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Dostupno je na 31 jeziku" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 jezik</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="الرياضيات في الهند القديمة — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الرياضيات في الهند القديمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E" title="भारतीय गणितज्ञ — Avadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="भारतीय गणितज्ञ" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Avadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4" title="ভারতীয় গণিত — Bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতীয় গণিত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijska_matematika" title="Indijska matematika — Bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Indijska matematika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A0tiques_a_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Matemàtiques a l'Índia — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Matemàtiques a l'Índia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indische_Mathematik" title="Indische Mathematik — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indische Mathematik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Indian mathematics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tica_india" title="Matemática india — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Matemática india" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math%C3%A9matiques_indiennes" title="Mathématiques indiennes — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mathématiques indiennes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="भारतीय गणित — Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारतीय गणित" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijska_matematika" title="Indijska matematika — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Indijska matematika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A8_%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Մաթեմատիկայի պատմությունը Հնդկաստանում — Jermenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաթեմատիկայի պատմությունը Հնդկաստանում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Jermenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika_India" title="Matematika India — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Matematika India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%81%AE%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="インドの数学 — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インドの数学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4" title="ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ಭಾರತೀಯ ಗಣಿತ — Kanada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ಭಾರತೀಯ ಗಣಿತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kanada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84%EC%9D%98_%EC%88%98%ED%95%99" title="인도의 수학 — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도의 수학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="भारतीय गणित — Marati" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भारतीय गणित" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik_India" title="Matematik India — Malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Matematik India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%83" title="भारतीय गणितिज्ञतेगु धलः — Nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भारतीय गणितिज्ञतेगु धलः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiase_wiskunde" title="Indiase wiskunde — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Indiase wiskunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indisk_matematikk" title="Indisk matematikk — Norveški njorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Indisk matematikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveški njorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4" title="ਭਾਰਤੀ ਗਣਿਤ — Pandžabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਰਤੀ ਗਣਿਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandžabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tica_indiana" title="Matemática indiana — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Matemática indiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="История математики в Индии — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История математики в Индии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="प्राचीनगणितम् — Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="प्राचीनगणितम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika_indase" title="Matematika indase — Albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Matematika indase" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Индијска математика — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Индијска математика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Індійська математика — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індійська математика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C" title="ہندوستانی ریاضی — Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہندوستانی ریاضی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C3%A1n_h%E1%BB%8Dc_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99" title="Toán học Ấn Độ — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Toán học Ấn Độ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><p><b>Indijska matematika</b> se razvila na <a href="/wiki/Indijski_potkontinent" title="Indijski potkontinent">Indijskom potkontinentu</a><sup id="cite_ref-plofker_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plofker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> od 1200. pne.<sup id="cite_ref-hayashi2005-p360-361_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hayashi2005-p360-361-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sve do kraja 18. vijeka. U klasičnom periodu indijske matematike (400 - 1200) su zabilježena značajna postignuća zahvaljujući učenjacima kao što su <a href="/wiki/Aryabhata" title="Aryabhata">Aryabhata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmagupta" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmagupta">Brahmagupta</a> i <a href="/wiki/Bhaskara_II" title="Bhaskara II">Bhaskara II</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Decimalni_sistem_brojeva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decimalni sistem brojeva (stranica ne postoji)">Decimalni sistem brojeva</a> koji se koristi danas<sup id="cite_ref-irfah346_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irfah346-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> se prvi put koristio u indijskoj matematici.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indijski matematičari su dali rani doprinos proučavanju koncepta <a href="/wiki/0_(broj)" title="0 (broj)">nule</a> kao broja,<sup id="cite_ref-bourbaki46_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bourbaki46-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Negativni_broj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negativni broj (stranica ne postoji)">negativnih brojeva</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bourbaki49_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bourbaki49-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika">aritmetike</a> i <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-concise-britannica_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-concise-britannica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uz to se u Indiji razvila i <a href="/wiki/Trigonometrija" title="Trigonometrija">trigonometrija</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, uključujući suvremene defincije <a href="/wiki/Sinus" title="Sinus">sinusa</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kosinus" title="Kosinus">kosinusa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ti matematički koncepti su se kasnije prenijeli na <a href="/wiki/Bliski_Istok" class="mw-redirect" title="Bliski Istok">Bliski Istok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kinu</a> i <a href="/wiki/Evropa" title="Evropa">Evropu</a><sup id="cite_ref-concise-britannica_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-concise-britannica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> te bitno pridonijeli razvoju koncepata koji danas tvore temelj mnogih područja matematike. </p><p>Drevna i srednjovjekovni matematički tekstovi, svi napisani na <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit">sanskritu</a>, najčešće su se sastojali od <i><a href="/wiki/Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutra">sutra</a></i> u kojima su načela ili problemi izneseni u ekonomičnim stihovima kako bi ih učenik mogao što lakše upamtiti. Njih je slijedila druga sekscija koja se sastojala od komentara u prozi (ponekad nekoliko komentara od različitih učenjaka) koji su detaljnije obrazložili problem ili izložili njegovo rješenja. U proznom dijelu forma (i njena memorizacija) nisu bili tako važnio kao same ideje.<sup id="cite_ref-plofker_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plofker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-filliozat-p140to143_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filliozat-p140to143-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sva matematička djela su se prenosila usmenom predajom sve do oko 500. pne. a nakon čega su se prenosili i usmeno i preko rukopisa. Najstariji sačuvani matematički <i>dokument</i> na Indijskom kontinentu je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rukopis_iz_Bakhshalija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rukopis iz Bakhshalija (stranica ne postoji)">rukopis iz Bakhshalija</a>, otkriven godine 1881. u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakhshali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bakhshali (stranica ne postoji)">Bakhshaliju</a> kraj <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawara</a> (moderni <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>) a koji datira iz 7. vijeka.<sup id="cite_ref-hayashi95_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hayashi95-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plofker-brit6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plofker-brit6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Važno poglavlje u historiji indijske matematike bio je razvoj ekspanzije <a href="/wiki/Niz" title="Niz">nizova</a> za <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trigonometrijska_funkcije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trigonometrijska funkcije (stranica ne postoji)">trigonometrijske funkcije</a> (sinuse, kosinuse i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Obrnute_trigonometrijske_funkcije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obrnute trigonometrijske funkcije (stranica ne postoji)">obrnute trigonometrijske funkcije</a>) od strane <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keralska_%C5%A1kola_matematike_i_astronomije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keralska škola matematike i astronomije (stranica ne postoji)">Keralske škole</a> u 15. vijeku. Njihovo djelo, napravljeno dva vijeka prije otkrića <a href="/wiki/Infinitezimalni_ra%C4%8Dun" title="Infinitezimalni račun">infinitezimalnog računa</a> u Evropi, je predstavljao prvi primjer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stepeni_red&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stepeni red (stranica ne postoji)">stepenog reda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Međutim, ona nije razvila koncepte <a href="/wiki/Derivacija" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivacija">diferencijala</a> i <a href="/wiki/Integral" title="Integral">integracije</a>, niti ima neposrednih dokaza da su se ta dostignuća proširila izvan <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indijska_matematika&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indijska_matematika&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Reference"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r42389381">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-plofker-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-plofker_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-plofker_1-1">1,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopaedia_Britannica_(Kim_Plofker)2007">Encyclopaedia Britannica (Kim Plofker) 2007</a>: str. 1<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEncyclopaedia_Britannica_(Kim_Plofker)2007 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Harv and Sfn template errors (stranica ne postoji)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hayashi2005-p360-361-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hayashi2005-p360-361_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFHayashi2005">Hayashi 2005</a>, pp. 360–361)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-irfah346-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-irfah346_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIfrah2000">Ifrah 2000</a>: str. 346<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFIfrah2000 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Harv and Sfn template errors (stranica ne postoji)">help</a>)</span>: "The measure of the genius of Indian civilisation, to which we owe our modern (number) system, is all the greater in that it was the only one in all history to have achieved this triumph. Some cultures succeeded, earlier than the Indian, in discovering one or at best two of the characteristics of this intellectual feat. But none of them managed to bring together into a complete and coherent system the necessary and sufficient conditions for a number-system with the same potential as our own."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlofker2009">Plofker 2009</a>: str. 44–47<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPlofker2009 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Harv and Sfn template errors (stranica ne postoji)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bourbaki46-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bourbaki46_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBourbaki1998">Bourbaki 1998</a>: str. 46<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBourbaki1998 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Harv and Sfn template errors (stranica ne postoji)">help</a>)</span>: "...our decimal system, which (by the agency of the Arabs) is derived from Hindu mathematics, where its use is attested already from the first centuries of our era. It must be noted moreover that the conception of zero as a number and not as a simple symbol of separation) and its introduction into calculations, also count amongst the original contribution of the Hindus."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bourbaki49-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bourbaki49_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBourbaki1998">Bourbaki 1998</a>: str. 49<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBourbaki1998 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Harv and Sfn template errors (stranica ne postoji)">help</a>)</span>: Modern arithmetic was known during medieval times as "Modus Indorum" or method of the Indians. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonardo_iz_Pise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonardo iz Pise (stranica ne postoji)">Leonardo of Pisa</a> wrote that compared to method of the Indians all other methods is a mistake. This method of the Indians is none other than our very simple arithmetic of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Rules for these four simple procedures was first written down by Brahmagupta during 7th century AD. "On this point, the Hindus are already conscious of the interpretation that negative numbers must have in certain cases (a debt in a commercial problem, for instance). In the following centuries, as there is a diffusion into the West (by intermediary of the Arabs) of the methods and results of Greek and Hindu mathematics, one becomes more used to the handling of these numbers, and one begins to have other "representation" for them which are geometric or dynamic."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-concise-britannica-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-concise-britannica_7-0">7,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-concise-britannica_7-1">7,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">"algebra" 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-231064"><i>Britannica Concise Encyclopedia</i></a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 16 May 2007. Quote: "A full-fledged decimal, positional system certainly existed in India by the 9th century (AD), yet many of its central ideas had been transmitted well before that time to China and the Islamic world. Indian arithmetic, moreover, developed consistent and correct rules for operating with positive and negative numbers and for treating zero like any other number, even in problematic contexts such as division. Several hundred years passed before European mathematicians fully integrated such ideas into the developing discipline of algebra."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFPingree2003">Pingree 2003</a>, p. 45) Quote: "Geometry, and its branch trigonometry, was the mathematics Indian astronomers used most frequently. Greek mathematicians used the full chord and never imagined the half chord that we use today. Half chord was first used by Aryabhata which made trigonometry much more simple. In fact, the Indian astronomers in the third or fourth century, using a pre-Ptolemaic Greek table of chords, produced tables of sines and versines, from which it was trivial to derive cosines. This new system of trigonometry, produced in India, was transmitted to the Arabs in the late eighth century and by them, in an expanded form, to the Latin West and the Byzantine East in the twelfth century."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFBourbaki1998">Bourbaki 1998</a>, p. 126): "As for trigonometry, it is disdained by geometers and abandoned to surveyors and astronomers; it is these latter (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristarh_iz_Samosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristarh iz Samosa (stranica ne postoji)">Aristarchus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiparh" title="Hiparh">Hipparchus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaudije_Ptolomej" title="Klaudije Ptolomej">Ptolemy</a>) who establish the fundamental relations between the sides and angles of a right angled triangle (plane or spherical) and draw up the first tables (they consist of tables giving the <i>chord</i> of the arc cut out by an angle <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta <\pi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>θ</mi> <mo><</mo> <mi>π</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta <\pi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/053c2f5cb3d9460d5fe43fcc48920484fb2ce4c2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.521ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta <\pi }" /></span> on a circle of radius <i>r</i>, in other words the number <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2r\sin \left(\theta /2\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> <mi>r</mi> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2r\sin \left(\theta /2\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ca756adcc10a403716e769f6214640ed6802c32" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.678ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2r\sin \left(\theta /2\right)}" /></span>; the introduction of the sine, more easily handled, is due to Hindu mathematicians of the Middle Ages)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-filliozat-p140to143-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-filliozat-p140to143_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFilliozat2004">Filliozat 2004</a>: str. 140–143<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFilliozat2004 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Harv and Sfn template errors (stranica ne postoji)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hayashi95-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hayashi95_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayashi1995">Hayashi 1995</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHayashi1995 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Harv and Sfn template errors (stranica ne postoji)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plofker-brit6-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-plofker-brit6_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopaedia_Britannica_(Kim_Plofker)2007">Encyclopaedia Britannica (Kim Plofker) 2007</a>: str. 6<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEncyclopaedia_Britannica_(Kim_Plofker)2007 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Harv and Sfn template errors (stranica ne postoji)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStillwell2004">Stillwell 2004</a>: str. 173<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFStillwell2004 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Harv and Sfn template errors (stranica ne postoji)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBressoud2002">Bressoud 2002</a>: str. 12<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBressoud2002 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Harv and Sfn template errors (stranica ne postoji)">help</a>)</span> Quote: "There is no evidence that the Indian work on series was known beyond India, or even outside Kerala, until the nineteenth century. Gold and Pingree assert [4] that by the time these series were rediscovered in Europe, they had, for all practical purposes, been lost to India. The expansions of the sine, cosine, and arc tangent had been passed down through several generations of disciples, but they remained sterile observations for which no one could find much use."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlofker2001">Plofker 2001</a>: str. 293<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPlofker2001 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Harv and Sfn template errors (stranica ne postoji)">help</a>)</span> Quote: "It is not unusual to encounter in discussions of Indian mathematics such assertions as that “the concept of differentiation was understood [in India] from the time of Manjula (... in the 10th century)” [Joseph 1991, 300], or that “we may consider Madhava to have been the founder of mathematical analysis” (Joseph 1991, 293), or that Bhaskara II may claim to be “the precursor of Newton and Leibniz in the discovery of the principle of the differential calculus” (Bag 1979, 294). ... The points of resemblance, particularly between early European calculus and the Keralese work on power series, have even inspired suggestions of a possible transmission of mathematical ideas from the Malabar coast in or after the 15th century to the Latin scholarly world (e.g., in (Bag 1979, 285)). ... It should be borne in mind, however, that such an emphasis on the similarity of Sanskrit (or Malayalam) and Latin mathematics risks diminishing our ability fully to see and comprehend the former. To speak of the Indian “discovery of the principle of the differential calculus” somewhat obscures the fact that Indian techniques for expressing changes in the Sine by means of the Cosine or vice versa, as in the examples we have seen, remained within that specific trigonometric context. The differential “principle” was not generalized to arbitrary functions—in fact, the explicit notion of an arbitrary function, not to mention that of its derivative or an algorithm for taking the derivative, is irrelevant here"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPingree1992">Pingree 1992</a>: str. 562<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPingree1992 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Harv and Sfn template errors (stranica ne postoji)">help</a>)</span> Quote:"One example I can give you relates to the Indian Mādhava's demonstration, in about 1400 A.D., of the infinite power series of trigonometrical functions using geometrical and algebraic arguments. When this was first described in English by <a href="/w/index.php?title=C.M._Whish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C.M. Whish (stranica ne postoji)">Charles Matthew Whish</a>, in the 1830s, it was heralded as the Indians' discovery of the calculus. This claim and Mādhava's achievements were ignored by Western historians, presumably at first because they could not admit that an Indian discovered the calculus, but later because no one read anymore the <i>Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>, in which Whish's article was published. The matter resurfaced in the 1950s, and now we have the Sanskrit texts properly edited, and we understand the clever way that Mādhava derived the series <i>without</i> the calculus; but many historians still find it impossible to conceive of the problem and its solution in terms of anything other than the calculus and proclaim that the calculus is what Mādhava found. In this case the elegance and brilliance of Mādhava's mathematics are being distorted as they are buried under the current mathematical solution to a problem to which he discovered an alternate and powerful solution."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatz1995">Katz 1995</a>: str. 173–174<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKatz1995 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Harv and Sfn template errors (stranica ne postoji)">help</a>)</span> Quote:"How close did Islamic and Indian scholars come to inventing the calculus? Islamic scholars nearly developed a general formula for finding integrals of polynomials by A.D. 1000—and evidently could find such a formula for any polynomial in which they were interested. But, it appears, they were not interested in any polynomial of degree higher than four, at least in any of the material that has come down to us. Indian scholars, on the other hand, were by 1600 able to use ibn al-Haytham's sum formula for arbitrary integral powers in calculating power series for the functions in which they were interested. By the same time, they also knew how to calculate the differentials of these functions. So some of the basic ideas of calculus were known in Egypt and India many centuries before Newton. It does not appear, however, that either Islamic or Indian mathematicians saw the necessity of connecting some of the disparate ideas that we include under the name calculus. They were apparently only interested in specific cases in which these ideas were needed. ... There is no danger, therefore, that we will have to rewrite the history texts to remove the statement that Newton and Leibniz invented calculus. Thy were certainly the ones who were able to combine many differing ideas under the two unifying themes of the derivative and the integral, show the connection between them, and turn the calculus into the great problem-solving tool we have today."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjske_veze">Vanjske veze</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indijska_matematika&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Vanjske veze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indijska_matematika&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vanjske veze"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indohistory.com/science_and_mathematics.html">Science and Mathematics in India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100728021038/http://www.indohistory.com/science_and_mathematics.html">Arhivirano</a> 2010-07-28 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Indian_mathematics.html">An overview of Indian mathematics</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive (stranica ne postoji)">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St Andrews University (stranica ne postoji)">St Andrews University</a>, 2000.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Indexes/Indians.html">'Index of Ancient Indian mathematics'</a>, <i>MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</i>, St Andrews University, 2004.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Projects/Pearce">Indian Mathematics: Redressing the balance</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Projects">Student Projects in the History of Mathematics</a>. Ian Pearce. <i>MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</i>, St Andrews University, 2002.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cs.annauniv.edu/insight/insight/maths/history/index.htm">Online course material for InSIGHT</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090822050837/http://cs.annauniv.edu/insight/insight/maths/history/index.htm">Arhivirano</a> 2009-08-22 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a>, a workshop on traditional Indian sciences for school children conducted by the Computer Science department of Anna University, Chennai, India.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr">Izvor: <a dir="ltr" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indijska_matematika&oldid=42410608">https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indijska_matematika&oldid=42410608</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Indijska_matematika" title="Kategorija:Indijska matematika">Indijska matematika</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Nauka_i_tehnologija_u_Indiji" title="Kategorija:Nauka i tehnologija u Indiji">Nauka i tehnologija u Indiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Historija_matematike" title="Kategorija:Historija matematike">Historija matematike</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Sakrivene kategorije: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Kategorija:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Kategorija:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica je posljednji put izmijenjena 24. januara 2025. u 21:17.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod licencom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike</a>; mogu se primijeniti i dodatni uslovi. 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