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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the emergency medical level of training, see <a href="/wiki/Certified_first_responder" title="Certified first responder">Certified first responder</a>. For the TV episode, see <a href="/wiki/First_Responders_(The_Unit)" title="First Responders (The Unit)">First Responders (The Unit)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>first responder</b> is a person with specialized training who is among the first to arrive and provide assistance or incident resolution at the scene of an <a href="/wiki/Emergency" title="Emergency">emergency</a>. First responders typically include <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement officers</a> (commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Police_officer" title="Police officer">police officers</a>), <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">emergency medical services</a> members (such as <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_technician" title="Emergency medical technician">EMTs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">paramedics</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">fire service</a> members (such as <a href="/wiki/Firefighter" title="Firefighter">firefighters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">search and rescue</a> members, <a href="/wiki/Technical_rescue" title="Technical rescue">technical/heavy rescue</a> members, etc) and Public Works employees such as Heavy Equipment Operators as well as Public Works Tree Department personnel. In some jurisdictions, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department">emergency department</a> personnel, such as <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">doctors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nurses</a>, are also required to respond to disasters and critical situations, designating them first responders; in other jurisdictions, <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> and <a href="/wiki/Security_forces" title="Security forces">security forces</a> may also be authorized to act as first responders. </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Car_accident_at_Tung_Chung_Eastern_Exchange.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Car_accident_at_Tung_Chung_Eastern_Exchange.JPG/249px-Car_accident_at_Tung_Chung_Eastern_Exchange.JPG" decoding="async" width="249" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Car_accident_at_Tung_Chung_Eastern_Exchange.JPG/374px-Car_accident_at_Tung_Chung_Eastern_Exchange.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Car_accident_at_Tung_Chung_Eastern_Exchange.JPG/498px-Car_accident_at_Tung_Chung_Eastern_Exchange.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2662" data-file-height="1770"></a><figcaption>First responders at the scene of a <a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision" title="Traffic collision">traffic accident</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scottish_Ambulance_Service_First_Responder_vehicle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Scottish_Ambulance_Service_First_Responder_vehicle.jpg/220px-Scottish_Ambulance_Service_First_Responder_vehicle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Scottish_Ambulance_Service_First_Responder_vehicle.jpg/330px-Scottish_Ambulance_Service_First_Responder_vehicle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Scottish_Ambulance_Service_First_Responder_vehicle.jpg/440px-Scottish_Ambulance_Service_First_Responder_vehicle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2689" data-file-height="1814"></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Ambulance_Service" title="Scottish Ambulance Service">Scottish Ambulance Service</a> <a href="/wiki/Nontransporting_EMS_vehicle" title="Nontransporting EMS vehicle">nontransporting EMS vehicle</a>, referred to by markings on the vehicle as a "first responder" vehicle</figcaption></figure> <p>In a medical context, <a href="/wiki/Certified_first_responder" title="Certified first responder">certified first responder</a> is an individual who has received certification to provide pre-hospital care in a certain jurisdiction. A <a href="/wiki/Community_first_responder" title="Community first responder">community first responder</a> is a person dispatched to attend medical emergencies until an ambulance arrives. A <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_first_responder" title="Wilderness first responder">wilderness first responder</a> is trained to provide pre-hospital care in remote settings who has skills relevant to <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a> patient care and transport by non-motorized means. Public Works departments are also recognized as First Responders as they are generally called to clean up natural disasters, plow snow and maintain roads as well as provide rescue support in extreme weather scenarios. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Specific_jurisdictions"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Specific jurisdictions</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Issues"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Issues</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Trauma"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Trauma</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=First_responder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>. It lacks a citation in support of the proposition that this was the etymology. These citations only show examples of usage, but don't seem to describe the origin of the term as claimed.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_responder&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The use of the term "first responder" in the current sense first emerged in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in the 1970s. Perhaps the earliest uses in print occurred in two articles in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i> in August 1973, about proposed <a href="/wiki/Ambulance" title="Ambulance">ambulance</a> regulations in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"…any police or fireman who staff a 'dual-purpose' vehicle would have to be trained to offer 'first-responder' care — that is, to stabilize a patient until more sophisticated help arrived."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The chances are even better that your emergency call will be answered by a police or fire vehicle doing double duty instead of an adequately equipped ambulance and a paramedic trained in 'first responder' care."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>There were some earlier uses of "first response", though not "first responder", in this sense. They included an article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Junction_Daily_Sentinel" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Junction Daily Sentinel">Grand Junction Daily Sentinel</a></i> in March 1972,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another about the formation of a "First Response Group" composed of volunteers in <a href="/wiki/The_Burlington_Free_Press" title="The Burlington Free Press"><i>The Burlington</i> <i>Free Press</i></a> in April 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few months after its use in the <i>Globe</i>, the term "first-responders" appeared in a <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Herald" title="Boston Herald">Boston Herald</a></i> article about a master plan for emergency care from the Health Planning Council of Greater Boston. One of the recommendations in the plan, reported the <i>Herald</i>, was that "All ambulance personnel and first-responders (who are general police and firemen) should be adequately trained in emergency care such as cardopulmonary [<i>sic</i>] resuscitation."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"First-responder" was also used in a July 1974 classified advertisement for a deputy chief of EMT training—"to assist in developing and implementing statewide training programs for EMT's and first-responders"—from the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Department_of_Public_Health" title="Massachusetts Department of Public Health">Massachusetts Department of Public Health</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term began appearing in newspaper articles from other parts of the United States in the second half of 1974, and was in widespread use by 1975. At some point, the <a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">dash</a> between "first" and "responder" disappeared. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Specific_jurisdictions">Specific jurisdictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=First_responder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Specific jurisdictions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_responder&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:First_responder" title="Talk:First responder">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some jurisdictions have special laws defining and establishing the rights and duties of first responders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=First_responder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amfleet_cars_and_first_responders_after_July_2011_grade_crossing_accident.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Amfleet_cars_and_first_responders_after_July_2011_grade_crossing_accident.jpg/220px-Amfleet_cars_and_first_responders_after_July_2011_grade_crossing_accident.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Amfleet_cars_and_first_responders_after_July_2011_grade_crossing_accident.jpg/220px-Amfleet_cars_and_first_responders_after_July_2011_grade_crossing_accident.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Amfleet_cars_and_first_responders_after_July_2011_grade_crossing_accident.jpg/330px-Amfleet_cars_and_first_responders_after_July_2011_grade_crossing_accident.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Amfleet_cars_and_first_responders_after_July_2011_grade_crossing_accident.jpg/440px-Amfleet_cars_and_first_responders_after_July_2011_grade_crossing_accident.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>First responders at the site of a train collision in the United States</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <b>first responder</b> is defined in U.S. Homeland Security Presidential Directive, HSPD-8<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reads: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>The term "first responder" refers to those individuals who in the early stages of an incident are responsible for the protection and preservation of life, property, evidence, and the environment, including emergency response providers as defined in section 2 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (<a href="/wiki/Title_6_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 6 of the United States Code">6 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/6/101">§ 101</a>), as well as emergency management, public health, clinical care, public works, and other skilled support personnel (such as equipment operators) that provide immediate support services during prevention, response, and recovery operations. </p> </blockquote> <p><b>Emergency response providers</b> are defined by <a href="/wiki/Title_6_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 6 of the United States Code">6 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/6/101">§ 101</a> as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>(6) The term "emergency response providers" includes Federal, State, and local governmental and nongovernmental emergency public safety, fire, law enforcement, public safety telecommunicators/dispatcher, emergency response, emergency medical services providers (including hospital emergency facilities), and related personnel, agencies, and authorities. </p> </blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=First_responder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Issues" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Guard_works_with_Thai_first_responders_DVIDS173002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Washington_Guard_works_with_Thai_first_responders_DVIDS173002.jpg/220px-Washington_Guard_works_with_Thai_first_responders_DVIDS173002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1632"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Washington_Guard_works_with_Thai_first_responders_DVIDS173002.jpg/220px-Washington_Guard_works_with_Thai_first_responders_DVIDS173002.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Washington_Guard_works_with_Thai_first_responders_DVIDS173002.jpg/330px-Washington_Guard_works_with_Thai_first_responders_DVIDS173002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Washington_Guard_works_with_Thai_first_responders_DVIDS173002.jpg/440px-Washington_Guard_works_with_Thai_first_responders_DVIDS173002.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A training exercise for first responders in Thailand</figcaption></figure> <p>First responders must be trained to deal with a wide array of potential emergencies. Due to the high level of stress and uncertainty associated with the position, first responders must maintain physical and mental health.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even with such preparation, first responders experience unique risks of being the first people to aid those with unknown contagions. For example, in 2003 first responders were among the earliest cases of the previously unknown <a href="/wiki/SARS" title="SARS">SARS</a> virus, when they cared for patients affected with the virus.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Infectious disease has continued to be a major occupational health concern among first responders with the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. The CDC and other agencies and organizations have issued guidance regarding <a href="/wiki/Workplace_hazard_controls_for_COVID-19" title="Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19">workplace hazard controls for COVID-19</a>. Specific precautions for first responders include modified call queries, symptom screening, universal PPE use, hand hygiene, physical distancing, and stringent disinfection protocols.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trauma">Trauma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=First_responder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Trauma" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trauma_and_first_responders" title="Trauma and first responders">Trauma and first responders</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=First_responder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/first_responder" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:first responder">first responder</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">First aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_responder_levels_by_U.S._state" title="Emergency medical responder levels by U.S. state">Emergency medical responder levels by U.S. state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_responder" title="Second responder">Second responder</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=First_responder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKnox1973" class="citation news cs1">Knox, Richard A. (12 August 1973). "Western Mass. foes threaten proposed ambulance regulation". <i>Boston Globe</i>. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Western+Mass.+foes+threaten+proposed+ambulance+regulation&rft.pages=37&rft.date=1973-08-12&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+responder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox1973" class="citation news cs1">Knox, Richard A. (20 August 1973). "Emergency ambulance service found wanting in Mass". <i>Boston Globe</i>. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Emergency+ambulance+service+found+wanting+in+Mass.&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1973-08-20&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+responder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1972" class="citation news cs1">Wright, Alice (18 March 1972). "Emergency medical care community responsibility". <i>The Daily Sentinel</i>. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Emergency+medical+care+community+responsibility&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1972-03-18&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+responder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Volunteers form response group". <i>Burlington Free Press</i>. 16 April 1973. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Burlington+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Volunteers+form+response+group&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1973-04-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+responder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangone1974" class="citation news cs1">Langone, John (11 May 1974). "Emergency aid reform told". <i>Boston Herald</i>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Herald&rft.atitle=Emergency+aid+reform+told&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1974-05-11&rft.aulast=Langone&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+responder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Office of emergency medical services". Classified Advertising. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. 7 July 1974. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Office+of+emergency+medical+services&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1974-07-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+responder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biometrics.gov/Documents/Homeland%20Security%20Presidential%20Directive%20_%20HSPD-8.pdf">"HSPD-8, Homeland Security Presidential Directive"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Office of the Press Secretary, The White House<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ciottone, <i>Disaster Medicine</i> (2006), p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCDC2020" class="citation web cs1">CDC (2020-04-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/first-responders.html">"First Responders, Law Enforcement & Public Services"</a>. <i>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=First+Responders%2C+Law+Enforcement+%26+Public+Services&rft.date=2020-04-30&rft.au=CDC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fcommunity%2Ffirst-responders.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+responder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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