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sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Swedish realism</b> is the period in <a href="/wiki/Swedish_literature" title="Swedish literature">Swedish literature</a> that encompassed the last two decades of the 19th century. It is generally considered to have ended in the 1910s but the exact year is a matter of debate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="August_Strindberg">August Strindberg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_realism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: August Strindberg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_August_Strindberg_by_Richard_Bergh_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Portrait_of_August_Strindberg_by_Richard_Bergh_1905.jpg/180px-Portrait_of_August_Strindberg_by_Richard_Bergh_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Portrait_of_August_Strindberg_by_Richard_Bergh_1905.jpg/270px-Portrait_of_August_Strindberg_by_Richard_Bergh_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Portrait_of_August_Strindberg_by_Richard_Bergh_1905.jpg/360px-Portrait_of_August_Strindberg_by_Richard_Bergh_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="1215" /></a><figcaption>Strindberg, painted by Richard Bergh, 1906</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">August Strindberg</a> (1849–1912) was a writer world-famous for his dramas and prose, noted for his exceptional talent and complex intellect.<sup id="cite_ref-StrindbergA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StrindbergA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StrindbergG_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StrindbergG-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1879 he published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Red_Room_(Strindberg)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Red Room (Strindberg)">The Red Room</a></i> (<i>Röda Rummet</i>), which brought him immediate fame. <i>The Red Room</i> was a satirical novel that relentlessly attacked the political, the academic, the philosophical and the religious worlds.<sup id="cite_ref-StrindbergA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StrindbergA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StrindbergG_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StrindbergG-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After several harsh disputes, Strindberg left Sweden in 1883. In 1884, he briefly returned to Stockholm to stand trial in a <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a> case against his collection of short stories <i><a href="/wiki/Married_(Strindberg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Married (Strindberg)">Married</a></i> (<i>Giftas</i>). He was acquitted, but the trial sparked a psychological turmoil that lasted for some 10 years, during which he wrote some of his internationally best known works: the self-examinatory <i>Tjänstekvinnans son</i> (1886–87), <i>En dåres försvarstal</i> (1887–87); and also plays <i>Fadren</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B6ken_Julie" class="mw-redirect" title="Fröken Julie">Fröken Julie</a></i> and <i>Mäster Olof</i> (1886–88).<sup id="cite_ref-StrindbergA_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StrindbergA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StrindbergG_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StrindbergG-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1897 Strindberg engaged himself in <a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">occultism</a>, in particular <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>, leading to a mental breakdown known as his Inferno-crisis. The following year (1897), Strindberg moved back to Sweden and settled in the city <a href="/wiki/Lund" title="Lund">Lund</a>. There, he resurrected his literary production by publishing <i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Strindberg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferno (Strindberg)">Inferno</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-StrindbergA_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StrindbergA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StrindbergG_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StrindbergG-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1898, Strindberg moved back to Stockholm. He continued writing but also engaged himself energetically in debates in a wide range of subjects. His most notable writings during this period were his dramas, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dance_of_Death_(Strindberg)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dance of Death (Strindberg)">The Dance of Death</a></i> (1900) and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Dream_Play" title="A Dream Play">A Dream Play</a></i> (1901).<sup id="cite_ref-StrindbergA_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StrindbergA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StrindbergG_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StrindbergG-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_90s_poets">The 90s poets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_realism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The 90s poets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Swedish 1890s is noted for its poetic <a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">neo-romanticism</a>, a reaction to the socio-realistic literature of the 1880s. The first literary key figure to emerge was <a href="/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam" title="Verner von Heidenstam">Verner von Heidenstam</a> (1859–1940), and his literary debut in 1887 with the collection of poetry <i>Vallfart och vandringsår</i> (Pilgrimage and Wander-Years).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f" title="Selma Lagerlöf">Selma Lagerlöf</a> (1858–1940) was the arguably brightest star of the 1890s, and her impression has lasted up to modern times. She wrote several highly regarded works which are still among the toplists on Swedish libraries, such as <i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6sta_Berlings_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Gösta Berlings saga">Gösta Berlings saga</a></i> (1891), an <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> tale of the unmoral Gösta Berling who gets haunted by the Devil, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Adventures_of_Nils" title="The Wonderful Adventures of Nils">The Wonderful Adventures of Nils</a></i> (1906–1907), a geographical adventure of Nils who travels Sweden on the back of a goose. Lagerlöf was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 1909 for the imagination and spiritual perception that characterized her writings.<sup id="cite_ref-LagerlofNobel_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LagerlofNobel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Fr%C3%B6ding" title="Gustaf Fröding">Gustaf Fröding</a> (1860–1911) was another key figure of the 1890s. His active literary period only spanned between 1891 and 1898, because of mental problems. Fröding was above all renowned for his flowing poetry. His popularity was at first based on his bubbling sense of humor and free treatment of the poetic verse; but later readers also found in it a profound <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a> and imaginative depth.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Erik_Axel_Karlfeldt" title="Erik Axel Karlfeldt">Erik Axel Karlfeldt</a> (1864–1931) was, like Fröding, a depictor of rural life in his native province (in Karlfeldt's case, <a href="/wiki/Dalarna" title="Dalarna">Dalarna</a>). His poetry had the intention of sparking a cultural identity within Dalarna, and spoke warmly of traditions, family values, and so on. Although his poetry was narrow, Karlfeldt was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 1931 (<a href="/wiki/Posthumous_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Posthumous recognition">posthumously</a>), possibly as a result of internal politics within the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Academy" title="Swedish Academy">Swedish Academy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav_Fr%C3%B6ding.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fröding, 1896"><img alt="Fröding, 1896" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gustav_Fr%C3%B6ding.jpg/83px-Gustav_Fr%C3%B6ding.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gustav_Fr%C3%B6ding.jpg/125px-Gustav_Fr%C3%B6ding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gustav_Fr%C3%B6ding.jpg/167px-Gustav_Fr%C3%B6ding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2757" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fröding, 1896</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lagerlöf, 1909"><img alt="Lagerlöf, 1909" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f.jpg/85px-Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f.jpg/127px-Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f.jpg/170px-Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lagerlöf, 1909</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_realism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-StrindbergA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StrindbergA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StrindbergA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StrindbergA_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StrindbergA_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StrindbergA_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Algulin pp.115–132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StrindbergG-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StrindbergG_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StrindbergG_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StrindbergG_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StrindbergG_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StrindbergG_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gustafson, pp.238–257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Algulin, pp.137–140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gustafson, vol2, p.11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LagerlofNobel-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LagerlofNobel_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1909/index.html">The Nobel Prize in Literature 1909</a></i>, The Official Web Site of the Nobel Foundation, October 15, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aluglin, pp.158–160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gustafson, pp.296–303</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gustafson, pp.303–311</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Algulin, Ingemar, <i>A History of Swedish Literature</i>, published by the Swedish Institute, 1989. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-520-0239-X" title="Special:BookSources/91-520-0239-X">91-520-0239-X</a></li> <li>Gustafson, Alrik, <i>A History of Swedish Literature</i> (2 volumes), 1961.</li> <li>Swedish Institute, Modern Literature, accessed October 17, 2006</li> <li>Tigerstedt, E.N., <i>Svensk litteraturhistoria</i> (Tryckindustri AB, Solna, 1971)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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