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<span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vastrap&params=27_50_5_S_21_37_50_E_type:airport"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°50′5″S</span> <span class="longitude">21°37′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27.83472°S 21.63056°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-27.83472; 21.63056</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Airport in Vastrap Weapons Range</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #DDDDFF; color: black; font-size: 125%"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn org">Vastrap Test Range Airfield</div></th></tr><tr style="font-weight:bold;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IATA_airport_code" title="IATA airport code">IATA</a>: <i>none</i></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ICAO_airport_code" title="ICAO airport code">ICAO</a>: <span class="nickname">FAVS</span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #DDDDFF; color: black">Summary</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Airport type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Military <br />(<a href="/wiki/AFB_Bloemspruit" class="mw-redirect" title="AFB Bloemspruit">AFB Bloemspruit</a>)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force" title="South African Air Force">SAAF</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label">Vastrap Weapons Range</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation <a href="/wiki/Height_above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Height above sea level">AMSL</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,234 ft / 986 m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vastrap&params=27_50_5_S_21_37_50_E_type:airport"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°50′5″S</span> <span class="longitude">21°37′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27.83472°S 21.63056°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-27.83472; 21.63056</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-overlays="["_ce8419931c88d519da70935cdbfea809f8879779"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Vastrap&revid=1172574575&groups=_ce8419931c88d519da70935cdbfea809f8879779" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Vastrap&revid=1172574575&groups=_ce8419931c88d519da70935cdbfea809f8879779 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #DDDDFF; color: black"><a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway"><span style="background-color: #DDDDFF; color:black;">Runways</span></a> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:100%; margin:-2px -1px -1px -1px; border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr style="background-color: #e6e6ff"> <th rowspan="2" style="width: 15%; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:0 1px 0 0; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Runway#Naming" title="Runway">Direction</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="width: 50%; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:0 1px 1px 1px; text-align: center;">Length </th> <th rowspan="2" style="width: 35%; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:0 0 0 1px; text-align: center;">Surface </th></tr> <tr style="background-color: #e6e6ff"> <th style="width: 20%; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:1px 1px 0 1px; text-align: center;">ft </th> <th style="width: 20%; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:1px 1px 0 1px; text-align: center;">m </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">18/36 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">5,249 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1,600 </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">Asphalt</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vastrap</b> (Stand firm) is a small military airfield situated in the <a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Desert</a> north east of <a href="/wiki/Upington,_Northern_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Upington, Northern Cape">Upington</a> inside a 700 square kilometre weapons test range of the same name<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">South African National Defence Force</a>. It was constructed to allow the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force" title="South African Air Force">SAAF</a> to practice <a href="/wiki/Tactical_bombing" title="Tactical bombing">tactical bombing</a> operations, and for aircraft to service the <a href="/wiki/SADF" class="mw-redirect" title="SADF">SADF</a>'s defunct underground <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapon</a> test site. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atomic_testing">Atomic testing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vastrap&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Atomic testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The area was selected for nuclear weapons testing due to its remoteness, low population density, stable geological formations and lack of underground rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two underground shafts 385 metres (1,263 ft) and 216 metres (709 ft) in depth and 1 metre (3.3 ft) in diameter were drilled from 1975–1977.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither was ever used to perform a detonation, although instrumented tests were performed. The shafts were sealed with sand and concrete under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> in July 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detection">Detection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vastrap&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The site was first detected by the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Spy_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy satellite">spy satellite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmos_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmos (satellite)">Cosmos</a> 922 when it photographed the area from 21–25 July 1977, and reported to the Americans on 6 August, who in turn confirmed its existence with an overflight of the <a href="/wiki/SR-71_Blackbird" class="mw-redirect" title="SR-71 Blackbird">Lockheed SR-71</a> spy plane.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US then applied pressure on the South Africans for it to be closed;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France also insisted on closure, threatening cancellation of the <a href="/wiki/Koeberg_nuclear_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Koeberg nuclear power station">Koeberg nuclear power station</a> contract.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Albright" title="David Albright">David Albright</a> reported that South African officials believed that an attempt to re-use the site in the late 1980s was detected by Western or Soviet intelligence agencies, and that this discovery influenced the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Accord_(Angola)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Accord (Angola)">Tripartite Accord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Albright_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albright-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an effort to mask activities, a shed was built over one of the shafts, and the water that was pumped out in preparation for a test was hauled away. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Airstrip">Airstrip</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vastrap&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Airstrip"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The airfield is operated by <a href="/wiki/AFB_Bloemspruit" class="mw-redirect" title="AFB Bloemspruit">AFB Bloemspruit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vastrap&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Africa and weapons of mass destruction">South Africa and weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vastrap&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/10204/1075/1/Roach_2006.pdf">"Discussing the Detonation Effects of Large Charges"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/South_African_Navy" title="South African Navy">South African Navy</a>. 9 August 2006. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discussing+the+Detonation+Effects+of+Large+Charges&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=South+African+Navy&rft.date=2006-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchspace.csir.co.za%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F10204%2F1075%2F1%2FRoach_2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVastrap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Van_Loggerenberg,_Richardt_Van_Der_Walt2005" class="citation book cs1">Jan Van Loggerenberg, Richardt Van Der Walt (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_TW9mgeSu0C"><i>Armament and Disarmament: South Africa's Nuclear Experience</i></a>. iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-595-35665-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-595-35665-6"><bdi>0-595-35665-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armament+and+Disarmament%3A+South+Africa%27s+Nuclear+Experience&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-595-35665-6&rft.au=Jan+Van+Loggerenberg%2C+Richardt+Van+Der+Walt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ_TW9mgeSu0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVastrap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Albright1994" class="citation web cs1">David Albright (July–August 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VAwAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1">"South Africa and the Affordable Bomb"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thebulletin.org">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</a>. pp. 37–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa+and+the+Affordable+Bomb&rft.pages=37-47&rft.pub=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fthebulletin.org+Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists%5D&rft.date=1994-07%2F1994-08&rft.au=David+Albright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVAwAAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVastrap" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|publisher=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carnegieendowment.org/files/Tracking_SAfrica.pdf">"Tracking South Africa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Carnegie Endowment. 24 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tracking+South+Africa&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment&rft.date=2007-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Ffiles%2FTracking_SAfrica.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVastrap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nQGSAAAAIAAJ"><i>U.S. Military Involvement in Southern Africa</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/South_End_Press" title="South End Press">South End Press</a>. 1978. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89608-041-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89608-041-2"><bdi>0-89608-041-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Military+Involvement+in+Southern+Africa&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-89608-041-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnQGSAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVastrap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdu_Preez2004" class="citation book cs1">du Preez, Max (2004). <i>Of Warriors, Lovers, and Prophets: Unusual Stories from South Africa's Past</i>. New Holland Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86872-901-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-86872-901-X"><bdi>1-86872-901-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Warriors%2C+Lovers%2C+and+Prophets%3A+Unusual+Stories+from+South+Africa%27s+Past&rft.pub=New+Holland+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-86872-901-X&rft.aulast=du+Preez&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVastrap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>From Defence to Development: Redirecting Military Resources in South Africa</i>. International Development Research Centre. 1998. p. 1921. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88936-853-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88936-853-8"><bdi>0-88936-853-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Defence+to+Development%3A+Redirecting+Military+Resources+in+South+Africa&rft.pages=1921&rft.pub=International+Development+Research+Centre&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-88936-853-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVastrap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albright-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Albright_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Albright1994" class="citation magazine cs1">David Albright (July 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VAwAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA37">"South Africa and the Affordable Bomb"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i>. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=South+Africa+and+the+Affordable+Bomb&rft.pages=44&rft.date=1994-07&rft.au=David+Albright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVAwAAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVastrap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vastrap&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Safrica/SABuildingBombs.html">Photographs of the shafts being sealed</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Defence_Force.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Defence_Force.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Defence_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Defence_Force.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Defence_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Defence_Force.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Defence_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="610" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">This <a href="/wiki/Military_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of South Africa">South African military</a> article is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. You can help Wikipedia by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vastrap&action=edit">expanding it</a>.</p></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SouthAfrica-mil-stub" title="Template:SouthAfrica-mil-stub"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SouthAfrica-mil-stub" title="Template talk:SouthAfrica-mil-stub"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SouthAfrica-mil-stub" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SouthAfrica-mil-stub"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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