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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competitive_discipline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competitive_discipline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Competitive discipline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competitive_discipline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tracks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Tracks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleighs_and_crews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleighs_and_crews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sleighs and crews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleighs_and_crews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monobob" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monobob"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Monobob</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monobob-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Racing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olympic_medal_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olympic_medal_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Olympic medal table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olympic_medal_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Safety subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brain_trauma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brain_trauma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Brain trauma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brain_trauma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fatal_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatal_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Fatal incidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatal_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bobsleigh</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobslee" title="Bobslee – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bobslee" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="زلاجة جماعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زلاجة جماعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh" title="Bobsleigh – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bobsleigh" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh" title="Bobsleigh – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bobsleigh" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsley" title="Bobsley – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bobsley" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бобслей – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бобслей" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бобслей – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бобслей" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Бобслэй – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бобслэй" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsled" title="Bobsled – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bobsled" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бобслей – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бобслей" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_(sport)" title="Bob (sport) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bob (sport)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob" title="Bob – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bob" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boby" title="Boby – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Boby" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsled" title="Bobsled – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bobsled" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsl%C3%A6de" title="Bobslæde – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bobslæde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsport" title="Bobsport – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bobsport" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobis%C3%B5it" title="Bobisõit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bobisõit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8A" title="Μπόμπσλεϊ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπόμπσλεϊ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh" title="Bobsleigh – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bobsleigh" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobado" title="Bobado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bobado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh" title="Bobsleigh – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bobsleigh" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AF" title="بابسلد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بابسلد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh" title="Bobsleigh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bobsleigh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobslydzjen" title="Bobslydzjen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bobslydzjen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh" title="Bobsleigh – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bobsleigh" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B4%85%EC%8A%AC%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4" title="봅슬레이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="봅슬레이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B5" title="Բոբսլեյ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բոբսլեյ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob" title="Bob – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bob" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereta_selusur" title="Kereta selusur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kereta selusur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh" title="Bobsleigh – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bobsleigh" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob" title="Bob – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bob" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_(%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A3)" title="מזחלות (ספורט חורף) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מזחלות (ספורט חורף)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98" title="ბობსლეი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბობსლეი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бобслей – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бобслей" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsledi" title="Bobsledi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bobsledi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бобслей – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бобслей" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh" title="Bobsleigh – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Bobsleigh" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclodia_gubernabilis" title="Sclodia gubernabilis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sclodia gubernabilis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobslejs" title="Bobslejs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bobslejs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsl%C4%97jus" title="Bobslėjus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bobslėjus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_(sport)" title="Bob (sport) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bob (sport)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Боб – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Боб" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumba_kereta_gelongsor" title="Lumba kereta gelongsor – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lumba kereta gelongsor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobslee%C3%ABn" title="Bobsleeën – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bobsleeën" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%83%96%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC" title="ボブスレー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボブスレー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh" title="Bobsleigh – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bobsleigh" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh" title="Bobsleigh – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bobsleigh" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh" title="Bobsleigh – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bobsleigh" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsley" title="Bobsley – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bobsley" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleje" title="Bobsleje – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bobsleje" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh" title="Bobsleigh – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bobsleigh" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob" title="Bob – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bob" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бобслей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бобслей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob" title="Bob – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bob" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh" title="Bobsleigh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bobsleigh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boby" title="Boby – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Boby" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Боб – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Боб" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob" title="Bob – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bob" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattikelkkailu" title="Rattikelkkailu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rattikelkkailu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_(sport)" title="Bob (sport) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bob (sport)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsley" title="Bobsley – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bobsley" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бобслей – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бобслей" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бобслей – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бобслей" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsled" title="Bobsled – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bobsled" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бобслей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бобслей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xe_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3t_l%C3%B2ng_m%C3%A1ng" title="Xe trượt lòng máng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xe trượt lòng máng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%88%B5%E9%9B%AA%E6%A9%87" title="有舵雪橇 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="有舵雪橇" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%9B%AA%E6%A9%87" title="長雪橇 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="長雪橇" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E8%BD%A6" title="雪车 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雪车" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobslej" title="Bobslej – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Bobslej" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" 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width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bobsleigh" title="Special:EditPage/Bobsleigh">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bobsleigh%22">"Bobsleigh"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bobsleigh%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bobsleigh%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bobsleigh%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bobsleigh%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bobsleigh%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Bobsleigh</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Two-man_bobsleigh,_2014_winter_Olympics,_Jamaica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Two-man_bobsleigh%2C_2014_winter_Olympics%2C_Jamaica.jpg/330px-Two-man_bobsleigh%2C_2014_winter_Olympics%2C_Jamaica.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Two-man_bobsleigh%2C_2014_winter_Olympics%2C_Jamaica.jpg/500px-Two-man_bobsleigh%2C_2014_winter_Olympics%2C_Jamaica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Two-man_bobsleigh%2C_2014_winter_Olympics%2C_Jamaica.jpg/960px-Two-man_bobsleigh%2C_2014_winter_Olympics%2C_Jamaica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The two-man <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaican</a> bobsleigh team at the <a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics" title="2014 Winter Olympics">2014 Winter Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Highest <a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">governing body</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Bobsleigh_and_Skeleton_Federation" title="International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation">International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Bobsled, Bob, King's Class</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">First played</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1870s</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Contact</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Team members</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Singles or teams of 2 or 4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mixed-sex_sports" title="Mixed-sex sports">Mixed-sex</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Yes, but usually in separate competitions</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Winter sport, time trial</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Equipment</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">High-tech sleigh, helmet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Venue</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_bobsleigh,_luge,_and_skeleton_tracks" title="List of bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton tracks">Bobsleigh tracks</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Presence</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">since <a href="/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics" title="Bobsleigh at the 1924 Winter Olympics">1924</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bobsleigh</b> or <b>bobsled</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Winter_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter sport">winter sport</a> in which teams of 2 to 4 athletes make timed speed runs down narrow, twisting, banked, iced tracks in a gravity-powered <a href="/wiki/Sleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleigh">sleigh</a>. International bobsleigh competitions are governed by the <a href="/wiki/International_Bobsleigh_and_Skeleton_Federation" title="International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation">International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation</a> (formerly the FIBT). </p><p>The first bobsleds were built in the late 19th century in <a href="/wiki/St._Moritz" title="St. Moritz">St. Moritz</a>, Switzerland, by wealthy tourists from <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Britain">Victorian Britain</a> who were staying at the <a href="/wiki/Badrutt%27s_Palace_Hotel" title="Badrutt's Palace Hotel">Palace Hotel</a> owned by <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Badrutt" title="Caspar Badrutt">Caspar Badrutt</a>. The early sleds were adapted from boys' delivery sleds and <a href="/wiki/Toboggan" title="Toboggan">toboggans</a>. These eventually evolved into bobsleighs, <a href="/wiki/Luge" title="Luge">luges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(sport)" title="Skeleton (sport)">skeletons</a>. Initially the tourists would race their hand-built contraptions down the narrow streets of <a href="/wiki/St._Moritz" title="St. Moritz">St. Moritz</a>; however, as collisions increased, growing opposition from St. Moritz residents led to bobsledding being eventually banned from public highways. In the winter of 1884, Badrutt had a purpose-built run constructed near the hamlet of Cresta. The <a href="/wiki/Cresta_Run" title="Cresta Run">Cresta Run</a> remains the oldest in the world and is the home of the <a href="/wiki/St._Moritz_Tobogganing_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Moritz Tobogganing Club">St. Moritz Tobogganing Club</a>. It has hosted two <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Winter_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic Winter Games">Olympic Winter Games</a> and as of 2022 was still in use. </p><p>Modern bobsleigh teams compete to complete a downhill route in the fastest times. An aggregate time from several runs is used to determine the winners. The four-man event has been featured since the first Winter Games in <a href="/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics" title="1924 Winter Olympics">1924</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chamonix" title="Chamonix">Chamonix</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. The only exception was the <a href="/wiki/1960_Winter_Olympics" title="1960 Winter Olympics">1960 games</a> in Squaw Valley (now known as <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Valley,_California" title="Olympic Valley, California">Olympic Valley</a>), California, United States, when the organizing committee decided not to build a track to reduce costs. The two-man event was introduced at the <a href="/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics" title="1932 Winter Olympics">1932 games</a> and a two-woman event was first contested at the <a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics" title="2002 Winter Olympics">2002 Winter Olympics</a>. The women's <a href="/wiki/Monobob" class="mw-redirect" title="Monobob">monobob</a> event was introduced in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics" title="2022 Winter Olympics">2022 games</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bobsleigh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name is derived from the action some early competitors adopted of bobbing back and forth inside their sleds to increase speed.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bobsleigh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bobsleigh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bobfahrer_Davos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bobfahrer_Davos.jpg/250px-Bobfahrer_Davos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bobfahrer_Davos.jpg/330px-Bobfahrer_Davos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bobfahrer_Davos.jpg/500px-Bobfahrer_Davos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>The Swiss bobsleigh team from <a href="/wiki/Davos" title="Davos">Davos</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1910</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-09740-0004,_Oberhof,_II._Wintersportmeisterschaften,_Bobfahren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-09740-0004%2C_Oberhof%2C_II._Wintersportmeisterschaften%2C_Bobfahren.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-09740-0004%2C_Oberhof%2C_II._Wintersportmeisterschaften%2C_Bobfahren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-09740-0004%2C_Oberhof%2C_II._Wintersportmeisterschaften%2C_Bobfahren.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-09740-0004%2C_Oberhof%2C_II._Wintersportmeisterschaften%2C_Bobfahren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-09740-0004%2C_Oberhof%2C_II._Wintersportmeisterschaften%2C_Bobfahren.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-09740-0004%2C_Oberhof%2C_II._Wintersportmeisterschaften%2C_Bobfahren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>An East German bobsleigh in 1951, <a href="/wiki/Oberhof_bobsleigh,_luge,_and_skeleton_track" title="Oberhof bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track">Oberhof track</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1913_Saint-Moritz_Bobsleigh_derby_by_Albert_Ewald.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1913_Saint-Moritz_Bobsleigh_derby_by_Albert_Ewald.jpg/220px-1913_Saint-Moritz_Bobsleigh_derby_by_Albert_Ewald.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1913_Saint-Moritz_Bobsleigh_derby_by_Albert_Ewald.jpg/330px-1913_Saint-Moritz_Bobsleigh_derby_by_Albert_Ewald.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1913_Saint-Moritz_Bobsleigh_derby_by_Albert_Ewald.jpg/440px-1913_Saint-Moritz_Bobsleigh_derby_by_Albert_Ewald.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>The 1913 Saint-Moritz Bobsleigh Derby Cup; photo by Albert Ewald</figcaption></figure><p> Although <a href="/wiki/Sledding" title="Sledding">sledding</a> on snow or ice had long been popular in many northern countries, the origins of bobsleighing as a modern sport are relatively recent. </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bobsled_Mask_1932.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bobsled_Mask_1932.png/220px-Bobsled_Mask_1932.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bobsled_Mask_1932.png/330px-Bobsled_Mask_1932.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bobsled_Mask_1932.png/440px-Bobsled_Mask_1932.png 2x" data-file-width="1175" data-file-height="1628" /></a><figcaption>Early bobsled mask</figcaption></figure><p> It developed after hotelier <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Badrutt" title="Caspar Badrutt">Caspar Badrutt</a> (1848–1904) convinced some wealthy English regular guests to remain through the entire winter at his hotel in the <a href="/wiki/Mineral_spa" title="Mineral spa">mineral spa</a> town of <a href="/wiki/St._Moritz" title="St. Moritz">St. Moritz</a>, Switzerland. He had been frustrated that his hotel was only busy during the summer months. By keeping his guests entertained with food, alcohol and activities, he quickly established the concept of "winter resorting". Within a few years, wintering at Badrutt's St. Moritz hotel became very fashionable in <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Britain">Victorian Britain</a>. However, with increased numbers this led some guests to search for new diversions. In the early 1870s some adventurous Englishmen began adapting boys' delivery sleds for recreational purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Badrutt_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badrutt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, when they began colliding with pedestrians in the icy lanes, alleyways and roads of St. Moritz, this led to the invention of "steering means" for the sleds. The basic bobsleigh (bobsled) consisted of two crestas (skeleton sleds) attached together with a board that had a steering mechanism at the front. The ability to steer meant the sleds could make longer runs through the town. Longer runs also meant higher speeds on curves. Local sentiment about these informal competitions varied, but eventually complaints grew so vociferous that Badrutt had to do something. His solution, in the late 1870s, was to build a basic natural-ice run for his guests outside the town near the small hamlet named Cresta. He took action because he did not want to make enemies in the town, and he had worked hard and invested a lot of time and money in popularizing wintering in St. Moritz, so he was not going to let boredom induce customers not to visit the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Badrutt_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badrutt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competitive_discipline">Competitive discipline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bobsleigh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Competitive discipline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formal competitions began down the natural-ice <a href="/wiki/Cresta_Run" title="Cresta Run">Cresta Run</a> in 1884, which was built in an annual partnership between guests and local people. The run, which was still in operation as of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobsleigh&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, has served as a host track for <a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(sport)" title="Skeleton (sport)">skeleton</a> at two <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter Olympic Games</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics" title="Skeleton at the 1928 Winter Olympics">1928</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics" title="Skeleton at the 1948 Winter Olympics">1948</a>). As one of the few natural weather tracks in the world, it does not use artificial refrigeration. It is not known how much the original track evolved in the early years as the three sports matured and stabilized. The first club was formed in 1897, and the first purpose-built track solely for bobsleds opened in 1902 outside St. Moritz. Over the years, bobsleigh tracks evolved from straight runs to twisting and turning tracks. The original wooden sleds<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gave way to streamlined fiberglass and metal ones. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Bobsleigh_and_Skeleton_Federation" title="International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation">International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation</a> (IBSF) was founded in 1923. Men's four-man bobsleigh appeared in the first ever Winter Olympics in 1924, and the men's two-man bobsleigh event was added in 1932. Though not included in the <a href="/wiki/1960_Winter_Olympics" title="1960 Winter Olympics">1960 Winter Olympics</a>, bobsleigh has featured in every Winter Olympics since. Women's bobsleigh competition began in the US in 1983 with two demonstration races in Lake Placid, New York, one held in February and the second held during the World Cup races in March 1983. Two-woman bobsleigh made its Olympic debut at the <a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics" title="2002 Winter Olympics">2002 Winter Olympics</a>. Bobsleigh is also contested at American, European, and World Cup championships. </p><p>Germany and Switzerland have proven the most successful bobsleighing nations, measured by overall success in European, World, World Cup, and Olympic championships. Since the 1990s Germans have dominated in international competition, having won more medals than any other nation. Italy, Austria, Canada and the United States also have strong bobsleigh traditions. </p><p>Bobsleighs can attain speeds of 150 km/h (93 mph), with the reported world record being 157.06 km/h (97.59 mph) set on March 3, 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/IBSF_World_Championships_2019_%E2%80%93_Four-man" title="IBSF World Championships 2019 – Four-man">Whistler World Championships</a> in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bobsleigh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tracks">Tracks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bobsleigh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tracks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_bobsleigh,_luge,_and_skeleton_tracks" title="List of bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton tracks">List of bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton tracks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bobbahn-Altenberg-4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bobbahn-Altenberg-4.JPG/220px-Bobbahn-Altenberg-4.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bobbahn-Altenberg-4.JPG/330px-Bobbahn-Altenberg-4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bobbahn-Altenberg-4.JPG/440px-Bobbahn-Altenberg-4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Altenberg_bobsleigh,_luge,_and_skeleton_track" title="Altenberg bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track">Altenberg track</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern tracks are made of <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>, coated with ice. They are required to have at least one straight section and one labyrinth (three turns in quick succession without a straight section). Ideally, a modern track should be 1,200 to 1,300 metres (3,900–4,300 ft) long and have at least fifteen curves. Speeds may exceed 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph), and some curves can subject the crews to as much as 5 <a href="/wiki/G-force" title="G-force"><i>g</i></a>. </p><p>Some bobsleigh tracks are also used for <a href="/wiki/Luge" title="Luge">luge</a> and skeleton competition. </p><p>Some tracks offer tourists rides in bobsleighs, including those at <a href="/wiki/Sigulda_bobsleigh,_luge,_and_skeleton_track" title="Sigulda bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track">Sigulda</a>, Latvia; Innsbruck-Igls, Austria; <a href="/wiki/Whistler_Sliding_Centre" title="Whistler Sliding Centre">Whistler</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Canada; <a href="/wiki/Lillehammer_Olympic_Bobsleigh_and_Luge_Track" title="Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track">Lillehammer</a>, Norway; <a href="/wiki/Cesana_Pariol" title="Cesana Pariol">Cesana Pariol</a>, Italy; <a href="/wiki/Mt._Van_Hoevenberg_Olympic_Bobsled_Run" title="Mt. Van Hoevenberg Olympic Bobsled Run">Lake Placid</a>, US; <a href="/wiki/Utah_Olympic_Park_Track" title="Utah Olympic Park Track">Salt Lake City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, US; and <a href="/wiki/La_Plagne_bobsleigh,_luge,_and_skeleton_track" title="La Plagne bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track">La Plagne</a>, France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sleighs_and_crews">Sleighs and crews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bobsleigh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sleighs and crews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Army_Bobsleigh_on_a_wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Army_Bobsleigh_on_a_wall.jpg/250px-Army_Bobsleigh_on_a_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Army_Bobsleigh_on_a_wall.jpg/330px-Army_Bobsleigh_on_a_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Army_Bobsleigh_on_a_wall.jpg/500px-Army_Bobsleigh_on_a_wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Team USA on a wall, <a href="/wiki/Shauna_Rohbock" title="Shauna Rohbock">Shauna Rohbock</a> (pilot) and <a href="/wiki/Valerie_Fleming" title="Valerie Fleming">Valerie Fleming</a> (brakes) during their <a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics" title="2006 Winter Olympics">2006</a> silver run on <a href="/wiki/Cesana_Pariol" title="Cesana Pariol">Cesana Pariol</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern-day sleighs combine light metals, steel runners, and an aerodynamic composite body. Competition sleighs must be a maximum of 3.80 metres (12.5 ft) long (4-crew) or 2.70 metres (8.9 ft) long (2-crew). The runners on both are set at 0.67 metres (2.2 ft) <a href="/wiki/Rail_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail gauge">gauge</a>. Until the weight-limit rule was added in 1952, bobsleigh crews tended to be very heavy to ensure the greatest possible speed. Nowadays the maximum <a href="/wiki/Weight" title="Weight">weight</a>, including crew, is 630 kilograms (1,390 lb) (4-man), 390 kilograms (860 lb) (2-man), or 340 kilograms (750 lb) (2-woman), which can be reached via the addition of metal weights. The bobsleighs themselves are designed to be as light as possible to allow dynamic positioning of mass through the turns of the bobsleigh course.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although bobsleighs once were ridden by five or six, crews were reduced in the 1930s to either two or four people. The four-person crew consists of a pilot, a brakeman, and two pushers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Athletes are selected for their speed and strength, which are necessary to push the sleigh to a competitive speed at the start of the race. Pilots must have the skill, timing, and finesse to steer the sleigh along the path, or "line", that will produce the greatest speed. </p><p>In modern bobsleighs, the steering system consists of two metal rings that actuate a pulley system located in the forward cowling that turns the front runners. For example, to turn left, the pilot would pull the left ring. Only subtle steering adjustments are necessary to guide the sled; at speeds up to 80 miles per hour (130 km/h), anything larger would result in a crash. The pilot does most of the steering, and the brakeman stops the sled after crossing the finish line by pulling the sled's brake lever. </p><p>Women compete in women's bobsleigh (which is always two-woman) and men in both two- and four-man competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women were confirmed as being able to compete in any four-"man" bobsleigh event, as from 25 September 2014, either as part of a mixed-sex team or an all-female team. However, because women are on average lighter than men (and thus at a competitive disadvantage in a gravity sport), and because most sliding nations have fewer women able to compete than men, this option has not proved popular with teams. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monobob">Monobob</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bobsleigh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Monobob"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A single-person bobsleigh is called a "monobob". Single-person sleds were introduced into international competition for both adaptive bobsleigh (for athletes who are able to drive a sled but not push) and as a youth sport (for younger athletes who have not yet developed the ability to push a heavy two- or four-person sled). After the <a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics" title="2018 Winter Olympics">2018 Winter Olympics</a>, the International Olympic Committee and the IBSF agreed to add women's monobob as an Olympic sport for the <a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics" title="2022 Winter Olympics">2022 Winter Olympics</a>, so that there would be an equal number of women's and men's events in bobsleigh. </p><p>Prior to the 2020–21 competitive season, monobobs were traditionally constructed on one-piece chassis. Starting with the 2020–21 season, competitors in IBSF-sanctioned races must use articulated (two-section) monobobs manufactured by the IBSF's sole source sled builder, iXent. The sled must weigh a minimum of 162 kg (357 lb) without the athlete (but including timing equipment and any ballast weights) and a maximum of 247 kg (545 lb) including the athlete; runners are the same as for two-person bobsleighs.<sup id="cite_ref-monobob-rules-2020_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monobob-rules-2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This implies a maximum athlete weight limit of 85 kg (187 lb). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racing">Racing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bobsleigh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Racing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USA-1_in_heat_3_of_4_man_bobsleigh_at_2010_Winter_Olympics_2010-02-27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/USA-1_in_heat_3_of_4_man_bobsleigh_at_2010_Winter_Olympics_2010-02-27.jpg/250px-USA-1_in_heat_3_of_4_man_bobsleigh_at_2010_Winter_Olympics_2010-02-27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/USA-1_in_heat_3_of_4_man_bobsleigh_at_2010_Winter_Olympics_2010-02-27.jpg/330px-USA-1_in_heat_3_of_4_man_bobsleigh_at_2010_Winter_Olympics_2010-02-27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/USA-1_in_heat_3_of_4_man_bobsleigh_at_2010_Winter_Olympics_2010-02-27.jpg/500px-USA-1_in_heat_3_of_4_man_bobsleigh_at_2010_Winter_Olympics_2010-02-27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1896" /></a><figcaption>USA-1 in heat 3 of 4-man bobsleigh at 2010 Winter Olympics, 27 February 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>Individual runs down the course, or "heats", begin from a standing start, with the crew pushing the sled for up to 50 metres (160 ft) before boarding; though the pilot does not steer, grooves in the ice make steering unnecessary until the sled leaves the starting area. While poor form during the initial push can lose a team the heat, it is otherwise rarely, if ever, decisive. Over the rest of the course, a sleigh's speed depends on its weight, aerodynamics, runners, the condition of the ice, and the skill of the pilot. </p><p>Race times are recorded in hundredths of seconds, so even seemingly minor errors – especially those at the beginning, which affect the remainder of the heat – can have a measurable impact on the final race standings. </p><p>The men's and women's standings for normal races are calculated over the aggregate of two runs or heats. At the Olympic Winter Games and World Championships, all competitions (for both men and women) consist of four heats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Olympic_medal_table">Olympic medal table</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bobsleigh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Olympic medal table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Bobsleigh at the Winter Olympics">Bobsleigh at the Winter Olympics</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_bobsleigh" title="List of Olympic medalists in bobsleigh">List of Olympic medalists in bobsleigh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_020219-N-3995K-304_Gold_Medal_Women_BobSledders_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/US_Navy_020219-N-3995K-304_Gold_Medal_Women_BobSledders_1.jpg/170px-US_Navy_020219-N-3995K-304_Gold_Medal_Women_BobSledders_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/US_Navy_020219-N-3995K-304_Gold_Medal_Women_BobSledders_1.jpg/255px-US_Navy_020219-N-3995K-304_Gold_Medal_Women_BobSledders_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/US_Navy_020219-N-3995K-304_Gold_Medal_Women_BobSledders_1.jpg/340px-US_Navy_020219-N-3995K-304_Gold_Medal_Women_BobSledders_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vonetta_Flowers" title="Vonetta Flowers">Vonetta Flowers</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Jill_Bakken" title="Jill Bakken">Jill Bakken</a> power up in the push zone for their 80-mile-per-hour (130 km/h) ride down the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Olympic">Winter Olympic</a> bobsledding track. Bakken, the driver, and Flowers, the brakeman, won the first gold medal presented in Olympic women's bobsledding (2002).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bobsleigh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brain_trauma">Brain trauma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bobsleigh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Brain trauma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sledding at a competitive level involves sledders repeatedly subjecting themselves to high-G forces and multiple small collisions of their head into their helmet as sharp turns are taken. Additionally, when mistakes happen and the sled crashes, there are no "seatbelts" or other protections; the sledders can simply be falling down the course at high speed with their helmet grinding along the surface or bouncing off the interior of the sled. One sledder described his experience during crashes as being equivalent to his head being inside a jet engine.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-sledhead_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-sledhead-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even ignoring crashes, repetitive shaking from small imperfections in the course is hypothesized to cause small tears in the brain, especially if performed repeatedly.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-canada_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-canada-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The culture of competitive bobsledders (especially before this danger was recognized) also made injured participants hesitant to speak up and request breaks, fearful of being dropped from the team.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-canada_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-canada-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bobsledders who train frequently have reported issues such as chronic headaches, a heightened sensitivity to bright lights and loud noises, forgetfulness, a "mental fog", and psychological problems. Repeated mild brain trauma has caused issues for boxers, rugby players, and football players with <a href="/wiki/Chronic_traumatic_encephalopathy" title="Chronic traumatic encephalopathy">chronic traumatic encephalopathy</a>, and fears have arisen that bobsledding carries a similar danger, at least with the steeper and faster courses used in competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-sledhead_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-sledhead-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A brain scan of one bobsledder, <a href="/wiki/Christina_Smith_(bobsleigh)" title="Christina Smith (bobsleigh)">Christina Smith</a>, revealed damage to the rear and frontal lobes, consistent with micro-tears in the brain's white matter.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-sledhead_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-sledhead-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A significant number of athletes have either died by <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> or died of <a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">drug overdoses</a>. Examples include medal-winning bobsledders <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Monti" title="Eugenio Monti">Eugenio Monti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pavle_Jovanovic_(bobsledder)" title="Pavle Jovanovic (bobsledder)">Pavle Jovanovic</a>, who died by suicide; <a href="/wiki/Steven_Holcomb" title="Steven Holcomb">Steven Holcomb</a> died of an overdose. Since 2013, three North American former bobsledders have taken their lives, another attempted it, and two others died of overdoses; this is far over expectation of the group from chance, as only a few hundred athletes participate seriously in bobsled and other sliding sports such as <a href="/wiki/Luge" title="Luge">luge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(sport)" title="Skeleton (sport)">skeleton</a> at any one time.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-canada_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-canada-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fatal_incidents">Fatal incidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bobsleigh&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fatal incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobsleigh&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2010</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>No </th> <th>Competitor </th> <th>Year </th> <th>Track </th> <th>Section </th> <th>Race </th> <th>Event </th> <th>Vehicle </th></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Jules van Bylandt</td> <td>1907</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cresta_Run" title="Cresta Run">Cresta Run</a></td> <td></td> <td>Practice run</td> <td></td> <td>skeleton </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Oberüberl </td> <td>1911 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Practice run </td> <td> </td> <td>5-man sled </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Karl Gerloff </td> <td>1933 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Oberhof_bobsleigh,_luge,_and_skeleton_track" title="Oberhof bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track">Oberhof</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Practice run </td> <td> </td> <td>4-man sled </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Rudolf Gerloff </td> <td>1933 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Oberhof_bobsleigh,_luge,_and_skeleton_track" title="Oberhof bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track">Oberhof</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Practice run </td> <td> </td> <td>4-man sled </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Reto_Capadrutt" title="Reto Capadrutt">Reto Capadrutt</a> </td> <td>1939 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Monti_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenio Monti track">Cortina d'Ampezzo</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Practice run </td> <td><a href="/wiki/FIBT_World_Championships_1939" title="FIBT World Championships 1939">World Championships 1939</a> </td> <td>4-man sled </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Max_Houben" title="Max Houben">Max Houben</a> </td> <td>1949 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mt._Van_Hoevenberg_Olympic_Bobsled_Run" title="Mt. Van Hoevenberg Olympic Bobsled Run">Lake Placid</a> </td> <td>Shady corner </td> <td>Practice run </td> <td><a href="/wiki/FIBT_World_Championships_1949" title="FIBT World Championships 1949">World Championships 1949</a> </td> <td>2-man sled </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Budi%C8%99teanu" title="Alexandru Budișteanu">Alexandru Budișteanu</a> </td> <td>1951 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Poiana_Bra%C8%99ov" title="Poiana Brașov">Poiana Brașov</a> </td> <td>penultimate turn of the track </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/FISU_World_University_Games" title="FISU World University Games">World University Winter Games 1951</a> </td> <td>4-man sled </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Felix_Endrich" title="Felix Endrich">Felix Endrich</a> </td> <td>1953 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Riessersee" title="Riessersee">Garmisch-Partenkirchen</a> </td> <td>Bayernkurve </td> <td>Practice run </td> <td><a href="/wiki/FIBT_World_Championships_1953" title="FIBT World Championships 1953">World Championships 1953</a> </td> <td>4-man sled </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein"><img alt="Liechtenstein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/40px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/60px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Heidegger" title="Moritz Heidegger">Moritz Heidegger</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1956 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/St._Moritz-Celerina_Olympic_Bobrun" title="St. Moritz-Celerina Olympic Bobrun">St. Moritz-Celerina</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2-man sled </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Zardini" title="Sergio Zardini">Sergio Zardini</a> </td> <td>1966 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mt._Van_Hoevenberg_Olympic_Bobsled_Run" title="Mt. Van Hoevenberg Olympic Bobsled Run">Lake Placid</a> </td> <td>Zig-Zag Curves </td> <td>Practice run </td> <td> </td> <td>4-man sled </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Toni_Pensperger" title="Toni Pensperger">Toni Pensperger</a> </td> <td>1966 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Monti_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenio Monti track">Cortina d'Ampezzo</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Practice run </td> <td><a href="/wiki/FIBT_World_Championships_1966" title="FIBT World Championships 1966">World Championships 1966</a> </td> <td>4-man sled </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Josef Schnellneger </td> <td>1970 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigssee_bobsleigh,_luge,_and_skeleton_track" title="Königssee bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track">Königssee</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Practice run </td> <td>Austria-Cup </td> <td>2-man sled </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Clemente" title="Andrea Clemente">Andrea Clemente</a> </td> <td>1970 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Breuil-Cervinia" title="Breuil-Cervinia">Cervinia</a> </td> <td>Finish </td> <td>2nd heat </td> <td>Italy Bob Championship </td> <td>4-man sled </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> Luis López </td> <td>1971 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Breuil-Cervinia" title="Breuil-Cervinia">Cervinia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Practice run </td> <td><a href="/wiki/FIBT_World_Championships_1971" title="FIBT World Championships 1971">World Championships 1971</a> </td> <td>2-man sled </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Soravia" title="Giuseppe Soravia">Giuseppe Soravia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Abendblatt_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abendblatt-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1980 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Sliding_Centre_Innsbruck" title="Olympic Sliding Centre Innsbruck">Igls</a> </td> <td>Finish </td> <td>Practice run </td> <td> </td> <td>4-man sled </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/James_Morgan_(bobsleigh)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Morgan (bobsleigh)">James Morgan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Abendblatt_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abendblatt-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1981 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Monti_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenio Monti track">Cortina d'Ampezzo</a> </td> <td>Finish </td> <td>3rd heat </td> <td><a href="/wiki/FIBT_World_Championships_1981" title="FIBT World Championships 1981">World Championships 1981</a> </td> <td>4-man sled </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Imants Karlsons <sup id="cite_ref-Abendblatt_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abendblatt-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1982 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Sliding_Centre_Innsbruck" title="Olympic Sliding Centre Innsbruck">Igls</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Training session </td> <td>Training </td> <td>2-man sled </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> Daniel Oaida<sup id="cite_ref-Abendblatt_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abendblatt-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Altenberg_bobsleigh,_luge,_and_skeleton_track" title="Altenberg bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track">Altenberg</a> </td> <td>Curve 4 </td> <td>Training session </td> <td>Training </td> <td>4-man sled </td></tr> <tr> <td>41 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Peter Förster </td> <td>1990 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Altenberg_bobsleigh,_luge,_and_skeleton_track" title="Altenberg bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track">Altenberg</a> </td> <td>Finish </td> <td>Training session </td> <td>Training </td> <td>2-man sled </td></tr> <tr> <td>42 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Cernota" title="Yvonne Cernota">Yvonne Cernota</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2004 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigssee_bobsleigh,_luge,_and_skeleton_track" title="Königssee bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track">Königssee</a> </td> <td>Echowand </td> <td>Training session </td> <td>Training </td> <td>2-woman sled </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bobsleigh&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/31px-Sports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/47px-Sports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/62px-Sports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="226" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sports" title="Portal:Sports">Sports portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luge" title="Luge">Luge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cool_Runnings" title="Cool Runnings">Cool Runnings</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bobsleigh_World_Cup_champions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Bobsleigh World Cup champions">List of Bobsleigh World Cup champions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bobsleigh&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/70808/bobsledding">"bobsledding (sport)"</a>. <i>Britannica Online Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=bobsledding+%28sport%29&rft.btitle=Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F70808%2Fbobsledding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABobsleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Badrutt-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Badrutt_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badrutt_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDenby2002" class="citation book cs1">Denby, Elaine (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NhLyGME7734C&pg=PA128"><i>Grand Hotels: Reality and Illusion</i></a>. Reaktion Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">128–</span>131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781861891211" title="Special:BookSources/9781861891211"><bdi>9781861891211</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grand+Hotels%3A+Reality+and+Illusion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E128-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781861891211&rft.aulast=Denby&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNhLyGME7734C%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABobsleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g_EDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Mechanics+1931+curtiss&pg=PA543">"Rounding The Zigzag Turn Of A Bobsleigh Run", April 1932, <i>Popular Mechanics</i></a> photo of wooden bobsleigh used in early 1930s</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bobsleigh.uk/about/how-fast-does-a-bobsleigh-go/">"HOW FAST DOES A BOBSLEIGH GO?"</a>. <i>bobsleigh.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bobsleigh.uk&rft.atitle=HOW+FAST+DOES+A+BOBSLEIGH+GO%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbobsleigh.uk%2Fabout%2Fhow-fast-does-a-bobsleigh-go%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABobsleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibsf.org/images/api/download/competitions/82c1889b-8822-4a7b-b3e2-40b20422081f_finalresult_wch_bobsleigh_4men_whistler.pdf">BMW IBSF World Championships Bob & Skeleton 2019 Whistler (CAN). Official results</a> ibsf.org Retrieved 19 November 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElliot2014" class="citation news cs1">Elliot, Danielle (7 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/winter-olympics-2014-team-usa-bobsled-luge-and-skeleton-get-high-tech-tune-up/">"Team USA's bobsled, luge and skeleton get high-tech tune-up"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Team+USA%27s+bobsled%2C+luge+and+skeleton+get+high-tech+tune-up&rft.date=2014-02-07&rft.aulast=Elliot&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fwinter-olympics-2014-team-usa-bobsled-luge-and-skeleton-get-high-tech-tune-up%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABobsleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebbsa.co.uk/the-sports/bobsleigh/technique/">"Bobsleigh: Technique"</a>. <i>British Bobsleigh & Skeleton</i>. British Bobsleigh & Skeleton Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Bobsleigh+%26+Skeleton&rft.atitle=Bobsleigh%3A+Technique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebbsa.co.uk%2Fthe-sports%2Fbobsleigh%2Ftechnique%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABobsleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fibt.com/">"FIBT the international home of Bobsleigh and Skeleton Sports"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FIBT+the+international+home+of+Bobsleigh+and+Skeleton+Sports&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fibt.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABobsleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monobob-rules-2020-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-monobob-rules-2020_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Bobsleigh_and_Skeleton_Federation2020" class="citation web cs1">International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibsf.org/images/federation/Rules_and_Regulations/IBSF_International_Womens_Monobob_Rules_2020_E.pdf">"International Women's Monobob Rules 2020"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122114852/https://www.ibsf.org/images/federation/Rules_and_Regulations/IBSF_International_Womens_Monobob_Rules_2020_E.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Women%27s+Monobob+Rules+2020&rft.date=2020-10&rft.au=International+Bobsleigh+and+Skeleton+Federation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibsf.org%2Fimages%2Ffederation%2FRules_and_Regulations%2FIBSF_International_Womens_Monobob_Rules_2020_E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABobsleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-sledhead-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-sledhead_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-sledhead_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-sledhead_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFutterman2020" class="citation news cs1">Futterman, Matthew (July 27, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/26/sports/olympics/olympics-bobsled-suicide-brain-injuries.html">"A Brain-Shaking Slide and Its Long-Term Toll"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Maybe Too Hard"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Team+Canada+Trained+Hard.+Maybe+Too+Hard.&rft.date=2020-08-01&rft.aulast=Futterman&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F08%2F01%2Fsports%2Folympics%2Fconcussion-skeleton-sledding-brain-damage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABobsleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbert_Oehri2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Herbert Oehri (2013-04-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lie-zeit.li/2019/02/die-heidegger-tragoedie-von-triesen/">"Die Heidegger-Tragödie von Triesen"</a> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Die+Heidegger-Trag%C3%B6die+von+Triesen&rft.date=2013-04-22&rft.au=Herbert+Oehri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lie-zeit.li%2F2019%2F02%2Fdie-heidegger-tragoedie-von-triesen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABobsleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abendblatt-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abendblatt_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abendblatt_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abendblatt_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abendblatt_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abendblatt.de/sport/article672037/46-Todesfaelle.html"><i>Hamburger Abendblatt</i> article</a>, accessed December 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stern.de/sport/sportwelt/bob-tragoedie-bobfahrerin-yvonne-cernota-toedlich-verunglueckt-521475.html">"Yvonne Cernota crashes during training run"</a>. 12 March 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yvonne+Cernota+crashes+during+training+run&rft.date=2004-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stern.de%2Fsport%2Fsportwelt%2Fbob-tragoedie-bobfahrerin-yvonne-cernota-toedlich-verunglueckt-521475.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABobsleigh" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Stern.de</i> (German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/sports/german-bobsledder-killed-in-crash-1.502708">"Cernota killed in training accident"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. 2004-03-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Cernota+killed+in+training+accident&rft.date=2004-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fsports%2Fgerman-bobsledder-killed-in-crash-1.502708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABobsleigh" class="Z3988"></span> (German)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bobsleigh&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bobsleigh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Bobsleigh at the Winter Olympics">Winter Olympics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_bobsleigh" title="List of Olympic medalists in bobsleigh">medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues_in_bobsleigh" title="List of Olympic venues in bobsleigh">venues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBSF_World_Championships_(bobsleigh_and_skeleton)" title="IBSF World Championships (bobsleigh and skeleton)">World championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobsleigh_World_Cup" title="Bobsleigh World Cup">World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobsleigh_and_Skeleton_European_Championship" title="Bobsleigh and Skeleton European Championship">European championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(sport)" title="Skeleton (sport)">Skeleton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Skeleton at the Winter Olympics">Winter Olympics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_skeleton" title="List of Olympic medalists in skeleton">medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues_in_skeleton" title="List of Olympic venues in skeleton">venues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBSF_World_Championships_(bobsleigh_and_skeleton)" title="IBSF World Championships (bobsleigh and skeleton)">World championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_World_Cup" title="Skeleton World Cup">World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobsleigh_and_Skeleton_European_Championship" title="Bobsleigh and Skeleton European Championship">European championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Luge_Federation" title="International Luge Federation">International Luge Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bobsleigh_and_Skeleton_Federation" title="International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation">International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bobsleigh,_luge,_and_skeleton_tracks" title="List of bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton tracks">List of bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton tracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_luge_tracks" title="List of natural luge tracks">List of natural luge tracks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30px_Winter_Olympic_sports137" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winter_Olympic_sports" title="Template:Winter Olympic sports"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winter_Olympic_sports" title="Template talk:Winter Olympic sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winter_Olympic_sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winter Olympic sports"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30px_Winter_Olympic_sports137" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/30px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/45px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/60px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="158" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Olympic sports">Winter Olympic sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biathlon" title="Biathlon">Biathlon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bobsleigh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(sport)" title="Skeleton (sport)">skeleton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luge" title="Luge">Luge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">Skating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">figure skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-track_speed_skating" title="Short-track speed skating">short-track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-track_speed_skating" title="Long-track speed skating">long-track</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">Skiing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing" title="Alpine skiing">alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)" title="Cross-country skiing (sport)">cross-country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_skiing" title="Freestyle skiing">freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_combined" title="Nordic combined">Nordic combined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_jumping" title="Ski jumping">ski jumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">snowboarding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_mountaineering" title="Ski mountaineering">Ski mountaineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_sports" title="Paralympic sports">Paralympic sports</a> and <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Olympic sports">Summer Olympic sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extreme_and_adventure_sports176" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Extreme_sports" title="Template:Extreme sports"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extreme_sports" title="Template talk:Extreme sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extreme_sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extreme sports"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extreme_and_adventure_sports176" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Extreme_sport" title="Extreme sport">Extreme and adventure sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boardsport" title="Boardsport">Boardsports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellyboarding" title="Bellyboarding">Bellyboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodyboarding" title="Bodyboarding">Bodyboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirtsurfing" title="Dirtsurfing">Dirtsurfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_landboarding" title="Kite landboarding">Kite landboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiteboarding" title="Kiteboarding">Kiteboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longboarding" title="Longboarding">Longboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountainboarding" title="Mountainboarding">Mountainboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverboarding" title="Riverboarding">Riverboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandboarding" title="Sandboarding">Sandboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">Skateboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skimboarding" title="Skimboarding">Skimboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skysurfing" title="Skysurfing">Skysurfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">Snowboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowskate" title="Snowskate">Snowskating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_luge" title="Street luge">Street luging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">Surfing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_surfing" title="River surfing">River surfing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakeboarding" title="Wakeboarding">Wakeboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">Windsurfing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">Motorsports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drifting_(motorsport)" title="Drifting (motorsport)">Drifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motocross" title="Motocross">Motocross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rallycross" title="Rallycross">Rallycross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rallying" title="Rallying">Rallying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_raid" title="Rally raid">Rally raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snocross" title="Snocross">Snocross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_water_sports" title="List of water sports">Water sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coasteering" title="Coasteering">Coasteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_diving" title="High diving">High diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_watercraft" title="Personal watercraft">Jet Skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">Technical diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_skiing" title="Water skiing">Water skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_canoeing" title="Whitewater canoeing">Whitewater canoeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_kayaking" title="Whitewater kayaking">Whitewater kayaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafting" title="Rafting">Whitewater rafting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">Climbing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canyoning" title="Canyoning">Canyoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_climbing" title="Crane climbing">Crane climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_climbing" title="Ice climbing">Ice climbing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_climbing" title="Mixed climbing">Mixed climbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">Mountaineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_climbing" title="Alpine climbing">Alpine climbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">Rock climbing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_wall_climbing" title="Big wall climbing">Big wall climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_solo_climbing" title="Free solo climbing">Free solo climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_climbing" title="Traditional climbing">Traditional climbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyrunning" title="Skyrunning">Skyrunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Falling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BASE_jumping" title="BASE jumping">BASE jumping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FreeBASE_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="FreeBASE (climbing)">Free BASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski-BASE_jumping" title="Ski-BASE jumping">Ski-BASE jumping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungee_jumping" title="Bungee jumping">Bungee jumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_diving#Cliff_diving" title="High diving">Cliff-diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_jumping" title="Cliff jumping">Cliff jumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombstoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Tombstoning">Tombstoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parachuting" title="Parachuting">Parachuting/Skydiving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flying</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerobatics" title="Aerobatics">Aerobatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_racing" title="Air racing">Air racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliding" title="Gliding">Gliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hang_gliding" title="Hang gliding">Hang gliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragliding" title="Paragliding">Paragliding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powered_paragliding" title="Powered paragliding">Powered paragliding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasailing" title="Parasailing">Parasailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_flying" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed flying">Speed flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingsuit_flying" title="Wingsuit flying">Wingsuit flying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cycling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMX" title="BMX">BMX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMX_racing" title="BMX racing">BMX racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_BMX" title="Freestyle BMX">Freestyle BMX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">Mountain biking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downhill_mountain_biking" title="Downhill mountain biking">Downhill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rolling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_scootering" title="Freestyle scootering">Freestyle scootering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inline_skating" title="Inline skating">Inline skating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggressive_inline_skating" title="Aggressive inline skating">Aggressive inline skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vert_skating" title="Vert skating">Vert skating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_skating" title="Roller skating">Roller skating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skiing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_skiing" title="Extreme skiing">Extreme skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeriding_(winter_sport)" title="Freeriding (winter sport)">Freeriding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_skiing" title="Freestyle skiing">Freestyle skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_skiing" title="Speed skiing">Speed skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_mountaineering" title="Ski mountaineering">Ski mountaineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sledding" title="Sledding">Sledding</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bobsleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_sledding" title="Extreme sledding">Extreme sledding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luge" title="Luge">Luge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(sport)" title="Skeleton (sport)">Skeleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_racing" title="Adventure racing">Adventure racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caving" title="Caving">Caving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper%27s_Hill_Cheese-Rolling_and_Wake" title="Cooper's Hill Cheese-Rolling and Wake">Cheese rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_ironing" title="Extreme ironing">Extreme ironing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Pogo" title="Extreme Pogo">Extreme Pogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fell_running" title="Fell running">Fell running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstacle_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstacle racing">Obstacle racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orienteering" title="Orienteering">Orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumping_stilts" title="Jumping stilts">Powerbocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacklining" title="Slacklining">Slacklining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramarathon" title="Ultramarathon">Ultramarathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zip_line" title="Zip line">Zip-lining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177275#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1446" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177275#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1446" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177275#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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