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sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Aspect of forestry/silviculture</div> <p><b>Tree breeding</b> is the application of genetic, reproductive biology and economics principles to the genetic improvement and management of forest trees. In contrast to the selective breeding of livestock, arable crops, and horticultural flowers over the last few centuries, the breeding of trees, with the exception of fruit trees, is a relatively recent occurrence. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grafts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Grafts.jpg/250px-Grafts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Grafts.jpg/330px-Grafts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Grafts.jpg/500px-Grafts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Pinus radiata grafts in preparation for the establishment of a seed orchard in New Zealand</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isolation_bags.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Isolation_bags.jpg/250px-Isolation_bags.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Isolation_bags.jpg/330px-Isolation_bags.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Isolation_bags.jpg/500px-Isolation_bags.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Isolation bags for controlled pollination in a Pinus radiata seed orchard.</figcaption></figure> <p>A typical forest tree breeding program starts with selection of superior <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypes</a> (plus trees)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in a natural or planted forest, often based on growth rate, tree form and site adaptation traits. This application of <a href="/wiki/Selection_methods_in_plant_breeding_based_on_mode_of_reproduction#Mass_selection" title="Selection methods in plant breeding based on mode of reproduction">mass selection</a> improves the mean performance of the forest. Offspring is obtained from selected trees and grown in test plantations that act as genetic trials. Based on such tests the best genotypes among the parents can be selected. Selected trees are typically propagated either by seeds or by <a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">grafting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seed_orchard" title="Seed orchard">seed orchards</a> are established when the preferred output is improved seed. Alternatively, the best genotypes can be directly propagated by cuttings or <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in-vitro</a> methods and used directly in clonal plantations. The first system is frequently used for pines and other conifers, while the second is typical in some broadleaves (poplars, eucalypts and others). The objectives of a tree breeding program range from yield improvement and adaptation to particular conditions, to pest- and disease-resistance, wood properties, etc. Currently,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> tree breeding is starting to take advantage of the fast development in plant genetics and genomics. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Optimisation">Optimisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tree_breeding&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Optimisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tree breeders try to improve their operation's efficiency by optimising tree breeding. Scientists develop tools aimed at improving the efficiency of tree breeding programmes. Optimising can mean adapting strategies and methods to certain species, groups of populations, structures of genetic variation and modes of inheritance of the important traits to obtain the highest benefit per unit of time. Optimising is usually carried out at the following levels: </p> <ul><li>breeding strategy (appropriate intensity of breeding, breeding population structure and size, plan for maintenance of genetic diversity),</li> <li>breeding methods (<a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">mating</a> type, testing and selection methods, testing population size and time) and</li> <li>deployment methods of the genetically improved material (<a href="/wiki/Seed_orchard" title="Seed orchard">seed orchards</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and clonal forestry: genetic contribution, size).</li></ul> <p>Computer simulations, based on defined algorithms, are frequently used: either incorporating random variations (stochastic) or not (deterministic).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Selection strategies have been compared for annual progress in long-term breeding at a given annual cost considering genetic gain, gene diversity, cost components, and time components. For Norway spruce it seems favourable to clone full sib families and then select based on clonal performance<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while for Scots pine a two-stage strategy seems best, first phenotypic pre-selection and then progeny-testing the selections.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tree_improvement">Tree improvement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tree_breeding&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tree improvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A genetically variable population and a method of selecting genetically superior individuals provide the basis for tree improvement by breeding. In essence, a tree improvement program sets out to isolate and evaluate the genetic component of variation in one or more characters of interest. In the simplest procedure, cycles of selection reduce the available population in a particular direction to enhance desirable traits, then breeding from selections to expand the population with improved characteristics. Breeding strategies vary with species and objectives, but all use mating designs to generate information and new material. Choice of a suitable breeding strategy and mating design is a key decision in any breeding program. Kiss (1986)<sup id="cite_ref-kiss3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kiss3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used a 2-level design in British Columbia to study variation within and between separate populations of <a href="/wiki/White_spruce" title="White spruce">white spruce</a>, both within British Columbia and from eastern North America. </p><p>The breeding program for white spruce initiated in 1986 by the Canadian Forestry Service in the Maritimes employed 2 kinds of mating: polycross, to test clones for general combining ability; and pair-mating, to generate material for second generation selections (Fowler et al. 1988).<sup id="cite_ref-fowler_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newton's (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-newton_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newton-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> systematic review of yield responses of white spruce and 3 other North American <a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">conifers</a> to forest tree improvement practices indicated that correct provenance-progeny selection could yield juvenile height growth gains of about 12% at 20 years for white spruce, and a corresponding merchantable productivity (mean annual merchantable volume increment) gain of 26% at 50 years for plantations established at nominal initial densities on medium-to-good quality sites. Also, preliminary estimates derived from individual case studies indicated that first generational selection strategies for white spruce could increase merchantable productivity by approximately 20% at 45 years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tree_breeding&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/28px-Tree_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/42px-Tree_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/56px-Tree_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trees" title="Portal:Trees">Trees portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">Genetically modified tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Selection (biology)">Selection</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tree_breeding&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindgren, D. and Prescher, F. 2005. Optimal clone number for seed orchards with tested clones. Silvae Genetica 54: 80-92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Danusevičius D & Lindgren D 2002. Efficiency of Selection Based on Phenotype, Clone and Progeny Testing in Long-term Breeding. Silvae Genetica 51:19-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Danusevičius D & Lindgren D 2002. Two-stage selection strategies in tree breeding considering gain, diversity, time and cost. Forest Genetics. 9:145-157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kiss3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kiss3_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kiss, G.K. 1986. Genetic improvement of white and Engelmann spruce in British Columbia 1983–85. p. 191–193 <i>in </i>Yeatman, C.W.; Boyle, T.J.B. (Eds.), Proc. 20th Meet. Can. Tree Improv. Assoc. Part 1, Quebec QC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fowler-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fowler_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler, D.P., Bonga, J.M., Park, Y.S., Simpson, J.D., and Smith, R.F. 1988. Tree breeding at the Canadian Forestry Service – Maritimes 1985 and 1986. p. 31–36 <i>in</i> Morgenstern, E.K.; Boyle, T.J.B. (Eds.). Tree Improvement – Progressing Together Sympos., Truro NS, Aug. 1987. Proc. Part 1, 21st Meet. Can. Tree Improv. Assoc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newton-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newton_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newton, P.F. 2003. Systematic review of yield responses of four North American conifers to forest tree improvement practices. For. Ecol. Manage. 172:29–51.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_bibliography">Selected bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tree_breeding&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Selected bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>White, T.L., Adams, W.T. and Neale, D.B. 2007. Forest Genetics, CABI. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-348-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-348-5">978-0-85199-348-5</a></li> <li>2007 Gösta Eriksson, Inger Ekberg and David Clapham. An Introduction to Forest Genetics. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-576-7190-7" title="Special:BookSources/91-576-7190-7">91-576-7190-7</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070806142728/http://www2.vbsg.slu.se/forgen/">[1]</a></li> <li>1984. <i>Applied Forest Tree Improvement.</i> Bruce Zobel, John Talbert, North Carolina State University, John Wiley and Sons, Inc, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-09682-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-09682-2">0-471-09682-2</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Breed" title="Template:Breed"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breed" title="Template talk:Breed"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breed" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breed"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Breeds_and_cultivars216" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Breed" title="Breed">Breeds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breed#Lists_of_animal_breeds" title="Breed">Lists of breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cultivars" title="Lists of cultivars">Lists of cultivars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backcrossing" title="Backcrossing">Backcrossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbreed" title="Crossbreed">Crossbreed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">Inbreeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker-assisted_selection" title="Marker-assisted selection">Marker-assisted selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation_breeding" title="Mutation breeding">Mutation breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcrossing" title="Outcrossing">Outcrossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_breeding" title="Preservation breeding">Preservation breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker-assisted_selection" title="Marker-assisted selection">Smart breeding (Marker-assisted selection)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purebred" title="Purebred">Purebred</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_breeding" title="Animal breeding">Animal breeds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cat_breeds" title="List of cat breeds">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cattle_breeds" title="List of cattle breeds">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_breeds" title="List of chicken breeds">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_breeds" title="List of dog breeds">Dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dog_breeding" title="Dog breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_donkey_breeds" title="List of donkey breeds">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_duck_breeds" title="List of duck breeds">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goat_breeds" title="List of goat breeds">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goose_breeds" title="List of goose breeds">Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_guinea_pig_breeds" title="List of guinea pig breeds">Guinea pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds" title="List of horse breeds">Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horse_breed" title="Horse breed">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pig_breeds" title="List of pig breeds">Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pigeon_breeds" title="List of pigeon breeds">Pigeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_keeping" title="Pigeon keeping">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbit_breeds" title="List of rabbit breeds">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sheep_breeds" title="List of sheep breeds">Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_turkey_breeds" title="List of turkey breeds">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_water_buffalo_breeds" title="List of water buffalo breeds">Water buffalo</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backyard_breeder" class="mw-redirect" title="Backyard breeder">Backyard breeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breed_standard" title="Breed standard">Breed standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeding_back" title="Breeding back">Breeding back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeding_pair" title="Breeding pair">Breeding pair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeding_program" title="Breeding program">Breeding program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">Captive breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_crossbreed" class="mw-redirect" title="Designer crossbreed">Designer crossbreed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">Plant cultivars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apple_cultivars" title="List of apple cultivars">Apple</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_apple_cultivars" title="List of Japanese apple cultivars">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banana_cultivars" title="List of banana cultivars">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_basil_cultivars" title="List of basil cultivars">Basil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Callistemon_cultivars" title="List of Callistemon cultivars"><i>Callistemon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canna_cultivars" title="List of Canna cultivars"><i>Canna</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_strain" title="Cannabis strain"><i>Cannabis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Capsicum_cultivars" title="List of Capsicum cultivars"><i>Capsicum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cherimoya_cultivars" title="List of cherimoya cultivars">Cherimoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_citrus_hybrids_and_cultivars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of citrus hybrids and cultivars">Citrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus hybrid">hybrids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_varieties" title="List of coffee varieties">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cucumber_varieties" title="List of cucumber varieties">Cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gazania_cultivars" title="List of Gazania cultivars"><i>Gazania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grevillea_cultivars" title="List of Grevillea cultivars"><i>Grevillea</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hop_varieties" title="List of hop varieties">Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mango_cultivars" title="List of mango cultivars">Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Narcissus_horticultural_divisions" title="List of Narcissus horticultural divisions"><i>Narcissus</i> (daffodils)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nemesia_cultivars" title="List of Nemesia cultivars"><i>Nemesia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nepenthes_cultivars" title="List of Nepenthes cultivars"><i>Nepenthes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_olive_cultivars" title="List of olive cultivars">Olives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_onion_cultivars" title="List of onion cultivars">Onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pear_cultivars" title="List of pear cultivars">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rice_cultivars" title="List of rice cultivars">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_roses" title="Garden roses">Rose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rose_breeders" title="List of rose breeders">breeders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Award_of_Garden_Merit_roses" title="List of Award of Garden Merit roses">cultivars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_strawberry_cultivars" title="List of strawberry cultivars">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sweet_potato_cultivars" title="List of sweet potato cultivars">Sweet potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sweetcorn_varieties" title="List of sweetcorn varieties">Sweetcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tomato_cultivars" title="List of tomato cultivars">Tomato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus_flytrap_cultivars" title="List of Venus flytrap cultivars">Venus flytrap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selection methods<br />and genetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">Culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker-assisted_selection" title="Marker-assisted selection">Marker-assisted selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balancing_selection" title="Balancing selection">balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directional_selection" title="Directional selection">directional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_selection" title="Disruptive selection">disruptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_selection_(natural_selection)" title="Negative selection (natural selection)">negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_sweep" title="Selective sweep">selective sweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizing_selection" title="Stabilizing selection">stabilizing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_methods_in_plant_breeding_based_on_mode_of_reproduction" title="Selection methods in plant breeding based on mode of reproduction">Selection methods in plant breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">Genotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">Phenotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">Dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codominance" class="mw-redirect" title="Codominance">Codominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistasis" title="Epistasis">Epistasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarfing" title="Dwarfing">Dwarfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosis" title="Heterosis">Heterosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outbreeding_depression" title="Outbreeding depression">Outbreeding depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">Inbreeding depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recessive_trait" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessive trait">Recessive trait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_linkage" title="Sex linkage">Sex linkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F1_hybrid" title="F1 hybrid">F1 hybrid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breed_registry" title="Breed registry">Breed registry</a></li> <li>Breeder <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breeder" title="Breeder">profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeder_(animal)" title="Breeder (animal)">animal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germline" title="Germline">Germline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heirloom_plant" title="Heirloom plant">Heirloom plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landrace" title="Landrace">Landrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_breed" title="Rare breed">Rare breed</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tree breeding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Forestry1738" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forestry" title="Template:Forestry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forestry" title="Template talk:Forestry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Forestry1738" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_forestry_articles" title="Index of forestry articles">Index</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area" title="List of countries by forest area">Forest areas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries" title="List of forestry ministries">Ministries</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes" title="List of forest research institutes">Research institutes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" title="List of forestry universities and colleges">Colleges</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_journals" title="List of forestry journals">Journals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arbor_Day" title="Arbor Day">Arbor Day</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa">dehesa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog forestry">Analog forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_cultivation" title="Bamboo cultivation">Bamboo forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_to_nature_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Close to nature forestry">Close to nature forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_forestry" title="Community forestry">Community forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoforestry" title="Mycoforestry">Mycoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaforestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Permaforestry">Permaforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_plantation" title="Tree plantation">Plantation forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_forestry_in_India" title="Social forestry in India">Social forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forestry">Sustainable forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">Urban forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecology</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Controlled burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coarse_woody_debris" title="Coarse woody debris">coarse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">driftwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_woody_debris" title="Large woody debris">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_jam" title="Log jam">log jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash_(logging)" title="Slash (logging)">slash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_thinning" title="Ecological thinning">Ecological thinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_aged_timber_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Even aged timber management">Even-aged management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dynamics" title="Forest dynamics">dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_informatics" title="Forest informatics">informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_integrated_pest_management" title="Forest integrated pest management">IPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest governance">governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Forest_Information_Service" title="Global Forest Information Service">Global Forest Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_pathology" title="Forest pathology">pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_restoration" title="Forest restoration">restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_forest" title="Secondary forest">secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_stand" title="Forest stand">stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_transition" title="Forest transition">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillion_Tree_Campaign" title="Trillion Tree Campaign">Trillion Tree Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Forest certification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm#American_Tree_Farm_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">ATFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CarbonFix_Standard" title="CarbonFix Standard">CFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Stewardship_Council#Standards,_certification_and_accreditation" title="Forest Stewardship Council">FSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_the_Endorsement_of_Forest_Certification" title="Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification">PEFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Forestry_Initiative" title="Sustainable Forestry Initiative">SFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance#Sustainable_forestry_certification" title="Rainforest Alliance">SmartWood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Carbon_Code" title="Woodland Carbon Code">Woodland Carbon Code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestation">Forestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Formally designated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glade_(geography)" title="Glade (geography)">Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_and_yield_modelling" title="Growth and yield modelling">Growth and yield modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">GM trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Tree" title="I-Tree">i-Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multipurpose_tree" title="Multipurpose tree">Multipurpose tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Sustainable management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_allometry" title="Tree allometry">allometry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Tree measurement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_crown_measurement" title="Tree crown measurement">crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_girth_measurement" title="Tree girth measurement">girth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_height_measurement" title="Tree height measurement">height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_volume_measurement" title="Tree volume measurement">volume</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain#Forests_and_other_vegetation" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">Clearcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">Forest degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fragmentation">Forest fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_forest" title="Ghost forest">Ghost forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa)">Great Green Wall (Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_grading" title="High grading">High grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">timber mafia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species#Forestry" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilding_conifer" title="Wilding conifer">wilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Tree_Initiative" title="Million Tree Initiative">Million Tree Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">REDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitemene" title="Chitemene">chitemene</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">slash-and-char</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svedjebruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Svedjebruk">svedjebruk</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Tree hugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coppicing" title="Coppicing">Coppicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmilling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_product" title="Forest product">Products</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">tanbark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">Tree farm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_cultivation" title="Christmas tree cultivation">Christmas trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce-pine-fir" title="Spruce-pine-fir">spruce-pine-fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">green woodworking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">Forester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborist" title="Arborist">Arborist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_bucking" title="Log bucking">Bucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choker_setter" title="Choker setter">Choker setter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felling" title="Felling">Feller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_firefighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildland firefighter">Firefighter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interagency_hotshot_crew" class="mw-redirect" title="Interagency hotshot crew">hotshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">smokejumper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_driving" title="Log driving">River driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Truck driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_scaler" title="Log scaler">Log scaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin tapper</a></li> <li><a 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