : Culture" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-x5fwww">Culture</label><ul role="menu" id="cultureLinks" data-testid="cultureLinks" class="dcr-1yytfii"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="/culture" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : View all Culture" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Culture" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">View all Culture</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/books" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Books" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Books" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Books</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/music" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Music" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Music" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Music</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/tv-and-radio" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : TV & radio" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-TV & radio" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">TV & radio</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/artanddesign" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Art & design" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Art & design" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Art & design</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/film" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Film" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Film" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Film</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/games" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Games" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Games" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Games</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/music/classicalmusicandopera" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Classical" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Classical" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Classical</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/stage" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Stage" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Stage" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Stage</a></li></ul><div class="dcr-6zq80y"></div></li><li role="none" class="dcr-lpsfc3"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('Lifestyle-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('Lifestyle-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })</script><input type="checkbox" id="Lifestyle-checkbox-input" tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-1acea34"/><label id="Lifestyle-button" aria-label="Toggle Lifestyle" for="Lifestyle-checkbox-input" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="lifestyleLinks" tabIndex="-1" role="menuitem" data-testid="column-collapse-Lifestyle" data-link-name="header : secondary : Lifestyle" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-yq9plo">Lifestyle</label><ul role="menu" id="lifestyleLinks" data-testid="lifestyleLinks" class="dcr-1utnfys"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="/lifeandstyle" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : View all Lifestyle" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Lifestyle" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">View all Lifestyle</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/fashion" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Fashion" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Fashion" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Fashion</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/food" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Food" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Food" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Food</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/tone/recipes" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Recipes" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Recipes" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Recipes</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/lifeandstyle/love-and-sex" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Love & sex" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Love & sex" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Love & sex</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/lifeandstyle/health-and-wellbeing" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Health & fitness" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Health & fitness" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Health & fitness</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/lifeandstyle/home-and-garden" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Home & garden" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Home & garden" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Home & garden</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/lifeandstyle/women" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Women" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Women" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Women</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/lifeandstyle/men" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Men" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Men" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Men</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/lifeandstyle/family" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Family" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Family" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Family</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/travel" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Travel" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Travel" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Travel</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/money" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Money" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Money" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Money</a></li></ul></li><span class="dcr-90inr0"><li role="none"><form action="https://www.google.co.uk/search" class="dcr-1jjnk9d"><label for="gu-search" class="dcr-0"><div class="dcr-6v110l">Search input </div></label><input type="text" id="gu-search" aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" aria-describedby required name="q" placeholder="Search the Guardian" data-link-name="header : search" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-qcy5wo"/><label for="gu-search" class="dcr-0"><div class="dcr-6v110l">google-search </div><div class="dcr-radnun"><svg width="30" viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.273 2c4.023 0 7.25 3.295 7.25 7.273a7.226 7.226 0 0 1-7.25 7.25C5.25 16.523 2 13.296 2 9.273 2 5.295 5.25 2 9.273 2m0 1.84A5.403 5.403 0 0 0 3.84 9.274c0 3 2.409 5.454 5.432 5.454 3 0 5.454-2.454 5.454-5.454 0-3.023-2.454-5.432-5.454-5.432m7.295 10.887L22 20.16 20.16 22l-5.433-5.432v-.932l.91-.909z"></path></svg><span class="dcr-1p0hins">Search</span></div></label><button type="submit" aria-live="polite" aria-label="Search with Google" data-link-name="header : search : submit" tabIndex="-1" class="dcr-1gsboxi"><div class="src-button-space"></div><svg width="30" viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1 12.956h18.274l-7.167 8.575.932.932L23 12.478v-.956l-9.96-9.985-.932.932 7.166 8.575H1z"></path></svg></button><input type="hidden" name="as_sitesearch" value="www.theguardian.com"/></form></li></span><div class="dcr-1q09wwq"></div><ul role="menu" class="dcr-e1bf28"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=side_menu_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22side_menu_support%22%7D" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Support us" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Support us" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1rg7stg">Support us</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe/weekly?REFPVID=undefined&INTCMP=undefined&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22%3A%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22%2C%22componentId%22%3A%22PrintSubscriptionsHeaderLink%22%2C%22componentType%22%3A%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22%2C%22referrerUrl%22%3A%22%22%7D" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Print subscriptions" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Print subscriptions" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1rg7stg">Print subscriptions</a></li></ul><li role="none" class="dcr-3ae42h"><ul role="menu" id="moreLinks" class="dcr-1mtufo3"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="https://jobs.theguardian.com" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Search jobs" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Search jobs" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Search jobs</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="https://holidays.theguardian.com?INTCMP=holidays_int_web_newheader" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Holidays" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Holidays" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Holidays</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="https://theguardian.newspapers.com" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Digital Archive" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Digital Archive" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Digital Archive</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="https://licensing.theguardian.com/" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Guardian Licensing" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Guardian Licensing" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Guardian Licensing</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="/about" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : About Us" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-About Us" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">About Us</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="https://app.adjust.com/16xt6hai" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : The Guardian app" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-The Guardian app" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">The Guardian app</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/video" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Video" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Video" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Video</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/podcasts" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Podcasts" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Podcasts" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Podcasts</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/inpictures" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Pictures" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Pictures" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Pictures</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/email-newsletters" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Newsletters" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Newsletters" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Newsletters</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/theguardian" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Today's paper" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Today's paper" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Today's paper</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/insidetheguardian" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Inside the Guardian" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Inside the Guardian" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Inside the Guardian</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/observer" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : The Observer" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-The Observer" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">The Observer</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/weekly?INTCMP=gdnwb_mawns_editorial_gweekly_GW_TopNav_Int" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Guardian Weekly" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Guardian Weekly" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Guardian Weekly</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/crosswords" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Crosswords" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Crosswords" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Crosswords</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="https://www.wordiply.com" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Wordiply" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Wordiply" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Wordiply</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/theguardian/series/corrections-and-clarifications" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Corrections" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Corrections" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Corrections</a></li></ul></li><li role="none" class="dcr-1rinrec"><form action="https://www.google.co.uk/search" class="dcr-1jjnk9d"><label for="gu-search" class="dcr-0"><div class="dcr-6v110l">Search input </div></label><input type="text" id="gu-search" aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" aria-describedby required name="q" placeholder="Search the Guardian" data-link-name="header : search" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-qcy5wo"/><label for="gu-search" class="dcr-0"><div class="dcr-6v110l">google-search </div><div class="dcr-radnun"><svg width="30" viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.273 2c4.023 0 7.25 3.295 7.25 7.273a7.226 7.226 0 0 1-7.25 7.25C5.25 16.523 2 13.296 2 9.273 2 5.295 5.25 2 9.273 2m0 1.84A5.403 5.403 0 0 0 3.84 9.274c0 3 2.409 5.454 5.432 5.454 3 0 5.454-2.454 5.454-5.454 0-3.023-2.454-5.432-5.454-5.432m7.295 10.887L22 20.16 20.16 22l-5.433-5.432v-.932l.91-.909z"></path></svg><span class="dcr-1p0hins">Search</span></div></label><button type="submit" aria-live="polite" aria-label="Search with Google" data-link-name="header : search : submit" tabIndex="-1" class="dcr-1gsboxi"><div class="src-button-space"></div><svg width="30" viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1 12.956h18.274l-7.167 8.575.932.932L23 12.478v-.956l-9.96-9.985-.932.932 7.166 8.575H1z"></path></svg></button><input type="hidden" name="as_sitesearch" value="www.theguardian.com"/></form><ul role="menu" class="dcr-iwod0p"><li class="dcr-nnfu1a"><a href="https://jobs.theguardian.com" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : brand extension : Search jobs" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-e3rvah">Search jobs</a></li><li class="dcr-nnfu1a"><a href="https://holidays.theguardian.com?INTCMP=holidays_int_web_newheader" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : brand extension : Holidays" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-e3rvah">Holidays</a></li><li class="dcr-nnfu1a"><a href="https://theguardian.newspapers.com" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : brand extension : Digital Archive" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-e3rvah">Digital Archive</a></li><li class="dcr-nnfu1a"><a href="https://licensing.theguardian.com/" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : brand extension : Guardian Licensing" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-e3rvah">Guardian Licensing</a></li><li class="dcr-nnfu1a"><a href="/about" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : brand extension : About Us" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-e3rvah">About Us</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></nav></gu-island></header><header class="dcr-5uqmqm"><div class="dcr-18p5u8i"><div class="dcr-x1vgx2"><figure id="e98dcff4-73c3-4488-825f-ee018ac56697" class="dcr-142siv7"><div id="img-1" class="dcr-1fv4apl"><picture class="dcr-evn1e9"><source media="(orientation: portrait) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (orientation: portrait) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="167vh" srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=1900&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none 1900w,https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=1300&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none 1300w,https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=1140&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none 1140w,https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=980&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none 980w,https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=740&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none 740w,https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=660&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none 660w,https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=480&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none 480w"/><source media="(orientation: portrait)" sizes="167vh" srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=1900&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none 1900w,https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=1300&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none 1300w,https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=1140&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none 1140w,https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=980&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none 980w,https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=740&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none 740w,https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=660&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none 660w,https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=480&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none 480w"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=1900&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 1300px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 1300px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=1900&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 1300px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=1300&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 1140px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 1140px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=1300&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 1140px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=1140&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 980px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 980px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=1140&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 980px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=980&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 740px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 740px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=980&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 740px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=740&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=740&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 660px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=660&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=660&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 480px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=480&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 320px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 320px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=480&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 320px)"/><img alt="asd" src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6614f6286da1a57ba2e41c953993718cbf09e473/0_0_5000_3000/master/5000.jpg?width=480&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" width="480" height="288" loading="eager" class="dcr-evn1e9"/></picture><a href="#img-1" data-ignore="global-link-styling" aria-hidden="true" tabIndex="-1" class="open-lightbox dcr-13fd1ms"><button data-element-id="e98dcff4-73c3-4488-825f-ee018ac56697" type="button" aria-haspopup="dialog" class="open-lightbox dcr-1ikyc8j"><svg viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M23 8.75V1.5l-.5-.5h-7.25v1.25l4.5.6L14 8.575 15.4 10l5.75-5.725.6 4.475zm-22 6.5v7.25l.475.5h7.25v-1.25l-4.475-.6 5.725-5.775L8.6 14l-5.775 5.725-.575-4.475z"></path></svg><span class="dcr-194i6pr">View image in fullscreen</span></button></a></div></figure></div></div><div class="dcr-1v5z3ey"><section style="background-color:var(--section-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1ykr3rf"><div class="dcr-u8qikl"><section class="dcr-1gx3men"><div class="dcr-yg4zrc"><div class="dcr-k1vhee"><div><div class="dcr-5ubooo"><figcaption data-spacefinder-role="inline" class="dcr-1pvqcrw"><span class="dcr-19ds8t4"><svg width="18" height="13" viewBox="0 0 18 13"><path d="M18 3.5v8l-1.5 1.5h-15l-1.5-1.5v-8l1.5-1.5h3.5l2-2h4l2 2h3.5l1.5 1.5zm-9 7.5c1.9 0 3.5-1.6 3.5-3.5s-1.6-3.5-3.5-3.5-3.5 1.6-3.5 3.5 1.6 3.5 3.5 3.5z"></path></svg></span><span class="dcr-1qvd3m6"> Illustration: Andrew Stocks/Ellen Wishart/Guardian Design</span></figcaption></div></div></div></div></section><div class="dcr-fossqd"><div class="dcr-f68shw"><span class="dcr-1giivcq"></span></div><div class="dcr-10355cg"><div class="dcr-1olqyrd"><div><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/series/guardian-200" data-component="series" data-link-name="article series" class="dcr-b5he5m"><span>Guardian 200</span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><div class="dcr-ivir7f"><section style="background-color:var(--section-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1ykr3rf"><div class="dcr-u8qikl"><section class="dcr-1gx3men"><div class="dcr-yg4zrc"><div class="dcr-k1vhee"><div></div></div></div></section><div class="dcr-fossqd"><div class="dcr-f68shw"><span class="dcr-1giivcq"></span></div><div class="dcr-16plfi9"><div aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-13832xi"><svg width="11" height="11" viewBox="0 0 11 11" fill="currentColor"><path d="M5.4 0C2.4 0 0 2.4 0 5.4s2.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4-2.4 5.4-5.4S8.4 0 5.4 0zm3 6.8H4.7V1.7h.7L6 5.4l2.4.6v.8z"></path></svg> This article is more than <strong>3 years old</strong></div></div><h1 class="dcr-13dpo5c"><span class="dcr-6murfy">Times change but the Guardian’s values don’t: 200 years, and we’ve only just begun</span></h1><div class="dcr-1nvgr5i">This article is more than 3 years old</div></div></div></div></section></div></div></header><main data-layout="ImmersiveLayout"><article style="background-color:var(--article-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1i4mrud"><div class="dcr-xzr4d9"><div style="--grid-area:caption;" data-gu-name="caption" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><span class="dcr-1giivcq"><figcaption data-spacefinder-role="inline" class="dcr-1fujct4"><span class="dcr-19ds8t4"><svg width="18" height="13" viewBox="0 0 18 13"><path d="M18 3.5v8l-1.5 1.5h-15l-1.5-1.5v-8l1.5-1.5h3.5l2-2h4l2 2h3.5l1.5 1.5zm-9 7.5c1.9 0 3.5-1.6 3.5-3.5s-1.6-3.5-3.5-3.5-3.5 1.6-3.5 3.5 1.6 3.5 3.5 3.5z"></path></svg></span><span class="dcr-1qvd3m6"> Illustration: Andrew Stocks/Ellen Wishart/Guardian Design</span></figcaption></span></div><div style="--grid-area:border;" data-gu-name="border" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-upmzd8"></div></div><aside style="--grid-area:title;" data-gu-name="title" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"></aside><div style="--grid-area:headline;" data-gu-name="headline" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"></div><div style="--grid-area:standfirst;" data-gu-name="standfirst" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class=" dcr-1df5715"><p>On the Guardian’s 200th anniversary, our editor-in-chief sets out how media can help rebuild a better world beyond Covid</p> <ul> <li>Celebrate 200 years of independent Guardian journalism, and help power our future – <a href="https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22%3A%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22%2C%22componentType%22%3A%22ACQUISITIONS_EDITORIAL_LINK%22%2C%22componentId%22%3A%22g200_standfirst%22%2C%22campaignCode%22%3A%22g200_standfirst%22%7D&INTCMP=g200_standfirst" data-link-name="in standfirst link">make a contribution</a>, or <a href="https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22%3A%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22%2C%22componentType%22%3A%22ACQUISITIONS_EDITORIAL_LINK%22%2C%22componentId%22%3A%22gdnwb_copts_g200_standfirst_editorial%22%2C%22campaignCode%22%3A%22gdnwb_copts_g200_standfirst_editorial%22%7D&INTCMP=gdnwb_copts_g200_standfirst_editorial" data-link-name="in standfirst link">become a subscriber</a>. <br /><br /></li> </ul></div></div><div style="--grid-area:byline;" data-gu-name="byline" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-1kgqp3h">By <span class="dcr-1xrt66o"><a rel="author" data-link-name="auto tag link" href="https://www.theguardian.com/profile/katharineviner">Katharine Viner</a></span></div></div><aside style="--grid-area:meta;" data-gu-name="meta" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"><div class="dcr-o3iyg3"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="100%" height="13" viewBox="0 0 1300 13" preserveAspectRatio="none" stroke="var(--article-border)" stroke-width="1" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="dcr-194w08h"><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="0.5" y2="0.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="4.5" y2="4.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="8.5" y2="8.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="12.5" y2="12.5"></line></svg></div></div><div class="dcr-14emo0l"><div class=" dcr-1v9sla6"><div class="dcr-5oiine"><div class="dcr-1kpcv08"><div><details style="--mobile-color:inherit;" class="dcr-1pexjb9"><summary class="dcr-1ybxn6r"><span class="dcr-u0h1qy">Wed 5 May 2021 07.35 BST</span></summary>First published on Wed 5 May 2021 07.00 BST</details></div></div><div data-print-layout="hide" class="dcr-9dgpdq"><div class=" dcr-16lnb0w"><gu-island name="ShareButton" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"pageId":"media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission","webTitle":"Times change but Guardian values don’t: 200 years, and we’ve only just begun | Katharine Viner","format":{"design":10,"display":1,"theme":0},"context":"ArticleMeta"}"><a href="mailto:?subject=Times change but Guardian values don’t: 200 years, and we’ve only just begun | Katharine Viner&body=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission?CMP=share_btn_url" type="button" class="dcr-bao4ku">Share<div class="src-button-space"></div><svg viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M19 16c1.675 0 3 1.35 3 3 0 1.675-1.325 3-3 3a2.97 2.97 0 0 1-2.975-3c0-.125 0-.275.025-.375L7.1 14.15a2.9 2.9 0 0 1-2.075.825C3.325 14.975 2 13.65 2 12a3.004 3.004 0 0 1 3.025-3.025c.775 0 1.5.35 2.075.875l8.95-4.475c-.025-.1-.025-.225-.025-.4A2.966 2.966 0 0 1 19 2c1.675 0 3 1.325 3 2.975C22 6.65 20.675 8 19 8c-.8 0-1.475-.325-2.05-.825l-8.975 4.45C8 11.7 8 11.825 8 12s0 .3-.025.375l8.975 4.45c.575-.5 1.25-.825 2.05-.825m0-12.8c-.975 0-1.8.775-1.8 1.775S18.025 6.8 19 6.8c1 0 1.825-.825 1.825-1.825S20 3.2 19 3.2m0 17.6c1 0 1.825-.825 1.825-1.8 0-1-.825-1.8-1.825-1.8-.975 0-1.8.8-1.8 1.8 0 .975.825 1.8 1.8 1.8"></path></svg></a></gu-island></div><div class=" dcr-1csot3r"><div class="dcr-14baf59"><div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="dcr-fu29fd"><span class="dcr-1lhv23l"><gu-island name="ExpandableMarketingCardWrapper" priority="enhancement" deferUntil="visible" props="{"guardianBaseURL":"https://www.theguardian.com"}"></gu-island></span></div></div></aside><div style="--grid-area:body;" data-gu-name="body" class="dcr-1upb05m"><span class="dcr-1giivcq"><gu-island name="ExpandableMarketingCardWrapper" priority="enhancement" deferUntil="idle" props="{"guardianBaseURL":"https://www.theguardian.com"}"></gu-island></span><div class="dcr-1a4fred"><div id="maincontent" class="dcr-1bwys2b"><div class="article-body-commercial-selector article-body-viewer-selector dcr-1q6n3e0"><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><span style="color:var(--drop-cap);font-weight:500;" class="dcr-15rw6c2">I</span> remember the day, in late March 2020, when I first worried that we might not be able to publish a newspaper, for what would have been only the second time in the Guardian’s history. I had driven into the office – no one was taking the train any more. Classed as an essential worker, I was permitted to travel, but the streets were utterly silent, with every school, cafe and shop closed.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">I sat down with colleagues, spaced apart by yellow tape, to work out whether we could gather enough people to produce a print edition. We could publish the digital Guardian from anywhere, but to publish the newspaper,<strong> </strong>we needed a small number of people in the office. A handful of colleagues volunteered, but I wondered how we would be able to keep everything going. People were anxious for their families and friends and themselves – and frightened, too, for what kind of world we were entering, and what we would be left with.</p><div id="sign-in-gate"><gu-island name="SignInGateSelector" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"contentType":"Article","sectionId":"media","tags":[{"id":"media/series/guardian-200","type":"Series","title":"Guardian 200"},{"id":"media/theguardian","type":"Keyword","title":"The Guardian"},{"id":"media/newspapers","type":"Keyword","title":"Newspapers"},{"id":"media/pressandpublishing","type":"Keyword","title":"Newspapers & magazines"},{"id":"media/national-newspapers","type":"Keyword","title":"National newspapers"},{"id":"media/media","type":"Keyword","title":"Media"},{"id":"type/article","type":"Type","title":"Article"},{"id":"tone/features","type":"Tone","title":"Features"},{"id":"profile/katharineviner","type":"Contributor","title":"Katharine Viner","bylineImageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2019/01/03/Katharine-Viner,-L.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=28eff3731d2c05fe13e4c9ee210e75a3","bylineLargeImageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2019/01/03/Katharine_Viner,_L.png?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=e03e441de8111c7fe53aa6fca760de35"},{"id":"publication/theguardian","type":"Publication","title":"The Guardian"},{"id":"theguardian/mainsection","type":"NewspaperBook","title":"Main section"},{"id":"theguardian/mainsection/topstories","type":"NewspaperBookSection","title":"Top stories"},{"id":"tracking/commissioningdesk/uk-special-projects","type":"Tracking","title":"UK Special Projects"}],"isPaidContent":false,"isPreview":false,"host":"https://www.theguardian.com","pageId":"media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission","idUrl":"https://profile.theguardian.com","switches":{"externalVideoEmbeds":true,"abSignInGateMainVariant":true,"lightbox":true,"abGpidPrebidAdUnits":true,"prebidAppnexusUkRow":true,"prebidMagnite":true,"commercialMetrics":true,"prebidTrustx":true,"scAdFreeBanner":false,"adaptiveSite":true,"prebidPermutiveAudience":true,"compareVariantDecision":false,"enableSentryReporting":true,"lazyLoadContainers":true,"ampArticleSwitch":true,"remarketing":true,"articleEndSlot":true,"keyEventsCarousel":true,"registerWithPhone":false,"darkModeWeb":true,"targeting":true,"remoteHeader":true,"slotBodyEnd":true,"prebidImproveDigitalSkins":false,"ampPrebidOzone":true,"extendedMostPopularFronts":true,"emailInlineInFooter":true,"showNewPrivacyWordingOnEmailSignupEmbeds":true,"prebidAnalytics":true,"extendedMostPopular":true,"ampContentAbTesting":false,"prebidCriteo":true,"okta":true,"imrWorldwide":true,"acast":true,"twitterUwt":true,"prebidAppnexusInvcode":true,"ampPrebidPubmatic":true,"abUsaExpandableMarketingCard":true,"a9HeaderBidding":true,"prebidAppnexus":true,"abOnwardsContentArticle":false,"enableDiscussionSwitch":true,"prebidXaxis":true,"stickyVideos":true,"interactiveFullHeaderSwitch":true,"discussionAllPageSize":true,"prebidUserSync":true,"audioOnwardJourneySwitch":true,"brazeTaylorReport":false,"callouts":true,"sentinelLogger":true,"geoMostPopular":true,"weAreHiring":false,"relatedContent":true,"thirdPartyEmbedTracking":true,"prebidOzone":true,"ampLiveblogSwitch":true,"ampAmazon":true,"prebidAdYouLike":true,"mostViewedFronts":true,"optOutAdvertising":true,"abSignInGateMainControl":true,"googleSearch":true,"disableFrontContainerShowHide":true,"abOptOutFrequencyCap":true,"brazeSwitch":true,"prebidKargo":true,"consentManagement":true,"personaliseSignInGateAfterCheckout":true,"prebidSonobi":true,"idProfileNavigation":true,"confiantAdVerification":true,"discussionAllowAnonymousRecommendsSwitch":false,"absoluteServerTimes":false,"permutive":true,"comscore":true,"ampPrebidCriteo":true,"newsletterOnwards":false,"youtubeIma":true,"webFonts":true,"liveBlogTopSponsorship":true,"prebidImproveDigital":false,"abAdBlockAsk":false,"ophan":true,"crosswordSvgThumbnails":true,"prebidTriplelift":true,"weather":true,"prebidPubmatic":true,"serverShareCounts":false,"autoRefresh":true,"enhanceTweets":true,"prebidIndexExchange":true,"prebidOpenx":true,"prebidHeaderBidding":true,"idCookieRefresh":true,"discussionPageSize":true,"smartAppBanner":false,"abNewHeaderBiddingEndpoint":true,"historyTags":true,"brazeContentCards":true,"remoteBanner":true,"emailSignupRecaptcha":true,"prebidSmart":true,"shouldLoadGoogletag":true,"inizio":true,"europeBetaFront":true}}"></gu-island></div><figure id="73b274d7-e92a-43f3-8df8-bd7a0f2c9c50" data-spacefinder-role="richLink" data-spacefinder-type="model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.RichLinkBlockElement" class=" dcr-1your1i"><gu-island name="RichLinkComponent" priority="feature" deferUntil="idle" props="{"richLinkIndex":2,"element":{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.RichLinkBlockElement","prefix":"Related: ","text":"Times change but the Guardian’s values don’t: 200 years, and we’ve only just begun – podcast ","elementId":"73b274d7-e92a-43f3-8df8-bd7a0f2c9c50","role":"richLink","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2021/may/21/times-change-but-the-guardians-values-dont-200-years-and-weve-only-just-begun-podcast"},"ajaxUrl":"https://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk","format":{"design":10,"display":1,"theme":0}}"><div data-print-layout="hide" data-link-name="rich-link-2 | 2" data-component="rich-link" data-name="placeholder" class="dcr-1kyw41h"><div data-format-theme="5" data-format-design="0" data-format-display="0" class="dcr-gss5ug"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2021/may/21/times-change-but-the-guardians-values-dont-200-years-and-weve-only-just-begun-podcast" class="dcr-1m887w9"><div class="dcr-1lhuo3r"></div><div class="dcr-ut4tvs"><div class="dcr-1h5b6rb"><div class="dcr-1dgt1gs">Times change but the Guardian’s values don’t: 200 years, and we’ve only just begun – podcast </div></div><div class="dcr-eurq8n"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m12 0c-6.627 0-12 5.373-12 12 0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12 6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12 0-6.627-5.373-12-12-12m.21 19l-.637-.668 4.888-6.326h-11.465v-1.01h11.465l-4.888-6.333.637-.668 6.79 7.158v.685l-6.79 7.157" class="rich-link__arrow-icon"></path></g></svg><div class="dcr-fkf7vq">Read more</div></div></div></a></div></div></gu-island></figure><p class="dcr-1eu361v">So, as the editor-in-chief, I did what I have often done in difficult times, and looked to the history of the Guardian. How did they get the paper out during the 1918 flu pandemic, which killed 228,000 people in Britain and more than 50 million worldwide? What was it like for journalists on the Manchester Guardian? Did many staff fall ill or even die from the virus that the paper itself warned was “very fatal”?</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">The second wave of the flu pandemic, in autumn 1918, <a href="https://theguardian.newspapers.com/clip/43042343/the-guardian/" data-link-name="in body link">hit Manchester hard</a>: all schools were closed, mortuaries were full and doctors announced they could not attend to everyone. The lives of our journalists were surely affected – unusually, the 1918 flu was more deadly for people between the ages of 20 and 40. And yet there is nothing in the history books about the pandemic’s impact on the Guardian as an institution or the individuals who made it. Not a word.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">This absence does not surprise Laura Spinney, whose brilliant 2017 book about the 1918 pandemic, Pale Rider, was an essential text in the early months of 2020 as we watched our world transformed by a new coronavirus. She recalls that when she started her research, there were more than 80,000 books about the first world war, but only around 400 about the 1918 flu, which took more lives than the war. “People didn’t know how to think about it,” Spinney writes. “They still don’t.”</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">The Covid-19 pandemic will certainly not be so invisible to future generations. Ours is “the first worldwide digitally witnessed pandemic”, writes Astrid Erll, an academic who studies historical memory, “a test case for the making of global memory”. The question is what shape that memory will take. Already there is a sense of trauma slipping from our collective recollection. Many people died quickly and could not be buried properly. (Remember the images of Ismail Mohamed Abdulwahab, a <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-52150141" data-link-name="in body link">13-year-old </a>from Brixton, buried without his family present?) There are one-year-olds who have hardly met anyone but their parents, and a generation of children trapped at home for a large proportion of their lives.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Covid’s impact is likely to be vast and enduring. Spinney writes that the 1918 flu pandemic “resculpted human populations more radically than anything since the Black Death”. But as historians have observed, the aftereffect of a global shock depends on the prevailing mood of the times. Positive changes do not automatically emerge from periods of crisis; you have to fight for them. Thomas Piketty <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/12/will-coronavirus-lead-to-fairer-societies-thomas-piketty-explores-the-prospect" data-link-name="in body link">says</a> that “the nature of the impact depends on the theories people hold about history, society, the balance of power … It always takes major social and political mobilisation to move societies in the direction of equality.”</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">The Guardian is not the only newspaper to declare that it has a higher purpose than transmitting the day’s events in order to make a profit. But it might be unique in having held on to that sense of purpose for two centuries.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">“A newspaper has two sides to it,” as former editor CP Scott wrote in <a href="https://theguardian.com/p/29a8p" data-link-name="in body link">his essay</a> commemorating our first 100 years. “It is a business, like any other … But it is much more than a business; it is an institution; it reflects and it influences the life of a whole community … It has, therefore, a moral as well as a material existence.” This conviction was present from the start:<strong> </strong>the<strong> </strong><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/from-the-archive-blog/2017/nov/15/manchester-guardian-prospectus-1821" data-link-name="in body link">prospectus</a> that announced the Guardian’s founding in 1821, in response to <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jan/04/peterloo-massacre-bloody-clash-that-changed-britain" data-link-name="in body link">the Peterloo massacre</a>, asked how the “great diffusion of Education” in the country, which had excited a “greatly increased interest” in politics, could be “turned to beneficial account”.</p><figure id="70d960eb-367a-42a2-a3f4-7e06c32fd422" data-spacefinder-role="immersive" data-spacefinder-type="model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.ImageBlockElement" class=" dcr-imskkt"><div id="img-2" class="dcr-1t8m8f2"><picture class="dcr-evn1e9"><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8ef22f56de5a5036be052d40d5153cfb50ec1534/882_524_3274_1965/master/3274.jpg?width=1300&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 1300px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 1300px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8ef22f56de5a5036be052d40d5153cfb50ec1534/882_524_3274_1965/master/3274.jpg?width=1300&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 1300px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8ef22f56de5a5036be052d40d5153cfb50ec1534/882_524_3274_1965/master/3274.jpg?width=1140&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 1140px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 1140px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8ef22f56de5a5036be052d40d5153cfb50ec1534/882_524_3274_1965/master/3274.jpg?width=1140&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 1140px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8ef22f56de5a5036be052d40d5153cfb50ec1534/882_524_3274_1965/master/3274.jpg?width=1125&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 980px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 980px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8ef22f56de5a5036be052d40d5153cfb50ec1534/882_524_3274_1965/master/3274.jpg?width=1125&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 980px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8ef22f56de5a5036be052d40d5153cfb50ec1534/882_524_3274_1965/master/3274.jpg?width=965&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 740px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 740px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8ef22f56de5a5036be052d40d5153cfb50ec1534/882_524_3274_1965/master/3274.jpg?width=965&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 740px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8ef22f56de5a5036be052d40d5153cfb50ec1534/882_524_3274_1965/master/3274.jpg?width=725&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8ef22f56de5a5036be052d40d5153cfb50ec1534/882_524_3274_1965/master/3274.jpg?width=725&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 660px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8ef22f56de5a5036be052d40d5153cfb50ec1534/882_524_3274_1965/master/3274.jpg?width=645&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8ef22f56de5a5036be052d40d5153cfb50ec1534/882_524_3274_1965/master/3274.jpg?width=645&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 480px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8ef22f56de5a5036be052d40d5153cfb50ec1534/882_524_3274_1965/master/3274.jpg?width=465&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 320px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 320px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8ef22f56de5a5036be052d40d5153cfb50ec1534/882_524_3274_1965/master/3274.jpg?width=465&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 320px)"/><img alt="G200 k viner essay illo 1" src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8ef22f56de5a5036be052d40d5153cfb50ec1534/882_524_3274_1965/master/3274.jpg?width=465&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" width="465" height="279.08521686010994" loading="lazy" class="dcr-evn1e9"/></picture><a href="#img-2" data-ignore="global-link-styling" aria-hidden="true" tabIndex="-1" class="open-lightbox dcr-13fd1ms"><button data-element-id="70d960eb-367a-42a2-a3f4-7e06c32fd422" type="button" aria-haspopup="dialog" class="open-lightbox dcr-4tmywn"><svg viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M23 8.75V1.5l-.5-.5h-7.25v1.25l4.5.6L14 8.575 15.4 10l5.75-5.725.6 4.475zm-22 6.5v7.25l.475.5h7.25v-1.25l-4.475-.6 5.725-5.775L8.6 14l-5.775 5.725-.575-4.475z"></path></svg><span class="dcr-194i6pr">View image in fullscreen</span></button></a></div><figcaption data-spacefinder-role="inline" class="dcr-1pvqcrw"><span class="dcr-19ds8t4"><svg width="18" height="13" viewBox="0 0 18 13"><path d="M18 3.5v8l-1.5 1.5h-15l-1.5-1.5v-8l1.5-1.5h3.5l2-2h4l2 2h3.5l1.5 1.5zm-9 7.5c1.9 0 3.5-1.6 3.5-3.5s-1.6-3.5-3.5-3.5-3.5 1.6-3.5 3.5 1.6 3.5 3.5 3.5z"></path></svg></span> Illustration: Andrew Stocks/Ellen Wishart/Guardian Design</figcaption></figure><p class="dcr-1eu361v">We are a long way from Peterloo and the 1918 flu. But once again, events have sparked the intense interest of readers, who are asking how we can emerge from this crisis with something better. The first question for the Guardian’s third century is what role we can play in shaping the memory of this catastrophe. How our reporting – in words, pictures, video and audio – will have an impact on the struggle to make sense of the pandemic and the new world it shapes, how our commentary and analysis illuminates the decisions that led us here, and how the past has determined the possibilities for the present. In Arundhati Roy’s <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/apr/28/crime-against-humanity-arundhati-roy-india-covid-catastrophe" data-link-name="in body link">electrifying long read </a>about India’s Covid nightmare, she shows how the meek acceptance of earlier travesties paved the way for this political catastrophe. “Grenfell was a rehearsal for Covid,” says Naomi Klein, “just as Covid is a rehearsal for climate breakdown, if we don’t radically change course.” If the pandemic is “an opening”, in <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/31/how-will-the-world-emerge-from-the-coronavirus-crisis" data-link-name="in body link">Rebecca Solnit’s words</a>, making “room for change that wasn’t there beforehand”, how can the Guardian help create a better kind of world than the one we had before?</p><hr class="dcr-z9ge1j"/><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><span style="color:var(--drop-cap);font-weight:500;" class="dcr-15rw6c2">T</span>here cannot be a person alive who has not been touched by the events of the past year, but this pandemic is simultaneously universal and infinitely particular. There is no one common experience we have all shared, even as it is happening at the same time to all of us.<strong> </strong>How do we reckon with these abrupt and enormous shifts in our lives and routines? How do we process this trauma without any shared ritual? How do we relate to the deaths of people we do not know? How do we reckon with the fact that the pandemic is not simply a tragedy but also a scene of <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/mar/11/failures-of-state-review-never-forget-the-johnson-governments-covid-disasters" data-link-name="in body link">gross political negligence</a> and outrageous <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/mar/20/new-uk-taskforce-to-crack-down-on-coronavirus-profiteers" data-link-name="in body link">profiteering</a>?<strong> </strong>How do we understand what the pandemic is doing to society, the way it is accelerating inequality and hitting the most vulnerable hardest, at a time when our empathy has been dulled by lockdown and taxed by fear?</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">These are challenges for everyone. But they are particularly urgent for journalists, who must chronicle these events in all their shock and immediacy, while trying to connect our audiences to the events in a human way. Reporting on Covid has given us fresh ideas and new energy for covering some of the biggest stories of our time, such as the climate crisis, which shares some of these same qualities – universal, yet affecting different people in different ways; global, and yet not easily located in specific places and times. How do we report a disaster that is happening everywhere all at once, and inspire our audience to understand its gravity without thinking it’s too big and too scary to comprehend? The Covid crisis has given us some fresh ideas about how to do that.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">In 1918, influenza travelled much faster than information: there was no radio or TV news, <a href="https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/silent-film-great-pandemic-1918" data-link-name="in body link">nor even any newsreels</a>. Newspapers were essentially the only means of communicating with the public. The papers “played a critical role in shaping compliance – or the failure of it”, writes Spinney. “Their attitude, like that of doctors and the authorities, was paternalistic.” Death figures were not reported, and throughout the world newspapers mostly hid the true scale of the pandemic, believing people would be too frightened if they really understood. So even though newspapers were the only way to hear what was going on, they mostly didn’t convey it.</p><gu-island name="InteractiveBlockComponent" priority="critical" deferUntil="idle" props="{"url":"https://interactive.guim.co.uk/embed/from-tool/series/index.html?vertical=News&opinion-tint=false&title=Guardian%20200&description=It%20is%20200%20years%20since%20the%20Guardian%20was%20formed%20to%20champion%20reform%2C%20progress%20and%20the%20truth.%20This%20series%20delves%20into%20the%20news%20organisation%27s%20origins%2C%20its%20purpose%20and%20impact%20over%20the%20years%2C%20and%20examines%20the%20things%20that%20Guardian%20journalism%20changed%20for%20the%20better%20%E2%80%93%20and%20the%20mistakes%20it%20made.&read-more-link=&links=true&link-1-headline=%20Join%20the%20anniversary%20celebrations&link-1-url=theguardian.com%2F200&link-2-headline=Read%20more%20journalism%20from%20the%20series&link-2-url=theguardian.com%2Fguardian-200&link-3-headline=Attend%20our%20first%20digital%20festival&link-3-url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmembership%2F2021%2Fapr%2F28%2Fthe-guardian-at-200-announcing-a-digital-festival","scriptUrl":"https://interactive.guim.co.uk/embed/iframe-wrapper/0.1/boot.js","alt":"updated series embed","role":"supporting","format":{"design":10,"display":1,"theme":0},"elementId":"960e2824-dbd4-4691-9c56-42560622b674","isMainMedia":false}" data-spacefinder-role="supporting"><figure id="960e2824-dbd4-4691-9c56-42560622b674" data-alt="updated series embed" data-testid="interactive-element-updated%20series%20embed" data-spacefinder-role="supporting" class="element element-interactive element--supporting element-supporting dcr-1jqghwi"><div data-name="placeholder" class="dcr-ri3hap"><div class="dcr-hsz3vf"></div></div><a data-name="placeholder" href="https://interactive.guim.co.uk/embed/from-tool/series/index.html?vertical=News&opinion-tint=false&title=Guardian%20200&description=It%20is%20200%20years%20since%20the%20Guardian%20was%20formed%20to%20champion%20reform%2C%20progress%20and%20the%20truth.%20This%20series%20delves%20into%20the%20news%20organisation%27s%20origins%2C%20its%20purpose%20and%20impact%20over%20the%20years%2C%20and%20examines%20the%20things%20that%20Guardian%20journalism%20changed%20for%20the%20better%20%E2%80%93%20and%20the%20mistakes%20it%20made.&read-more-link=&links=true&link-1-headline=%20Join%20the%20anniversary%20celebrations&link-1-url=theguardian.com%2F200&link-2-headline=Read%20more%20journalism%20from%20the%20series&link-2-url=theguardian.com%2Fguardian-200&link-3-headline=Attend%20our%20first%20digital%20festival&link-3-url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmembership%2F2021%2Fapr%2F28%2Fthe-guardian-at-200-announcing-a-digital-festival" class="dcr-1eupayo">updated series embed</a></figure></gu-island><p class="dcr-1eu361v">At first glance, this sort of paternalism might seem like a relic of the past, a long way from the no-holds-barred sensationalism of today’s papers. But at the height of the first coronavirus wave in early 2020, there were parts of the UK media – most of them staunchly supportive of Boris Johnson’s Conservative government – that were straining to put a positive spin on the grim news all around us. As we at the Guardian tried to put a human face on the growing death toll, to expose the disproportionate impact of Covid-19 on communities of colour, and to understand what was happening in care homes, many other papers were calling for foreign holidays to resume and promising a vaccine by the end of summer. (Remember that at a time when more than 10,000 people <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/apr/12/uk-coronavirus-deaths-preventable-government-account" data-link-name="in body link">had died</a>, the government still <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/24/revealed-dominic-cummings-on-secret-scientific-advisory-group-for-covid-19" data-link-name="in body link">refused to reveal</a> who sat on the Sage committee<strong>,</strong> let alone publish its minutes, until the Guardian put it under pressure.) Although the coverage elsewhere got stronger as the pandemic grew too bad to sanitise, there has been a sense that the media should “bat for the home side”, pushing the government’s view that Britain was “world-beating”, in spite of the catastrophic figures for deaths and hospitalisations.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Of course, the pandemic has given rise to a lot of outstanding journalism, including innovative uses of data, allowing audiences to track the spread of the disease in useful and revealing ways, and new methods of reporting that afford empathy and humanity to victims who would have once remained hidden. There has been some dazzling <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/24/the-hunt-for-a-coronavirus-vaccine-a-perilous-and-uncertain-path" data-link-name="in body link">reporting</a> from science and health specialists, who have given the average reader an <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2021/feb/02/coronavirus-variants-what-you-need-to-know-video-explainer" data-link-name="in body link">understanding</a> of the virus that few doctors possessed in 1918. And investigative reporting has been so important, revealing <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/26/matt-hancock-former-neighbour-won-covid-test-kit-contract-after-whatsapp-message" data-link-name="in body link">cronyism</a>, muddle and why some governments were so woefully unprepared.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">In modern journalism, there has never been a story like this: both microscopic and global, affecting the entire world all at once, and supercharged by lightspeed information flow and global connectivity. Audiences have been hungry for news in every digital format, and the Guardian is not alone in seeing intense reader interest. But this raises a new worry. In 1918, there was too little information; in 2021, might we have too much? During Britain’s deadly second wave in the winter of 2020-21, which killed many more people than the first, Spinney found people to be “bored and dissociated and even less able to register what’s been going on in hospitals. I worry that the deluge of information is a major part of our fatigue.” A century ago, even an obsessive reader of the news ran out of papers to read each day. Now there are no limits on space, and we can publish around the clock. The challenge for 21st-century journalism is how to judge what is meaningful and what is merely noise – how to publish<strong> </strong>quality journalism that speaks to the urgency of the moment but is always worth your time.</p><hr class="dcr-z9ge1j"/><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><span style="color:var(--drop-cap);font-weight:500;" class="dcr-15rw6c2">M</span>oments of crisis tend to raise the question of what the role of journalism should be. The need for reliable information is a reminder of why journalism is necessary – but also a reminder that simply recording what has happened is not enough. In fact, this is what has always distinguished the Guardian throughout its history: its purpose.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">The Manchester Guardian (as the Guardian was called until 1959) was founded in 1821 in a mood of great hope – to capitalise on a demand for representation that followed the “earthquake” of Peterloo.<strong> </strong>Right from <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/ng-interactive/2021/may/05/guardian-200-first-ever-edition-annotated" data-link-name="in body link">the beginning</a>, the Guardian was not just about the news of the day, but about how people can use information to make the world a better place – the facts, but not only the facts. This is what we mean when we say that our purpose is to provide hope through clarity and imagination.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">CP Scott’s <a href="https://theguardian.com/p/29a8p" data-link-name="in body link">essay on journalism</a> was written in 1921, and it is striking just how enduring the mission that it laid out has proved to be. Scott was editor of the Guardian for 57 years, and he made it what it is today. Scott listed the values of the Guardian as “honesty, cleanness [integrity], courage, fairness, a sense of duty to the reader and the community”, and emphasised that the Guardian must be editorially led, and the journalists free from commercial or political interference. He set the terms for pluralism, so crucial to a news organisation without a proprietor: “The voice of opponents no less than of friends has a right to be heard. It is well to be frank; it is even better to be fair”. He stressed the primacy of fact with the line “comment is free, but facts are sacred”.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">The Scott Trust – the ownership model put in place by CP’s son John in 1936, a few years after Scott’s death – codifies Scott’s essay and underpins the Guardian today: the idea that it has a “moral as well as a material existence”, and all that entails, is guaranteed by the trust in perpetuity. It is no wonder that the Scott Trust ownership model has been adopted by other journalistic organisations working in the public interest around the world. (The Scott Trust also owns the Observer, and protects its independence, but the Observer has a very different and even longer <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/gnm-archive/2002/jun/11/2" data-link-name="in body link">history</a> – founded in 1791, it is the world’s oldest Sunday newspaper.)</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">As the Guardian enters its third century, nothing must change our mission, but the digital revolution might change how we interpret that mission for the modern age. We are now in a more levelled world, where journalists are no longer so separate from their audience. Yes, we do the work and pound the streets and dig around for documents, but we no longer deliver our journalism from “on high” to an uninitiated audience. To be successful today – to get the stories that really matter to readers, and to convey the information they need in ways they want – journalists must be part of the social fabric of the world they report on. The Guardian is a community of journalists and readers, all of us equal citizens of that community.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">It is inevitable that the Gutenberg-era Guardian was a one-way street, an ivory tower, since a mutually engaged conversation with a reader in real time was beyond imagination. Scott might have been shocked by such a possibility – he might have been shocked that there was a woman sitting in his editor’s chair, too – but ultimately I think he would have embraced both innovations. Privileged as he was, he was resolutely part of his community – “the men of Manchester knew he loved their unlovely town” wrote historian David Ayerst after Scott’s death. He believed powerfully in a “sense of duty to the reader and the community” , and would surely have enjoyed the interaction and accessibility enabled by the web. (And <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/gnm-archive/collection-in-focus-cp-scott" data-link-name="in body link">his beard</a> would surely have been a massive social media hit.)</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">If the mission that defined the Guardian’s first century was the idea that everyone deserves knowledge and facts that they can use, then our second was defined by the vision of Scott’s essay<strong>: </strong>of a newspaper built on facts and guided by its values, a newspaper with a moral as well as a material existence.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">What is the mission for the Guardian’s next century? We are still guided by the principles that shaped our first 200 years, with two crucial additions: we must always be a part of the community we represent, and we must remember that that community is now a global one, confronting crises on a global scale.</p><hr class="dcr-z9ge1j"/><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><span style="color:var(--drop-cap);font-weight:500;" class="dcr-15rw6c2">W</span>hat is striking about reading the various histories of the Guardian today is how distant they feel from the historic events the paper was reporting on. They tend to focus on the ideological struggles, and sometimes the financial ones, that helped define the Guardian, but there is little focus on how world events had an impact on the journalists who lived through them.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">A clear exception to this was the second world war – perhaps because it was still relatively fresh in the memory when Ayerst began to write his 1971 history of the Manchester Guardian. He asks, of the Guardian’s editor at the time, WP Crozier, “What was Crozier’s duty in face of Hitler’s Germany? It was a question he put to himself less in terms of journalism than responsible citizenship.” Crozier, who became editor in 1932, “considered it no less than his duty personally and persistently to expose the Nazis”, a cause he took to passionately. This involved withdrawing a correspondent from Berlin in 1933 for his own safety and throwing the paper wholeheartedly behind the view expressed by the correspondent FA Voigt – “it is a war and a particularly ferocious one, a war against everything the Guardian has ever stood for”.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">The Guardian, said Ayerst, “saw what was coming”. Once the war began, there was, in 1940, a visceral fear that Hitler might invade Britain – and that the Guardian, as a paper of the left, would be particularly vulnerable. Crozier <a href="https://theguardian.com/p/3t7ey" data-link-name="in body link">made a plan</a> to publish the Guardian in exile, with the help of the Baltimore Sun. He knew that he would personally be in danger, so made a plan to borrow a boat to escape the country (although he doubted his poor health could survive the cold). Senior managers<strong> </strong>even cashed in a wad of the Scott Trust’s money, bought an expensive emerald necklace from the Hatton Garden jewellery quarter in London, and took turns hiding it under their shirts until the risk of invasion was over.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">The Guardian was more prescient about the Nazi threat than some of the rest of the press, but being anti-Nazi was nevertheless a mainstream view. Crozier had lunch with the prime minister, Winston Churchill, no fewer than 16 times during the war. What made the paper’s reputation as a liberal voice was its courage when standing against the prevailing public mood. During the second Boer war of 1899-1902, when Britain was in a jingoistic frenzy, the Guardian ran a campaign for peace, and <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2011/may/19/guardian190-south-africa-concentration-camps" data-link-name="in body link">reports by Emily Hobhouse</a> exposed British concentration camps. Advertising and sales collapsed; famously, a rival paper sent a brass band to play a funeral anthem outside the Manchester offices. But the Guardian survived, and demonstrated beyond any doubt that it stood up for its principles, proving it was “a paper that could not be bought”.<strong> </strong>During the Suez crisis of 1956, the Guardian’s editorial, again standing almost alone, called the Anglo-French ultimatum “<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jul/08/egypt.military" data-link-name="in body link">an act of folly without justification</a>”. That line became famous: “Once again,” Ayerst notes, Guardian journalists “were ashamed of the government, but not of the paper.”</p><figure id="2212b6d3-58e2-4ce5-82da-d0060177f06e" data-spacefinder-role="immersive" data-spacefinder-type="model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.ImageBlockElement" class=" dcr-imskkt"><div id="img-3" class="dcr-1t8m8f2"><picture class="dcr-evn1e9"><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/073e63ba7fe11cb530f63f35b983231dae3db5e9/895_582_3244_1946/master/3244.jpg?width=1300&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 1300px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 1300px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/073e63ba7fe11cb530f63f35b983231dae3db5e9/895_582_3244_1946/master/3244.jpg?width=1300&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 1300px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/073e63ba7fe11cb530f63f35b983231dae3db5e9/895_582_3244_1946/master/3244.jpg?width=1140&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 1140px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 1140px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/073e63ba7fe11cb530f63f35b983231dae3db5e9/895_582_3244_1946/master/3244.jpg?width=1140&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 1140px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/073e63ba7fe11cb530f63f35b983231dae3db5e9/895_582_3244_1946/master/3244.jpg?width=1125&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 980px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 980px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/073e63ba7fe11cb530f63f35b983231dae3db5e9/895_582_3244_1946/master/3244.jpg?width=1125&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 980px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/073e63ba7fe11cb530f63f35b983231dae3db5e9/895_582_3244_1946/master/3244.jpg?width=965&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 740px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 740px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/073e63ba7fe11cb530f63f35b983231dae3db5e9/895_582_3244_1946/master/3244.jpg?width=965&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 740px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/073e63ba7fe11cb530f63f35b983231dae3db5e9/895_582_3244_1946/master/3244.jpg?width=725&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/073e63ba7fe11cb530f63f35b983231dae3db5e9/895_582_3244_1946/master/3244.jpg?width=725&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 660px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/073e63ba7fe11cb530f63f35b983231dae3db5e9/895_582_3244_1946/master/3244.jpg?width=645&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/073e63ba7fe11cb530f63f35b983231dae3db5e9/895_582_3244_1946/master/3244.jpg?width=645&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 480px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/073e63ba7fe11cb530f63f35b983231dae3db5e9/895_582_3244_1946/master/3244.jpg?width=465&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 320px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 320px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/073e63ba7fe11cb530f63f35b983231dae3db5e9/895_582_3244_1946/master/3244.jpg?width=465&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 320px)"/><img alt="G200 k viner essay illo 3" src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/073e63ba7fe11cb530f63f35b983231dae3db5e9/895_582_3244_1946/master/3244.jpg?width=465&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" width="465" height="278.942663378545" loading="lazy" class="dcr-evn1e9"/></picture><a href="#img-3" data-ignore="global-link-styling" aria-hidden="true" tabIndex="-1" class="open-lightbox dcr-13fd1ms"><button data-element-id="2212b6d3-58e2-4ce5-82da-d0060177f06e" type="button" aria-haspopup="dialog" class="open-lightbox dcr-4tmywn"><svg viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M23 8.75V1.5l-.5-.5h-7.25v1.25l4.5.6L14 8.575 15.4 10l5.75-5.725.6 4.475zm-22 6.5v7.25l.475.5h7.25v-1.25l-4.475-.6 5.725-5.775L8.6 14l-5.775 5.725-.575-4.475z"></path></svg><span class="dcr-194i6pr">View image in fullscreen</span></button></a></div><figcaption data-spacefinder-role="inline" class="dcr-1pvqcrw"><span class="dcr-19ds8t4"><svg width="18" height="13" viewBox="0 0 18 13"><path d="M18 3.5v8l-1.5 1.5h-15l-1.5-1.5v-8l1.5-1.5h3.5l2-2h4l2 2h3.5l1.5 1.5zm-9 7.5c1.9 0 3.5-1.6 3.5-3.5s-1.6-3.5-3.5-3.5-3.5 1.6-3.5 3.5 1.6 3.5 3.5 3.5z"></path></svg></span> Illustration: Andrew Stocks/Ellen Wishart/Guardian Design</figcaption></figure><p class="dcr-1eu361v">The Guardian’s mission is one that allows – and even encourages – its editor to make decisions in the public interest; to challenge the powerful, whatever the consequences. There is no politically motivated proprietor to tell you otherwise, no shareholders demanding commercially minded coverage in order to get a dividend. The public interest is rarely popular with the powerful. The biggest Guardian stories of the past few decades – the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/the-nsa-files" data-link-name="in body link">Edward Snowden revelations</a>, the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jun/24/phone-hacking-scandal-timeline-trial" data-link-name="in body link">phone-hacking scandal</a>, the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/series/panama-papers" data-link-name="in body link">Panama</a> and <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/series/paradise-papers" data-link-name="in body link">Paradise</a> papers, the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/apr/30/how-windrush-scandal-fall-amber-rudd-timeline" data-link-name="in body link">Windrush scandal</a> – were fiercely disputed and fought by powerful interests, bringing unfriendly contacts from the police, government ministers, and intelligence agencies. Even last year’s scoop revealing Dominic Cummings had <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/may/22/dominic-cummings-durham-trip-coronavirus-lockdown" data-link-name="in body link">broken lockdown</a> – which “gripped the public in a way we’ve never seen before”, as one pollster later <a href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-cummings-saga-has-gripped-the-public-in-a-way-we-ve-never-seen-before-hdh9qrml0" data-link-name="in body link">wrote</a> – was subject to vociferous pushback from minister after minister.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Our duty to serve the public interest has not changed, but our “public” is no longer the liberals of Manchester, or even the people of the UK – it is now local and national and international, British and European, American and Australian, and everywhere else that our readers and supporters live. Since 2016, alongside our <a href="https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22%3A%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22%2C%22componentType%22%3A%22ACQUISITIONS_EDITORIAL_LINK%22%2C%22componentId%22%3A%22gdnwb_copts__editorial_g200_kath%22%2C%22campaignCode%22%3A%22gdnwb_copts__editorial_g200_kath%22%7D&INTCMP=gdnwb_copts__editorial_g200_kath" data-link-name="in body link">subscriptions</a>, the Guardian has been generously supported by <a href="https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22%3A%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22%2C%22componentType%22%3A%22ACQUISITIONS_EDITORIAL_LINK%22%2C%22componentId%22%3A%22g200_kath%22%2C%22campaignCode%22%3A%22g200_kath%22%7D&INTCMP=g200_kath" data-link-name="in body link">contributions</a> from readers, who pay voluntarily so that our journalism can be a public good, free to all. (Our readers <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/apr/29/guardian-reports-surge-in-readers-support-over-past-year" data-link-name="in body link">now contribute</a> far more revenue than our advertisers.)</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Making payment voluntary, in an era where many organisations were putting up expensive paywalls, was a controversial decision at the time, portrayed as desperate begging. The belief was that people would never pay for what they could get for free. But in a world filled with political demagogues and algorithmically enhanced junk news, Guardian readers understood the value of keeping trusted, reliable information and progressive perspectives freely available around the world. They saw how this would matter in a democracy.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">What defines this community is not geography, or even reading or supporting the Guardian; it is a community of those who share our hope for the future, who know that the way things are now is not the way they have to be, and who want to see this pandemic “turned to beneficial account”, to make a different world from the suffering and solidarity that we have all experienced in this difficult year.</p><hr class="dcr-z9ge1j"/><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><span style="color:var(--drop-cap);font-weight:500;" class="dcr-15rw6c2">W</span>hat will come after this crisis? And what role can the Guardian play in fighting to ensure that we do not settle for some diminished version of what passed for normal before? As Naomi Klein <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/13/naomi-klein-we-must-not-return-to-the-pre-covid-status-quo-only-worse" data-link-name="in body link">said last year</a> during one of the first Guardian live public events to happen over Zoom: “There are so many ways we can think about responding to this crisis that do not accept this idea that we have to return to the pre-Covid status quo, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2020/may/13/naomi-klein-how-big-tech-plans-to-profit-from-coronavirus-pandemic" data-link-name="in body link">only worse</a>, only with more surveillance, more screens and less human contact.” The pandemic has not only changed our ideas about what is necessary, or what is possible; it has changed the way we think about ourselves as humans and our relationships with those around us, with work, and with nature.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">This crisis has not changed the values that have guided the Guardian for 200 years. What it has produced is a new conviction that making connections really matters – not only with each other, but ones that help us understand how the world works. The pandemic showed everyone how interconnected we all are, and yet how separate – atomised, and yet all fighting the same virus.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Our reporting is not about telling our readers what they should think, or broadcasting “the Truth” from Guardian Towers. It is about connecting, empathising, listening. It’s about hearing what people are telling us, not what we expect them to say. The disruption to every aspect of our lives has produced a new appreciation of human connection, of what we missed without touch, without contact; a new softness, a new slowness, a chance for creativity and community. As Klein says, “when you slow down, you can feel things. When you’re in the constant rat race, it doesn’t leave much time for empathy.”</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">It’s about making the connections between the dinner delivered to your door and where that food came from and the life of the courier who brought it to you. It’s about making the connections between the politicians who presided over pogroms then and pandemics now, as Arundhati Roy <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/apr/28/crime-against-humanity-arundhati-roy-india-covid-catastrophe" data-link-name="in body link">has done</a>. It’s about not just blaming Donald Trump for the US’s catastrophic Covid statistics, as Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/the-black-plague" data-link-name="in body link">says</a>: “The early wave of disproportionate black deaths was hastened by Trumpian malfeasance, but the deaths to come are the predictable outcome of decades of disinvestment and institutional neglect.” It’s about understanding the connections that turbo-charged capitalism has tried to make us forget as it has invaded every area of our lives.</p><aside data-spacefinder-role="supporting" class="dcr-1eyan6r"><svg viewBox="0 0 22 14" style="fill:var(--pullquote-icon);" class="dcr-scql1j"><path d="M5.255 0h4.75c-.572 4.53-1.077 8.972-1.297 13.941H0C.792 9.104 2.44 4.53 5.255 0Zm11.061 0H21c-.506 4.53-1.077 8.972-1.297 13.941h-8.686c.902-4.837 2.485-9.411 5.3-13.941Z"></path></svg><blockquote class="dcr-zzndwp">We will dig out the truth, as the powerful try to get away with things under cover of the pandemic</blockquote></aside><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Empathy is a necessity. Many people are bereaved and grieving, feeling invisible in their loss. Many people are suffering, and some of them have been for a long time. We all, surely, understand that challenges to mental health can happen to anyone, that it can be hard to stay steady when the world is falling apart.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Getting close to our readers means building the kind of trust that whistleblowers and victims need. It means community-based journalism, making contact with readers everywhere, from Hong Kong protesters to NHS doctors. It means embedding ourselves in an area, as we have with our <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/series/made-in-britain" data-link-name="in body link">Made in Britain</a> video series. It means a more diverse group of journalists, helping to redefine what constitutes “news”. It means being open to different points of view, to accepting that we might not agree on everything. It means restoring a better balance – between humans and technology, between the super-rich and everyone else, between society and the environment.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">We will find ways, as we are doing already, to get out and speak to people, to get away from our screens and understand what life is like for others. We will dig out the truth, as the powerful try to get away with things under cover of the pandemic. We will understand how we’re all connected, and try to make a difference.<strong> </strong>The post-Covid journalism that I am seeking will be more urgent, more essential. It must be rooted in real conversations, fact-based reporting, information you can trust, and it must have the imagination to understand other people’s lives and other people’s points of view. It must also be aware of the pleasures, diversions and enjoyment of life. Wit is often just as important as gravity.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">It may seem hard to imagine things changing for the better when so many people are desperate just to go back to normal.<strong> </strong>But the tranquility of plane-free skies, the crescendo of birdsong, that sustenance so many of us have felt from nature, the solidarity we felt during collective clapping or singing – that was real, and that was special. Astrid Erll points out that there is much evidence that events from late adolescence are remembered best, and so that generation, just entering adulthood now, will remember these urgent times even more acutely. We have all learned that terrible things can happen on a truly global scale. We’ve all seen what can be achieved if we work together, united in a collective effort. Can we now work together to vaccinate the world, then stop an environmental catastrophe?</p><figure id="3d622db7-ef5a-4463-871c-dadd66151820" data-spacefinder-role="richLink" data-spacefinder-type="model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.RichLinkBlockElement" class=" dcr-1your1i"><gu-island name="RichLinkComponent" priority="feature" deferUntil="idle" props="{"richLinkIndex":49,"element":{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.RichLinkBlockElement","prefix":"Related: ","text":"‘Stuff of legends’: editors around world salute the Guardian on 200 years","elementId":"3d622db7-ef5a-4463-871c-dadd66151820","role":"richLink","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-editors-around-the-world-happy-birthday"},"ajaxUrl":"https://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk","format":{"design":10,"display":1,"theme":0}}"><div data-print-layout="hide" data-link-name="rich-link-49 | 49" data-component="rich-link" data-name="placeholder" class="dcr-1kyw41h"><div data-format-theme="5" data-format-design="0" data-format-display="0" class="dcr-gss5ug"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-editors-around-the-world-happy-birthday" class="dcr-1m887w9"><div class="dcr-1lhuo3r"></div><div class="dcr-ut4tvs"><div class="dcr-1h5b6rb"><div class="dcr-1dgt1gs">‘Stuff of legends’: editors around world salute the Guardian on 200 years</div></div><div class="dcr-eurq8n"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m12 0c-6.627 0-12 5.373-12 12 0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12 6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12 0-6.627-5.373-12-12-12m.21 19l-.637-.668 4.888-6.326h-11.465v-1.01h11.465l-4.888-6.333.637-.668 6.79 7.158v.685l-6.79 7.157" class="rich-link__arrow-icon"></path></g></svg><div class="dcr-fkf7vq">Read more</div></div></div></a></div></div></gu-island></figure><p class="dcr-1eu361v">The pandemic has also highlighted some of the obstacles that might hinder that collective spirit. When the pandemic struck England, you were <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/02/key-findings-from-public-health-englands-report-on-covid-19-deaths" data-link-name="in body link">far more likely to die</a> if you came from a deprived area. As epidemiologist Michael Marmot <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/dec/15/health-inequalities-covid-ucl-government-policymaking" data-link-name="in body link">wrote</a>, “enduring social and economic inequalities mean that the health of the public was threatened before the pandemic and during it, and will be after it”. Meanwhile the 10 richest men on earth saw their wealth <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-55793575" data-link-name="in body link">increase by £400bn</a> during the pandemic – enough to pay for vaccines for all, according to Oxfam – while ordinary employees’ wages have stagnated for more than a decade. Will we stand for this? Or is it a chance to demand fair taxation, a new impetus for the social state, to build a fairer society?</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">The unequal impact of Covid along racial lines has also highlighted the extent to which “the social determinants of health” are affected by structural racism.<strong> </strong>Covid has had a much greater impact on people of colour in Britain and the US. Meanwhile domestic violence <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/mar/23/domestic-abuse-covid-lockdown-women-refuge" data-link-name="in body link">surged</a> in lockdown as women were trapped at home with violent men. The killing of Sarah Everard, a young woman walking home along a busy road in London in the evening, was met with a torrent of <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/mar/13/as-the-sun-set-they-came-in-solidarity-and-to-pay-tribute-to-sarah-everard" data-link-name="in body link">protest</a> – a feeling that enough was enough. The Black Lives Matter protests <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/30/hundreds-join-march-to-protest-against-systemic-racism-in-the-uk" data-link-name="in body link">took place</a> in this moment too, in cities, towns and villages around the world, because, in Klein’s words, “what was bad before the disaster has been downgraded to unbearable”.</p><hr class="dcr-z9ge1j"/><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><span style="color:var(--drop-cap);font-weight:500;" class="dcr-15rw6c2">A</span>ll Guardian staff know that their work is not done to generate profits for others, or to buy influence. We are all here for a reason, and that is the biggest unifier. We all work for an organisation, as laid out by CP Scott, that “is a public service, not an instrument of private profit or power”. Our mission is based on a moral conviction: that people long to understand the world they are in, and to create a better one. To use our clarity and imagination to build hope.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">There are not many companies, in any business, that last for two centuries, and it says something about the role the Guardian plays in the world that it has got this far. I think it’s because we know who we are: we have roots, we have principles, we have philosophy, we have values. When I was appointed editor-in-chief in 2015, I was given one instruction: to carry on the Guardian “on the same lines and in the same spirit as heretofore”, which is assumed to mean that “fidelity to principle is to be put before profit”. There is so much power in that – something we must never forget. I am grateful to the 11 editors who served with such distinction in the decades before me; to 200 years’ worth of Guardian staff, from star reporters to stable boys, ad execs to copytakers, columnists to cleaners; to my current colleagues, a brilliant, energetic, resilient team who have shown in the past year exactly what they’re made of; and to our readers, who’ve stuck with us in good times and bad, in times when the Guardian’s politics were in the ascendancy and the times when they were needed more than ever, who know that there’s nothing quite like the Guardian, anywhere in the world. Thank you. Times change. Technologies change. Principles don’t. Two hundred years, and we’ve only just begun.</p><gu-island name="InteractiveBlockComponent" priority="critical" deferUntil="idle" props="{"url":"https://interactive.guim.co.uk/embed/2018/02/divider/index.html","scriptUrl":"https://interactive.guim.co.uk/embed/iframe-wrapper/0.1/boot.js","alt":"divider","format":{"design":10,"display":1,"theme":0},"elementId":"a253ca1f-f403-4cd3-8887-c4ce921c80fa","isMainMedia":false}"><figure id="a253ca1f-f403-4cd3-8887-c4ce921c80fa" data-alt="divider" data-testid="interactive-element-divider" data-spacefinder-role="inline" class="element element-interactive element--inline element-inline dcr-w422y2"><div data-name="placeholder" class="dcr-ri3hap"><div class="dcr-1h7eqaz"></div></div><a data-name="placeholder" href="https://interactive.guim.co.uk/embed/2018/02/divider/index.html" class="dcr-1eupayo">divider</a></figure></gu-island><h2 id="values-ideals-and-new-ideas" class="dcr-1x1qaem"><strong>Values, ideals and new ideas</strong></h2><p class="dcr-1eu361v">In 2017, we pinpointed <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/nov/16/a-mission-for-journalism-in-a-time-of-crisis" data-link-name="in body link">five principles</a> that would underpin Guardian journalism in this tumultuous period. Here is how we will build on these principles through our incipient anniversary year.</p><hr class="dcr-z9ge1j"/><p class="dcr-1eu361v">1 <strong>We will develop ideas that help improve the world, not just critique it</strong></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Our mission is to provide facts that help readers understand the world – but also new ideas to spark hope that change is possible.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">In 1921, CP Scott commissioned John Maynard Keynes to curate a series of essays on the economic revival of postwar Europe. They appeared as 12 monthly supplements under the title<strong> </strong><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/from-the-archive-blog/2020/mar/04/reconstruction-in-europe-keynes-guardian-guide-1922" data-link-name="in body link">Reconstruction in Europe</a>, with contributions from leading economists, politicians and Nobel laureates, as well as 13 pieces by<strong> </strong>Keynes himself.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">At a time when so many of our readers are thinking about how the post-Covid world should be organised – about how we can use this moment to make progress – we will launch a new series of long reads this summer, called Reconstruction 2021, featuring many of the world’s great contemporary thinkers, to imagine a better post-Covid world.</p><hr class="dcr-z9ge1j"/><p class="dcr-1eu361v">2 <strong>We will collaborate with readers, and others, to have greater impact</strong></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Our <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/dec/22/a-new-supporter-every-two-minutes-how-readers-powered-our-journalism-in-2020" data-link-name="in body link">readers fund the Guardian</a> to a greater degree than ever before, and as journalists we experience the world with our readers as equal citizens. Our relationship with them is not transactional – it is about sharing a sense of purpose and a commitment to understand and illuminate our times.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Many of our best journalistic projects have readers at their heart – from the sources who told us that Dominic Cummings had broken the government’s own lockdown rules, to our international reader callouts on subjects as varied as Hong Kong, George Floyd and the NHS, to our amazing <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/membership/2021/mar/29/made-in-britain-video-series" data-link-name="in body link">Made in Britain</a> series, which shows what can happen when we collaborate with local communities, embed ourselves there, and even turn the camera or our publishing tools over to others to allow voices to be heard.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Inspired by the great journalism our readers have collaborated with us on, we will launch a new Guardian community hub to expand and bring together all our reader-driven projects.</p><hr class="dcr-z9ge1j"/><p class="dcr-1eu361v">3 <strong>We will diversify, to have richer reporting from a representative newsroom</strong></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">The media as a whole must be far more diverse if we are to really understand what is happening in the world, to be fully representative of society, and to get better stories.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">At the Guardian we have been working to recruit and promote talented journalists of colour, and using Guardian journalism to give real weight to the issues that affect people of colour across every aspect of our reporting.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">In 2021 we will create a new senior editorial position to embed diversity from the top, and will commit to new targets on diversity, with the aim of making rapid improvements in terms of representation and to bring about cultural change.</p><hr class="dcr-z9ge1j"/><p class="dcr-1eu361v">4 <strong>We will be meaningful in all of our work</strong></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">We commit to producing meaningful journalism for our readers in new ways, building on our recent successes with <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/podcasts" data-link-name="in body link">podcasts</a>, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/tone/minutebyminute" data-link-name="in body link">live journalism</a> and <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/email-newsletters" data-link-name="in body link">newsletters</a>. Since the pandemic, our features coverage has focused more deeply than ever on human stories, such as in the devastating <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/series/lost-to-the-virus" data-link-name="in body link">Lost to the virus</a> series. We have told the stories of inspirational people fighting for racial justice, with our <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/series/black-lives" data-link-name="in body link">Black lives</a> series, and in our <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/series/how-to-live-now" data-link-name="in body link">How to live now</a> series we have offered expert advice, responding to readers’ needs in a rapidly changing world. We will continue to respond to readers’ needs, recognising that our shared understanding of the world is ever evolving. And we will launch a new features series, The Outspoken, focusing on unsung people who are trying to change the world for the better.</p><hr class="dcr-z9ge1j"/><p class="dcr-1eu361v">5 <strong>We will report fairly on people as well as power, and find things out</strong></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Our primary duty is reporting, finding out the truth, standing up to the powerful. It is also about reporting on the lives of ordinary people and how they are affected by decisions made by those in power.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">We will continue to dig deep with time-consuming investigations that have real impact, to report on and with communities whose voices don’t get heard, and to tell human stories that expose wider political, social and cultural issues. We have expanded our team reporting on science, health and the environment, and we will continue to invest in our network of international reporters.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><br/></p></div></div><gu-island name="SlotBodyEnd" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"contentType":"Article","contributionsServiceUrl":"https://contributions.guardianapis.com","idApiUrl":"https://idapi.theguardian.com","isMinuteArticle":false,"isPaidContent":false,"pageId":"media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission","sectionId":"media","shouldHideReaderRevenue":false,"stage":"PROD","tags":[{"id":"media/series/guardian-200","type":"Series","title":"Guardian 200"},{"id":"media/theguardian","type":"Keyword","title":"The Guardian"},{"id":"media/newspapers","type":"Keyword","title":"Newspapers"},{"id":"media/pressandpublishing","type":"Keyword","title":"Newspapers & magazines"},{"id":"media/national-newspapers","type":"Keyword","title":"National newspapers"},{"id":"media/media","type":"Keyword","title":"Media"},{"id":"type/article","type":"Type","title":"Article"},{"id":"tone/features","type":"Tone","title":"Features"},{"id":"profile/katharineviner","type":"Contributor","title":"Katharine Viner","bylineImageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2019/01/03/Katharine-Viner,-L.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=28eff3731d2c05fe13e4c9ee210e75a3","bylineLargeImageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2019/01/03/Katharine_Viner,_L.png?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=e03e441de8111c7fe53aa6fca760de35"},{"id":"publication/theguardian","type":"Publication","title":"The Guardian"},{"id":"theguardian/mainsection","type":"NewspaperBook","title":"Main section"},{"id":"theguardian/mainsection/topstories","type":"NewspaperBookSection","title":"Top stories"},{"id":"tracking/commissioningdesk/uk-special-projects","type":"Tracking","title":"UK Special Projects"}],"renderAds":true,"isLabs":false,"articleEndSlot":true}"></gu-island><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="100%" height="13" viewBox="0 0 1300 13" preserveAspectRatio="none" stroke="var(--straight-lines)" stroke-width="1" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="dcr-0"><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="0.5" y2="0.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="4.5" y2="4.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="8.5" y2="8.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="12.5" y2="12.5"></line></svg><div data-print-layout="hide" class="dcr-fckw05"><span class="dcr-1slmqmw">Explore more on these topics</span><div class="dcr-1jl528t"><ul class="dcr-1yfsxuc"><li class="dcr-ncdwh2"><a href="/media/series/guardian-200" class="dcr-1gwziyt">Guardian 200</a></li><li class="dcr-ncdwh2"><a href="/media/theguardian" class="dcr-1gwziyt">The Guardian</a></li><li class="dcr-ncdwh2"><a href="/media/newspapers" class="dcr-1gwziyt">Newspapers</a></li><li class="dcr-ncdwh2"><a href="/media/pressandpublishing" class="dcr-1gwziyt">Newspapers & magazines</a></li><li class="dcr-ncdwh2"><a href="/media/national-newspapers" class="dcr-1gwziyt">National newspapers</a></li><li class="dcr-ncdwh2"><a href="/tone/features" class="dcr-1gwziyt">features</a></li></ul></div><div class="dcr-nu129i"><gu-island name="ShareButton" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"pageId":"media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission","webTitle":"Times change but Guardian values don’t: 200 years, and we’ve only just begun | Katharine Viner","format":{"design":10,"display":1,"theme":0},"context":"SubMeta"}"><a href="mailto:?subject=Times change but Guardian values don’t: 200 years, and we’ve only just begun | Katharine Viner&body=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission?CMP=share_btn_url" type="button" class="dcr-bao4ku">Share<div class="src-button-space"></div><svg viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M19 16c1.675 0 3 1.35 3 3 0 1.675-1.325 3-3 3a2.97 2.97 0 0 1-2.975-3c0-.125 0-.275.025-.375L7.1 14.15a2.9 2.9 0 0 1-2.075.825C3.325 14.975 2 13.65 2 12a3.004 3.004 0 0 1 3.025-3.025c.775 0 1.5.35 2.075.875l8.95-4.475c-.025-.1-.025-.225-.025-.4A2.966 2.966 0 0 1 19 2c1.675 0 3 1.325 3 2.975C22 6.65 20.675 8 19 8c-.8 0-1.475-.325-2.05-.825l-8.975 4.45C8 11.7 8 11.825 8 12s0 .3-.025.375l8.975 4.45c.575-.5 1.25-.825 2.05-.825m0-12.8c-.975 0-1.8.775-1.8 1.775S18.025 6.8 19 6.8c1 0 1.825-.825 1.825-1.825S20 3.2 19 3.2m0 17.6c1 0 1.825-.825 1.825-1.8 0-1-.825-1.8-1.825-1.8-.975 0-1.8.8-1.8 1.8 0 .975.825 1.8 1.8 1.8"></path></svg></a></gu-island><div class="dcr-zhx6xs"><a data-link-name="meta-syndication-article" href="https://syndication.theguardian.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2021%2Fmay%2F05%2Fguardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission&type=article&internalpagecode=media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" title="Reuse this content" class="dcr-14rjinq">Reuse this content</a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="--grid-area:right-column;" data-gu-name="right-column" class="dcr-10el5c8"><div class="dcr-jwg3xc"><section class="dcr-1hko8ef"><div class="dcr-1nzopul"><div class="ad-slot-container"><div id="dfp-ad--right" data-link-name="ad slot right" data-name="right" aria-hidden="true" class="js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--right ad-slot--mpu-banner-ad ad-slot--rendered js-sticky-mpu dcr-1vxq7bk"></div></div></div></section></div></div></div></div></article><aside style="background-color:var(--ad-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1ykr3rf"><div class="ad-slot-container dcr-17n294h"><div id="dfp-ad--merchandising-high" data-link-name="ad slot merchandising-high" data-name="merchandising-high" data-refresh="false" aria-hidden="true" class="js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--merchandising-high dcr-ivr0sq"></div></div></div></aside><gu-island name="OnwardsUpper" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"ajaxUrl":"https://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk","hasRelated":true,"hasStoryPackage":false,"isAdFreeUser":false,"pageId":"media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission","isPaidContent":false,"showRelatedContent":true,"keywordIds":"media/theguardian,media/newspapers,media/pressandpublishing,media/national-newspapers,media/media","contentType":"Article","tags":[{"id":"media/series/guardian-200","type":"Series","title":"Guardian 200"},{"id":"media/theguardian","type":"Keyword","title":"The Guardian"},{"id":"media/newspapers","type":"Keyword","title":"Newspapers"},{"id":"media/pressandpublishing","type":"Keyword","title":"Newspapers & magazines"},{"id":"media/national-newspapers","type":"Keyword","title":"National newspapers"},{"id":"media/media","type":"Keyword","title":"Media"},{"id":"type/article","type":"Type","title":"Article"},{"id":"tone/features","type":"Tone","title":"Features"},{"id":"profile/katharineviner","type":"Contributor","title":"Katharine Viner","bylineImageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2019/01/03/Katharine-Viner,-L.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=28eff3731d2c05fe13e4c9ee210e75a3","bylineLargeImageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2019/01/03/Katharine_Viner,_L.png?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=e03e441de8111c7fe53aa6fca760de35"},{"id":"publication/theguardian","type":"Publication","title":"The Guardian"},{"id":"theguardian/mainsection","type":"NewspaperBook","title":"Main section"},{"id":"theguardian/mainsection/topstories","type":"NewspaperBookSection","title":"Top stories"},{"id":"tracking/commissioningdesk/uk-special-projects","type":"Tracking","title":"UK Special Projects"}],"format":{"design":10,"display":1,"theme":0},"pillar":0,"editionId":"INT","shortUrlId":"/p/ha3n2","discussionApiUrl":"https://discussion.theguardian.com/discussion-api","absoluteServerTimes":false}"><div class="dcr-1ntgn2k"><section style="background-color:var(--section-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1vf50t"><div data-name="placeholder" class="dcr-ri3hap"><div class="dcr-wynbiy"></div></div></div></section><section style="background-color:var(--section-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1vf50t"><div data-name="placeholder" class="dcr-ri3hap"><div class="dcr-wynbiy"></div></div></div></section></div></gu-island><section style="background-color:var(--article-section-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1vf50t"><div class="dcr-u8qikl"><section class="dcr-1gx3men"><div class="dcr-yg4zrc"><div class="dcr-k1vhee"><div><div class="dcr-1atljbz"><h2 style="color:var(--article-section-title);" class="dcr-dah9rt">Most viewed</h2></div></div></div></div></section><div class="dcr-fossqd"><div class="dcr-f68shw"><span class="dcr-1giivcq"><div class="dcr-1atljbz"><h2 style="color:var(--article-section-title);" class="dcr-dah9rt">Most viewed</h2></div></span></div><div data-print-layout="hide" class="content-footer dcr-ddf1wi"><div class="dcr-6m88po"><gu-island name="MostViewedFooterData" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"sectionId":"media","ajaxUrl":"https://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk","edition":"INT"}"><div data-name="placeholder" class="dcr-ri3hap"><div class="dcr-5mqa0r"></div></div></gu-island></div><div class="dcr-1pt7toy"><span class="dcr-n4pnam"><div class="ad-slot-container dcr-j5zpwt"><div id="dfp-ad--mostpop" data-link-name="ad slot mostpop" data-name="mostpop" aria-hidden="true" class="js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--mostpop ad-slot--mpu-banner-ad ad-slot--rendered dcr-1qjcfie"></div></div></span></div></div></div></div></div></section><aside style="background-color:var(--ad-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1ykr3rf"><div class="ad-slot-container dcr-17n294h"><div id="dfp-ad--merchandising" data-link-name="ad slot merchandising" data-name="merchandising" aria-hidden="true" class="js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--merchandising dcr-ivr0sq"></div></div></div></aside></main><aside style="background-color:var(--section-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1q1v1nj"><gu-island name="SubNav" priority="enhancement" deferUntil="visible" props="{"subNavSections":{"parent":{"title":"UK","longTitle":"UK news","url":"/uk-news","children":[{"title":"UK politics","longTitle":"UK politics","url":"/politics","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Education","longTitle":"Education","url":"/education","children":[{"title":"Schools","longTitle":"Schools","url":"/education/schools","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Teachers","longTitle":"Teachers","url":"/teacher-network","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Universities","longTitle":"Universities","url":"/education/universities","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Students","longTitle":"Students","url":"/education/students","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Media","longTitle":"Media","url":"/media","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Society","longTitle":"Society","url":"/society","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Law","longTitle":"Law","url":"/law","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Scotland","longTitle":"Scotland","url":"/uk/scotland","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Wales","longTitle":"Wales","url":"/uk/wales","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Northern Ireland","longTitle":"Northern Ireland","url":"/uk/northernireland","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},"links":[{"title":"UK politics","longTitle":"UK politics","url":"/politics","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Education","longTitle":"Education","url":"/education","children":[{"title":"Schools","longTitle":"Schools","url":"/education/schools","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Teachers","longTitle":"Teachers","url":"/teacher-network","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Universities","longTitle":"Universities","url":"/education/universities","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Students","longTitle":"Students","url":"/education/students","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Media","longTitle":"Media","url":"/media","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Society","longTitle":"Society","url":"/society","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Law","longTitle":"Law","url":"/law","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Scotland","longTitle":"Scotland","url":"/uk/scotland","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Wales","longTitle":"Wales","url":"/uk/wales","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Northern Ireland","longTitle":"Northern Ireland","url":"/uk/northernireland","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}]},"currentNavLink":"Media","position":"footer"}"><div data-print-layout="hide" data-testid="sub-nav" data-component="sub-nav" style="--sub-nav-link:var(--sub-nav-link-footer);" class="dcr-a4rp9m"><ul role="list" class="dcr-1gt8egs"><li class="dcr-ybq1b6"><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/uk-news" class="dcr-lgyw9b">UK</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/politics" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : UK politics" class="dcr-lgyw9b">UK politics</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/education" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : Education" class="dcr-lgyw9b">Education</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/media" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : Media" class="dcr-lgyw9b"><span class="dcr-1b5y2ep">Media</span></a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/society" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : Society" class="dcr-lgyw9b">Society</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/law" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : Law" class="dcr-lgyw9b">Law</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/uk/scotland" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : Scotland" class="dcr-lgyw9b">Scotland</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/uk/wales" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : Wales" class="dcr-lgyw9b">Wales</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/uk/northernireland" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : Northern Ireland" class="dcr-lgyw9b">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></div></gu-island></div></aside><footer style="background-color:#052962;" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:#506991;" class="dcr-bnuca0"><div data-print-layout="hide" data-link-name="footer" data-component="footer" class="dcr-1hmrwdw"><div class="dcr-1ris6nf"><ul class="dcr-1d6g26q"><li class="dcr-1grikph"><a href="/" style="--pillar-underline:#FF5943;" data-link-name="footer : primary : News" class="dcr-1iufw7r">News</a></li><li class="dcr-ks441s"><a href="/commentisfree" style="--pillar-underline:#FF7F0F;" data-link-name="footer : primary : Opinion" class="dcr-7612kl">Opinion</a></li><li class="dcr-ks441s"><a href="/sport" style="--pillar-underline:#00B2FF;" data-link-name="footer : primary : Sport" class="dcr-7612kl">Sport</a></li><li class="dcr-ks441s"><a href="/culture" style="--pillar-underline:#EACCA0;" data-link-name="footer : primary : Culture" class="dcr-7612kl">Culture</a></li><li class="dcr-1kcody2"><a href="/lifeandstyle" style="--pillar-underline:#FFABDB;" data-link-name="footer : primary : Lifestyle" class="dcr-7612kl">Lifestyle</a></li></ul></div><div class="dcr-1xyi04h"><div class="dcr-1wf840d"><div>Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning</div><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/global/2022/sep/20/sign-up-for-the-first-edition-newsletter-our-free-news-email" data-link-name="footer : morning-briefing" class="dcr-u54heg">Sign up for our email<div class="src-button-space"></div><svg viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1 12.956h18.274l-7.167 8.575.932.932L23 12.478v-.956l-9.96-9.985-.932.932 7.166 8.575H1z"></path></svg></a></div><div class="dcr-1ms2xl4"><ul><li><a href="https://manage.theguardian.com/help-centre" data-link-name="international : footer : tech feedback" class="js-tech-feedback-report dcr-4coeh">Help</a></li><li><a href="/info/complaints-and-corrections" data-link-name="complaints" class=" dcr-4coeh">Complaints & corrections</a></li><li><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/securedrop" data-link-name="securedrop" class=" dcr-4coeh">SecureDrop</a></li><li><a href="https://workforus.theguardian.com" data-link-name="international : footer : work for us" class=" dcr-4coeh">Work for us</a></li><li><gu-island name="PrivacySettingsLink" priority="critical" deferUntil="visible" props="{"extraClasses":""}"><span style="color:transparent;" class="dcr-4coeh"> </span></gu-island></li><li><a href="/info/privacy" data-link-name="privacy" class=" dcr-4coeh">Privacy policy</a></li><li><a href="/info/cookies" data-link-name="cookie" class=" dcr-4coeh">Cookie policy</a></li><li><a href="/help/terms-of-service" data-link-name="terms" class=" dcr-4coeh">Terms & conditions</a></li><li><a href="/help/contact-us" data-link-name="international : footer : contact us" class=" dcr-4coeh">Contact us</a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="/index/subjects/a" data-link-name="international : footer : all topics" class=" dcr-4coeh">All topics</a></li><li><a href="/index/contributors" data-link-name="international : footer : all contributors" class=" dcr-4coeh">All writers</a></li><li><a href="https://theguardian.newspapers.com" data-link-name="digital newspaper archive" class=" dcr-4coeh">Digital newspaper archive</a></li><li><a href="https://uploads.guim.co.uk/2024/08/27/TAX_STRATEGY_FOR_THE_YEAR_ENDED_31_MARCH_2025.pdf" data-link-name="international : footer : tax strategy" class=" dcr-4coeh">Tax strategy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/theguardian" data-link-name="international : footer : facebook" class=" dcr-4coeh">Facebook</a></li><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/TheGuardian" data-link-name="international : footer : youtube" class=" dcr-4coeh">YouTube</a></li><li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/guardian" data-link-name="international : footer : instagram" class=" dcr-4coeh">Instagram</a></li><li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/theguardian" data-link-name="international : footer : linkedin" class=" dcr-4coeh">LinkedIn</a></li><li><a href="/email-newsletters?INTCMP=DOTCOM_FOOTER_NEWSLETTER_INTERNATIONAL" data-link-name="international : footer : newsletters" class=" dcr-4coeh">Newsletters</a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="https://advertising.theguardian.com" data-link-name="international : footer : advertise with us" class=" dcr-4coeh">Advertise with us</a></li><li><a href="https://jobs.theguardian.com" data-link-name="international : footer : uk-jobs" class=" dcr-4coeh">Search UK jobs</a></li></ul><div class="dcr-1v06yj3"><gu-island name="FooterReaderRevenueLinks" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"urls":{"contribute":"https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=footer_support_contribute&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support_contribute%22%7D","subscribe":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=footer_support_subscribe&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support_subscribe%22%7D","support":"https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=footer_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support%22%7D","supporter":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=footer_supporter_cta&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_supporter_cta%22%7D"},"dataLinkNamePrefix":"footer : "}"></gu-island></div></div><div class="dcr-1xnlu54"><a href="#top" data-link-name="back to top" class="dcr-1bljy3y"><span class="dcr-6ottnt">Back to top</span><span class="icon-container dcr-18yycfp"><i class="dcr-13lm9u3"></i></span></a></div></div><div class="dcr-1slcfay">© 2024 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies. All rights reserved. <gu-island name="FooterLabel" priority="critical" deferUntil="visible" props="{}">(dcr)</gu-island></div></div></div></footer><aside class="dcr-1wna1tt"><gu-island name="StickyBottomBanner" priority="feature" deferUntil="idle" props="{"contentType":"Article","contributionsServiceUrl":"https://contributions.guardianapis.com","idApiUrl":"https://idapi.theguardian.com","isMinuteArticle":false,"isPaidContent":false,"isPreview":false,"isSensitive":false,"pageId":"media/2021/may/05/guardian-200-anniversary-covid-pandemic-journalism-editor-mission","sectionId":"media","shouldHideReaderRevenue":false,"remoteBannerSwitch":true,"tags":[{"id":"media/series/guardian-200","type":"Series","title":"Guardian 200"},{"id":"media/theguardian","type":"Keyword","title":"The Guardian"},{"id":"media/newspapers","type":"Keyword","title":"Newspapers"},{"id":"media/pressandpublishing","type":"Keyword","title":"Newspapers & magazines"},{"id":"media/national-newspapers","type":"Keyword","title":"National newspapers"},{"id":"media/media","type":"Keyword","title":"Media"},{"id":"type/article","type":"Type","title":"Article"},{"id":"tone/features","type":"Tone","title":"Features"},{"id":"profile/katharineviner","type":"Contributor","title":"Katharine Viner","bylineImageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2019/01/03/Katharine-Viner,-L.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=28eff3731d2c05fe13e4c9ee210e75a3","bylineLargeImageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2019/01/03/Katharine_Viner,_L.png?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=e03e441de8111c7fe53aa6fca760de35"},{"id":"publication/theguardian","type":"Publication","title":"The Guardian"},{"id":"theguardian/mainsection","type":"NewspaperBook","title":"Main section"},{"id":"theguardian/mainsection/topstories","type":"NewspaperBookSection","title":"Top stories"},{"id":"tracking/commissioningdesk/uk-special-projects","type":"Tracking","title":"UK Special Projects"}]}"></gu-island></aside><div class="mobilesticky-container dcr-bqcudp"></div> </body> </html>