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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sauternes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sauternes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sauternes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sauternes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tokaji/Tokaj/Tokajské" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tokaji/Tokaj/Tokajské"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Tokaji/Tokaj/Tokajské</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tokaji/Tokaj/Tokajské-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_late_harvest_wines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_late_harvest_wines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>German late harvest wines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_late_harvest_wines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Icewine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Icewine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Icewine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Icewine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raisin_wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raisin_wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Raisin wine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raisin_wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Variety of wine</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vendange_tardive" title="Vendange tardive">Vendange tardive</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Late_harvest_Semillon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Late_harvest_Semillon.jpg/220px-Late_harvest_Semillon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Late_harvest_Semillon.jpg/330px-Late_harvest_Semillon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Late_harvest_Semillon.jpg/440px-Late_harvest_Semillon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A late harvest Semillon from Washington State.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Late harvest wine</b> is wine made from <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a> left on the <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vine</a> longer than usual. <i>Late harvest</i> is usually an indication of a sweet <a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">dessert wine</a>, such as late harvest <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a>. Late harvest grapes are often more similar to <a href="/wiki/Raisins" class="mw-redirect" title="Raisins">raisins</a>, but have been naturally dehydrated while on the vine. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Botrytis_cinerea" title="Botrytis cinerea">Botrytis cinerea</a>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">noble rot</a></i>, is a mold that causes grapes to lose nearly all of their water content. Wines made from botrytis-affected grapes are generally very sweet. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noble_rot">Noble rot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_harvest_wine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Noble rot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Botrytis_riesling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Botrytis_riesling.jpg/220px-Botrytis_riesling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Botrytis_riesling.jpg/330px-Botrytis_riesling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Botrytis_riesling.jpg/440px-Botrytis_riesling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Botrytis affected grapes</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></div> <p>Botrytis cinerea is a <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a> that affects many wine grapes and causes them to shrivel into moldy raisins. The fungus responds to the humidity and warmth in the climate and attacks the grapes. As the mold penetrates the skin its spores begin to <a href="/wiki/Germinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Germinate">germinate</a>, causing the water inside to evaporate and the grape to dehydrate. With the absence of water, the <a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">sugar</a> becomes more concentrated and the botrytis begins to alter the acidity within the grape. Typically botrytis infection begins to take place in late September and can last till late October. In some years <a href="/wiki/Desiccation" title="Desiccation">desiccation</a> may occur leaving tiny amount of sweet liquor like juice within the grape.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_137_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_137-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The infection rate of botrytis is sporadic with vines and bunches achieving full rottenness at different times. This requires <a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">harvest</a> workers to go through the vineyards several times between October and November to hand-pick the full rotted grapes. In some occasions, the usable grapes from a single vine may only produce enough juice for a single glass.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_138_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_138-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sauternes">Sauternes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_harvest_wine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sauternes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sauternes_(wine)" title="Sauternes (wine)">Sauternes (wine)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sauternes_(wine)" title="Sauternes (wine)">Sauternes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Yquem" title="Château d'Yquem">Château d'Yquem</a>, are produced in the <a href="/wiki/Graves_(wine_region)#Sauternes_AOC_and_Barsac_AOC" title="Graves (wine region)">Sauternes</a> region (including <a href="/wiki/Barsac,_Gironde" title="Barsac, Gironde">Barsac</a>) south of <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>. They are made from botrytis infected <a href="/wiki/Semillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Semillon">Semillon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a> grapes. Semillon is preferred due to the grape's thin skin and susceptibility to the botrytis which gives the grape a high <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> content. These wines are noted for the balance that complements the honeyed sweetness.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_137_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_137-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (wine)">fermentation</a>, the juice is transferred into <a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">oak</a> <a href="/wiki/Wine_barrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine barrel">wine barrels</a> where the high sugar concentration of <a href="/wiki/Must" title="Must">must</a> prolongs the fermentation time which can last up to a year. When the <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> level kills off all present <a href="/wiki/Yeast_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeast (wine)">yeast</a>, the fermentation stops leaving the <a href="/wiki/Residual_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Residual sugar">residual sugar</a> at levels between 8 and 12% and alcohol levels around 14%.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_138_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_138-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After fermentation, the wine is placed in an <a href="/wiki/Aging_barrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging barrel">aging barrel</a> for two to three years before it is bottled where it will continue aging. A Sauterne from a reputable estate can <a href="/wiki/Bottle_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottle age">bottle age</a> for over 30 years though they normally hit their peak 10 years after the <a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">vintage</a> date.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_139_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_139-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tokaji/Tokaj/Tokajské"><span id="Tokaji.2FTokaj.2FTokajsk.C3.A9"></span>Tokaji/Tokaj/Tokajské</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_harvest_wine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tokaji/Tokaj/Tokajské"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tokaji" title="Tokaji">Tokaji</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokaj_cellar2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Tokaj_cellar2.png/220px-Tokaj_cellar2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Tokaj_cellar2.png/330px-Tokaj_cellar2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Tokaj_cellar2.png/440px-Tokaj_cellar2.png 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Tokaji wine cellars</figcaption></figure> <p>Tokaji wines are produced in the <a href="/wiki/Tokaj" title="Tokaj">Tokaj</a> regions of <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>. Wine has been made in these regions since as early as 1650, before the botrytized wines of Sauternes and the <a href="/wiki/Rheingau" title="Rheingau">Rheingau</a> were produced. The <a href="/wiki/Furmint" title="Furmint">Furmint</a>, Yellow <a href="/wiki/Muscat_(grape_and_wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat (grape and wine)">Muscat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1rslevel%C5%B1" title="Hárslevelű">Hárslevelű</a>/<a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1rslevel%C5%B1" title="Hárslevelű">Lipovina</a> grapes are the primary grapes used in this wine. In a manner similar to <a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a>, the wine is aged in partially filled barrels with a film of yeast on top and stored underground in <a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">wine caverns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_pg_273-274_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_pg_273-274-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German_late_harvest_wines">German late harvest wines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_harvest_wine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: German late harvest wines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_wine" title="German wine">German wine</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, wines are <a href="/wiki/German_wine_classification" title="German wine classification">classified</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Ripeness_of_the_grape" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripeness of the grape">ripeness of the grape</a> at time of harvest. Within the <a href="/wiki/Qualit%C3%A4tswein_mit_Pr%C3%A4dikat" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualitätswein mit Prädikat">Qualitätswein mit Prädikat</a> classification, there are four levels of late harvest wines, roughly ranging from dry to very sweet: <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tlese" title="Spätlese">Spätlese</a> ("late harvest"), <a href="/wiki/Auslese" title="Auslese">Auslese</a> ("selected harvest"), <a href="/wiki/Beerenauslese" title="Beerenauslese">Beerenauslese</a> ("selected berries harvest") and <a href="/wiki/Trockenbeerenauslese" title="Trockenbeerenauslese">Trockenbeerenauslese</a> ("selected dried-berries harvest") with the last two levels being botrytized.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_522-523_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_522-523-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Icewine">Icewine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_harvest_wine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Icewine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Ice wine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ice_wine_grapes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ice_wine_grapes.jpg/220px-Ice_wine_grapes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ice_wine_grapes.jpg/330px-Ice_wine_grapes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ice_wine_grapes.jpg/440px-Ice_wine_grapes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1172" /></a><figcaption>Grapes frozen on the vine</figcaption></figure> <p>Ice wines are popular in the cold northernly wine regions of Germany and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> where the grapes can freeze on the vine. As the grapes are <a href="/wiki/Pressed_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressed (wine)">pressed</a>, the frozen water crystals <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are eliminated leaving the highly concentrated sugar behind.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_pg_89_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_pg_89-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Raisin_wine">Raisin wine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_harvest_wine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Raisin wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Raisin_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Raisin wine">Raisin wine</a></div> <p>Raisin wines are sometimes made from grapes that have been left on the vine in the sun to concentrate their sugar. The result is similar to that of the ice wine process, but is a much older process and suitable for warm climates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_harvest_wine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MacNeil_pg_137-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_137_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_137_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. MacNeil <i>The Wine Bible</i> pg 137 Workman Publishing 2001 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56305-434-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56305-434-5">1-56305-434-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacNeil_pg_138-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_138_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_138_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. MacNeil <i>The Wine Bible</i> pg 138 Workman Publishing 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56305-434-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56305-434-5">1-56305-434-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacNeil_pg_139-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_139_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. MacNeil <i>The Wine Bible</i> pg 139 Workman Publishing 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56305-434-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56305-434-5">1-56305-434-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson_pg_273-274-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_pg_273-274_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson <i>Jancis Robinson's Wine Course</i> pg 273-274 Abbeville Press Publisher 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7892-0883-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7892-0883-0">0-7892-0883-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacNeil_pg_522-523-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_522-523_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. MacNeil <i>The Wine Bible</i> pg 522-523 Workman Publishing 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56305-434-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56305-434-5">1-56305-434-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://itsmywine.com.au/blog/magic-ice-wine-a-taste-of-frozen-elegance/">[1]</a> itsmywine.com.au</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson_pg_89-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_pg_89_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson <i>Jancis Robinson's Wine Course</i> pg 89 Abbeville Press Publisher 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7892-0883-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7892-0883-0">0-7892-0883-0</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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title="Acids in wine">Deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destemming" class="mw-redirect" title="Destemming">Destemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">Wine press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">Carbonic maceration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 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terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press" title="History of the wine press">History of the wine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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