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class="meta date"> <span class="created">April 28, 2010</span> </div> </div> <div class="content clear-block filter-text"> <div class="node-sidebar"><dl><dd><div class="clear-block field field-type-nodereference field-field-related-content"><div class="field-label">相关资料: </div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item"><a href="/web/20110706032644/http://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/reports/2010/04/28/slow-reform-0">Slow Reform</a></div></div></div></dd></dl></div> <div class="node-body"><p>（纽约，2010年4月28日）- 在5月1日国际劳动节到来前, 人权观察在今天公布的一份报告中称, 中东和亚洲国家政府进行的改革远远未能保护流动家庭工人免遭虐待。人权观察称尽管最近有所改善，亚洲和非洲数百万妇女工作者仍然面临剥削和暴力的高风险, 补救的希望不大。</p> <p>这份26页的报告，"缓慢改革: 对在亚洲和中东地区流动家庭工人的保护"审查了八个国家的大量流动家庭工人：黎巴嫩、约旦、沙特阿拉伯、科威特、阿拉伯联合酋长国、巴林、新加坡和马来西亚。该报告调查了根据劳工法规定给予家庭工人保护的进展，改革导致虐待的移民"赞助"系统的进展，确保警察和法院对身体和性暴力能作出有效反应的进展，允许组织民间社会和工会的进展。</p> <p>"一些国家政府已在过去5年对移民家庭工人情形进行了具体改进，但总体而言，改革是缓慢的、渐进的、困难的,"人权观察妇女权利研究员尼莎瓦里阿称。"约旦把流动工人包括在他们的劳工法里，这值得称赞，但执法仍然是一个大问题。新加坡积极起诉对家庭工人的身体虐待，但不能保证他们每周有一天休息。" </p> <p>中东和亚洲地区的一些国家有大量流动家庭工人,在新加坡有196,000, 在黎巴嫩有200,000,在科威特有660,000,在沙特阿拉伯有150万。在印尼、斯里兰卡、菲律宾、尼泊尔、印度和埃塞俄比亚,流动家庭工作是妇女就业的重要来源。每年流动家庭工人的收入占寄回这些国家的数十亿美元中的相当大比重。</p> <p>人权观察过去5年的研究显示流动家庭工人面临一系列虐待风险。常见的投诉有拖欠工资，工作时间过长且没有休息时间，招聘费用高昂造成沉重债务负担。在私人住宅的隔离和在工作场所的隔离造成心理、生理和性暴力、强迫劳动和非法交易。</p> <p>"改革往往遇到两方面的顽强抵抗，雇主习惯每天24小时都有家庭工人可供使用，经纪人由于劳动制度监管不力而获利丰厚，" 瓦里阿称。 "各国政府应该优先保护这些易受伤害的工人。"</p> <p>大多数国家的政府将家庭工人排除在劳动法之外，不给他们保证给其他工人的保护，如工作时间限制或每周一天的休息。只有约旦修订了劳动法，将家庭工人包括在内，保证对他们的保护,如每月支付工资到银行帐户，每周休息一天,有薪年假和病假，最多10小时的工作日。然而，没有雇主的允许，家庭工人不得离开工作场所。</p> <p>黎巴嫩、阿拉伯联合酋长国、科威特、巴林、沙特阿拉伯和马来西亚政府都公开宣布他们将修改现行劳工法或起草新的有关家庭工人的法律。但是尽管有多年的提案，他们都没有采取改革。沙特舒拉议会批准了一项关于家庭工作的劳工法附件，但内阁尚未予以批准。新加坡人力部已多次拒绝给予国内工人法律保护的呼吁。</p> <p>"政府依靠与劳力输出国签署标准雇佣合约或双边协定，而不是确保劳动法的保护," 瓦里阿称。"雇佣合同和双边协定可能比什么都没有好，但它们比劳动法的保护弱，因此有效地强化了对家庭工人的歧视。"</p> <p>移民改革更慢于劳工改革，人权观察称。在接受调查的国家，家庭工人以固定期限的签证入境，雇主也是他们的移民主办人。这一制度给予雇主过度控制，提高虐待危险，雇主可以随意将家庭工人送回国或禁止他们被新雇主雇用。</p> <p>"政府拖延移民主办人制度改革，这造成强迫劳动和非法贩运，" 瓦里阿称。 "他们需要迅速采取其它行动，如将主办人从雇主转移到劳动部门,或被密切监督的职业介绍机构。"</p> <p>人权观察还审查了政府对家庭工人刑事虐待行为的反应。一些政府已经开始调查并成功指控对家庭工人的虐待，但人权观察发现无数的障碍继续阻碍这样的胜利。例如，家庭工人无法接触投诉备案制度，因为他们往往被困于私人住宅且无法讲当地的语言。</p> <p>那些得到当局注意的案件的法律程序往往长达多年，而受害者通常在拥挤的收容所里等待，不能工作。漫长的等待和不确定的结果造成许多家庭工人撤回投诉或谈判经济解决，使他们能够尽快返回家园。在其他情况下，提出投诉的家庭工人被迫为自己辩护,反抗盗窃、巫术和通奸的指控。</p> <p>"对施行虐待的雇主和劳动经纪人进行成功控诉不仅是正义的，而且对虐待有强大的威慑力量，" 瓦里阿称。 "政府应建立方便的提出申诉途径，加快法律程序，并在这个过程中确保社会服务的最低标准, 如住房和医疗保健。"</p> <p>规范家庭工作的改革不仅在国家级进行，而且在全球也开展。家庭工作在历史上一直被忽视，因认识到保护这个主要就业来源的重要性,国际劳动组织的成员将在6月开始正式讨论建立家庭工作的全球劳工标准。黎巴嫩、巴林、约旦支持具有约束力的标准，而马来西亚、沙特阿拉伯、阿拉伯联合酋长国支持非约束性建议。新加坡和科威特没有提交正式的回应。</p> <p>人权观察敦促各国政府采取以下措施，预防和应对对流动家庭工人的虐待：</p> <ul> <li>对于家庭工人,在国家法律中对他们提供平等的劳动保护，并处理有关他们间歇的工作时间，寄宿和住宿的特殊情况;</li> <li>改善就业机构的规范和管理,监督私营招聘机构对这些工人的收费;</li> <li>改革移民政策，使工人的签证不依赖于个人主办人，让他们可以改变雇主,不需第一个雇主同意;</li> <li>改善工人对刑事司法系统的接触,包括保密的投诉机制，起诉和扩展受害者服务;</li> <li>与劳务输出国合作,监督跨国招聘，应对虐待投诉以及促进遣返;</li> <li>在6月国际劳工大会上,支持一项关于家庭工作的具有约束力的公约和随同的建议。</li> </ul> </div><div class="node-translations"><span class="label">其他语言</span><ul class="links"><li class="first 0"><a 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