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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabic_and_Persian_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic_and_Persian_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Arabic and Persian influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic_and_Persian_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Modern times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographic distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punjabi_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punjabi_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Punjabi diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punjabi_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punjabi_speakers_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punjabi_speakers_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Punjabi speakers by country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punjabi_speakers_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Major dialects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major dialects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standard_Punjabi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_Punjabi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Standard Punjabi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_Punjabi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Punjabi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Punjabi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Eastern Punjabi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Punjabi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Punjabi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Punjabi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Western Punjabi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Punjabi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Diphthongs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Tone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Mechanics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gemination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gemination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Gemination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gemination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Writing systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Literature development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Medieval period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>In Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>In India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Advocacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Advocacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Advocacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Advocacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Governmental_academies_and_institutes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_academies_and_institutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Governmental academies and institutes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_academies_and_institutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Punjabi language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 127 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-127" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">127 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandjabi" title="Pandjabi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pandjabi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%90%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%83%E1%89%A5%E1%8A%9B" title="ፐንጃብኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፐንጃብኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पंजाबी भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पंजाबी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة البنجابية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة البنجابية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_panchabi" title="Idioma panchabi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma panchabi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="পঞ্জাবী ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পঞ্জাবী ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_panyab%C3%AD_oriental" title="Idioma panyabí oriental – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma panyabí oriental" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80" title="पंजाबी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पंजाबी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%99ncab_dili" title="Pəncab dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pəncab dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="পাঞ্জাবি ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাঞ্জাবি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab-g%C3%AD" title="Punjab-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Punjab-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B6%D3%99%D0%B1_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Пәнжәб теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пәнжәб теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96" title="Панджабі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Панджабі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पंजाबी भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पंजाबी भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Пенджабски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пенджабски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandjabeg" title="Pandjabeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pandjabeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjabi" title="Panjabi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Panjabi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Панджаби – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Панджаби" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%88d%C5%BE%C3%A1b%C5%A1tina" title="Paňdžábština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paňdžábština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwnjabeg" title="Pwnjabeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pwnjabeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi" title="Punjabi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Punjabi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjabigiella" title="Panjabigiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Panjabigiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjabi" title="Panjabi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Panjabi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C5%BEabi_keel" title="Pandžabi keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pandžabi keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9" title="Γλώσσα Παντζάμπι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσα Παντζάμπι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_punyab%C3%AD" title="Idioma punyabí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma punyabí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%C4%9Daba_lingvo" title="Panĝaba lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Panĝaba lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabera" title="Punjabera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Punjabera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="زبان پنجابی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان پنجابی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjabi_bhasa" title="Panjabi bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Panjabi bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendjabi" title="Pendjabi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pendjabi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BBndjaabsk" title="Pûndjaabsk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pûndjaabsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Phuinse%C3%A1ibis" title="An Phuinseáibis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Phuinseáibis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_(c%C3%A0nan)" title="Punjabi (cànan) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Punjabi (cànan)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_panxab%C3%AD" title="Lingua panxabí – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua panxabí" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="પંજાબી ભાષા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પંજાબી ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi-ng%C3%AE" title="Punjabi-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Punjabi-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%80%EC%9E%90%EB%B8%8C%EC%96%B4" title="펀자브어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펀자브어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen_Punjab" title="Harshen Punjab – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshen Punjab" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%AB" title="Փենջաբի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փենջաբի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पंजाबी भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पंजाबी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dnopand%C5%BEapski_jezik" title="Istočnopandžapski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Istočnopandžapski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabana_linguo" title="Punjabana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Punjabana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Punjabi" title="Pagsasao a Punjabi – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Punjabi" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="পাঞ্জাবি ঠার – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="পাঞ্জাবি ঠার" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Punjab" title="Bahasa Punjab – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Punjab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_panjabi" title="Lingua panjabi – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua panjabi" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Панджаби – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Панджаби" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BAndjab%C3%AD" title="Púndjabí – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Púndjabí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_punjabi" title="Lingua punjabi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua punjabi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99" title="פנג'אבי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פנג'אבי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಪಂಜಾಬಿ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಂಜಾಬಿ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="პენჯაბური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პენჯაბური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%AC%D9%B2%D8%A8%D8%A0_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پَنٛجٲبؠ زَبان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پَنٛجٲبؠ زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Панджаби – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Панджаби" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipunjabi_cha_Mashariki" title="Kipunjabi cha Mashariki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kipunjabi cha Mashariki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Панджаби – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Панджаби" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Paniabica" title="Lingua Paniabica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Paniabica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C5%BEabu_valoda" title="Pandžabu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pandžabu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C5%BEab%C5%B3_kalba" title="Pandžabų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pandžabų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_punjabi" title="Lengua punjabi – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua punjabi" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandzs%C3%A1bi_nyelv" title="Pandzsábi nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pandzsábi nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पञ्जाबी भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पञ्जाबी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Пенџапски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пенџапски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_penjaby" title="Fiteny penjaby – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny penjaby" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="പഞ്ചാബി ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പഞ്ചാബി ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पंजाबी भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पंजाबी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="პენჯაბური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პენჯაბური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%89" title="بنجابى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بنجابى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="پنجابی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پنجابی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Punjabi" title="Bahasa Punjabi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Punjabi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Панжаби хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Панжаби хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ပန်ချာပီဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပန်ချာပီဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi" title="Punjabi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Punjabi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पन्जाबी भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पन्जाबी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पञ्जाबी भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पञ्जाबी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E8%AA%9E" title="パンジャーブ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パンジャーブ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjabi" title="Panjabi – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Panjabi" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjabi" title="Panjabi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Panjabi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjabi" title="Panjabi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Panjabi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjabi" title="Panjabi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Panjabi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE" title="ପଞ୍ଜାବୀ ଭାଷା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପଞ୍ଜାବୀ ଭାଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjob_tili" title="Panjob tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Panjob tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="پنجابی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پنجابی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi" title="Punjabi – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Punjabi" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="پنجابي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پنجابي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languij" title="Punjabi languij – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Punjabi languij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penjabi" title="Penjabi – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Penjabi" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_panjabi_oriental" title="Lenga panjabi oriental – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga panjabi oriental" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_pend%C5%BCabski" title="Język pendżabski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język pendżabski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_panjabi" title="Língua panjabi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua panjabi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_punjab%C4%83" title="Limba punjabă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba punjabă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panyapi_simi" title="Panyapi simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Panyapi simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Панджаби – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Панджаби" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पञ्जाबीभाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पञ्जाबीभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A7%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پنجابی زبان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="پنجابی زبان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjabi_leid" title="Panjabi leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Panjabi leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_penxhabe" title="Gjuha penxhabe – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha penxhabe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Punjabi language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="پنجابي ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پنجابي ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C5%BE%C3%A1b%C4%8Dina" title="Pandžábčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pandžábčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="زمانی پەنجابی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی پەنجابی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Панџапски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Панџапски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C5%BEapski_jezik" title="Pandžapski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pandžapski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C5%BEabi" title="Pandžabi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pandžabi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi" title="Punjabi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Punjabi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Panyabi" title="Wikang Panyabi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Panyabi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="பஞ்சாபி மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பஞ்சாபி மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Панҗаби – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Панҗаби" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="పంజాబీ భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పంజాబీ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A" title="ภาษาปัญจาบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาปัญจาบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D3%A3" title="Забони панҷобӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони панҷобӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ಪಂಜಾಬಿ ಬಾಸೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಪಂಜಾಬಿ ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencap%C3%A7a" title="Pencapça – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pencapça" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Пенджабська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пенджабська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پنجابی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پنجابی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="پەنجاب تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پەنجاب تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Punjab" title="Tiếng Punjab – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Punjab" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinunjabi" title="Pinunjabi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pinunjabi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%81%E9%81%AE%E6%99%AE%E8%AF%AD" title="旁遮普语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="旁遮普语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E6%B8%A3%E5%88%A5%E6%96%87" title="頻渣別文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="頻渣別文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencabki" title="Pencabki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pencabki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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September 6, 2026 at 17:07 UTC."><img alt="Page extended-confirmed-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indo-Aryan language native to the Punjab</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Punjabi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></span></li><li><span title="Punjabi (Western)-language text"><span lang="pnb"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پنجابی</span></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjabi_example.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Punjabi_example.svg/110px-Punjabi_example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Punjabi_example.svg/165px-Punjabi_example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Punjabi_example.svg/220px-Punjabi_example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="670" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">'Punjabi' written in <a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi script</a> (top) and <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi script</a> (bottom)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">[pəɲˈdʒab̆.bi]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b8\/Pa-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80.ogg\/Pa-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pa-\u0a2a\u0a70\u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a2c\u0a40.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Pa-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80.ogg/Pa-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pa-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80.ogg" title="File:Pa-ਪੰਜਾਬੀ.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">150 million (2011–2023)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages#Northwestern_Zone" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Northwestern</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Punjabi</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> (<i>debated</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a> (<i>debated</i>) <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Old_Punjabi" class="extiw" title="wikt:Old Punjabi">Old Punjabi</a><sup id="cite_ref-Languages_of_India_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Languages_of_India-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bhatia-2013_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhatia-2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="#Origin">Middle Punjabi</a><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Austin-2008_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austin-2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="#Modern_times">Early Modern Punjabi</a><sup id="cite_ref-Language_in_South_Asia_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Language_in_South_Asia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#Standard_Punjabi">Standard Punjabi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><i>See</i> <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi dialects">Punjabi dialects</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shāhmukhī</a> (majority, Pakistan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhī</a> (official, India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi Braille</a></li></ul> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Historical</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri" class="mw-redirect" title="Takri">Tākri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanāgarī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Lipi" title="Anandpur Lipi">Anandpur Lipi</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages of India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> (additional)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> (additional)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> (additional)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>: Punjab Institute of Language, Art and Culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>: Department of Languages<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=pa">pa</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=352">pan</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pan" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pan">pan</a></code> – inclusive code<br />Individual codes:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pan" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pan">pan</a></code> – Eastern Punjabi<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pnb" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pnb">pnb</a></code> – Western Punjabi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lahn1241">lahn1241</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=59-AAF-e">59-AAF-e</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Geographical_distribution_of_Punjabi_language.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Geographical_distribution_of_Punjabi_language.png/250px-Geographical_distribution_of_Punjabi_language.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Geographical_distribution_of_Punjabi_language.png/375px-Geographical_distribution_of_Punjabi_language.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Geographical_distribution_of_Punjabi_language.png/500px-Geographical_distribution_of_Punjabi_language.png 2x" data-file-width="2806" data-file-height="2080" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Geographic distribution of Punjabi language in Pakistan and India.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Punjabi_culture" title="Category:Punjabi culture">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:145%;font-weight:heavy;"><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" title="Punjab region"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Punjabi_example.svg/85px-Punjabi_example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Punjabi_example.svg/128px-Punjabi_example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Punjabi_example.svg/170px-Punjabi_example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_folklore" title="Punjabi folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi dialects">Dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_diaspora" title="Punjabi diaspora">Diaspora</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i>Asia</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis_in_Afghanistan" title="Punjabis in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Punjabis" title="British Punjabis">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <p><i>North America</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Canadians" title="Punjabi Canadians">Canada</a></li></ul> <p><i>Oceania</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Australians" title="Punjabi Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_New_Zealanders" title="Punjabi New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Malaysians" title="Punjabi Malaysians">Malaysia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Punjab">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_clothing" title="Punjabi clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Punjab" title="Folk dances of Punjab">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_festivals" title="Punjabi festivals">Festivals</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_fairs_and_festivals_in_Punjab,_India" title="List of fairs and festivals in Punjab, India">India</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_festivals_(Pakistan)" title="Punjabi festivals (Pakistan)">Pakistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_literature" title="Punjabi literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi_media" title="List of Punjabi media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Punjab" title="Music of Punjab">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Punjab" title="Religion in the Punjab">Religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Folk_practices_in_Punjab" title="Folk practices in Punjab">Folk religion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Muslims" title="Punjabi Muslims">Islam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Sikhs" title="Punjabi Sikhs">Sikhism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus" title="Punjabi Hindus">Hinduism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Christians" title="Punjabi Christians">Christianity</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Kabaddi" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi Kabaddi">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi-language_television_channels" title="List of Punjabi-language television channels">Television</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Majha" title="Majha">Majha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_(Punjab)" title="Malwa (Punjab)">Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doaba" title="Doaba">Doaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puadh" title="Puadh">Puadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagar tract">Bagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derajat" title="Derajat">Derajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatiore" title="Bhatiore">Bhatiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiana" title="Bhattiana">Bhattiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhachh" title="Chhachh">Chhachh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachhi_(Punjab)" title="Kachhi (Punjab)">Kachhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doab#The_Punjab_Doabs" title="Doab">Doabs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sindh_Sagar_Doab" title="Sindh Sagar Doab">Sindh Sagar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chaj_Doab" title="Chaj Doab">Chaj</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rachna_Doab" title="Rachna Doab">Rachna</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bari_Doab" class="mw-redirect" title="Bari Doab">Bari</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bist_Doab" class="mw-redirect" title="Bist Doab">Bist</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Region" title="Bar Region">Bars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sandal_Bar" title="Sandal Bar">Sandal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kirana_Bar" title="Kirana Bar">Kirana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Neeli_Bar" title="Neeli Bar">Neeli</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ganji_Bar" title="Ganji Bar">Ganji</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gondal_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gondal Bar">Gondal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jungle_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungle Bar">Jungle</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #0047AB;border-bottom:1px solid #0047AB;font-size:95%;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Punjab" title="Portal:Punjab"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/50px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/75px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/100px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="527" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Punjab" title="Portal:Punjab">Punjab portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Punjabis" title="Template:Punjabis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Punjabis" title="Template talk:Punjabis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Punjabis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Punjabis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Punjabi</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes spelled <b>Panjabi</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan language</a> native to the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. It is one of the most widely spoken native languages in the world with approximately 150 million native speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Punjabi is the most widely-spoken first language in Pakistan, with 88.9 million native speakers according to the <a href="/wiki/2023_Pakistani_census" title="2023 Pakistani census">2023 Pakistani census</a>, and the 11th most widely-spoken in India, with 31.1 million native speakers, according to the <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 census</a>. It is spoken among a <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_diaspora" title="Punjabi diaspora">significant overseas diaspora</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Gulf states</a>. </p><p>In Pakistan, Punjabi is written using the <a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahmukhi alphabet">Shahmukhi alphabet</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Perso-Arabic script</a>; in India, it is written using the <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi alphabet</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic scripts</a>. Punjabi is unusual among the Indo-Aryan languages and the broader <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a> in its usage of <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">lexical tone</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> <p>The word <i>Punjabi</i> (sometimes spelled <i>Panjabi</i>) has been derived from the word <i>Panj-āb</i>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> for 'Five Waters', referring to the five major eastern <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributaries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>. The name of the region was introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Turko-Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Turko-Persian">Turko-Persian</a> conquerors<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and was a translation of the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> name, <i>Panchanada</i>, which means 'Land of the Five Rivers'.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Panj</i> is <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">pañca</i></span></i> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">पञ्च</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i>pénte</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πέντε</span></span>), and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Lithuanian</a> <i>Penki</i>, all of which meaning 'five'; <i>āb</i> is cognate with Sanskrit <i>áp</i> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">अप्</span></span>) and with the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Av-</i></span> of <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Avon</i></span>. The historical <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a>, now divided between India and Pakistan, is defined <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physiographically</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> and these five <a href="/wiki/Tributaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Tributaries">tributaries</a>. One of the five, the <a href="/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas River</a>, is a tributary of another, the <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tilla_Jogian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tilla_Jogian.jpg/220px-Tilla_Jogian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tilla_Jogian.jpg/330px-Tilla_Jogian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tilla_Jogian.jpg/440px-Tilla_Jogian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tilla_Jogian" title="Tilla Jogian">Tilla Jogian</a>, Jhelum District, Punjab, Pakistan, a hilltop associated with many Nath jogis (considered among compilers of earlier Punjabi works)</figcaption></figure> <p>Punjabi developed from <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> languages and later <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Apabhraṃśa</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">अपभ्रंश</span>, 'deviated' or 'non-grammatical speech')<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 600 BC, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> developed as the standard literary and administrative language and <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> languages evolved into many regional languages in different parts of India. All these languages are called Prakrit languages (Sanskrit: <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">प्राकृत</span></span>, <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">prākṛta</i></span>) collectively. <a href="/wiki/Paishachi" title="Paishachi">Paishachi</a> Prakrit was one of these Prakrit languages, which was spoken in north and north-western India and Punjabi developed from this Prakrit. Later in northern India Paishachi Prakrit gave rise to Paishachi <a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a>, a descendant of Prakrit.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh-2019_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Punjabi emerged as an Apabhramsha, a degenerated form of Prakrit, in the 7th century AD and became stable by the 10th century. The earliest writings in Punjabi belong to the <a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath Yogi</a>-era from 9th to 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoiberg_2000_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoiberg_2000-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language of these compositions is morphologically closer to <a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni Apbhramsa</a>, though vocabulary and rhythm is surcharged with extreme colloquialism and folklore.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoiberg_2000_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoiberg_2000-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in 1317–1318, <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrau" title="Amir Khusrau">Amir Khusrau</a> referred to the language spoken by locals around the area of Lahore as <i>Lahauri</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The precursor stage of Punjabi between the 10th and 16th centuries is termed 'Old Punjabi', whilst the stage between the 16th and 19th centuries is termed as 'Medieval Punjabi'.<sup id="cite_ref-Languages_of_India_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Languages_of_India-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bhatia-2013_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhatia-2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Austin-2008_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austin-2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Language_in_South_Asia_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Language_in_South_Asia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic_and_Persian_influences">Arabic and Persian influences</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persian language in the Indian subcontinent</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">Modern Persian</a> influence in the historical <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> region began with the late first millennium <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, many <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> words have been incorporated into Punjabi<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (such as <i>zamīn</i>, <i>śahir</i> etc.) and are used with a liberal approach. Through Persian, Punjabi also absorbed many Arabic-derived words like <i>dukān</i>, <i>ġazal</i> and more, as well as <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> words like <i>qēncī</i>, <i>sōġāt</i>, etc. After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> was made the official language of <a href="/wiki/British_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="British Punjab">Punjab under the British</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani Punjab">Pakistani Punjab</a>, it is still the primary official language) and influenced the language as well.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Second_millennium" class="mw-redirect" title="Second millennium">second millennium</a>, Punjabi was <a href="/wiki/Lexical_semantics" title="Lexical semantics">lexically</a> influenced by <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese</a> (words like <i>almārī</i>), <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (words like <i>dām</i>), <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> (words like <i>rikśā</i>), <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> (words like <i>cāh</i>, <i>līcī</i>, <i>lukāṭh</i>) and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (words like <i>jajj</i>, <i>apīl</i>, <i>māsṭar</i>), though these influences have been minor in comparison to Persian and Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the sounds /<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span>/ (ਜ਼ / <span style="font-size:90%;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ز ژ ذ ض ظ</span></span>), /<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span>/ (ਗ਼ / <span style="font-size:90%;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">غ</span></span>), /<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span>/ (ਕ਼ / <span style="font-size:90%;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ق</span></span>), /<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span>/ (ਸ਼ / <span style="font-size:90%;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ش</span></span>), /<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span>/ (ਖ਼ / <span style="font-size:90%;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">خ</span></span>) and /<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span>/ (ਫ਼ / <span style="font-size:90%;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ف</span></span>) are all borrowed from Persian, but in some instances the latter three arise natively. Later, the letters ਜ਼ / <span style="font-size:90%;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ز</span></span>, ਸ਼ / <span style="font-size:90%;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ش</span></span> and ਫ਼ / <span style="font-size:90%;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ف</span></span> began being used in English borrowings, with ਸ਼ / <span style="font-size:90%;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ش</span></span> also used in <a href="/wiki/Tatsama" title="Tatsama">Sanskrit borrowings</a>. </p><p>Punjabi has also had minor influence from and on neighbouring languages such as <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryanvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanvi">Haryanvi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a>-based (<a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahmukhi alphabet">Shahmukhi</a>-based (<a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>President </td> <td><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰਪਤੀ</span></span> (<span title="Punjabi-language romanization"><i lang="pa-Latn"><i>rāshtarpatī</i></i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Punjabi (Western)-language text"><span lang="pnb"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">صدرمملکت</span></span></span> (<span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="pa-Latn"><i>sadar-e mumlikat</i></i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Article </td> <td><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਲੇਖ</span></span> (<span title="Punjabi-language romanization"><i lang="pa-Latn"><i>lēkh</i></i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Punjabi (Western)-language text"><span lang="pnb"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">مضمون</span></span></span> (<span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="pa-Latn"><i>mazmūn</i></i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prime Minister </td> <td><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਪਰਧਾਨ ਮੰਤਰੀ</span></span> (<span title="Punjabi-language romanization"><i lang="pa-Latn"><i>pardhān mantarī</i></i></span>)* </td> <td><span title="Punjabi (Western)-language text"><span lang="pnb"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">وزیراعظم</span></span></span> (<span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="pa-Latn"><i>vazīr-e aʿzam</i></i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family </td> <td><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਪਰਵਾਰ</span></span> (<span title="Punjabi-language romanization"><i lang="pa-Latn"><i>parvār</i></i></span>)* <br /><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਟੱਬਰ</span></span> (<span title="Punjabi-language romanization"><i lang="pa-Latn"><i>ṭabbar</i></i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Punjabi (Western)-language text"><span lang="pnb"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">خاندان</span></span></span> (<span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="pa-Latn"><i>kḥāndān</i></i></span>) <br /> <span title="Punjabi (Western)-language text"><span lang="pnb"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ٹبّر</span></span></span> (<span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="pa-Latn"><i>ṭabbar</i></i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Philosophy </td> <td><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਫ਼ਲਸਫ਼ਾ</span></span> (<span title="Punjabi-language romanization"><i lang="pa-Latn"><i>falsafā</i></i></span>) <br /><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਦਰਸ਼ਨ</span></span> (<span title="Punjabi-language romanization"><i lang="pa-Latn"><i>darshan</i></i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Punjabi (Western)-language text"><span lang="pnb"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">فلسفہ</span></span></span> (<span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="pa-Latn"><i>falsafah</i></i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Capital city </td> <td><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ</span></span> (<span title="Punjabi-language romanization"><i lang="pa-Latn"><i>rājdhānī</i></i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Punjabi (Western)-language text"><span lang="pnb"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">دارالحکومت</span></span></span> (<span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="pa-Latn"><i>dār-al ḥakūmat</i></i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Viewer </td> <td><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਦਰਸ਼ਕ</span></span> (<span title="Punjabi-language romanization"><i lang="pa-Latn"><i>darshak</i></i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Punjabi (Western)-language text"><span lang="pnb"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ناظرین</span></span></span> (<span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="pa-Latn"><i>nāzarīn</i></i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Listener </td> <td><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਸਰੋਤਾ</span></span> (<span title="Punjabi-language romanization"><i lang="pa-Latn"><i>sarotā</i></i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Punjabi (Western)-language text"><span lang="pnb"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">سامع</span></span></span> (<span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="pa-Latn"><i>sāmaʿ</i></i></span>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><small>Note: In more formal contexts, <a href="/wiki/Hypercorrect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypercorrect">hypercorrect</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanskritized" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskritized">Sanskritized</a> versions of these words (ਪ੍ਰਧਾਨ <i>pradhān</i> for ਪਰਧਾਨ <i>pardhān</i> and ਪਰਿਵਾਰ <i>parivār</i> for ਪਰਵਾਰ <i>parvār</i>) may be used.</small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_times">Modern times</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Punjabi_language" title="Special:EditPage/Punjabi language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Punjabi+language%22">"Punjabi language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Punjabi+language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Punjabi+language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Punjabi+language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Punjabi+language%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Punjabi+language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Modern Punjabi emerged in the 19th century from the Medieval Punjabi stage.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhatia-2013_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhatia-2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern Punjabi has two main varieties, <a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Western Punjabi</a> and <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Eastern_Punjabi_(Charda_Punjab)">Eastern Punjabi</a>, which have many dialects and forms, altogether spoken by over 150 million people. The <a href="/wiki/Majhi_dialect" title="Majhi dialect">Majhi dialect</a>, which is transitional between the two main varieties, has been adopted as standard Punjabi in India and Pakistan for education and mass media. The Majhi dialect originated in the <a href="/wiki/Majha" title="Majha">Majha</a> region of the Punjab. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, Punjabi is written in the <a href="/wiki/Gurmukh%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhī">Gurmukhī</a> script in offices, schools, and media. Gurmukhi is the official standard script for Punjabi, though it is often unofficially written in the Latin scripts due to influence from <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">English</a>, one of India's two primary official languages at the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Union</a>-level. </p><p>In Pakistan, Punjabi is generally written using the <a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahmukhi alphabet">Shahmukhī</a> script, which in literary standards, is identical to the <a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu alphabet</a>, however various attempts have been made to create certain, distinct characters from a modification of the Persian <a href="/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaʿlīq script">Nastaʿlīq characters</a> to represent <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi phonology">Punjabi phonology</a>, not already found in the <a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu alphabet</a>. In Pakistan, Punjabi loans technical words from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, just like <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> does. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2></div> <p>Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, the eleventh-most widely spoken in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and also present in the Punjabi diaspora in various countries.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1277954990">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend li span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend li .l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}</style> </p> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style="width: min-content;flex-direction: column-reverse;"> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Approximate distribution of native Punjabi speakers (inc. <a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahndic dialects</a>) (assuming a rounded total of 157 million) worldwide.</div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#006a4e;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (inc. all <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Pakistan">Pakistani provinces</a>) (78.6%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#ffc000;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (inc. all <a href="/wiki/States_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States of India">Indian states</a>) (19.8%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#FF671F;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Other Countries (1.6%)</span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:#FEFDFD;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Other (0.00%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie50" style="background:#006a4e;color:#000" title="Pakistan (inc. all Pakistani provinces) (78.6%)"></div> <div class="pie50" style="background:#006a4e;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.286turn)" title="Pakistan (inc. all Pakistani provinces) (78.6%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:#ffc000;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.786turn)" title="India (inc. all Indian states) (19.8%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:#ffc000;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.859turn)" title="India (inc. all Indian states) (19.8%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.984turn); background:#FF671F;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 10.08710109% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Other Countries (1.6%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3></div> <p>Punjabi is the most widely spoken language <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">in Pakistan</a>, being the native language of 88.9 million people, or approximately 37% of the country's population. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Census history of Punjabi speakers in Pakistan<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Population of Pakistan</th> <th>Percentage</th> <th>Punjabi speakers </th></tr> <tr> <td>1951</td> <td>33,740,167</td> <td>57.08%</td> <td>22,632,905 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961</td> <td>42,880,378</td> <td>56.39%</td> <td>28,468,282 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972</td> <td>65,309,340</td> <td>56.11%</td> <td>43,176,004 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981</td> <td>84,253,644</td> <td>48.17%</td> <td>40,584,980 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998</td> <td>132,352,279</td> <td>44.15%</td> <td>58,433,431 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>207,685,000</td> <td>38.78%</td> <td>80,540,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td>240,458,089 </td> <td>36.98% </td> <td>88,915,544 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Beginning with the 1981 and 2017 censuses respectively, speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Western Punjabi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a> varieties were no longer included in the total numbers for Punjabi, which explains the apparent decrease. <a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pothwari</a> speakers however are included in the total numbers for Punjabi.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Times_of_India-2008_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Times_of_India-2008-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/States_of_India_by_Punjabi_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="States of India by Punjabi speakers">States of India by Punjabi speakers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jalianwalabag.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Jalianwalabag.JPG/220px-Jalianwalabag.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Jalianwalabag.JPG/330px-Jalianwalabag.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Jalianwalabag.JPG/440px-Jalianwalabag.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3584" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh" title="Jallianwala Bagh">Jallianwala Bagh</a>" written in Hindi, Punjabi, and English in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, India.</figcaption></figure> <p>Punjabi is the official language of the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, and has the status of an additional official language in <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> and Delhi. Some of its major urban centres in northern India are <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambala" title="Ambala">Ambala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bathinda" title="Bathinda">Bathinda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur" title="Hoshiarpur">Hoshiarpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firozpur" title="Firozpur">Firozpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjabi_in_india.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Punjabi_in_india.png/220px-Punjabi_in_india.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Punjabi_in_india.png/330px-Punjabi_in_india.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Punjabi_in_india.png/440px-Punjabi_in_india.png 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>Punjabi in India</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 2011 census of India, 31.14 million reported their language as Punjabi. The census publications group this with speakers of related "mother tongues" like <a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhateali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhateali language">Bhateali</a> to arrive at the figure of 33.12 million.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Census history of Punjabi speakers in India<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Population of India</th> <th>Punjabi speakers in India</th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td>1971</td> <td>548,159,652</td> <td>14,108,443</td> <td>2.57% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981</td> <td>665,287,849</td> <td>19,611,199</td> <td>2.95% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991</td> <td>838,583,988</td> <td>23,378,744</td> <td>2.79% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>1,028,610,328</td> <td>29,102,477</td> <td>2.83% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>1,210,193,422</td> <td>33,124,726</td> <td>2.74% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punjabi_diaspora">Punjabi diaspora</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_diaspora" title="Punjabi diaspora">Punjabi diaspora</a></div> <p>Punjabi is also spoken as a <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority language</a> in several other countries where <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">Punjabi people</a> have emigrated in large numbers, such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Times_of_India-2008_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Times_of_India-2008-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were 670,000 native Punjabi speakers in Canada in 2021,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">in the United Kingdom</a> in 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 280,000 in the United States<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and smaller numbers in other countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punjabi_speakers_by_country">Punjabi speakers by country</h3></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Approximate number of Punjabi speakers by country <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Native number of speakers </th> <th>Source </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td>88,915,544 </td> <td>Census </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>33,124,726 </td> <td>Census </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> </td> <td>800,000 </td> <td>Ethnologue </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td>670,000 </td> <td>Census </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> </td> <td>291,000 </td> <td>Census </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a> </td> <td>280,867 </td> <td>Census </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td>239,033 </td> <td>Census </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a> </td> <td>201,000 </td> <td>Ethnologue </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_dialects">Major dialects</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">Punjabi dialects and languages</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_Punjabi">Standard Punjabi</h3></div> <p><i>Standard Punjabi</i> (sometimes referred to as Majhi) is the standard form of Punjabi used commonly in <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> and <a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">news broadcasting</a>, and is based on the <a href="/wiki/Majhi_dialect" title="Majhi dialect">Majhi dialect</a>. Such as the variety used on <a href="/wiki/Google_Translate" title="Google Translate">Google Translate</a>, Standard Punjabi is also often used in official online services that employ Punjabi. It is widely used in the TV and entertainment industry of Pakistan, which is mainly produced in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>. </p><p>The Standard Punjabi used in India and Pakistan have slight differences. In India, it discludes many of the dialect-specific features of Majhi. In Pakistan, the standard is closer to the Majhi spoken in the urban parts of Lahore.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Punjabi">Eastern Punjabi</h3></div> <p>"Eastern Punjabi" refers to the varieties of Punjabi spoken in <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani Punjab">Pakistani Punjab</a> (specifically Northern Punjabi), most of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Punjab">Indian Punjab</a>, the far-north of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> and on the northwestern border of <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>. It includes the dialects of <a href="/wiki/Majhi_dialect" title="Majhi dialect">Majhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malwai_dialect" title="Malwai dialect">Malwai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doabi_dialect" title="Doabi dialect">Doabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puadhi_dialect" title="Puadhi dialect">Puadhi</a> and the extinct <a href="/wiki/Lubanki_dialect" title="Lubanki dialect">Lubanki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes, <a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kangri_language" title="Kangri language">Kangri</a> are grouped into this category. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Punjabi">Western Punjabi</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a></div> <p>"Western Punjabi" or "Lahnda" (<span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">لہندا</span></span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">western</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is the name given to the diverse group of <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">Punjabi varieties</a> spoken in the majority of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Pakistani Punjab</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hazara_region" title="Hazara region">Hazara region</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a> and small parts of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Punjab">Indian Punjab</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Fazilka" title="Fazilka">Fazilka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1979198_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1979198-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include groups of dialects like <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a> and the extinct <a href="/wiki/Inku_language" title="Inku language">Inku</a>; common dialects like <a href="/wiki/Jhangvi_dialect" title="Jhangvi dialect">Jhangvi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahpuri">Shahpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhanni_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhanni dialect">Dhanni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thali_dialect" title="Thali dialect">Thali</a> which are usually grouped under the term Jatki Punjabi; and the <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed variety</a> of Punjabi and <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">Sindhi</a> called <a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depending on context, the terms Eastern and Western Punjabi can simply refer to all the Punjabi varieties spoken in India and Pakistan respectively, whether or not they are linguistically Eastern/Western. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div> <p>While a <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a> distinction between short and long vowels exists, reflected in modern <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> orthographical conventions, it is secondary to the vowel quality contrast between <a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">centralised vowels</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>ə<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊ/</span> and peripheral vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː<span class="wrap"> </span>eː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛː<span class="wrap"> </span>aː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔː<span class="wrap"> </span>oː<span class="wrap"> </span>uː/</span> in terms of phonetic significance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003587_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2003587-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><b><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a></b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th> <th>Near-front</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a></th> <th>Near-back</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਈ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اِی</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਊ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اُو</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਇ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اِ</span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਉ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اُ</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਏ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اے</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਓ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">او</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਅ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اَ</span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਐ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اَے</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਔ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اَو</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਆ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">آ</span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The peripheral vowels have <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal analogues</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003588_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2003588-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a tendency with speakers to insert /ɪ̯/ between adjacent "a"-vowels as a separator. This usually changes to /ʊ̯/ if either vowel is nasalised. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a></b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-alv.</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਮ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">م</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਨ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ن</span><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਣ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ݨ</span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span>) <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਞ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ن٘</span><sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span>) <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਙ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ن٘</span><sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">tenuis</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਪ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਤ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ت</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਟ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ٹ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਚ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">چ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਕ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ک</span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਕ਼</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ق</span>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">aspirated</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਫ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پھ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਥ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">تھ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʰ</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਠ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ٹھ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡ʃʰ</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਛ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">چھ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਖ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">کھ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiced</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਬ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ب</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਦ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">د</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਡ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ڈ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਜ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ج</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਗ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">گ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">tonal</span> </th> <td><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਭ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">بھ</span> </td> <td><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਧ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">دھ</span> </td> <td><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਢ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ڈھ</span> </td> <td><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਝ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">جھ</span> </td> <td><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਘ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">گھ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiceless</span> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਫ਼</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ف</span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਸ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">س</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਸ਼</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ش</span> </td> <td colspan="2">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਖ਼</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">خ</span>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiced</span> </th> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਜ਼</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ز</span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਗ਼</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">غ</span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਹ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ہ</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਰ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ر</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ੜ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ڑ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਵ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">و</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਲ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ل</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਲ਼</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ࣇ</span><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਯ</span></span> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ی</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note: for the tonal stops, refer to the next section about Tone. </p><p>The three retroflex consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɳ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɽ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɭ/</span> do not occur initially, and the nasals <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɲ]</span> most commonly occur as allophones of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> in clusters with velars and palatals (there are few exceptions). The well-established phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> may be realised allophonically as the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">voiceless retroflex fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʂ]</span> in learned clusters with retroflexes. Due to its foreign origin, it is often also realised as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span>, in e.g. <i>shalwār</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/salᵊ.ʋaːɾᵊ/</span>. The phonemic status of the consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f,<span class="wrap"> </span>z,<span class="wrap"> </span>x,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɣ,<span class="wrap"> </span>q/</span> varies with familiarity with <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> norms, more so with the Gurmukhi script, with the pairs <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f,<span class="wrap"> </span>pʰ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z,<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʒ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x,<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ,<span class="wrap"> </span>g/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q,<span class="wrap"> </span>k/</span> systematically distinguished in educated speech,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003589_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2003589-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> /q/ being the most rarely pronounced. The <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_lateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex lateral">retroflex lateral</a> is most commonly analysed as an <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex lateral approximant">approximant</a> as opposed to a <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_lateral_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex lateral flap">flap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica199197_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica199197-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some speakers <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">soften</a> the voiceless aspirates /t͡ʃʰ, pʰ, kʰ/ into fricatives /ɕ, f, x/ respectively.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In rare cases, the /ɲ/ and /ŋ/ phonemes in Shahmukhi may be represented with letters from <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language#Perso-Arabic_script" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The /ɲ/ phoneme, which is more common than /ŋ/, is written as <span style="font-size:90%;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">نی</span></span> or <span style="font-size:90%;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">نج</span></span> depending on its phonetic preservation, e.g. <span style="font-size:90%;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">نیاݨا</span></span> /ɲaːɳaː/ (preserved <i>ñ</i>) as opposed to <span style="font-size:90%;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">کنج</span></span> /kiɲd͡ʒ/ (assimilated into <i>nj</i>). /ŋ/ is always written as <span style="font-size:90%;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">نگ</span></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</h3></div> <p>Like <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>, the diphthongs /əɪ/ and /əʊ/ have mostly disappeared, but are still retained in some dialects. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Phonotactics" title="Phonotactics">Phonotactically</a>, long vowels /aː, iː, uː/ are treated as doubles of their short vowel counterparts /ə, ɪ, ʊ/ rather than separate phonemes. Hence, diphthongs like <i>ai</i> and <i>au</i> get <a href="/wiki/Monophthongization" title="Monophthongization">monophthongised</a> into /eː/ and /oː/, and <i>āi</i> and <i>āu</i> into /ɛː/ and /ɔː/ respectively.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The phoneme /j/ is very fluid in Punjabi. /j/ is only truly pronounced word-initially (even then it often becomes /d͡ʒ/), where it is otherwise /ɪ/ or /i/. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone">Tone</h3></div> <p>Unusually for an Indo-Aryan language, Punjabi distinguishes <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">lexical tones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three tones are distinguished in Punjabi (some sources have described these as tone contours, given in parentheses): low (high-falling), high (low-rising), and level (neutral or middle).<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bowden_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowden-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transcriptions and tone annotations in the examples below are based on those provided in <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_University,_Patiala" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi University, Patiala">Punjabi University, Patiala</a>'s <i>Punjabi-English Dictionary</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Examples </th> <th colspan="3">Pronunciation </th> <th rowspan="2">Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <th>Gurmukhi </th> <th>Shahmukhi </th> <th>Transliteration </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Tone </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਘਰ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Punjabi (Western)-language text"><span lang="pnb"><span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">گھر</span></span></span> </td> <td>ghar </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pa-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kə̀.rᵊ/</span><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>low </td> <td><i>house</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਕਰ੍ਹਾ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Punjabi (Western)-language text"><span lang="pnb"><span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">کرھا</span></span></span> </td> <td>karhā </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pa-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kə́.ra/</span><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>high </td> <td><i>powdered remains of cow-dung cakes</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਕਰ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Punjabi (Western)-language text"><span lang="pnb"><span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">کر</span></span></span> </td> <td>kar </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pa-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kər/</span><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>level </td> <td><i>do, doing</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਝੜ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Punjabi (Western)-language text"><span lang="pnb"><span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">جھڑ</span></span></span> </td> <td>jhaṛ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pa-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃə̀.ɽᵊ/</span><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>low </td> <td><i>shade caused by clouds</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਚੜ੍ਹ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Punjabi (Western)-language text"><span lang="pnb"><span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">چڑھ</span></span></span> </td> <td>chaṛh </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pa-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃə́.ɽᵊ/</span><sup id="cite_ref-pu300_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pu300-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>high </td> <td><i>rise to fame, ascendancy</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਚੜ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Punjabi (Western)-language text"><span lang="pnb"><span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">چڑ</span></span></span> </td> <td>caṛ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pa-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃəɽ/</span><sup id="cite_ref-pu300_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pu300-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>level </td> <td><i>hangnail</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Level tone is found in about 75% of words and is described by some as absence of tone.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also some words which are said to have rising tone in the first syllable and falling in the second. (Some writers describe this as a fourth tone.)<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a recent acoustic study of six Punjabi speakers in the United States found no evidence of a separate falling tone following a medial consonant.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਮੋਢਾ</span></span> / <span title="Punjabi (Western)-language text"><span lang="pnb"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">موڈھا</span></span></span>, <i>móḍà</i> (rising-falling), "shoulder"</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="10" data-mwtitle="Punjabi_specific_sounds.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Punjabi_specific_sounds.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Punjabi_specific_sounds.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Punjabi_specific_sounds.ogg/Punjabi_specific_sounds.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Some Punjabi distinct tones for gh, jh, ḍh, dh, bh</figcaption></figure> <p>It is considered that these tones arose when voiced aspirated consonants (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">gh, jh, ḍh, dh, bh</i></span>) lost their aspiration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mechanics">Mechanics</h4></div> <p>In Punjabi, tone is induced by the loss of [h] in tonal consonants. Tonal consonants are any <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant#Breathy-voiced_release" title="Aspirated consonant">voiced aspirates /ʱ/</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">voiced glottal fricative /ɦ/</a>. These include the five voiced aspirated plosives <i>bh</i>, <i>dh</i>, <i>ḍh</i>, <i>jh</i> and <i>gh</i> (which are represented by their own letters in Gurmukhi), the <i>h</i> consonant itself and any voiced consonants appended with [h] (Gurmukhi:<a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi#Subscript_letters" title="Gurmukhi"> ੍ਹ <i>"perī̃ hāhā"</i></a>, Shahmukhi: <a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi#Difference_from_Persian_and_Urdu" title="Shahmukhi"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ھ</span> <i>"dō-caśmī hē"</i></a>); usually <i>ṛh</i>, <i>mh</i>, <i>nh</i>, <i>rh</i> and <i>lh</i>. </p> <ul><li>Tonal consonants induce a rising tone (also called "high tone") before them or a falling tone (also called "low tone") after them. <ul><li>E.g. <i>kaḍḍh</i> > <i>káḍḍ</i> "remove", <i>he</i> > <i>è</i> "is"</li></ul></li> <li>In cases where a vowel is present on both sides of a tonal consonant, the stressed vowel receives the tone. <ul><li>E.g. <i>paṛh<b>ā</b>ī</i> > <i>paṛ<b>ā̀</b>ī</i> "study", <i>m<b>ō</b>ḍhā</i> > <i>m<b>ṓ</b>ḍā</i> "shoulder"</li></ul></li></ul> <p>The five tonal plosives also become voiceless word-initially. E.g. <i>ghar</i> > <i>kàr</i> "house", <i>ḍhōl</i> > <i>ṭṑl</i> "drum" etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowden_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowden-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tonogenesis in Punjabi forfeits the sound of [h] for tone. Thus, the more [h] is realised, the less "tonal" a word will be pronounced, and vice versa. Tone is often reduced or rarely deleted when words are said with emphasis or on their own as a form of more exact identification.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sequences with the consonant <i>h</i> have some additional gimmicks: </p> <ul><li>The sequences <i>ih</i>, <i>uh</i>, <i>ahi</i> and <i>ahu</i> change into the vowels /eː˩˥/, /oː˩˥/, /ɛː˩˥/ and /ɔː˩˥/ respectively and acquire a rising tone. <ul><li>E.g. <i>muhrā</i> > <i>mṓrā</i> "chessman", <i>rahiṇ</i> > <i>réṇ</i> "stay"</li></ul></li> <li>In the stressed sequence <i>ah</i>, the vowel lengthens (<i>ā</i>) and acquires a rising tone /aː˩˥/. <ul><li>E.g. <i>qahvā</i> > <i>qā́vā</i> "coffee", <i>dah</i> > <i>dā́</i> "ten"</li></ul></li> <li>In the final unstressed sequence <i>ah</i>, the vowel becomes nasalised and long (<i>ā̃</i>). <ul><li>E.g. <i>bā́rah</i> > <i>bā́rā̃</i> "twelve", <i>tárah</i> > <i>tárā̃</i> "way"</li></ul></li> <li>When h is preceded by a short vowel, proceeded by a long vowel and the latter is stressed, the former vowel becomes weak or blends into the latter. <ul><li>E.g. <i>pahāṛ</i> > <i>păā̀ṛ</i> /pə̯aː˥˩.ɽə̆/ "mountain", <i>tuhāḍā</i> > <i>tŭā̀ḍā</i> /tʊ̯aː˥˩ɖ.ɖaː/ "your"</li></ul></li></ul> <p>The consonant <i>h</i> on its own is now silent or very weakly pronounced except word-initially.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, certain dialects which exert stronger tone, particularly more northern Punjabi varieties and <a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a>, pronounce <i>h</i> as very faint (thus tonal) in all cases. E.g. <i>hatth</i> > <i>àtth</i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Jhangvi_dialect" title="Jhangvi dialect">Jhangvi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shahpuri_dialect" title="Shahpuri dialect">Shahpuri</a> dialects of Punjabi (as they transition into <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a>) show comparatively less realisation of tone than other Punjabi varieties,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and do not induce the devoicing of the main five tonal consonants (<i>bh</i>, <i>dh</i>, <i>ḍh</i>, <i>jh</i>, <i>gh</i>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi script">Gurmukhi script</a> which was developed in the 16th century has separate letters for voiced aspirated sounds, so it is thought that the change in pronunciation of the consonants and development of tones may have taken place since that time.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowden_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowden-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some other languages in Pakistan have also been found to have tonal distinctions, including <a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Torwali_language" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though these (besides Hindko) seem to be independent of Punjabi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gemination">Gemination</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">Gemination</a> of a consonant (doubling the letter) is indicated with <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi#Gemination" title="Gurmukhi"><i>adhak</i></a> in <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shadda" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadda"><i>tashdīd</i></a> in <a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1991149_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1991149-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its inscription with a unique diacritic is a distinct feature of Gurmukhi compared to <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a>. </p><p>All consonants except six (<i>ṇ</i>, <i>ṛ</i>, <i>h</i>, <i>r</i>, <i>v</i>, <i>y</i>) are regularly geminated. The latter four are only geminated in <a href="/wiki/Loan_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan word">loan words</a> from other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a tendency to irregularly geminate consonants which follow long vowels, except in the final syllable of a word, e.g.<i>menū̃</i> > <i>mennū̃</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also causes the long vowels to shorten but remain peripheral, distinguishing them from the central vowels /ə, ɪ, ʊ/. This gemination is less prominent than the literarily regular gemination represented by the diacritics mentioned above. </p><p>Before a non-final prenasalised consonant,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> long vowels undergo the same change but no gemination occurs. </p><p>The true gemination of a consonant after a long vowel is unheard of but is written in some English loanwords to indicate short /ɛ/ and /ɔ/, e.g. ਡੈੱਡ <span style="font-size:90%;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ڈَیڈّ</span></span> /ɖɛɖː/ "dead". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_grammar" title="Punjabi grammar">Punjabi grammar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gurmukhi_Script_-_traditional_alphabet.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gurmukhi_Script_-_traditional_alphabet.svg/220px-Gurmukhi_Script_-_traditional_alphabet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gurmukhi_Script_-_traditional_alphabet.svg/330px-Gurmukhi_Script_-_traditional_alphabet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gurmukhi_Script_-_traditional_alphabet.svg/440px-Gurmukhi_Script_-_traditional_alphabet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>The 35 traditional characters of the <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> script</figcaption></figure> <p>Punjabi has a canonical word order of <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">SOV</a> (subject–object–verb).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Function words are largely <a href="/wiki/Postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Postposition">postpositions</a> marking <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical case</a> on a preceding nominal.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Punjabi distinguishes two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a>, and six <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direct_case" title="Direct case">direct</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">oblique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a>. The ablative occurs only in the singular, in free variation with oblique case plus ablative <a href="/wiki/Postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Postposition">postposition</a>, and the locative and instrumental are usually confined to set <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbial</a> expressions.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjectives</a>, when declinable, are marked for the gender, number, and case of the nouns they qualify.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a <a href="/wiki/T-V_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="T-V distinction">T-V distinction</a>. Upon the <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflectional</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a> is built a system of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particles</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Postposition">postpositions</a>, which parallel English's <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a>. It is their use with a noun or verb that is what necessitates the noun or verb taking the <a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">oblique case</a>, and it is with them that the locus of grammatical function or "case-marking" then lies. The Punjabi <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbal</a> system is largely structured around a combination of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>/<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>. Like the nominal system, the Punjabi verb takes a single inflectional suffix, and is often followed by successive layers of elements like auxiliary verbs and postpositions to the right of the <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">lexical base</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2></div> <p>Being an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan language">Indo-Aryan language</a>, the core vocabulary of Punjabi consists of <a href="/wiki/Tadbhava" title="Tadbhava">tadbhav</a> words inherited from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frawley2003_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frawley2003-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains many loanwords from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-Frawley2003_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frawley2003-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_systems">Writing systems</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahmukhi alphabet">Shahmukhi alphabet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <span title="Punjabi (Western)-language text"><span lang="pnb"><span style="font-size: 125%; line-height: 170%;"> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ب">ب</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="پ">پ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ت">ت</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ٹ">ٹ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ث">ث</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ج">ج</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%86" class="mw-redirect" title="چ">چ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ح">ح</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="خ">خ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="د">د</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ڈ">ڈ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ذ">ذ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ر">ر</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ڑ">ڑ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ز">ز</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ژ">ژ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="س">س</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ش">ش</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ص">ص</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ض">ض</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ط">ط</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ظ">ظ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ع">ع</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="غ">غ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ف">ف</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ک">ک</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="گ">گ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ل">ل</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A3%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ࣇ">ࣇ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%85" class="mw-redirect" title="م">م</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ن">ن</a> <a href="/wiki/%DD%A8" title="ݨ">ݨ</a> (<a href="/wiki/%DA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="ں">ں</a>) <a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ه">ه</a> (<a href="/wiki/%DA%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ھ">ھ</a>) <a href="/wiki/%D8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ء">ء</a> <a href="/wiki/%DB%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ی">ی</a> <a href="/wiki/%DB%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ے">ے</a> </span> </span></span></span></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <hr />Extended <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Perso-Arabic script</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_alphabet" title="History of the Arabic alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Transliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Diacritics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numeration</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic-script_sidebar" title="Template:Arabic-script sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic-script_sidebar" title="Template talk:Arabic-script sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic-script_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic-script sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_Loves_Women_South_Asia_Logo-pa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Wiki_Loves_Women_South_Asia_Logo-pa.png/220px-Wiki_Loves_Women_South_Asia_Logo-pa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Wiki_Loves_Women_South_Asia_Logo-pa.png/330px-Wiki_Loves_Women_South_Asia_Logo-pa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Wiki_Loves_Women_South_Asia_Logo-pa.png/440px-Wiki_Loves_Women_South_Asia_Logo-pa.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Gurmukhi writing system on a sample logo</figcaption></figure> <p>The Punjabi language is written in multiple scripts (a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Synchronic_digraphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronic digraphia">synchronic digraphia</a>). Each of the major scripts currently in use is typically associated with a particular religious group,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhatia2008128_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhatia2008128-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201612–13_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201612–13-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the association is not absolute or exclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain200353,_57–8_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain200353,_57–8-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India, Punjabi <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> use <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a>, a script of the <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a> family, which has official status in the state of Punjab. In Pakistan, Punjabi Muslims use <a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a>, a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic">Perso-Arabic</a> script and closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu alphabet</a>. Sometimes Punjabi is recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script in India, albeit rarely.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus" title="Punjabi Hindus">Punjabi Hindus</a> in India had a preference for Devanagari, another Brahmic script also used for Hindi, and in the first decades since independence raised objections to the uniform adoption of Gurmukhi in the state of Punjab,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENayar196646_ff_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENayar196646_ff-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but most have now switched to Gurmukhi<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201612_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201612-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so the use of Devanagari is rare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003594_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2003594-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often in literature, Pakistani Punjabi (written in Shahmukhi) is referred as Western-Punjabi (or West-Punjabi) and Indian Punjabi (written in Gurmukhi) is referred as Eastern-Punjabi (or East-Punjabi), although the underlying language is the same with a very slight shift in vocabulary towards Islamic and Sikh words respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The written standard for <a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a> also slightly differs from that of Gurmukhi, as it is used for western dialects, whereas Gurumukhi is used to write eastern dialects. </p><p>Historically, various local <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a> scripts including <a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Laṇḍā">Laṇḍā</a> and its descendants were also in use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003594_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2003594-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201615_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201615-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi Braille</a> is used by the visually impaired. There is an altered version of <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a> often used for Punjabi in which the <a href="/wiki/Diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongs">diphthongs</a> <i>ai</i> and <i>au</i> are written as <i>e</i> and <i>o</i>, and the long vowels <i>e</i> and <i>o</i> are written as <i>ē</i> and <i>ō</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2></div> <p>This sample text was adapted from the Punjabi Wikipedia article on <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></b> </p><p><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਲਹੌਰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨੀ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੀ ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ ਹੈ। ਲੋਕ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ਼ ਕਰਾਚੀ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਲਹੌਰ ਦੂਜਾ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡਾ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਹੈ। ਲਹੌਰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦਾ ਸਿਆਸੀ, ਕਾਰੋਬਾਰੀ ਅਤੇ ਪੜ੍ਹਾਈ ਦਾ ਗੜ੍ਹ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਇਸੇ ਲਈ ਇਹਨੂੰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦਾ ਦਿਲ ਵੀ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਲਹੌਰ ਰਾਵੀ ਦਰਿਆ ਦੇ ਕੰਢੇ ’ਤੇ ਵੱਸਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਸਦੀ ਲੋਕ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਇੱਕ ਕਰੋੜ ਦੇ ਨੇੜੇ ਹੈ।</span></span> </p><p><span class="nowrap"> </span> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahmukhi alphabet">Shahmukhi</a></b> </p> <div style="direction:rtl; font-family:Mehr Nastaliq Saraiki"> <p><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa-Arab" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">لہور پاکستانی پنجاب دی راجدھانی ہے۔ لوک گݨتی دے نالؕ کراچی توں بعد لہور دوجا سبھ توں وڈا شہر ہے۔ لہور پاکستان دا سیاسی، رہتلی کاروباری اتے پڑھائی دا گڑھ ہے اتے، ایسے لئی ایہنوں پاکستان دا دل وی کہا جاندا ہے۔ لہور راوی دریا دے کنڈھے تے وسدا ہے۔ ایسدی لوک گݨتی اک کروڑ دے نیڑے ہے۔</span></span></span> </p> </div> <p><span class="nowrap"> </span> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a></b> </p><p><span title="Punjabi-language romanization"><i lang="pa-Latn">Lahaur Pākistānī Panjāb dī rājtā̀ni ài. Lok giṇtī de nāḷ Karācī tõ bāad Lahaur dūjā sáb tõ vaḍḍā šáir ài. Lahaur Pākistān dā siāsī, kārobāri ate paṛā̀ī dā gáṛ ài te ise laī ínū̃ Pākistān dā dil vī kihā jāndā ài. Lahaur Rāvī dariā de káṇḍè te vassdā ài. Isdī lok giṇtī ikk karoṛ de neṛe ài.</i></span> </p><p><span class="nowrap"> </span> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></b> </p><p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ləˈɔ̀ːɾᵊ<span class="wrap"> </span>pakˑɪˈstaːniː<span class="wrap"> </span>pənˈd͡ʒaːbᵊ<span class="wrap"> </span>diː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɾaːd͡ʒᵊˈtàːniː<span class="wrap"> </span>ʱɛ̀ː<span class="wrap"> </span>‖<span class="wrap"> </span>loːkᵊ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɡɪɳᵊtiː<span class="wrap"> </span>deː<span class="wrap"> </span>naːɭᵊ<span class="wrap"> </span>kəˈɾat͡ʃˑiː<span class="wrap"> </span>tõː<span class="wrap"> </span>baːədᵊ<span class="wrap"> </span>ləˈɔ̀ːɾᵊ<span class="wrap"> </span>dud͡ʒˑaː<span class="wrap"> </span>sə́bᵊ<span class="wrap"> </span>tõː<span class="wrap"> </span>ʋəɖːaː<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃɛ́ːɾ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʱɛ̀ː<span class="wrap"> </span>‖<span class="wrap"> </span>ləˈɔ̀ːɾᵊ<span class="wrap"> </span>pakˑɪstaːnᵊ<span class="wrap"> </span>daː<span class="wrap"> </span>sɪaːsiː<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>kaːɾobˑaːɾiː<span class="wrap"> </span>əteː<span class="wrap"> </span>pəɽàːiː<span class="wrap"> </span>daː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡə́ɽ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʱɛ̀ː<span class="wrap"> </span>əteː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪseː<span class="wrap"> </span>ləiː<span class="wrap"> </span>énˑũː<span class="wrap"> </span>pakˑɪstaːnᵊ<span class="wrap"> </span>daː<span class="wrap"> </span>dɪlᵊ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʋiː<span class="wrap"> </span>kéːa<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʒaːndaː<span class="wrap"> </span>ʱɛ̀ː<span class="wrap"> </span>‖<span class="wrap"> </span>ləˈɔ̀ːɾᵊ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɾaːʋiː<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈdəɾɪaː<span class="wrap"> </span>deː<span class="wrap"> </span>kə́ɳɖèː<span class="wrap"> </span>teː<span class="wrap"> </span>ʋəsːᵊdaː<span class="wrap"> </span>ʱɛ̀ː<span class="wrap"> </span>‖<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɪsᵊdiː<span class="wrap"> </span>loːkᵊ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡɪɳᵊtiː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪkːᵊ<span class="wrap"> </span>kəˈɾoːɽᵊ<span class="wrap"> </span>deː<span class="wrap"> </span>neːɽeˑ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʱɛ̀ː<span class="wrap"> </span>‖/</span> </p><p><span class="nowrap"> </span> </p><p><b>Translation</b> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> is the capital city of Pakistani Punjab. After <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, Lahore is the second largest city. Lahore is Pakistan's political, cultural, and educational hub, and so it is also said to be the heart of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. Lahore lies on the bank of the <a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi River</a>. Its population is close to ten million people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature_development">Literature development</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_literature" title="Punjabi literature">Punjabi literature</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fariduddin_Ganjshakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fariduddin Ganjshakar">Fariduddin Ganjshakar</a> (1179–1266) is generally recognised as the first major poet of the Punjabi language.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roughly from the 12th century to the 19th century, many great Sufi saints and poets preached in the Punjabi language, the most prominent being <a href="/wiki/Bulleh_Shah" title="Bulleh Shah">Bulleh Shah</a>. Punjabi Sufi poetry also developed under <a href="/wiki/Shah_Hussain" title="Shah Hussain">Shah Hussain</a> (1538–1599), <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Bahu" title="Sultan Bahu">Sultan Bahu</a> (1630–1691), <a href="/wiki/Shah_Sharaf" title="Shah Sharaf">Shah Sharaf</a> (1640–1724), Ali Haider (1690–1785), <a href="/wiki/Waris_Shah" title="Waris Shah">Waris Shah</a> (1722–1798), <a href="/wiki/Saleh_Muhammad_Safoori" title="Saleh Muhammad Safoori">Saleh Muhammad Safoori</a> (1747–1826), <a href="/wiki/Mian_Muhammad_Bakhsh" title="Mian Muhammad Bakhsh">Mian Muhammad Baksh</a> (1830–1907) and <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Ghulam_Farid" title="Khwaja Ghulam Farid">Khwaja Ghulam Farid</a> (1845–1901).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> religion originated in the 15th century in the Punjab region and Punjabi is the predominant language spoken by Sikhs.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most portions of the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> use the Punjabi language written in <a href="/wiki/Gurmukh%C4%AB_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhī alphabet">Gurmukhi</a>, though Punjabi is not the only language used in <a href="/wiki/Sikh_scriptures" title="Sikh scriptures">Sikh scriptures</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varan_Gyan_Ratnavali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Varan_Gyan_Ratnavali.jpg/220px-Varan_Gyan_Ratnavali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Varan_Gyan_Ratnavali.jpg/330px-Varan_Gyan_Ratnavali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Varan_Gyan_Ratnavali.jpg/440px-Varan_Gyan_Ratnavali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Varan_Bhai_Gurdas" title="Varan Bhai Gurdas">Varan Gyan Ratnavali</a> by 16th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Gurdas" title="Bhai Gurdas">Bhai Gurdas</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Janamsakhis" title="Janamsakhis">Janamsakhis</a></i>, stories on the life and legend of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> (1469–1539), are early examples of Punjabi prose literature. </p> <ul><li>The Punjabi language is famous for its rich literature of <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Qisse" title="Punjabi Qisse"><i>qisse</i></a>, most of which are about love, passion, betrayal, sacrifice, social values and a common man's revolt against a larger system. The qissa of <a href="/wiki/Heer_Ranjha" title="Heer Ranjha">Heer Ranjha</a> by <a href="/wiki/Waris_Shah" title="Waris Shah">Waris Shah</a> (1706–1798) is among the most popular of Punjabi qissas. Other popular stories include <i><a href="/wiki/Sohni_Mahiwal" title="Sohni Mahiwal">Sohni Mahiwal</a></i> by Fazal Shah, <i><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Sahiban" title="Mirza Sahiban">Mirza Sahiban</a></i> by Hafiz Barkhudar (1658–1707), <i><a href="/wiki/Sassui_Punnhun" title="Sassui Punnhun">Sassui Punnhun</a></i> by Hashim Shah (c. 1735–c. 1843), and <i>Qissa Puran Bhagat</i> by <a href="/wiki/Qadaryar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadaryar">Qadaryar</a> (1802–1892).<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Heroic ballads known as <i><a href="/wiki/Vaar" title="Vaar">Vaar</a></i> enjoy a rich oral tradition in Punjabi. Famous <i>Vaars</i> are <i>Chandi di Var</i> (1666–1708), <i>Nadir Shah Di Vaar</i> by Najabat and the <i>Jangnama</i> of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Mohammad" title="Shah Mohammad">Shah Mohammad</a> (1780–1862).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg/150px-Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg/225px-Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg/300px-Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_di_Gunj" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar di Gunj">Ghadar di Gunj</a></i> 1913, newspaper in Punjabi of <a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar Party">Ghadar Party</a>, US-based Indian revolutionary party.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Victorian novel, Elizabethan drama, free verse and <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> entered Punjabi literature through the introduction of British education during the Raj. <a href="/wiki/Nanak_Singh" title="Nanak Singh">Nanak Singh</a> (1897–1971), Vir Singh, Ishwar Nanda, <a href="/wiki/Amrita_Pritam" title="Amrita Pritam">Amrita Pritam</a> (1919–2005), <a href="/wiki/Puran_Singh" title="Puran Singh">Puran Singh</a> (1881–1931), <a href="/wiki/Dhani_Ram_Chatrik" title="Dhani Ram Chatrik">Dhani Ram Chatrik</a> (1876–1957), <a href="/wiki/Diwan_Singh" title="Diwan Singh">Diwan Singh</a> (1897–1944) and <a href="/wiki/Ustad_Daman" title="Ustad Daman">Ustad Daman</a> (1911–1984), <a href="/wiki/Mohan_Singh_(poet)" title="Mohan Singh (poet)">Mohan Singh</a> (1905–78) and <a href="/wiki/Shareef_Kunjahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shareef Kunjahi">Shareef Kunjahi</a> are some legendary Punjabi writers of this period. After independence of Pakistan and India Najm Hossein Syed, Fakhar Zaman and Afzal Ahsan Randhawa, <a href="/wiki/Shafqat_Tanvir_Mirza" title="Shafqat Tanvir Mirza">Shafqat Tanvir Mirza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Salim" title="Ahmad Salim">Ahmad Salim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Najm_Hosain_Syed" title="Najm Hosain Syed">Najm Hosain Syed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munir_Niazi" title="Munir Niazi">Munir Niazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Arshad_Mir" title="Ali Arshad Mir">Ali Arshad Mir</a>, Pir Hadi Abdul Mannan enriched Punjabi literature in Pakistan, whereas <a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh_Kanwal" title="Jaswant Singh Kanwal">Jaswant Singh Kanwal</a> (1919–2020), <a href="/wiki/Amrita_Pritam" title="Amrita Pritam">Amrita Pritam</a> (1919–2005), <a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh_Rahi" title="Jaswant Singh Rahi">Jaswant Singh Rahi</a> (1930–1996), <a href="/wiki/Shiv_Kumar_Batalvi" title="Shiv Kumar Batalvi">Shiv Kumar Batalvi</a> (1936–1973), <a href="/wiki/Surjit_Patar" title="Surjit Patar">Surjit Patar</a> (1944–) and <a href="/wiki/Pash" title="Pash">Pash</a> (1950–1988) are some of the more prominent poets and writers from India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2></div> <p>Despite Punjabi's rich literary history, it was not until 1947 that it would be recognised as an official language. Previous governments in the area of the Punjab had favoured Persian, Hindustani, or even earlier standardized versions of local registers as the language of the court or government. After the annexation of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> in 1849, the British policy of establishing a uniform language for administration was expanded into the Punjab. The British Empire employed Urdu in its administration of North-Central and Northwestern India, while in the North-East of India, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a> was used as the language of administration. Despite its lack of official sanction, the Punjabi language continued to flourish as an instrument of cultural production, with rich literary traditions continuing until modern times. The Sikh religion, with its <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi alphabet">Gurmukhi</a> script, played a special role in standardising and providing education in the language via <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwaras</a>, while writers of all religions continued to produce poetry, prose, and literature in the language. </p><p>In India, Punjabi is one of the 22 <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled languages of India">scheduled languages of India</a>. It is the first official language of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Indian State of Punjab</a>. Punjabi also has second language official status in Delhi along with <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>. </p><p>In Pakistan, no <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">regional ethnic language</a> has been granted official status at the national level, and as such Punjabi is not an official language at the national level, even though it is the most spoken language in Pakistan. It is widely spoken in <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the second largest and the most populous province of Pakistan, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> Capital Territory. The only two official languages in Pakistan are <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Pakistan">In Pakistan</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjabi-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Punjabi-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/300px-Punjabi-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Punjabi-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/450px-Punjabi-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Punjabi-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/600px-Punjabi-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><div style="text-align: center">The proportion of people with Punjabi as their <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a> in each Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan" title="Districts of Pakistan">District</a> as of the <a href="/wiki/2017_Pakistan_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Pakistan Census">2017 Pakistan Census</a></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjabi_prachar_demand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Punjabi_prachar_demand.jpg/220px-Punjabi_prachar_demand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Punjabi_prachar_demand.jpg/330px-Punjabi_prachar_demand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Punjabi_prachar_demand.jpg/440px-Punjabi_prachar_demand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A demonstration by Punjabis at Lahore, Pakistan, demanding to make Punjabi as official language of instruction in schools in Punjab</figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> was created in 1947, despite Punjabi being the majority language in <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> the majority in <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> as whole, English and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> were chosen as the official languages. The selection of Urdu was due to its association with South Asian Muslim nationalism and because the leaders of the new nation wanted a unifying national language instead of promoting one ethnic group's language over another, due to this the <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabi</a> elites started identifying with <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> more than Punjabi because they saw it as a unifying force on an <a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">ethnoreligious</a> perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broadcasting in Punjabi language by <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation">Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation</a> decreased on TV and radio after 1947. Article 251 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution of Pakistan</a> declares that these two languages would be the only official languages at the national level, while provincial governments would be allowed to make provisions for the use of other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the 1950s the constitution was amended to include the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a>. </p><p>Punjabi is not a language of instruction for primary or secondary school students in Punjab Province (unlike Sindhi and Pashto in other provinces).<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pupils in secondary schools can choose the language as an elective, while Punjabi instruction or study remains rare in higher education. One notable example is the teaching of Punjabi language and literature by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Punjab" title="University of the Punjab">University of the Punjab</a> in Lahore which began in 1970 with the establishment of its Punjabi Department.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the cultural sphere, there are many books, plays, and songs being written or produced in the Punjabi-language in Pakistan. Until the 1970s, there were a large number of Punjabi-language films being produced by the <a href="/wiki/Lollywood" title="Lollywood">Lollywood</a> film industry, however since then Urdu has become a much more dominant language in film production. Additionally, television channels in Punjab Province (centred on the Lahore area) are broadcast in Urdu. The preeminence of Urdu in both broadcasting and the <a href="/wiki/Lollywood" title="Lollywood">Lollywood</a> film industry is seen by critics as being detrimental to the health of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of Urdu and English as the near-exclusive languages of broadcasting, the public sector, and formal education have led some to fear that Punjabi in Pakistan is being relegated to a low-status language and that it is being denied an environment where it can flourish. Several prominent educational leaders, researchers, and social commentators have echoed the opinion that the intentional promotion of Urdu and the continued denial of any official sanction or recognition of the Punjabi language amounts to a process of "Urdu-isation" that is detrimental to the health of the Punjabi language<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2015, the Pakistan Academy of Letters, International Writer's Council (IWC) and World Punjabi Congress (WPC) organised the <i>Khawaja Farid Conference</i> and demanded that a Punjabi-language university should be established in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> and that Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2015, a case was filed in <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court of Pakistan</a> against <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Government of Punjab, Pakistan">Government of Punjab, Pakistan</a> as it did not take any step to implement the Punjabi language in the province.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, several thousand Punjabis gather in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> every year on <a href="/wiki/International_Mother_Language_Day" title="International Mother Language Day">International Mother Language Day</a>. Thinktanks, political organisations, cultural projects, and individuals also demand authorities at the national and provincial level to promote the use of the language in the public and official spheres.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_India">In India</h3></div> <p>At the federal level, Punjabi has official status via the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Indian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth Schedule to the Indian Constitution">Eighth Schedule to the Indian Constitution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Khokhlova_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khokhlova-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> earned after the <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba_movement" title="Punjabi Suba movement">Punjabi Suba movement</a> of the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the state level, Punjabi is the sole official language of the state of Punjab, while it has secondary official status in the states of Haryana and Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, it was also made additional official language of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> in areas where the population exceeds 10% of a particular block, sub-division or district.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Telegraph-2012_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Telegraph-2012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both union and state laws specify the use of Punjabi in the field of education. The state of Punjab uses the Three Language Formula, and Punjabi is required to be either the medium of instruction, or one of the three languages learnt in all schools in Punjab.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Punjabi is also a compulsory language in Haryana,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other states with a significant Punjabi speaking minority are required to offer Punjabi medium education.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (October 2017)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Punjabi_language#Dubious" title="Talk:Punjabi language">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are vibrant Punjabi language movie and news industries in India, however Punjabi serials have had a much smaller presence within the last few decades in television up to 2015 due to market forces.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Punjabi having far greater official recognition in India, where the Punjabi language is officially admitted in all necessary social functions, while in Pakistan it is used only in a few radio and TV programs, attitudes of the English-educated elite towards the language are ambivalent as they are in neighbouring Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Khokhlova_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khokhlova-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37">: 37 </span></sup> There are also claims of state apathy towards the language in non-Punjabi majority areas like Haryana and Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advocacy">Advocacy</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_University" title="Punjabi University">Punjabi University</a> was established on 30 April 1962, and is only the second university in the world to be named after a language, after <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>. The Research Centre for Punjabi Language Technology, Punjabi University, Patiala<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is working for development of core technologies for Punjabi, Digitisation of basic materials, online Punjabi teaching, developing software for office use in Punjabi, providing common platform to Punjabi cyber community.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Punjabipedia" title="Punjabipedia">Punjabipedia</a>, an online encyclopaedia was also launched by Patiala university in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dhahan_Prize" title="The Dhahan Prize">The Dhahan Prize</a> was created to award literary works produced in Punjabi around the world. The Prize encourages new writing by awarding $25,000 CDN annually to one "best book of fiction" published in either of the two Punjabi scripts, Gurmukhi or Shahmukhi. Two second prizes of $5,000 CDN are also awarded, with the provision that both scripts are represented among the three winners. The Dhahan Prize is awarded by Canada India Education Society (CIES).<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governmental_academies_and_institutes">Governmental academies and institutes</h3></div> <p>The Punjabi Sahit academy, <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a>, established in 1954<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is supported by the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab state">Punjab state</a> government and works exclusively for promotion of the Punjabi language, as does the Punjabi academy in Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jammu and Kashmir academy of art, culture and literature<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir UT</a>, India works for Punjabi and other regional languages like Urdu, Dogri, Gojri etc. Institutions in neighbouring states<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Lahore,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore, Pakistan">Lahore, Pakistan</a><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also advocate for the language. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjabi_academy_ludhiana.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Punjabi Sahit Academy, Ludhiana, 1954"><img alt="Punjabi Sahit Academy, Ludhiana, 1954" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b2/Punjabi_academy_ludhiana.jpeg/104px-Punjabi_academy_ludhiana.jpeg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b2/Punjabi_academy_ludhiana.jpeg/156px-Punjabi_academy_ludhiana.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b2/Punjabi_academy_ludhiana.jpeg/208px-Punjabi_academy_ludhiana.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="289" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Punjabi Sahit Academy, Ludhiana, 1954</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjabi_academy_delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Punjabi Academy, Delhi, 1981–1982"><img alt="Punjabi Academy, Delhi, 1981–1982" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/Punjabi_academy_delhi.jpg/120px-Punjabi_academy_delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/Punjabi_academy_delhi.jpg/180px-Punjabi_academy_delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/Punjabi_academy_delhi.jpg/240px-Punjabi_academy_delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Punjabi Academy, Delhi, 1981–1982</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jammu_and_Kashmir_academy_of_art_culture_and_literature.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Literature"><img alt="Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Literature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Jammu_and_Kashmir_academy_of_art_culture_and_literature.jpg/120px-Jammu_and_Kashmir_academy_of_art_culture_and_literature.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Jammu_and_Kashmir_academy_of_art_culture_and_literature.jpg/180px-Jammu_and_Kashmir_academy_of_art_culture_and_literature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Jammu_and_Kashmir_academy_of_art_culture_and_literature.jpg/240px-Jammu_and_Kashmir_academy_of_art_culture_and_literature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="118" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Literature</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjab_institute_of_language_art_and_culture.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Punjab Institute of Language, Art and Culture, Lahore, 2004"><img alt="Punjab Institute of Language, Art and Culture, Lahore, 2004" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d4/Punjab_institute_of_language_art_and_culture.jpeg/118px-Punjab_institute_of_language_art_and_culture.jpeg" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d4/Punjab_institute_of_language_art_and_culture.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="157" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Punjab Institute of Language, Art and Culture, Lahore, 2004</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software">Software</h3></div> <ul><li>Software is available for the Punjabi language on almost all platforms. This software is mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> script. Nowadays, nearly all Punjabi newspapers, magazines, journals, and periodicals are composed on computers via various Punjabi software programmes, the most widespread of which is <a href="/wiki/InPage" title="InPage">InPage</a> Desktop Publishing package. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> has included Punjabi language support in all the new versions of Windows and both <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2007" title="Microsoft Office 2007">Microsoft Office 2007</a>, 2010 and 2013, are available in Punjabi through the <a href="/wiki/Language_Interface_Pack" title="Language Interface Pack">Language Interface Pack</a><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> support. Most <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> Desktop distributions allow the easy installation of Punjabi support and translations as well.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> implemented the Punjabi language keyboard across <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Mobile devices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Google also provides many applications in Punjabi, like <a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Google_Translate" title="Google Translate">Google Translate</a><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Google Punjabi Input Tools.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Large-sized_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_that_was_handwritten_by_Pratap_Singh_Giani_and_completed_in_1908_C.E._03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guru Granth Sahib in Gurmukhi"><img alt="Guru Granth Sahib in Gurmukhi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Large-sized_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_that_was_handwritten_by_Pratap_Singh_Giani_and_completed_in_1908_C.E._03.jpg/120px-Large-sized_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_that_was_handwritten_by_Pratap_Singh_Giani_and_completed_in_1908_C.E._03.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Large-sized_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_that_was_handwritten_by_Pratap_Singh_Giani_and_completed_in_1908_C.E._03.jpg/180px-Large-sized_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_that_was_handwritten_by_Pratap_Singh_Giani_and_completed_in_1908_C.E._03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Large-sized_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_that_was_handwritten_by_Pratap_Singh_Giani_and_completed_in_1908_C.E._03.jpg/240px-Large-sized_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_that_was_handwritten_by_Pratap_Singh_Giani_and_completed_in_1908_C.E._03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="1648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Guru Granth Sahib in Gurmukhi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gurmukhi_Script_-_traditional_alphabet.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Punjabi Gurmukhi script"><img alt="Punjabi Gurmukhi script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gurmukhi_Script_-_traditional_alphabet.svg/94px-Gurmukhi_Script_-_traditional_alphabet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gurmukhi_Script_-_traditional_alphabet.svg/141px-Gurmukhi_Script_-_traditional_alphabet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gurmukhi_Script_-_traditional_alphabet.svg/189px-Gurmukhi_Script_-_traditional_alphabet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="651" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Punjabi Gurmukhi script</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shahmukhi1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Punjabi Shahmukhi script"><img alt="Punjabi Shahmukhi script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shahmukhi1.JPG/89px-Shahmukhi1.JPG" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shahmukhi1.JPG/134px-Shahmukhi1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shahmukhi1.JPG/179px-Shahmukhi1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="708" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Punjabi Shahmukhi script</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhulay_Shah.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bulleh Shah poetry in Punjabi (Shahmukhi script)"><img alt="Bulleh Shah poetry in Punjabi (Shahmukhi script)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bhulay_Shah.jpg/120px-Bhulay_Shah.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bhulay_Shah.jpg/180px-Bhulay_Shah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bhulay_Shah.jpg/240px-Bhulay_Shah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="277" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bulleh Shah poetry in Punjabi (Shahmukhi script)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Munir_niazi.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Munir Niazi poetry in Punjabi (Shahmukhi script)"><img alt="Munir Niazi poetry in Punjabi (Shahmukhi script)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Munir_niazi.gif/52px-Munir_niazi.gif" decoding="async" width="52" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Munir_niazi.gif/78px-Munir_niazi.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Munir_niazi.gif/104px-Munir_niazi.gif 2x" data-file-width="211" data-file-height="484" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Munir Niazi poetry in Punjabi (Shahmukhi script)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Das_Buch_der_Schrift_(Faulmann)_138.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gurmukhi alphabet"><img alt="Gurmukhi alphabet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Das_Buch_der_Schrift_%28Faulmann%29_138.jpg/87px-Das_Buch_der_Schrift_%28Faulmann%29_138.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Das_Buch_der_Schrift_%28Faulmann%29_138.jpg/131px-Das_Buch_der_Schrift_%28Faulmann%29_138.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Das_Buch_der_Schrift_%28Faulmann%29_138.jpg/175px-Das_Buch_der_Schrift_%28Faulmann%29_138.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4767" data-file-height="6550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gurmukhi alphabet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjabi_language_sign_board_at_hanumangarh_rajasthan_india.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="A sign board in Punjabi language along with Hindi at Hanumangarh, Rajasthan, India"><img alt="A sign board in Punjabi language along with Hindi at Hanumangarh, Rajasthan, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Punjabi_language_sign_board_at_hanumangarh_rajasthan_india.jpeg/120px-Punjabi_language_sign_board_at_hanumangarh_rajasthan_india.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Punjabi_language_sign_board_at_hanumangarh_rajasthan_india.jpeg/180px-Punjabi_language_sign_board_at_hanumangarh_rajasthan_india.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Punjabi_language_sign_board_at_hanumangarh_rajasthan_india.jpeg/240px-Punjabi_language_sign_board_at_hanumangarh_rajasthan_india.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A sign board in Punjabi language along with Hindi at <a href="/wiki/Hanumangarh" title="Hanumangarh">Hanumangarh</a>, Rajasthan, India</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/32px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/48px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/64px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="964" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Punjab" title="Portal:Punjab">Punjab portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(music)" title="Bhangra (music)">Bhangra (music)</a> – Type of popular music associated with Punjabi culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa_bole" title="Khalsa bole">Khalsa bole</a> – coded language of Nihang Sikhs largely based on Punjabi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi-language_newspapers" title="List of Punjabi-language newspapers">List of Punjabi-language newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cinema" title="Punjabi cinema">Punjabi cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Language_Movement" title="Punjabi Language Movement">Punjabi Language Movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Indian Census">2011 Indian Census</a> and <a href="/wiki/2023_Pakistani_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Pakistani Census">2023 Pakistani Census</a>; The figure includes the <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a> varieties which have been separately enumerated in Pakistani censuses since <a href="/wiki/Census_in_Pakistan#1981" title="Census in Pakistan">1981</a> and <a href="/wiki/2017_Pakistani_census" title="2017 Pakistani census">2017</a> respectively; 88.9 million [Punjabi, general], 28.8 million [Saraiki], 5.5 million [Hindko] in Pakistan (2023), 31.1 in India (2011), 0.8 in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> (Ethnologue), 0.6 in <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Canadians" title="Punjabi Canadians">Canada</a> (2016), 0.3 in the <a href="/wiki/British_Punjabis" title="British Punjabis">United Kingdom</a> (2011), 0.3 in the <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">United States</a> (2017), 0.2 in <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Australians" title="Punjabi Australians">Australia</a> (2016) and 0.2 in the United Arab Emirates. See <a href="#Geographic_distribution">§ Geographic distribution</a> below.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paishachi" title="Paishachi">Paishachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Saurasheni</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gandhari_language" title="Gandhari language">Gandhari</a> Prakrits have been proposed as the ancestor <a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle Indo-Aryan language</a> to Punjabi.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh-2019_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In blocks and divisions with at least 10% Punjabi speakers<sup id="cite_ref-The_Telegraph-2012_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Telegraph-2012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">pun-<span style="font-size:90%">JAH</span>-bee</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a>: <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پنجابی</span></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a>: <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Punjabi:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">[pəɲˈdʒab̆.bi]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b8\/Pa-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80.ogg\/Pa-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pa-\u0a2a\u0a70\u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a2c\u0a40.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Pa-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80.ogg/Pa-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pa-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80.ogg" title="File:Pa-ਪੰਜਾਬੀ.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Punjabi</i> is the <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> spelling, and <i>Pañjābī</i> is the <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">Romanized</a> spelling from the native scripts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Indian Census">2011 Indian Census</a> and <a href="/wiki/2023_Pakistani_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Pakistani Census">2023 Pakistani Census</a>; The figure includes the <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a> varieties which have been separately enumerated in Pakistani censuses since <a href="/wiki/Census_in_Pakistan#1981" title="Census in Pakistan">1981</a> and <a href="/wiki/2017_Pakistani_census" title="2017 Pakistani census">2017</a> respectively; 88.9 million [Punjabi, general], 28.8 million [Saraiki], 5.5 million [Hindko] in Pakistan (2023), 31.1 in India (2011), 0.8 in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> (Ethnologue), 0.6 in <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Canadians" title="Punjabi Canadians">Canada</a> (2016), 0.3 in the <a href="/wiki/British_Punjabis" title="British Punjabis">United Kingdom</a> (2011), 0.3 in the <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">United States</a> (2017), 0.2 in <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Australians" title="Punjabi Australians">Australia</a> (2016) and 0.2 in the United Arab Emirates. See <a href="#Geographic_distribution">§ Geographic distribution</a> below.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Standard or Eastern dialect. Pakistani Majhi and Western dialects usually pronounce it as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pa-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/käː˨ɾᵊ/</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">/jː/ is found in one other instance, for the name of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi_letter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gurmukhi letter (page does not exist)">Gurmukhi letter</a> ਯ (<i>yayyā</i> ਯੱਯਾ)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This never occurs with /ɳ/ and /ɽ/, and is rare before /ʋ, ɾ, ɦ/</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>bindī/ṭippī</i> or <i>nūn ġunna</i> before a consonant often causes it to be pre-nasalised, except where there is a true nasal vowel.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Singh-2019-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singh-2019_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh-2019_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSingh2019" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Sikander (April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353680383">"The Origin Theories of Punjabi Language: A Context of Historiography of Punjabi Language"</a>. <i>International Journal of Sikh Studies</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Origin+Theories+of+Punjabi+Language%3A+A+Context+of+Historiography+of+Punjabi+Language&rft.date=2019-04&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Sikander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F353680383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Languages_of_India-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Languages_of_India_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Languages_of_India_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaldar2000" class="citation book cs1">Haldar, Gopal (2000). <i>Languages of India</i>. New Delhi: National Book Trust, India. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788123729367" title="Special:BookSources/9788123729367"><bdi>9788123729367</bdi></a>. <q>The age of Old Punjabi: up to 1600 A.D. […] It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=National+Book+Trust%2C+India&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9788123729367&rft.aulast=Haldar&rft.aufirst=Gopal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhatia-2013-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bhatia-2013_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhatia-2013_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhatia-2013_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBhatia2013" class="citation book cs1">Bhatia, Tej K. (2013). <i>Punjabi: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar</i> (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. p. XXV. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136894602" title="Special:BookSources/9781136894602"><bdi>9781136894602</bdi></a>. <q>As an independent language Punjabi has gone through the following three stages of development: Old Punjabi (10th to 16th century). Medieval Punjabi (16th to 19th century), and Modern Punjabi (19th century to Present).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjabi%3A+A+Cognitive-Descriptive+Grammar&rft.place=London&rft.pages=XXV&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136894602&rft.aulast=Bhatia&rft.aufirst=Tej+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_ShackleArvind_Mandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Shackle; Arvind Mandair (2013). "0.2.1 – Form". <i>Teachings of the Sikh Gurus : selections from the Scriptures</i> (First ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136451089" title="Special:BookSources/9781136451089"><bdi>9781136451089</bdi></a>. <q>Surpassing them all in the frequent subtlety of his linguistic choices, including the use of dialect forms as well as of frequent loanwords from Sanskrit and Persian, Guru Nanak combined this poetic language of the Sants with his native Old Punjabi. It is this mixture of Old Punjabi and Old Hindi which constitutes the core idiom of all the earlier Gurus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=0.2.1+%E2%80%93+Form&rft.btitle=Teachings+of+the+Sikh+Gurus+%3A+selections+from+the+Scriptures&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136451089&rft.au=Christopher+Shackle&rft.au=Arvind+Mandair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrawley2003" class="citation book cs1">Frawley, William (2003). <i>International encyclopedia of linguistics</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 423. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195139778" title="Special:BookSources/9780195139778"><bdi>9780195139778</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+encyclopedia+of+linguistics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=423&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780195139778&rft.aulast=Frawley&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Austin-2008-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Austin-2008_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Austin-2008_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAustin2008" class="citation book cs1">Austin, Peter (2008). <i>One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520255609" title="Special:BookSources/9780520255609"><bdi>9780520255609</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+thousand+languages+%3A+living%2C+endangered%2C+and+lost&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780520255609&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Language_in_South_Asia-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Language_in_South_Asia_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Language_in_South_Asia_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBraj_B._KachruYamuna_KachruS._N._Sridhar2008" class="citation book cs1">Braj B. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 411. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139465502" title="Special:BookSources/9781139465502"><bdi>9781139465502</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=411&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781139465502&rft.au=Braj+B.+Kachru&rft.au=Yamuna+Kachru&rft.au=S.+N.+Sridhar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf">"NCLM 52nd Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NCLM. 15 November 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NCLM+52nd+Report&rft.pub=NCLM&rft.date=2016-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnclm.nic.in%2Fshared%2Flinkimages%2FNCLM52ndReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/punjab-mandates-all-signage-in-punjabi-in-gurmukhi-script/article30881840.ece">"Punjab mandates all signage in Punjabi, in Gurmukhi script"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 21 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222140301/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/punjab-mandates-all-signage-in-punjabi-in-gurmukhi-script/article30881840.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Punjab+mandates+all+signage+in+Punjabi%2C+in+Gurmukhi+script&rft.date=2020-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fother-states%2Fpunjab-mandates-all-signage-in-punjabi-in-gurmukhi-script%2Farticle30881840.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/all-milestones-signboards-in-haryana-to-bear-info-in-english-hindi-and-punjabi-education-minister-6297747/">"All milestones, signboards in Haryana to bear info in English, Hindi and Punjabi: Education Minister"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 3 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200314065123/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/all-milestones-signboards-in-haryana-to-bear-info-in-english-hindi-and-punjabi-education-minister-6297747/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=All+milestones%2C+signboards+in+Haryana+to+bear+info+in+English%2C+Hindi+and+Punjabi%3A+Education+Minister&rft.date=2020-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fcities%2Fchandigarh%2Fall-milestones-signboards-in-haryana-to-bear-info-in-english-hindi-and-punjabi-education-minister-6297747%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Punjabi-Urdu-made-official-languages-in-Delhi/articleshow/43388.cms">"Punjabi, Urdu made official languages in Delhi"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 25 June 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210314171554/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/punjabi-urdu-made-official-languages-in-delhi/articleshow/43388.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Punjabi%2C+Urdu+made+official+languages+in+Delhi&rft.date=2003-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fdelhi%2FPunjabi-Urdu-made-official-languages-in-Delhi%2Farticleshow%2F43388.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Telegraph-2012-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Telegraph-2012_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Telegraph-2012_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232340/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1121211/jsp/bengal/story_16301872.jsp">"Multi-lingual Bengal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Calcutta)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Calcutta)">The Telegraph</a></i>. 11 December 2012. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Multi-lingual+Bengal&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1121211%2Fjsp%2Fbengal%2Fstory_16301872.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIndia2020" class="citation web cs1">India, Tribune (19 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/patiala/punjabi-matric-exam-on-aug-26-128241">"Punjabi matric exam on Aug 26"</a>. <i>The Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819214819/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/patiala/punjabi-matric-exam-on-aug-26-128241">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Punjabi+matric+exam+on+Aug+26&rft.date=2020-08-19&rft.aulast=India&rft.aufirst=Tribune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fpatiala%2Fpunjabi-matric-exam-on-aug-26-128241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurie Bauer, 2007, <i>The Linguistics Student's Handbook</i>, Edinburgh</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMangat_Rai_Bhardwaj2016" class="citation book cs1">Mangat Rai Bhardwaj (2016). <i>Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Hobson-Jobson%3A+A+glossary+of+Colloquial+Anglo-Indian+Words+and+Phrases%2C+and+of+Kindred+Terms%2C+Etymological%2C+Historical%2C+Geographical+and+Discursive&rft.date=2018-08-13&rft.aulast=Sir&rft.aufirst=Yule%2C+Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsalsrv02.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fphilologic%2Fgetobject.pl%3Fp.1%3A375.hobson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacdonell2018" class="citation web cs1">Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (13 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181201141645/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/macdonell_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%96&searchhws=yes">"A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary with Transliteration, Accentuation, and Etymological Analysis Throughout"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/macdonell_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%96&searchhws=yes">the original</a> on 1 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Sanskrit+Dictionary+with+Transliteration%2C+Accentuation%2C+and+Etymological+Analysis+Throughout&rft.date=2018-08-13&rft.aulast=Macdonell&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsalsrv02.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fapp%2Fmacdonell_query.py%3Fqs%3D%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%259E%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%2596%26searchhws%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingha2000" class="citation book cs1">Singha, H. S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170121195057/https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C"><i>The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)</i></a>. Hemkunt Press. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1"><bdi>978-81-7010-301-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&dq=punjabi+prakrit+language&pg=PA166">the original</a> on 21 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism+%28over+1000+Entries%29&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7010-301-1&rft.aulast=Singha&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgqIbJz7vMn0C%26dq%3Dpunjabi%2Bprakrit%2Blanguage%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFG_S_Sidhu2004" class="citation book cs1">G S Sidhu (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/panjabandpanjabi_202003"><i>Panjab And Panjabi</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panjab+And+Panjabi&rft.date=2004&rft.au=G+S+Sidhu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpanjabandpanjabi_202003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoiberg_2000-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoiberg_2000_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoiberg_2000_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoiberg2000" class="citation book cs1">Hoiberg, Dale (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&q=Punjabi+language+Nath+Saints&pg=PA214"><i>Students' Britannica India</i></a>. Popular Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5"><bdi>978-0-85229-760-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402155537/https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&q=Punjabi+language+Nath+Saints&pg=PA214">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Students%27+Britannica+India&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-760-5&rft.aulast=Hoiberg&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DISFBJarYX7YC%26q%3DPunjabi%2Blanguage%2BNath%2BSaints%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2020" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Anne (29 November 2020). "13: The Territorialisation of Sikh Pasts". In Jacobsen, Knut A. (ed.). <i>Routledge Handbook of South Asian Religions</i>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">206–</span>207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429622069" title="Special:BookSources/9780429622069"><bdi>9780429622069</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=13%3A+The+Territorialisation+of+Sikh+Pasts&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+South+Asian+Religions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E206-%3C%2Fspan%3E207&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-11-29&rft.isbn=9780429622069&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrard,_G.S.S.2007" class="citation book cs1">Brard, G.S.S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UUdYFH9skIkC&pg=PA81"><i>East of Indus: My Memories of Old Punjab</i></a>. Hemkunt Publishers. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170103608" title="Special:BookSources/9788170103608"><bdi>9788170103608</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045039/https://books.google.com/books?id=UUdYFH9skIkC&pg=PA81">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+of+Indus%3A+My+Memories+of+Old+Punjab&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788170103608&rft.au=Brard%2C+G.S.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUUdYFH9skIkC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMir,_F.2010" class="citation book cs1">Mir, F. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EUPc5pDWKikC&pg=PA35"><i>The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520262690" title="Special:BookSources/9780520262690"><bdi>9780520262690</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045039/https://books.google.com/books?id=EUPc5pDWKikC&pg=PA35">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Space+of+Language%3A+Vernacular+Culture+in+British+Colonial+Punjab&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780520262690&rft.au=Mir%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEUPc5pDWKikC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchiffman,_H.2011" class="citation book cs1">Schiffman, H. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&pg=PA314"><i>Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice</i></a>. Brill. p. 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004201453" title="Special:BookSources/9789004201453"><bdi>9789004201453</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045040/https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&pg=PA314">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Policy+and+Language+Conflict+in+Afghanistan+and+Its+Neighbors%3A+The+Changing+Politics+of+Language+Choice&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789004201453&rft.au=Schiffman%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D52aicl9l7rwC%26pg%3DPA314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchiffman2011" class="citation book cs1">Schiffman, Harold (9 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&q=urdu+words+in+punjabi&pg=PA314"><i>Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20145-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20145-3"><bdi>978-90-04-20145-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402155506/https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&q=urdu+words+in+punjabi&pg=PA314">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Policy+and+Language+Conflict+in+Afghanistan+and+Its+Neighbors%3A+The+Changing+Politics+of+Language+Choice&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011-12-09&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20145-3&rft.aulast=Schiffman&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D52aicl9l7rwC%26q%3Durdu%2Bwords%2Bin%2Bpunjabi%26pg%3DPA314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMenon,_A.S.Kusuman,_K.K.1990" class="citation book cs1">Menon, A.S.; Kusuman, K.K. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA87"><i>A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume</i></a>. Mittal Publications. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170992141" title="Special:BookSources/9788170992141"><bdi>9788170992141</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045039/https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA87">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Panorama+of+Indian+Culture%3A+Professor+A.+Sreedhara+Menon+Felicitation+Volume&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9788170992141&rft.au=Menon%2C+A.S.&rft.au=Kusuman%2C+K.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz4JqgSUSXDsC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090926230905/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/index.html">"Population Census Organization"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/index.html">the original</a> on 26 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Census+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statpak.gov.pk%2Fdepts%2Fpco%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447">"CCI defers approval of census results until elections"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. 21 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200620161758/https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447/cci-defers-approval-of-census-results-until-elections">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=CCI+defers+approval+of+census+results+until+elections&rft.date=2021-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1410447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span> The figure of 80.54 million is calculated from the reported 38.78% for the speakers of Punjabi and the 207.685 million total population of Pakistan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Times_of_India-2008-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Times_of_India-2008_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Times_of_India-2008_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Punjabi_is_Canadas_2nd_most_top_language/articleshow/2782138.cms">"Punjabi is 4th most spoken language in Canada"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 14 February 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114140743/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Punjabi_is_Canadas_2nd_most_top_language/articleshow/2782138.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Punjabi+is+4th+most+spoken+language+in+Canada&rft.date=2008-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2FPunjabi_is_Canadas_2nd_most_top_language%2Farticleshow%2F2782138.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf">"Statement 1 : Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201042328/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+1+%3A+Abstract+of+speakers%27+strength+of+languages+and+mother+tongues+%E2%80%93+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011Census%2FLanguage-2011%2FStatement-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement7.aspx">"Growth of Scheduled Languages-1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001"</a>. <i>Census of India</i>. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150220040137/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement7.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+India&rft.atitle=Growth+of+Scheduled+Languages-1971%2C+1981%2C+1991+and+2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2FCensus_Data_2001%2FCensus_Data_Online%2FLanguage%2FStatement7.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada (9 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm">"Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Canada [Country] - Mother tongue"</a>. <i>Statistics Canada</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620062958/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=Profile+table%2C+Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census+of+Population+-+Canada+%5BCountry%5D+-+Mother+tongue&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft.au=Government+of+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">273,000 in England and Wales, and 23,000 in Scotland: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/2011censusquickstatisticsforenglandandwales/2013-01-30#tab-Main-language">"2011 Census: Quick Statistics for England and Wales, March 2011"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924114917/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-wards-and-output-areas-in-england-and-wales/STB-2011-census--quick-statistics-for-england-and-wales--march-2011.html#tab-Main-language">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Census%3A+Quick+Statistics+for+England+and+Wales%2C+March+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fbulletins%2F2011censusquickstatisticsforenglandandwales%2F2013-01-30%23tab-Main-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305105638/https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/additional_tables/AT_002_2011.xls">"Table AT_002_2011 – Language used at home other than English (detailed), Scotland"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/additional_tables/AT_002_2011.xls">the original</a> on 5 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+AT_002_2011+%E2%80%93+Language+used+at+home+other+than+English+%28detailed%29%2C+Scotland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandscensus.gov.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fadditional_tables%2FAT_002_2011.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/us-survey-puts-punjabi-speakers-in-us-at-2-8-lakh/articleshow/62121520.cms">"US survey puts Punjabi speakers in US at 2.8 lakh"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 18 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422124317/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/us-survey-puts-punjabi-speakers-in-us-at-2-8-lakh/articleshow/62121520.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=US+survey+puts+Punjabi+speakers+in+US+at+2.8+lakh&rft.date=2017-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchandigarh%2Fus-survey-puts-punjabi-speakers-in-us-at-2-8-lakh%2Farticleshow%2F62121520.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lahn1241">"Glottolog 4.8 - Greater Panjabic"</a>. <i>glottolog.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230713015712/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lahn1241">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=glottolog.org&rft.atitle=Glottolog+4.8+-+Greater+Panjabic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Flahn1241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/lah">Punjabi language</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (26th ed., 2023) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1979198-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1979198_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1979">Shackle 1979</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZograph2023" class="citation book cs1">Zograph, G. A. (2023). "Chapter 3". <i>Languages of South Asia: A Guide</i> (Reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000831597" title="Special:BookSources/9781000831597"><bdi>9781000831597</bdi></a>. <q>LAHNDA – Lahnda (Lahndi) or Western Panjabi is the name given to a group of dialects spread over the northern half of Pakistan. In the north, they come into contact with the Dardic languages with which they share some common features, In the east, they turn gradually into Panjabi, and in the south into Sindhi. In the south-east there is a clearly defined boundary between Lahnda and Rajasthani, and in the west a similarly well-marked boundary between it and the Iranian languages Baluchi and Pushtu. The number of people speaking Lahnda can only be guessed at: it is probably in excess of 20 million.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3&rft.btitle=Languages+of+South+Asia%3A+A+Guide&rft.pages=52&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781000831597&rft.aulast=Zograph&rft.aufirst=G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2003587-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003587_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle2003">Shackle 2003</a>, p. 587.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2003588-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003588_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle2003">Shackle 2003</a>, p. 588.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaramat" class="citation cs2">Karamat, Nayyara, <i>Phonemic inventory of Punjabi</i>, p. 182, <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1248">10.1.1.695.1248</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonemic+inventory+of+Punjabi&rft.pages=182&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.695.1248%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Karamat&rft.aufirst=Nayyara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Used in conjunction with another consonant, commonly <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ج</span> or <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ی</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ArLaam (similar to ArNoon) has been added to Unicode since Unicode 13.0.0, which can be found in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U08A0.pdf">Unicode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200228072827/http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U08A0.pdf">Archived</a> 28 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_Extended-A" title="Arabic Extended-A">Arabic Extended-A</a> 08C7, PDF Pg 73 under "Arabic Letter for Punjabi" 08C7 : ࣇ Arabic Letter Lam With Small Arabic Letter Tah Above</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2003589-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003589_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle2003">Shackle 2003</a>, p. 589.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica199197-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica199197_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica 1991</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAroraAroraSinglaAgrawal2007" class="citation journal cs1">Arora, K. K.; Arora, S.; Singla, S. R.; Agrawal, S. S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3350695">"SAMPA for Hindi and Punjabi based on their Acoustic and Phonetic Characteristics"</a>. <i>Proceedings Oriental COCOSDA</i>: <span class="nowrap">4–</span>6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031533/https://www.academia.edu/3350695">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+Oriental+COCOSDA&rft.atitle=SAMPA+for+Hindi+and+Punjabi+based+on+their+Acoustic+and+Phonetic+Characteristics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Arora&rft.aufirst=K.+K.&rft.au=Arora%2C+S.&rft.au=Singla%2C+S.+R.&rft.au=Agrawal%2C+S.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3350695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996" class="citation book cs1">Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). <i>The Sounds of the World's Languages</i>. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">190–</span>191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0631198154" title="Special:BookSources/978-0631198154"><bdi>978-0631198154</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sounds+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E190-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0631198154&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Maddieson%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBhatia1999" class="citation book cs1">Bhatia, Tej (1999). "Lexican Anaphors and Pronouns in Punjabi". In Lust, Barbara; Gair, James (eds.). <i>Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages</i>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 637. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014388-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014388-1"><bdi>978-3-11-014388-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lexican+Anaphors+and+Pronouns+in+Punjabi&rft.btitle=Lexical+Anaphors+and+Pronouns+in+Selected+South+Asian+Languages&rft.pages=637&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-11-014388-1&rft.aulast=Bhatia&rft.aufirst=Tej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span> Other tonal Indo-Aryan languages include <a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Western Pahari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic languages</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailey-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailey, T.Grahame (1919), <i>English-Punjabi Dictionary</i>, introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singh, Sukhvindar, "Tone Rules and Tone Sandhi in Punjabi".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowden-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowden_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowden_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowden_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowden, A.L. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3982&context=etd">"Punjabi Tonemics and the Gurmukhi Script: A Preliminary Study"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192042/https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3982&context=etd">Archived</a> 17 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMajor_Gurmukh_SinghShiv_Sharma_JoshiMukhtiar_Singh_GillManmandar_Singh2018" class="citation cs2">Major Gurmukh Singh; Shiv Sharma Joshi; Mukhtiar Singh Gill; Manmandar Singh; Kuljit Kapur; Suman Preet, eds. (2018), <i>Punjabi University Punjabi-English Dictionary</i> (ਛੇਵੀਂ ed.), Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113676548" class="extiw" title="d:Q113676548">Q113676548</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjabi+University+Punjabi-English+Dictionary&rft.place=Patiala&rft.edition=%E0%A8%9B%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%82&rft.pub=Publication+Bureau%2C+Punjabi+University&rft.date=2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Punjabi University (2018). p. 281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Punjabi University (2018). p. 194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Punjabi University (2018). p. 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Punjabi University (2018). p. 369</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pu300-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pu300_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pu300_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Punjabi University (2018). p. 300</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kanwal, J.; Ritchart, A.V (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS2015/Papers/ICPHS0929.pdf">"An experimental investigation of tonogenesis in Punjabi".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418161201/https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS2015/Papers/ICPHS0929.pdf">Archived</a> 18 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Proceedings of the 18th International of Phonetic Sciences, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lata, Swaran; Arora, Swati (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tdil.meity.gov.in/WSI/papers/updated-ICHCI_SL%20SA.pdf">"Laryngeal Tonal characteristics of Punjabi: An Experimental Study"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092956/http://www.tdil.meity.gov.in/WSI/papers/updated-ICHCI_SL%20SA.pdf">Archived</a> 18 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baart, J.L.G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.ws/kcs_kalam/tonefeat.pdf">"Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728101201/http://www.geocities.ws/kcs_kalam/tonefeat.pdf">Archived</a> 28 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1991149-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1991149_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica 1991</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gill, Harjeet Singh and Gleason Jr, Henry A. (1969). <i>A Reference Grammar of Panjabi</i>. Patiala: Department of Linguistics, Punjabi University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_pan">"WALS Online – Language Panjabi"</a>. <i>wals.info</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212073124/https://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_pan">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wals.info&rft.atitle=WALS+Online+%E2%80%93+Language+Panjabi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwals.info%2Flanguoid%2Flect%2Fwals_code_pan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle2003">Shackle (2003</a>:599)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle2003">Shackle (2003</a>:601)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica (1991</a>:257)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frawley2003-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frawley2003_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frawley2003_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrawley2003" class="citation book cs1">Frawley, William (2003). <i>International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 423. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513977-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513977-8"><bdi>978-0-19-513977-8</bdi></a>. <q>Hindus and Sikhs generally use the Gurmukhi script; but Hindus have also begun to write Punjabi in the Devanagari script, as employed for Hindi. Muslims tend to write Punjabi in the Perso-Arabic script, which is also employed for Urdu. Muslim speakers borrow a large number of words from Persian and Arabic; however, the basic Punjabi vocabulary is mainly composed of <i>tadbhava</i> words, i.e. those descended from Sanskrit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics%3A+4-Volume+Set&rft.pages=423&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513977-8&rft.aulast=Frawley&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBhatia1993" class="citation book cs1">Bhatia, Tej K. (1993). <i>Punjabi: A Conginitive-descriptive Grammar</i>. Psychology Press. p. xxxii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-00320-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-00320-9"><bdi>978-0-415-00320-9</bdi></a>. <q>Punjabi vocabulary is mainly composed of <i>tadbhav</i> words, i.e., words derived from Sanskrit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjabi%3A+A+Conginitive-descriptive+Grammar&rft.pages=xxxii&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-00320-9&rft.aulast=Bhatia&rft.aufirst=Tej+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhatia2008128-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhatia2008128_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhatia2008">Bhatia 2008</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201612–13-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201612–13_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhardwaj2016">Bhardwaj 2016</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain200353,_57–8-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain200353,_57–8_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJain2003">Jain 2003</a>, pp. 53, 57–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZograph2023" class="citation book cs1">Zograph, G. A. (2023). "Chapter 3". <i>Languages of South Asia: A Guide</i> (Reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000831597" title="Special:BookSources/9781000831597"><bdi>9781000831597</bdi></a>. <q>Devanagari itself is also used for Panjabi, if more rarely.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3&rft.btitle=Languages+of+South+Asia%3A+A+Guide&rft.pages=52&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781000831597&rft.aulast=Zograph&rft.aufirst=G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENayar196646_ff-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENayar196646_ff_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNayar1966">Nayar 1966</a>, pp. 46 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201612-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201612_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhardwaj2016">Bhardwaj 2016</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2003594-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003594_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003594_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle2003">Shackle 2003</a>, p. 594.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/punjabi/">"Punjabi Language – Structure, Writing & Alphabet – MustGo"</a>. <i>MustGo.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123124609/https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/punjabi/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MustGo.com&rft.atitle=Punjabi+Language+%E2%80%93+Structure%2C+Writing+%26+Alphabet+%E2%80%93+MustGo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mustgo.com%2Fworldlanguages%2Fpunjabi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201615-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201615_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhardwaj2016">Bhardwaj 2016</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/arts/shiv%20batalvi/Shiv%20batalvi.htm">Shiv Kumar Batalvi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030410071639/http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/arts/shiv%20batalvi/Shiv%20batalvi.htm">Archived</a> 10 April 2003 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> sikh-heritage.co.uk.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMelvin_EmberCarol_R._EmberIan_A._Skoggard2005" class="citation book cs1">Melvin Ember; Carol R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Recorder&rft.atitle=Two-member+SC+bench+refers+Punjabi+language+case+to+CJP&rft.date=2015-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brecorder.com%2Ftop-news%2F109-world-top-news%2F254518-two-member-sc-bench-refers-punjabi-language-case-to-cjp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mind your language—The movement for the preservation of Punjabi". <i>The Herald</i>. 2 September 2106. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223065731/http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153482">"Mind your language—The movement for the preservation of Punjabi – People & Society – Herald"</a>. herald.dawn.com. 4 August 2016. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Punjabi+in+schools%3A+Pro-Punjabi+outfits+in+Pakistan+threaten+hunger+strike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchandigarh%2FPunjabi-in-schools-Pro-Punjabi-outfits-in-Pakistan-threaten-hunger-strike%2Farticleshow%2F49214265.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Rally for Ending the 150-year-old Ban on Education in Punjabi" <i>The Nation.</i> 21 February 2011. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nation.com.pk/lahore/21-Feb-2011/Rally-for-ending-150yearold-ban-on-education-in-Punjabi">"Rally for ending 150-year-old 'ban on education in Punjabi"</a>. nation.com.pk. 21 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307142807/http://nation.com.pk/lahore/21-Feb-2011/Rally-for-ending-150yearold-ban-on-education-in-Punjabi">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rally+for+ending+150-year-old+%27ban+on+education+in+Punjabi&rft.pub=nation.com.pk&rft.date=2011-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnation.com.pk%2Flahore%2F21-Feb-2011%2FRally-for-ending-150yearold-ban-on-education-in-Punjabi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Khokhlova-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khokhlova_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khokhlova_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhokhlova2014" class="citation journal cs1">Khokhlova, Liudmila (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/4600/1/02Khokhlova.pdf">"Majority Language Death"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Language Endangerment and Preservation in South Asia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/4600/1/02Khokhlova.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2017</span>. <q>Punjabi was nonetheless included in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India and came to be recognized as one of the fifteen official languages of the country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Endangerment+and+Preservation+in+South+Asia&rft.atitle=Majority+Language+Death&rft.date=2014-01&rft.aulast=Khokhlova&rft.aufirst=Liudmila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fbitstream%2F10125%2F4600%2F1%2F02Khokhlova.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=2123&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX">"Fifty Years of Punjab Politics (1920–70)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Panjab_Digital_Library" title="Panjab Digital Library">Panjab Digital Library</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190106204510/http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=2123&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2017</span>. <q>in India, Punjabi is an official language as well as the first language of the state of Punjab (with secondary status in Delhi and widespread use in Haryana).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Language%2C+the+Nation%2C+and+Symbolic+Capital%3A+The+Case+of+Punjab&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E917-%3C%2Fspan%3E946&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021911808001204&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56127067%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ayres&rft.aufirst=Alyssa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falyssaayres.com%2Fpdf%2FAyres-JAS-Language-Nation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumar2004" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Ashutosh (2004). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2017</span>. <q>Languages taught in the State under the Three Language Formula: First Language : Hindi Second Language : Punjabi Third language : English</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=52nd+Report+of+the+Commissioner+for+Linguistic+Minorities+in+India&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=National+Commission+on+Linguistic+Minorities&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnclm.nic.in%2Fshared%2Flinkimages%2FNCLM52ndReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2015" class="citation web cs1">Singh, Jasmine (13 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/spectrum/serial-killer/130865.html">"Serial killer"</a>. <i>The Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150916044000/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/spectrum/serial-killer/130865.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cloud+%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%9F+%E0%A8%94%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0+%E0%A8%94%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A8+%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%93+%E2%80%93+Google+%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%9F+%E0%A8%94%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fintl%2Fpa%2Finputtools%2Ftry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBhardwaj2016" class="citation cs2">Bhardwaj, Mangat Rai (2016), <i>Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315760803">10.4324/9781315760803</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138793859" title="Special:BookSources/9781138793859"><bdi>9781138793859</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panjabi%3A+A+Comprehensive+Grammar&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315760803&rft.isbn=9781138793859&rft.aulast=Bhardwaj&rft.aufirst=Mangat+Rai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBhatia2008" class="citation cs2">Bhatia, Tej K. (2008), "Major regional languages", in Braj B. Kachru; Yamuna Kachru; S.N. Sridhar (eds.), <i>Language in South Asia</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">121–</span>131, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511619069.008">10.1017/CBO9780511619069.008</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511619069" title="Special:BookSources/9780511619069"><bdi>9780511619069</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Major+regional+languages&rft.btitle=Language+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511619069.008&rft.isbn=9780511619069&rft.aulast=Bhatia&rft.aufirst=Tej+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrierson1916" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/George_Abraham_Grierson" title="George Abraham Grierson">Grierson, George A.</a> (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=9-1&pages=843"><i>Linguistic Survey of India</i></a>. 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Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Survey+of+India&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Superintendent+of+Government+Printing%2C+India&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Grierson&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Fbooks%2Flsi%2Flsi.php%3Fvolume%3D9-1%26pages%3D843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJain2003" class="citation cs2">Jain, Dhanesh (2003), "Sociolinguistics of the Indo-Aryan Languages", in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.), <i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i>, Routledge, pp. <span class="nowrap">46–</span>66, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNayar1966" class="citation cs2">Nayar, Baldev Raj (1966), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WBrWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46"><i>Minority Politics in the Punjab</i></a>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400875948" title="Special:BookSources/9781400875948"><bdi>9781400875948</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402155514/https://books.google.com/books?id=WBrWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46">archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2019</span></cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Gypsy+Lore+Society&rft.atitle=Marginality+and+language+use%3A+the+example+of+peripatetics+in+Afghanistan&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Aparna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015077550260%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShackle1979" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Shackle" title="Christopher Shackle">Shackle, Christopher</a> (1979). "Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab". <i>Transactions of the Philological Society</i>. <b>77</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">191–</span>210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x">10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0079-1636">0079-1636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Philological+Society&rft.atitle=Problems+of+classification+in+Pakistan+Panjab&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E210&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x&rft.issn=0079-1636&rft.aulast=Shackle&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShackle2003" class="citation cs2">Shackle, Christopher (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&q=indo-aryan+languages&pg=PA581">"Panjabi"</a>, in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.), <i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i>, Routledge, pp. <span class="nowrap">581–</span>621, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77294-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77294-5"><bdi>978-0-415-77294-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402155504/https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&q=indo-aryan+languages&pg=PA581">archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Panjabi&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E581-%3C%2Fspan%3E621&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77294-5&rft.aulast=Shackle&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjPR2OlbTbdkC%26q%3Dindo-aryan%2Blanguages%26pg%3DPA581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Bhatia, Tej. 1993 and 2010. <i>Punjabi : a cognitive-descriptive grammar</i>. London: Routledge. Series: Descriptive grammars.</li> <li>Gill H.S. [Harjit Singh] and Gleason, H.A. 1969. A reference grammar of Punjabi. Revised edition. Patiala, Punjab, India: Languages Department, Punjab University.</li> <li>Chopra, R. M., Perso-Arabic Words in Punjabi, in: Indo-Iranica Vol.53 (1–4).</li> <li>Chopra, R. M.., The Legacy of The Punjab, 1997, Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta.</li> <li>Singh, Chander Shekhar (2004). Punjabi Prosody: The Old Tradition and The New Paradigm. Sri Lanka: Polgasowita: Sikuru Prakasakayo.</li> <li>Singh, Chander Shekhar (2014). Punjabi Intonation: An Experimental Study. Muenchen: LINCOM EUROPA.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Punjabi_phrasebook#Q58635" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Punjabi phrasebook">Punjabi</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="pa:"> Eastern Punjabi edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="pnb:"> Western Punjabi edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shabdkosh.com/pa/">English to Punjabi Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100310134224/http://www.shabdkosh.com/pa/">Archived</a> 10 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24046-arabic-noon-ring.pdf">Proposal to encode ARABIC LETTER NOON WITH RING ABOVE</a> at the Unicode Website</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">8th schedule</a> to the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> (Manipuri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State-level only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_language" title="Garo language">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRNB_lects" class="mw-redirect" title="KRNB lects">Kamatapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_language" title="Kharia language">Kharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rai languages">Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rajbangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Major<br />unofficial<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#More_than_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Over 1 million<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangri dialect">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#100,000_to_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">100,000 – 1 million<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi language">Adi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami_language" title="Angami language">Angami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongsen_Ao_language" title="Mongsen Ao language">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badaga_language" title="Badaga language">Badaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimasa_language" title="Dimasa language">Dimasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotta_Bhasha" title="Khotta Bhasha">Khotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolami language">Kolami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_language" title="Konyak language">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korku_language" title="Korku language">Korku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koya_language" title="Koya language">Koya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_language_(India)" title="Kui language (India)">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvi_language" title="Kuvi language">Kuvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotha_language" title="Lotha language">Lotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malto_language" title="Malto language">Malto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mising_language" title="Mising language">Mising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishi_language" title="Nishi language">Nishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phom_language" title="Phom language">Phom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabha_language" title="Rabha language">Rabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sema_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sema language">Sema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_language" title="Sora language">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhul_language" title="Tangkhul language">Tangkhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thadou_language" title="Thadou language">Thadou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Languages of India">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_in_India" title="Multilingualism in India">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_India" title="List of endangered languages in India">Endangered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_states_by_most_spoken_scheduled_languages" title="Indian states by most spoken scheduled languages">Scheduled languages in states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Pakistan173" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Languages of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Languages of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Pakistan173" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(by <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">administrative unit</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwari_language" title="Dehwari language">Dehwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanetsi" title="Wanetsi">Wanetsi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_language" title="Dawoodi language">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgi_language" title="Purgi language">Purgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gowro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha-mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamviri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamviri dialect">Kamviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohistani_Shina" title="Kohistani Shina">Kohistani Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiyali_language" title="Mankiyali language">Mankiyali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormuri" title="Ormuri">Ormuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Dardic)" title="Sawi language (Dardic)">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhani_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shekhani dialect">Shekhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torwali_language" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristani_dialect" title="Waziristani dialect">Wazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha_language" title="Yidgha language">Yidgha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabutra_language" title="Kabutra language">Kabutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pothwari Punjabi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangri_dialect_(Haryanvi)" title="Rangri dialect (Haryanvi)">Rangri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaya_language" title="Bhaya language">Bhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogi_language" title="Jogi language">Jogi</a></li> <li>Koli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli_language" title="Kachi Koli language">Kachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli_language" title="Wadiyara Koli language">Wadiyara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangri_dialect_(Haryanvi)" title="Rangri dialect (Haryanvi)">Rangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Pakistani Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_in_Pakistan" title="Hindi in Pakistan">Pakistani Hindi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indo-Aryan_languages457" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template talk:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-Aryan_languages457" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kashmiri</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishtwari" title="Kishtwari">Kishtwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokskat" title="Brokskat">Brokskat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Dardic)" title="Sawi language (Dardic)">Sawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pashayi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashayi_languages" title="Pashayi languages">Pashayi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kunar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangalami_language" title="Nangalami language">Nangalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumashti_language" title="Shumashti language">Shumashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotapuri-Katarqalai_language" title="Wotapuri-Katarqalai language">Wotapuri-Katarqalai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chitral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar" title="Khowar">Khowar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazara Division</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gowro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirahi_language" title="Tirahi language">Tirahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiyali_language" title="Mankiyali language">Mankiyali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doteli" title="Doteli">Doteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumli_language" title="Jumli language">Jumli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_language" title="Kangri language">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadarwahi_language" title="Bhadarwahi language">Bhadarwahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churahi" title="Churahi">Churahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhateali" title="Bhateali">Bhateali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspuri" title="Bilaspuri">Bilaspuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambeali" title="Chambeali">Chambeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddi_language" title="Gaddi language">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangwali" title="Pangwali">Pangwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandeali" title="Mandeali">Mandeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasu_Pahari" title="Mahasu Pahari">Mahasu Pahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_language" title="Jaunsari language">Jaunsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullui" title="Kullui">Kullui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari_Kinnauri_language" title="Pahari Kinnauri language">Pahari Kinnauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduri_language" title="Hinduri language">Hinduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmauri_language" title="Sirmauri language">Sirmauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazi_language" title="Sarazi language">Sarazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Punjabi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inku_language" title="Inku language">Inku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">Sindhi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholosi_language" title="Kholosi language">Kholosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwati_language" title="Luwati language">Luwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_languages" title="Gujarati languages">Gujarati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisan_ud-Dawat" title="Lisan ud-Dawat">Lisan ud-Dawat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a></li> <li>Koli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli_language" title="Kachi Koli language">Kachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli_language" title="Wadiyara Koli language">Wadiyara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_language" title="Saurashtra language">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewati_language" title="Mewati language">Mewati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhawati_language" title="Shekhawati language">Shekhawati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bhil_languages" title="Bhil languages">Bhil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilali_language" title="Bhilali language">Bhilali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chodri_language" title="Chodri language">Chodri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhodia%E2%80%93Kukna_language" title="Dhodia–Kukna language">Dhodia–Kukna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanki_language" title="Dhanki language">Dhanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubli_language" title="Dubli language">Dubli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauria_language" title="Bauria language">Bauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilori_language" title="Bhilori language">Bhilori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawchi_language" title="Mawchi language">Mawchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magari_language" title="Magari language">Magari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palya_Bareli_language" title="Palya Bareli language">Palya Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri_Bareli_language" title="Pauri Bareli language">Pauri Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathwi_Bareli_language" title="Rathwi Bareli language">Rathwi Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardhi_language" title="Pardhi language">Pardhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamit_language" title="Gamit language">Gamit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalto_language" title="Kalto language">Kalto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasavi_language" title="Vasavi language">Vasavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaagri_Booli_language" title="Vaagri Booli language">Vaagri Booli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_language" title="Dawoodi language">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Romani_languages" title="Template:Romani languages">list of languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauravi_dialect" title="Kauravi dialect">Kauravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a>/<a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu" title="Hyderabadi Urdu">Hyderabadi Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauji_language" title="Kannauji language">Kannauji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhukkadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhukkadi">Sadhukkadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parya_language" title="Parya language">Parya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Bihari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bhojpuric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magahi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maithili</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sadanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tharuic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kochila_Tharu" title="Kochila Tharu">Kochila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buksa_language" title="Buksa language">Buksa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhi_language" title="Majhi language">Majhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musasa_language" title="Musasa language">Musasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumhali_language" title="Kumhali language">Kumhali</a></li> <li>Kuswaric <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bote-Darai_language" title="Bote-Darai language">Bote-Darai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danwar_language" title="Danwar language">Danwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gauda%E2%80%93Kamarupa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda–Kamarupa languages">Gauda–<br />Kamarupa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bengali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri language">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_Thar_language" title="Kharia Thar language">Kharia Thar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmukar_language" title="Kurmukar language">Kurmukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_Paharia_language" title="Mal Paharia language">Mal Paharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhailla_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Noakhailla language">Noakhailla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_language" title="Tanchangya language">Tanchangya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kamarupic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamrupi_dialects" title="Kamrupi dialects">Kamrupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalpariya_dialects" title="Goalpariya dialects">Goalpariya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_language_(Nepal)" title="Rajbanshi language (Nepal)">Rajbanshi (Nepal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chittagonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Odia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_language" title="Sambalpuri language">Sambalpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desia_language" title="Desia language">Desia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatri_language" title="Bhatri language">Bhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_Parja_language" title="Bodo Parja language">Bodo Parja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reli_language" title="Reli language">Reli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupia_language" title="Kupia language">Kupia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halbic_languages" title="Halbic languages">Halbic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamar_language" title="Kamar language">Kamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhunjia_language_(Halbic)" title="Bhunjia language (Halbic)">Bhunjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahari_language" title="Nahari language">Nahari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marathi-Konkani_languages" title="Marathi-Konkani languages">Marathi–<br />Konkani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marathic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andh_language" title="Andh language">Andh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar-Deccan_Marathi" title="Berar-Deccan Marathi">Berar Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varli_language" title="Varli language">Varli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phudagi_language" title="Phudagi language">Phudagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katkari_language" title="Katkari language">Katkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadodi_language" title="Kadodi language">Kadodi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konkanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Konkani">Maharashtrian Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarese_Konkani" title="Canarese Konkani">Canarese Konkani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Sanskrit">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_superstrate_in_Mitanni" title="Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni">Mitanni superstrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashokan_Prakrit" title="Ashokan Prakrit">Ashokan Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Early Ardhamagadhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle (<a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Hybrid_Sanskrit" title="Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit">Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_Prakrit" title="Dramatic Prakrit">Dramatic Prakrits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Ardhamagadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhari_language" title="Gandhari language">Gāndhārī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_Prakrit" title="Gaudi Prakrit">Gaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paishachi" title="Paishachi">Paishachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late (<a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abahattha" title="Abahattha">Abahattha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elu" title="Elu">Elu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarupi_Prakrit" title="Kamarupi Prakrit">Kamarupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa Prakrit language">Khasa Prakrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazigar_language" title="Bazigar language">Bazigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinali%E2%80%93Lahul_languages" title="Chinali–Lahul languages">Chinali–Lahul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinali_language" title="Chinali language">Chinali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahul_Lohar_language" title="Lahul Lohar language">Lahul Lohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhgal" title="Sheikhgal">Sheikhgal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins<br />and creoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindi" title="Andaman Creole Hindi">Andaman Creole Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bombay Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haflong_Hindi" title="Haflong Hindi">Haflong Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagamese_creole" title="Nagamese creole">Nagamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefamese" title="Nefamese">Nefamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pakistan_articles445" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistan_topics" title="Template:Pakistan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistan_topics" title="Template talk:Pakistan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pakistan_articles445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Indo-Sassanid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Indo-Hephthalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Solanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Qasim" title="Muhammad ibn al-Qasim">Muhammad ibn al-Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pre-colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">Sikh Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Raj" title="History of the British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Movement" title="Aligarh Movement">Aligarh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-nation theory (Pakistan)">Two nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Jinnah's 14 Points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Dominion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Monarchy of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_states_of_Pakistan" title="Princely states of Pakistan">Princely states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">1947 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat%E2%80%93Nehru_Pact" title="Liaquat–Nehru Pact">Liaquat–Nehru Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Pact">Baghdad Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Pakistan (1947–present)">1947–present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Waters_Treaty" title="Indus Waters Treaty">Indus Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">1965 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1971)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1971)">1971 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">1971 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project-706" title="Project-706">Project-706</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Islamisation</a></li> <li>Insurgencies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Balochistan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">KPK insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Pakistani coup d'état">Liberalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Geography of Pakistan">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Pakistan" title="List of beaches in Pakistan">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts_of_Pakistan" title="List of deserts of Pakistan">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of Pakistan">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Pakistan" title="List of islands of Pakistan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Pakistan" title="List of lakes of Pakistan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges_of_Pakistan" title="List of mountain ranges of Pakistan">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes#Pakistan" title="List of mountain passes">Passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Pakistan" title="List of rivers of Pakistan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Pakistan" title="Topography of Pakistan">Topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_Pakistan" title="List of valleys in Pakistan">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of Pakistan">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_wetland_sites_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ramsar wetland sites in Pakistan">Wetlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwatar_Bay" title="Gwatar Bay">Gwatar Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indus Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothohar Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Range" title="Salt Range">Salt Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_Basin" title="Sistan Basin">Sistan Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Pakistan" title="Geology of Pakistan">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mines_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Coal mines in Pakistan">Coal fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_fields_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Natural gas fields in Pakistan">Gas fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minerals_of_Pakistan" title="List of minerals of Pakistan">Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_fields_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Oil fields of Pakistan">Oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Pakistan" title="List of volcanoes in Pakistan">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_floods_in_Pakistan" title="List of floods in Pakistan">Floods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of botanical gardens in Pakistan">Botanical gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Pakistan" title="List of ecoregions in Pakistan">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Pakistan" title="Climate change in Pakistan">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Pakistan" title="Environmental issues in Pakistan">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan" title="Forestry in Pakistan">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Pakistan" title="Protected areas of Pakistan">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Pakistan" title="List of national parks of Pakistan">national parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_game_reserves_of_Pakistan" title="List of game reserves of Pakistan">game reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_in_Pakistan" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries in Pakistan">sanctuaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Pakistan" title="Wildlife of Pakistan">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Pakistan" title="Flora of Pakistan">flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Pakistan" title="Fauna of Pakistan">fauna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_in_Pakistan" title="List of zoos in Pakistan">Zoos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_sites_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological sites in Pakistan">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Borders of Pakistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Pakistan" title="Climate of Pakistan">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_weather_records_in_Pakistan" title="List of extreme weather records in Pakistan">weather records</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Borders of Pakistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_in_Pakistan" title="List of natural disasters in Pakistan">Natural disasters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Pakistan" title="List of earthquakes in Pakistan">earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_floods#Pakistan" title="List of floods">floods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Subdivisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan" title="Districts of Pakistan">districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Pakistan">cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Governance445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Governance</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Pakistan)" title="National Security Council (Pakistan)">National Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_National_Security_(Pakistan)" title="Cabinet Committee on National Security (Pakistan)">C<sup>2</sup>NS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Command_Authority_(Pakistan)" title="National Command Authority (Pakistan)">NCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">National government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Pakistan" title="Cabinet of Pakistan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_provincial_governments_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of provincial governments of Pakistan">Provincial governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Pakistani_governors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current Pakistani governors">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Pakistani_chief_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current Pakistani chief ministers">Chief Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Pakistan" title="Local government in Pakistan">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_councils_of_Pakistan" title="Union councils of Pakistan">Union councils</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Majlis-e-Shoora</i>)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Senate of Pakistan">Senate <span style="font-size:85%;">(upper house)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan">Chairman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly <span style="font-size:85%;">(lower house)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan">Speaker</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Provincial_Assemblies_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Provincial Assemblies of Pakistan">Provincial assemblies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Pakistan" title="Judiciary of Pakistan">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Judicial_Council_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Judicial Council of Pakistan">Supreme Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Justice of Pakistan">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Shariat_Court" title="Federal Shariat Court">Federal Shariat Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Courts_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts of Pakistan">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Courts_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="District Courts of Pakistan">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan" title="Elections in Pakistan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Pakistan" title="Foreign relations of Pakistan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan" title="Feudalism in Pakistan">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Pakistan" title="List of political parties in Pakistan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan" title="Military coups in Pakistan">Martial law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Pakistan" title="Law of Pakistan">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Framework_Order,_2002" title="Legal Framework Order, 2002">LFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Penal_Code" title="Pakistan Penal Code">PPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Bill" title="Women's Protection Bill">WPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Constitutional_Order" title="Provisional Constitutional Order">PCO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearances_in_Pakistan" title="Enforced disappearances in Pakistan">Enforced disappearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Pakistan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_Department_(Pakistan)" title="Counter Terrorism Department (Pakistan)">Counter Terrorism Department (CTD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Intelligence_community" title="Pakistani Intelligence community">Pakistani Intelligence community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Pakistan" title="Capital punishment in Pakistan">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Pakistan" title="Terrorism in Pakistan">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Military history of Pakistan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Marines" title="Pakistan Marines">Marines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Armed_Forces" title="Civil Armed Forces">Civil Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistan" title="Electricity sector in Pakistan">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Thermal" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Hydroelectricity" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan" title="Nuclear power in Pakistan">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Pakistan" title="Solar power in Pakistan">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Pakistan" title="Wind power in Pakistan">Wind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Pakistan" title="Foreign aid to Pakistan">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Petroleum industry in Pakistan">Fuel extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Pakistan" title="Housing in Pakistan">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Commission_(Pakistan)" title="Planning Commission (Pakistan)">Planning Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Post" title="Pakistan Post">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Pakistan" title="Poverty in Pakistan">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Pakistan" title="List of tallest buildings in Pakistan">Tallest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Pakistan" title="Telecommunications in Pakistan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Pakistan" title="Transport in Pakistan">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Pakistan" title="List of bridges in Pakistan">Bridges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Pakistan" title="Water resources management in Pakistan">Water management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Pakistan" title="Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Pakistan" title="Industry of Pakistan">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Aeronautical_Complex" title="Pakistan Aeronautical Complex">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pakistan" title="Agriculture in Pakistan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_Pakistan" title="Defence industry of Pakistan">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Automotive industry in Pakistan">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Pakistan">Fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan" title="Forestry in Pakistan">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_Pakistan" title="Animal husbandry in Pakistan">Husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_Pakistan" title="Labour in Pakistan">Labour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Pakistan" title="Child labour in Pakistan">Child</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Pakistan" title="Mass media in Pakistan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Pakistan" title="Mining in Pakistan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Textile industry in Pakistan">Textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Silk in the Indian subcontinent">Silk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Pakistan" title="Tourism in Pakistan">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Pakistan" title="Banking in Pakistan">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Pakistan" title="List of banks in Pakistan">Banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Pakistan" title="List of companies of Pakistan">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Investment_(Pakistan)" title="Board of Investment (Pakistan)">Investment board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">Rupee <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_%26_Exchange_Commission_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities & Exchange Commission of Pakistan">Securities & Exchange Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of stock exchanges">Stock markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trading_Corporation_of_Pakistan" title="Trading Corporation of Pakistan">Trading Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sector_of_Pakistan" title="Corporate sector of Pakistan">Corporatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Directive investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan#Economy" title="Pakistan">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauji_Foundation" title="Fauji Foundation">Military economisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalisation_in_Pakistan" title="Nationalisation in Pakistan">Nationalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatisation_in_Pakistan" title="Privatisation in Pakistan">Privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani#Financial_and_economic_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Yousaf Raza Gillani">Public-private partnering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics_in_the_world#Contemporary_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic economics in the world">Redundant Islamic economisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_Culture445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Pakistan">Society and Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Society of Pakistan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurat_March" title="Aurat March">Aurat March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_heritage_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="British heritage of Pakistan">British heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Pakistan" title="Crime in Pakistan">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Pakistan" title="Divorce in Pakistan">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_educational_institutions_in_Pakistan" title="Lists of educational institutions in Pakistan">Institutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan" title="Feudalism in Pakistan">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Gender discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Pakistan" title="Healthcare in Pakistan">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Pakistan" title="List of hospitals in Pakistan">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Pakistan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Pakistan" title="Marriage in Pakistan">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Pakistan" title="Mass media in Pakistan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me_Too_movement_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Me Too movement (Pakistan)">Me Too</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">Pakistanis</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistanis" title="List of Pakistanis">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Pakistan" title="Prostitution in Pakistan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Pakistan" title="Time in Pakistan">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanisation_in_Pakistan" title="Urbanisation in Pakistan">Urbanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistan" title="Demographics of Pakistan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Pakistani">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" title="Ethnic groups in Pakistan">Ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Pakistan" title="Immigration to Pakistan">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Pakistan" title="Youth in Pakistan">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_architecture" title="Pakistani architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Pakistani_films" title="Lists of Pakistani films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Dance in Pakistan">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Pakistan" title="List of festivals in Pakistan">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_folklore" title="Pakistani folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_literature" title="Pakistani literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mushaira" title="Mushaira">Mushaira</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles of Pakistan">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pakistan" title="Theatre of Pakistan">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lifestyle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_clothing" title="Pakistani clothing">Clothing</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shalwar_kameez" title="Shalwar kameez">Shalwar kameez</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mehndi" title="Mehndi">Mehndi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Pakistan" title="Etiquette in Pakistan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_Pakistan" title="Gun law in Pakistan">Gun culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_flags" title="List of Pakistani flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Pakistan" title="Public holidays in Pakistan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_Pakistan" title="List of songs about Pakistan">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="National symbols of Pakistan">Symbols</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Pakistan" title="Sport in Pakistan">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Athletics_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Athletics in Pakistan">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baseball_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Baseball in Pakistan">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Boxing_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Boxing in Pakistan">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Pakistan" title="Cricket in Pakistan">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cycle_racing_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Cycle racing in Pakistan">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Hockey_Federation" title="Pakistan Hockey Federation">Field hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Pakistan" title="Football in Pakistan">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillidanda" title="Gillidanda">Gillidanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Golf_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Golf in Pakistan">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Motorsport_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Motorsport in Pakistan">Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Marathon" title="Lahore Marathon">Marathon (Lahore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_Olympics" title="Pakistan at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_Paralympics" title="Pakistan at the Paralympics">Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polo_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Polo in Pakistan">Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rugby_union_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Rugby union in Pakistan">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squash_in_Pakistan" title="Squash in Pakistan">Squash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swimming_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Swimming in Pakistan">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tennis_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Tennis in Pakistan">Tennis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of botanical gardens in Pakistan">Botanical gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cemeteries_in_Pakistan" title="List of cemeteries in Pakistan">Cemeteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Pakistan" title="List of churches in Pakistan">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forts_in_Pakistan" title="List of forts in Pakistan">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gurdwaras#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gurdwaras">Gurdwaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Pakistan" title="List of Hindu temples in Pakistan">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Pakistan" title="List of libraries in Pakistan">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mausolea_and_shrines_in_Pakistan" title="List of mausolea and shrines in Pakistan">Mausolea and shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Pakistan" title="List of mosques in Pakistan">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Pakistan" title="List of museums in Pakistan">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of parks and gardens in Pakistan">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of stadiums">Stadiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_in_Pakistan" title="List of zoos in Pakistan">Zoos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Pakistan" title="Outline of Pakistan">Basic topics</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan" title="Category:Pakistan">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58635#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1453" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58635#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1453" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58635#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1052139/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/Q217">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4211719-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85097451">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pendjabi (langue)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11965127m">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pendjabi (langue)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11965127m">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000306848&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007560638205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027655806">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_language&oldid=1276959922">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_language&oldid=1276959922</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Punjabi_language" title="Category:Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fusional_languages" title="Category:Fusional languages">Fusional languages</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFJain2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaramat\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhokhlova2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacdonell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasica1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasood2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelvin_EmberCarol_R._EmberIan_A._Skoggard2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenon,_A.S.Kusuman,_K.K.1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMir\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMir,_F.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNayar1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRao1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchiffman,_H.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchiffman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShackle1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShackle2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingha2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSir2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversity_of_the_Punjab2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarraichAli2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaidi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZograph2023\"] = 2,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 1,\n [\"Arabic-script sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 7,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite LSI\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Q\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 51,\n [\"Cn\"] = 3,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"E26\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 13,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 8,\n [\"Harvcoltxt\"] = 3,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IAST\"] = 5,\n [\"IPA\"] = 25,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 51,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Indo-Aryan languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"InterWiki\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang\"] = 89,\n [\"Languages of India\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Pakistan\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 5,\n [\"Lit\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Main article\"] = 2,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Nastaliq\"] = 59,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nq\"] = 20,\n [\"Pakistan topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Punjabi language topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Punjabis\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Resize\"] = 16,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"Section link\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 14,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sigfig\"] = 2,\n [\"Small\"] = 6,\n [\"Spaces\"] = 4,\n [\"Transl\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 19,\n [\"Uninastaliq\"] = 6,\n [\"Unq\"] = 3,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 7,\n [\"Wikibooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n1 1 Mangat Rai Bhardwaj\n1 1 Major Gurmukh Singh\n2 2 Shiv Sharma Joshi\n3 3 Mukhtiar Singh Gill\n4 4 Manmandar Singh\n5 5 Kuljit Kapur\n6 6 Suman Preet\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","320","20.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","11.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","9.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","7.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","60","3.9"],["type","60","3.9"],["mw.executeModule \u003Cmw.lua:467\u003E","40","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","2.6"],["[others]","480","31.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-76d4c66f66-vf72f","timestamp":"20250302033134","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Punjabi language","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Punjabi_language","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q58635","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q58635","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-01-09T05:24:42Z","dateModified":"2025-02-21T20:06:21Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e5\/Punjabi_example.svg","headline":"Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Punjab region of Pakistan and India"}</script> </body> </html>