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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characters</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characters subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Supplementary_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supplementary_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Supplementary letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supplementary_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subscript_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subscript_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Subscript letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subscript_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_diacritics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_diacritics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vowel diacritics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_diacritics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_signs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_signs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other signs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_signs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gemination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gemination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Gemination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gemination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nasalisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nasalisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Nasalisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nasalisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_suppression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_suppression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Vowel suppression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_suppression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punctuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punctuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Punctuation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punctuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glyphs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glyphs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Glyphs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glyphs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palaeography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaeography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Palaeography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Palaeography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Palaeography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Palaeography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spacing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Spacing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digitization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digitization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Digitization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Digitization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Digitization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Digitization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_domain_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_domain_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Internet domain names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_domain_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gurmukhi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="गुरुमुखी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="गुरुमुखी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%8A" title="أبجدية الكرمخي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبجدية الكرمخي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%80" title="গুৰমুখী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গুৰমুখী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gurmukhi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurmuxi" title="Qurmuxi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qurmuxi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%80" title="গুরুমুখী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গুরুমুখী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukh%C4%AB" title="Gurmukhī – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gurmukhī" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gurmukhi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukh%C3%AD" title="Gurmukhí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gurmukhí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukhi-Schrift" title="Gurmukhi-Schrift – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gurmukhi-Schrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%87%CE%B9" title="Γκουρμούχι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκουρμούχι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmuj%C3%AD" title="Gurmují – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gurmují" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmuka_skribsistemo" title="Gurmuka skribsistemo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gurmuka skribsistemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%87%DB%8C" title="الفبای گرمکهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الفبای گرمکهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gurmukhi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gurmukhi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EB%A5%B4%EB%AC%B4%ED%82%A4_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="구르무키 문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구르무키 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="गुरमुखी लिपि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुरमुखी लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Gurmukh%C4%AB" title="Aksara Gurmukhī – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aksara Gurmukhī" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurumukhi" title="Gurumukhi – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gurumukhi" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_gurmukhi" title="Alfabeto gurmukhi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto gurmukhi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF" title="ಗುರಮುಖಿ ಲಿಪಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗುರಮುಖಿ ಲಿಪಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gurmukhi" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeta_gurmuci" title="Alfabeta gurmuci – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alfabeta gurmuci" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="गुरमुखी लिपि – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="गुरमुखी लिपि" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BF" title="ഗുരുമുഖി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗുരുമുഖി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="गुरमुखी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुरमुखी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Gurmukh" title="Aksara Gurmukh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aksara Gurmukh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gurmukhi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="गुरुमुखी लिपि – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गुरुमुखी लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="グルムキー文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グルムキー文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gurmukhi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gurmukhi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%80" title="ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%DA%A9%DA%BE%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="گرمکھی لپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گرمکھی لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF" title="ګورمکي ليکدود – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګورمکي ليکدود" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_gurmukhi" title="Pismo gurmukhi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pismo gurmukhi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gurmukhi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Гурмукхи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гурмукхи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="गुरुमुखीलिपिः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गुरुमुखीलिपिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukhi_alphabet" title="Gurmukhi alphabet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gurmukhi alphabet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%AA%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%BD" title="گرمکي اسڪرپٽ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گرمکي اسڪرپٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gurmukhi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gurmukhi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpabetong_Gurmukhi" title="Alpabetong Gurmukhi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alpabetong Gurmukhi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="குர்முகி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குர்முகி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5" title="อักษรคุรมุขี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรคุรมุขี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gurmukhi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%85%D1%96" title="Ґурмукхі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ґурмукхі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%DA%A9%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="گرمکھی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گرمکھی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%9C%A8%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87" title="古木基文 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古木基文" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Script used to write Punjabi language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:navajowhite;">Gurmukhī<br /><div style="font-weight:normal">ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gurmukhi_Script_-_modern_alphabet.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Gurmukhi_Script_-_modern_alphabet.svg/220px-Gurmukhi_Script_-_modern_alphabet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Gurmukhi_Script_-_modern_alphabet.svg/330px-Gurmukhi_Script_-_modern_alphabet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Gurmukhi_Script_-_modern_alphabet.svg/440px-Gurmukhi_Script_-_modern_alphabet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="672" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Modern Gurmukhi letter set</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">16th century CE-present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689894?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi dialects">Punjabi dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Bhasha" title="Sant Bhasha">Sant Bhasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011181_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011181-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Landa_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Landa scripts">Landa</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Gurmukhī</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Lipi" title="Anandpur Lipi">Anandpur Lipi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Guru</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">(310)</span>, Gurmukhi</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Gurmukhi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0A00.pdf">U+0A00–U+0A7F</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> The <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> and its descendants</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Northern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Landa</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_script" title="Gaudi script">Gaudi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagspa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phagspa script">Phagspa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a> <ul><li>Marchung</li> <li>Pungs-chen</li> <li>Pungs-chung</li> <li>Drusha</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig" title="Tamyig">Tamyig</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian alphabet">Tocharian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Southern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li> <li>Proto-Tai script<sup>?</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Noi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Noi script">Thai Noi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dai_Don_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dai Don script (page does not exist)">Dai Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lai_Pao_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lai Pao script (page does not exist)">Lai Pao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulitan alphabet">Kulitan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">S'gaw Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan script">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><i>Lik-Tai scripts</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamti script">Khamti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_alphabet" title="Mon alphabet">Modern Mon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telugu-Kannada_alphabet" title="Telugu-Kannada alphabet">Telugu-Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brahmic" title="Template talk:Brahmic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/40px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/60px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/80px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">question marks or boxes</a>, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Gurmukhī</b> (<a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: <span lang="pa">ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Punjabi pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">[ˈɡʊɾᵊmʊkʰiː]</a></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahmukhi alphabet">Shahmukhi</a>: <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">گُرمُکھی</span></span></span></small>) is an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> developed from the <a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā scripts</a>, standardized and used by the second <a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Sikh guru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a> (1504–1552).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993143_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993143-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011181_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011181-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commonly regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikh</a> script,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainCardona200753_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainCardona200753-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gurmukhi is used in <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a> as the official script of the <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainCardona200753_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainCardona200753-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary scripture of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>, is written in Gurmukhī, in various dialects and languages often subsumed under the generic title <i><a href="/wiki/Sant_Bhasha" title="Sant Bhasha">Sant Bhasha</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "saint language", in addition to other languages like Persian and various phases of Indo-Aryan languages. </p><p>Modern Gurmukhī has thirty-five original letters, hence its common alternative term <i>paintī</i> or "the thirty-five",<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> plus six additional <a href="/wiki/Consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonants">consonants</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-patiala_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patiala-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-steganography_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steganography-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nine <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> <a href="/wiki/Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritics">diacritics</a>, two diacritics for nasal sounds, one diacritic that <a href="/wiki/Geminates" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminates">geminates</a> consonants and three subscript characters. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gurmukhī script is generally believed to have roots in the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic alphabet">Proto-Sinaitic alphabet</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200788_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon200788-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by way of the <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200794-99,_72-73_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon200794-99,_72-73-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">developed</a> further into the Northwestern group (<a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a>, or Śāradā, and its descendants, including <a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Landa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Takri" class="mw-redirect" title="Takri">Takri</a>), the Central group (<a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a> and its descendants, including <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a>) and the Eastern group (evolved from <a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bangla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>, and some Nepali scripts),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200768-69_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon200768-69-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as several prominent <a href="/wiki/Writing_systems_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Writing systems of Southeast Asia">writing systems of Southeast Asia</a> and Sinhala in Sri Lanka, in addition to scripts used historically in Central Asia for extinct languages like <a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200768-69_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon200768-69-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gurmukhi is derived from Sharada in the Northwestern group, of which it is the only major surviving member,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200783_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon200783-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with full modern currency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007594_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007594-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable features include: </p> <ul><li>It is an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> in which all consonants have an inherent vowel, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>]</span>. Diacritics, which can appear above, below, before or after the consonant they are applied to, are used to change the inherent vowel.</li> <li>When they appear at the beginning of a syllable, vowels are written as independent letters.</li> <li>To form <a href="/wiki/Consonant_clusters" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonant clusters">consonant clusters</a>, Gurmukhi uniquely affixes subscript letters at the bottom of standard characters, rather than using the true conjunct symbols used by other scripts,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007594_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007594-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which merge parts of each letter into a distinct character of its own.</li> <li>Punjabi is a tonal language with three tones. These are indicated in writing using the formerly voiced aspirated consonants (<i>gh</i>, <i>dh</i>, <i>bh</i>, etc.) and the intervocalic <i>h</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200784_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon200784-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> </th> <td>𐤀</td> <td colspan="2">𐤁</td> <td>𐤂</td> <td colspan="2">𐤃 </td> <td>𐤄 </td> <td>𐤅 </td> <td colspan="4">𐤆</td> <td colspan="2">𐤇</td> <td colspan="2">𐤈</td> <td>𐤉</td> <td colspan="2">𐤊 </td> <td>𐤋</td> <td>𐤌</td> <td colspan="4">𐤍 </td> <td>𐤎 </td> <td>𐤏</td> <td colspan="2">𐤐 </td> <td>𐤑</td> <td colspan="2">𐤒 </td> <td>𐤓 </td> <td>𐤔</td> <td colspan="2">𐤕 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> </th> <td>𐡀</td> <td colspan="2">𐡁 </td> <td>𐡂</td> <td colspan="2">𐡃 </td> <td>𐡄</td> <td>𐡅</td> <td colspan="4">𐡆</td> <td colspan="2">𐡇</td> <td colspan="2">𐡈 </td> <td>𐡉</td> <td colspan="2">𐡊 </td> <td>𐡋</td> <td>𐡌</td> <td colspan="4">𐡍 </td> <td>𐡎 </td> <td>𐡏</td> <td colspan="2">𐡐 </td> <td>𐡑</td> <td colspan="2">𐡒 </td> <td>𐡓 </td> <td>𐡔</td> <td colspan="2">𐡕 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi</a> </th> <td>𑀅</td> <td>𑀩</td> <td>𑀪</td> <td>𑀕</td> <td>𑀥</td> <td>𑀠</td> <td>𑀏</td> <td>𑀯</td> <td>𑀤</td> <td>𑀟</td> <td>𑀚</td> <td>𑀛</td> <td>𑀳</td> <td>𑀖</td> <td>𑀣</td> <td>𑀞</td> <td>𑀬</td> <td>𑀓</td> <td>𑀘</td> <td>𑀮</td> <td>𑀫</td> <td>𑀦</td> <td>𑀗</td> <td>𑀜</td> <td>𑀡</td> <td>𑀰</td> <td>𑀑</td> <td>𑀧</td> <td>𑀨</td> <td>𑀲</td> <td>𑀔</td> <td>𑀙</td> <td>𑀭</td> <td>𑀱</td> <td>𑀢</td> <td>𑀝 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Gurmukhi </th> <td>ਅ</td> <td>ਬ</td> <td>ਭ</td> <td>ਗ</td> <td>ਧ</td> <td>ਢ</td> <td>ੲ</td> <td>ਵ</td> <td>ਦ</td> <td>ਡ</td> <td>ਜ</td> <td>ਝ</td> <td>ਹ</td> <td>ਘ</td> <td>ਥ</td> <td>ਠ</td> <td>ਯ</td> <td>ਕ</td> <td>ਚ</td> <td>ਲ</td> <td>ਮ</td> <td>ਨ</td> <td>ਙ</td> <td>ਞ</td> <td>ਣ</td> <td>(ਸ਼)</td> <td>ੳ</td> <td>ਪ</td> <td>ਫ</td> <td>ਸ</td> <td>ਖ</td> <td>ਛ</td> <td>ਰ</td> <td>ਖ</td> <td>ਤ</td> <td>ਟ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a> </th> <td>a</td> <td>ba</td> <td>bha</td> <td>ga</td> <td>dha</td> <td>ḍha</td> <td>ē</td> <td>va</td> <td>da</td> <td>ḍa</td> <td>ja</td> <td>jha</td> <td>ha</td> <td>gha</td> <td>tha</td> <td>ṭha</td> <td>ya</td> <td>ka</td> <td>ca</td> <td>la</td> <td>ma</td> <td>na</td> <td>ṅa</td> <td>ña</td> <td>ṇa</td> <td>śa*</td> <td>ō</td> <td>pa</td> <td>pha</td> <td>sa</td> <td>kha</td> <td>cha</td> <td>ra</td> <td>ṣa*</td> <td>ta</td> <td>ṭa </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Α">Α</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%CE%92" class="mw-redirect" title="Β">Β</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ">Γ</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%CE%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Δ">Δ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Ε">Ε</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CF%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϝ">Ϝ</a></td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%CE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Ζ">Ζ</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%CE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Η">Η</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%CE%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Θ">Θ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ι">Ι</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Κ">Κ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Λ">Λ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="Μ">Μ</a></td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ν">Ν</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ξ">Ξ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Ο">Ο</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">Π</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϻ">Ϻ</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%CF%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϙ">Ϙ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Ρ">Ρ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Σ">Σ</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Τ">Τ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left" colspan="37"><small>Possible derivation of Gurmukhi from earlier writing systems.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek alphabet, also descended from Phoenician, is included for comparison. </small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Gurmukhi evolved in cultural and historical circumstances notably different from other regional scripts,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200783_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon200783-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the purpose of recording scriptures of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, a far less Sanskritized cultural tradition than others of the subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200783_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon200783-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This independence from the Sanskritic model allowed it the freedom to evolve unique orthographical features.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200783_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon200783-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include: </p> <ul><li>Three basic bearer vowels, integrated into the traditional Gurmukhi character set, using the vowel diacritics to write independent vowels, instead of distinctly separate characters for each of these vowels as in other scripts;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200784_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon200784-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993150_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993150-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a drastic reduction in the number and importance of conjunct characters<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200784_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon200784-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993149_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993149-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011181_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011181-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (similar to Brahmi, the letters of which Gurmukhi letters have remained more similar to than those of <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a> have,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993145_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993145-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and characteristic of Northwestern abugidas);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007594_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007594-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a unique standard ordering of characters that somewhat diverges from the traditional <i>vargiya</i>, or Sanskritic, ordering of characters,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200784_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon200784-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993470_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993470-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricatives</a> being placed in front;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916626_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916626-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the recognition of Indo-Aryan phonological history through the omission of characters representing the sibilants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993148_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993148-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> retaining only the letters representing sounds of the spoken language of the time;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011181_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011181-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these sibilants were naturally lost in most modern <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a>, though such characters were often retained in their respective consonant inventories as placeholders and archaisms<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200784_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon200784-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while being mispronounced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993148_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993148-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sibilants were often variously reintroduced through later circumstances, as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</span> was to Gurmukhi,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916626_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916626-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> necessitating a new glyph;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993148_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993148-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the development of distinct new letters for sounds better reflecting the vernacular language spoken during the time of its development (e.g. for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a>]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993147_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993147-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the sound shift that merged Sanskrit <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>]</span> and /kʰ/ to Punjabi /kʰ/);</li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">gemination</a> diacritic, a unique feature among native subcontinental scripts,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200783_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon200783-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which serve to indicate the preserved <a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Indo-Aryan">Middle Indo-Aryan</a> geminates distinctive of Punjabi;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007594_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007594-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>and other features. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_geographical_distribution_of_Sharada.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Historical_geographical_distribution_of_Sharada.png/220px-Historical_geographical_distribution_of_Sharada.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Historical_geographical_distribution_of_Sharada.png/330px-Historical_geographical_distribution_of_Sharada.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Historical_geographical_distribution_of_Sharada.png/440px-Historical_geographical_distribution_of_Sharada.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Historical geographical distribution of <a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada script</a><sup id="cite_ref-sharada_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharada-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>From the 10th century onwards, regional differences started to appear between the Sharada script used in Punjab, the Hill States (partly <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>. Sharada proper was eventually restricted to very limited ceremonial use in Kashmir, as it grew increasingly unsuitable for writing the <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sharada_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharada-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the last known inscription dating to 1204 C.E., the early 13th century marks a milestone in the development of Sharada.<sup id="cite_ref-sharada_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharada-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regional variety in Punjab continued to evolve from this stage through the 14th century; during this period it starts to appear in forms closely resembling Gurmukhī and other <a href="/wiki/Landa_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Landa scripts">Landa scripts</a>. By the 15th century, Sharada had evolved so considerably that <a href="/wiki/Epigraphist" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigraphist">epigraphists</a> denote the script at this point by a special name, <i>Dēvāśēṣa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-sharada_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharada-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tarlochan Singh Bedi (1999) prefers the name <i>prithamă gurmukhī</i>, or Proto-Gurmukhī. It was through its recording in Gurmukhi that knowledge of the pronunciation and grammar of the Old Punjabi language (c. 10th–16th century) was preserved for modern philologists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201648_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201648-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_sample_of_a_mediaeval,_handwritten_Gurmukhi_document.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/A_sample_of_a_mediaeval%2C_handwritten_Gurmukhi_document.png/220px-A_sample_of_a_mediaeval%2C_handwritten_Gurmukhi_document.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/A_sample_of_a_mediaeval%2C_handwritten_Gurmukhi_document.png/330px-A_sample_of_a_mediaeval%2C_handwritten_Gurmukhi_document.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/A_sample_of_a_mediaeval%2C_handwritten_Gurmukhi_document.png/440px-A_sample_of_a_mediaeval%2C_handwritten_Gurmukhi_document.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="806" /></a><figcaption>A sample of a mediaeval, handwritten Gurmukhi document</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Sikh gurus</a> adopted Proto-Gurmukhī to write the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>, the religious scriptures of the Sikhs. The <a href="/wiki/Takri" class="mw-redirect" title="Takri">Takri</a> alphabet developed through the <i>Dēvāśēṣa</i> stage of the Sharada script from the 14th-18th centuries<sup id="cite_ref-sharada_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharada-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is found mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_States_Agency" title="Punjab States Agency">Hill States</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Chamba,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Chamba, Himachal Pradesh">Chamba, Himachal Pradesh</a> and surrounding areas, where it is called <a href="/wiki/Chambeali" title="Chambeali">Chambeali</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Jammu_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu Division">Jammu Division</a>, it developed into Dogri,<sup id="cite_ref-sharada_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharada-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was a "highly imperfect" script later consciously influenced in part by Gurmukhi during the late 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916638–639_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916638–639-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly to provide it an air of authority by having it resemble scripts already established in official and literary capacities,<sup id="cite_ref-L215234_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L215234-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though not displacing Takri.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916638–639_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916638–639-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local Takri variants got the status of official scripts in some of the Punjab Hill States, and were used for both administrative and literary purposes until the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-sharada_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharada-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1948, when <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> was established as an administrative unit, the local Takri variants were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_a_Multani_variant_of_Landa_script,_a_mercantile_shorthand_script_of_Punjab,_from_1880.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Example_of_a_Multani_variant_of_Landa_script%2C_a_mercantile_shorthand_script_of_Punjab%2C_from_1880.png/220px-Example_of_a_Multani_variant_of_Landa_script%2C_a_mercantile_shorthand_script_of_Punjab%2C_from_1880.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Example_of_a_Multani_variant_of_Landa_script%2C_a_mercantile_shorthand_script_of_Punjab%2C_from_1880.png/330px-Example_of_a_Multani_variant_of_Landa_script%2C_a_mercantile_shorthand_script_of_Punjab%2C_from_1880.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Example_of_a_Multani_variant_of_Landa_script%2C_a_mercantile_shorthand_script_of_Punjab%2C_from_1880.png/440px-Example_of_a_Multani_variant_of_Landa_script%2C_a_mercantile_shorthand_script_of_Punjab%2C_from_1880.png 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>Example of the <a href="/wiki/Multani_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Multani alphabet">Multani</a> variant of <a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Landa script</a>, a mercantile shorthand script of Punjab, from 1880<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, the mercantile scripts of Punjab known as the Laṇḍā scripts were normally not used for literary purposes. <i>Laṇḍā</i> means alphabet "without tail",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007594_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007594-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> implying that the script did not have vowel symbols. In Punjab, there were at least ten different scripts classified as Laṇḍā, <a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a> being the most popular. The Laṇḍā scripts were used for household and trade purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011182_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011182-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to Laṇḍā, the use of vowel diacritics was made obligatory in Gurmukhī for increased accuracy and precision, due to the difficulties involved in deciphering words without vowel signs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011181_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011181-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916624,_628_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916624,_628-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the following epochs, Gurmukhī became the primary script for the literary writings of the Sikhs. Playing a significant role in Sikh faith and tradition, it expanded from its original use for Sikh scriptures and developed its own orthographical rules, spreading widely under the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> and used by Sikh kings and chiefs of Punjab for administrative purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also playing a major role in consolidating and standardizing the Punjabi language, it served as the main medium of literacy in Punjab and adjoining areas for centuries when the earliest schools were attached to <i><a href="/wiki/Gurdwaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurdwaras">gurdwaras</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first natively produced grammars of the Punjabi language were written in the 1860s in Gurmukhi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201618_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201618-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha_Movement" title="Singh Sabha Movement">Singh Sabha Movement</a> of the late 19th century, a movement to revitalize Sikh institutions which had declined during <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">colonial rule</a> after the fall of the Sikh Empire, also advocated for the usage of the Gurmukhi script for <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>, with print media publications and <a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Akhbar_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalsa Akhbar Lahore">Punjabi-language newspapers</a> established in the 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the 20th century, after the struggle of the <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba_movement" title="Punjabi Suba movement">Punjabi Suba movement</a>, from the founding of modern India in the 1940s to the 1960s, the script was given the authority as the official state script of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainCardona200753_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainCardona200753-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it is used in all spheres of culture, arts, education, and administration, with a firmly established common and secular character.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the <a href="/wiki/Official_scripts_of_the_Indian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Official scripts of the Indian Republic">official scripts of the Indian Republic</a>, and is currently the 14th most used script in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_artwork_from_Pothi-Mala,_Guru_Harsahai,_Punjab_113.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fresco_artwork_from_Pothi-Mala%2C_Guru_Harsahai%2C_Punjab_113.jpg/220px-Fresco_artwork_from_Pothi-Mala%2C_Guru_Harsahai%2C_Punjab_113.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fresco_artwork_from_Pothi-Mala%2C_Guru_Harsahai%2C_Punjab_113.jpg/330px-Fresco_artwork_from_Pothi-Mala%2C_Guru_Harsahai%2C_Punjab_113.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fresco_artwork_from_Pothi-Mala%2C_Guru_Harsahai%2C_Punjab_113.jpg/440px-Fresco_artwork_from_Pothi-Mala%2C_Guru_Harsahai%2C_Punjab_113.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>18th century fresco of a woman writing in Gurmukhi from Pothimala, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Sahai" title="Guru Har Sahai">Guru Harsahai</a>, Punjab.</figcaption></figure> <p>The prevalent view among Punjabi linguists is that as in the early stages the Gurmukhī letters were primarily used by the Guru's followers, <i><a href="/wiki/Gurmukh" title="Gurmukh">gurmukhs</a></i> (literally, those who face, or follow, the Guru, as opposed to a <i><a href="/wiki/Manmukh" title="Manmukh">manmukh</a></i>); the script thus came to be known as <i>gurmukhī</i>, "the script of those guided by the Guru."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200783_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon200783-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201614_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201614-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a> is credited in the Sikh tradition with the creation and standardization of Gurmukhi script from earlier <a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Śāradā</a>-descended scripts native to the region. It is now the standard writing script for the Punjabi language in India.<sup id="cite_ref-shacklexvii_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shacklexvii-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original Sikh scriptures and most of the historic Sikh literature have been written in the Gurmukhi script.<sup id="cite_ref-shacklexvii_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shacklexvii-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the word Gurmukhī has been commonly translated as "from the Mouth of the Guru", the term used for the Punjabi script has somewhat different connotations. This usage of the term may have gained currency from the use of the script to record the utterances of the Sikh Gurus as scripture, which were often referred to as Gurmukhī, or from the <i>mukhă</i> (face, or mouth) of the Gurus. Consequently, the script that was used to write the resulting scripture may have also been designated with the same name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011181_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011181-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name for the Perso–Arabic alphabet for the Punjabi language, <i><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a></i>, was modeled on the term <i>Gurmukhi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-bashir_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bashir-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201613_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201613-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characters">Characters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letters">Letters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1092331828"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA"><img alt="[]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/30px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/45px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/60px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</div></div> </div><p><span class="anchor" id="Consonants"></span> </p><p>The Gurmukhī alphabet contains thirty-five base letters (<i>akkhară</i>), traditionally arranged in seven rows of five letters each. The first three letters, or <i>mātarā vāhakă</i> ("vowel bearer"), are distinct because they form the basis for independent vowels and are not consonants, or <i>vianjană</i>, like the remaining letters are, and except for the second letter <i>aiṛā</i><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are never used on their own;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011182_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011182-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> see <a href="#Vowel_diacritics">§ Vowel diacritics</a> for further details. The pair of fricatives, or <i>mūlă vargă</i> ("base class"), share the row, which is followed by the next five sets of consonants, with the consonants in each row being <a href="/wiki/Homorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homorganic">homorganic</a>, the rows arranged from the back (velars) to the front (labials) of the mouth, and the letters in the grid arranged by <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">manner of articulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200771–72_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon200771–72-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arrangement, or <i>varṇămāllā</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200771–72_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon200771–72-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is completed with the <i>antimă ṭollī</i>, literally "ending group." The names of most of the consonants are based on their reduplicative phonetic values,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>varṇămāllā</i> is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#DCDCDC" align="center"> <th colspan="2">Group Name<br />(<a href="/wiki/Articulatory_phonetics" title="Articulatory phonetics">Articulation</a>) ↓ </th> <th colspan="2">Name</th> <th>Sound <br />[IPA] </th> <th colspan="2">Name</th> <th>Sound <br />[IPA] </th> <th colspan="2">Name</th> <th>Sound <br />[IPA] </th> <th colspan="2">Name</th> <th>Sound <br />[IPA] </th> <th colspan="2">Name</th> <th>Sound <br />[IPA] </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td bgcolor="#AFEEEE"><i><b>mātarā vāhakă</b></i><br />(<a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a>)</td> <td bgcolor="#87 CE EB"><i><b>mūlă vargă</b></i><br />(<a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricatives</a>) </td> <td bgcolor="AFEEEE" style="font-size:24px">ੳ</td> <td><i>ūṛā</i><br />[uːɽaː]</td> <td> – </td> <td bgcolor="AFEEEE" style="font-size:24px">ਅ</td> <td><i>aiṛā</i><br />[ɛːɽaː]</td> <td><i>a</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="AFEEEE" style="font-size:24px">ੲ</td> <td><i>īṛī</i><br />[iːɽiː]</td> <td> – </td> <td bgcolor="87CEEB" style="font-size:24px">ਸ</td> <td><i>sassā</i><br />[səsːaː]</td> <td><i>sa</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="87CEEB" style="font-size:24px">ਹ</td> <td><i>hāhā</i><br />[ɦaːɦaː]</td> <td><i>ha</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DCDCDC" align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Occlusives" class="mw-redirect" title="Occlusives">Occlusives</a> → </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Aspirates</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Voiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced">Voiced</a> <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stops</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tonal</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Nasals" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasals">Nasals</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC" colspan="2"><i><b>kavargă ṭollī</b></i><br />(<a href="/wiki/Velars" class="mw-redirect" title="Velars">Velars</a>) </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਕ</td> <td><i>kakkā</i><br />[kəkːaː]</td> <td><i>ka</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਖ</td> <td><i>khakkhā</i><br />[kʰəkʰːaː]</td> <td><i>kha</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a>]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਗ</td> <td><i>gaggā</i><br />[gəgːaː]</td> <td><i>ga</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਘ</td> <td><i>kàggā</i><br />[kə̀gːaː]</td> <td><i>kà</i><br />[ <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">kə̀</a> ] </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਙ</td> <td><i>ṅaṅṅā</i><br />[ŋəŋːaː]</td> <td><i>ṅa</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC" colspan="2"><i><b>cavargă ṭollī</b></i><br />(<a href="/wiki/Affricates" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricates">Affricates</a>/<a href="/wiki/Palatals" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatals">Palatals</a>) </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਚ</td> <td><i>caccā</i><br />[t͡ʃət͡ʃːaː]</td> <td><i>ca</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਛ</td> <td><i>chacchā</i><br />[t͡ʃʰət͡ʃʰːaː]</td> <td><i>cha</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡ʃʰ</a>]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਜ</td> <td><i>jajjā</i><br />[d͡ʒəd͡ʒːaː]</td> <td><i>ja</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਝ</td> <td><i>càjjā</i><br />[t͡ʃə̀d͡ʒːaː]</td> <td><i>cà</i><br />[ <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">t͡ʃə̀</a> ] </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਞ</td> <td><i>ñaññā</i><br />[ɲəɲːaː]</td> <td><i>ña</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC" colspan="2"><i><b>ṭavargă ṭollī</b></i><br />(<a href="/wiki/Retroflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex">Retroflexes</a>) </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਟ</td> <td><i>ṭaiṅkā</i><br />[ʈɛŋkaː]</td> <td><i>ṭa</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a>]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਠ</td> <td><i>ṭhaṭṭhā</i><br />[ʈʰəʈʰːaː]</td> <td><i>ṭha</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʰ</a>]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਡ</td> <td><i>ḍaḍḍā</i><br />[ɖəɖːaː]</td> <td><i>ḍa</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a>]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਢ</td> <td><i>ṭàḍḍā</i><br />[ʈə̀ɖːaː]</td> <td><i>ṭà</i><br />[ <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">ʈə̀</a> ] </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਣ</td> <td><i>nāṇā</i><br />[naːɳaː]</td> <td><i>ṇa</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC" colspan="2"><i><b>tavargă ṭollī</b></i><br />(<a href="/wiki/Dentals" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentals">Dentals</a>) </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਤ</td> <td><i>tattā</i><br />[t̪ət̪ːaː]</td> <td><i>ta</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a>]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਥ</td> <td><i>thatthā</i><br />[t̪ʰət̪ʰːaː]</td> <td><i>tha</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">t̪ʰ</a>]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਦ</td> <td><i>daddā</i><br />[d̪əd̪ːaː]</td> <td><i>da</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a>]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਧ</td> <td><i>tàddā</i><br />[t̪ə̀d̪ːaː]</td> <td><i>tà</i><br />[ <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">t̪ə̀</a> ] </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਨ</td> <td><i>nannā</i><br />[nənːaː]</td> <td><i>na</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC" colspan="2"><i><b>pavargă ṭollī</b></i><br />(<a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labials</a>) </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਪ</td> <td><i>pappā</i><br />[pəpːaː]</td> <td><i>pa</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਫ</td> <td><i>phapphā</i><br />[pʰəpʰːaː]</td> <td><i>pha</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a>]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਬ</td> <td><i>babbā</i><br />[bəbːaː]</td> <td><i>ba</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਭ</td> <td><i>pàbbā</i><br />[pə̀bːaː]</td> <td><i>pà</i><br />[ <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">pə̀</a> ] </td> <td bgcolor="#ccc" style="font-size:24px">ਮ</td> <td><i>mammā</i><br />[məmːaː]</td> <td><i>ma</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DCDCDC" align="center"> <th colspan="17"><a href="/wiki/Approximants" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximants">Approximants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">liquids</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td bgcolor="#B0C4DE" colspan="2"><i><b>antimă ṭollī</b></i><br />(<a href="/wiki/Sonorants" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonorants">Sonorants</a>) </td> <td bgcolor="B0C4DE" style="font-size:24px">ਯ</td> <td><i>yayyā</i><br />[jəjːaː]</td> <td><i>ya</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="B0C4DE" style="font-size:24px">ਰ</td> <td><i>rārā</i><br />[ɾaːɾaː]</td> <td><i>ra</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="B0C4DE" style="font-size:24px">ਲ</td> <td><i>lallā</i><br />[ləlːaː]</td> <td><i>la</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="B0C4DE" style="font-size:24px">ਵ</td> <td><i>vāvā</i><br />[ʋaːʋaː]</td> <td><i>va</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a>]</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="B0C4DE" style="font-size:24px">ੜ</td> <td><i>ṛāṛā</i><br />[ɽaːɽaː]</td> <td><i>ṛa</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a>]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The nasal letters ਙ <i>ṅaṅṅā</i> and ਞ <i>ñaññā</i> have become marginal as independent consonants in modern Gurmukhi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201616_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201616-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sounds they represent occur most often as <a href="/wiki/Allophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophones">allophones</a> of [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n</span>] in clusters with velars and palatals respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007589_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007589-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pronunciation of ਵ can vary allophonically between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a>]</span><span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>]</span>]</span> preceding <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowels</a>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</span>]</span> elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993100_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993100-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916627_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916627-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most characteristic feature of the Punjabi language is its tone system.<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The script has no separate symbol for tones, but they correspond to the tonal consonants that once represented voiced aspirates as well as older *<i>h</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To differentiate between consonants, the Punjabi tonal consonants of the fourth column, ਘ <i>kà</i>, ਝ <i>cà</i>, ਢ <i>ṭà</i>, ਧ <i>tà</i>, and ਭ <i>pà</i>, are often transliterated in the way of the voiced aspirate consonants <i>gha</i>, <i>jha</i>, <i>ḍha</i>, <i>dha</i>, and <i>bha</i> respectively, although Punjabi lacks these sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007596_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007596-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tones in Punjabi can be either rising, neutral, or falling:<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993118_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993118-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>When the tonal letter is in <a href="/wiki/Syllable#Onset" title="Syllable">onset</a> positions, as in the pronunciation of the names of the Gurmukhī letters, it produces the falling tone on the syllable <a href="/wiki/Syllable#Nucleus" title="Syllable">nucleus</a>, indicated by a <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent#Tone" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a> (◌̀).</li> <li>When the tonal letter is in <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllabic coda">syllabic coda</a> positions, the tone on the syllable nucleus is rising, indicated by an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent#Tone" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> (◌́).</li> <li>When the tonal letter is in <a href="/wiki/Intervocalic" class="mw-redirect" title="Intervocalic">intervocalic</a> positions, after a short vowel and before a long vowel, the following vowel has a falling tone.<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993205_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993205-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between two short vowels, the tonal letter produces a rising tone on the preceding vowel.</li></ul> <p>The letters now always represent unaspirated consonants, and are unvoiced in onset positions and voiced elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supplementary_letters">Supplementary letters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Supplementary letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the 35 original letters, there are six supplementary consonants in official usage,<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-patiala_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patiala-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-steganography_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steganography-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referred to as the <i>navīnă ṭollī</i><sup id="cite_ref-patiala_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patiala-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-steganography_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steganography-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>navīnă vargă</i>, meaning "new group", created by placing a <a href="/wiki/Nuqta" title="Nuqta">dot</a> (<i>bindī</i>) at the foot (<i>pairă</i>) of the consonant to create <i>pairĭ bindī</i> consonants. These are not present in the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> or old texts. These are used most often for loanwords,<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though not exclusively,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their usage is not always obligatory: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"> <th colspan="2">Name</th> <th>Sound<br />[IPA] </th> <th colspan="2">Name</th> <th>Sound<br />[IPA] </th> <th colspan="2">Name</th> <th>Sound<br />[IPA] </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਸ਼</td> <td><i>sassē pairĭ bindī</i><br />[səsːeː pɛ:ɾɨ bɪn̪d̪iː]</td> <td><i>śa</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਖ਼</td> <td><i>khakkhē pairĭ bindī</i><br />[kʰəkʰːeː pɛ:ɾɨ bɪn̪d̪iː]</td> <td><i>xa</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਗ਼</td> <td><i>gaggē pairĭ bindī</i><br />[gəgːeː pɛ:ɾɨ bɪn̪d̪iː]</td> <td><i>ġa</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਜ਼</td> <td><i>jajjē pairĭ bindī</i><br />[d͡ʒəd͡ʒːeː pɛ:ɾɨ bɪn̪d̪iː]</td> <td><i>za</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਫ਼</td> <td><i>phapphē pairĭ bindī</i><br />[pʰəpʰːeː pɛ:ɾɨ bɪn̪d̪iː]</td> <td><i>fa</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਲ਼</td> <td><i>lallē pairĭ bindī</i><br />[ləlːeː pɛ:ɾɨ bɪn̪d̪iː]</td> <td><i>ḷa</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a>]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The letter ਸ਼, already in use by the time of the earliest Punjabi grammars produced, along with ਜ਼ and ਲ਼,<sup id="cite_ref-newton_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newton-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enabled the previously unmarked distinction of /s/ and the well-established phoneme /ʃ/, which is used even in native <a href="/wiki/Reduplication#Indo-Aryan" title="Reduplication">echo doublets</a> e.g. <i>rō̆ṭṭī-śō̆ṭṭī</i> "stuff to eat"; the loansounds <i>f</i>, <i>z</i>, <i>x</i>, and <i>ġ</i> as distinct phonemes are less well-established,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007595_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007595-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> decreasing in that order and often dependent on exposure to <a href="/wiki/Hindi-Urdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi-Urdu">Hindi-Urdu</a> norms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007589_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007589-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The character ਲ਼ (<i>ḷa</i>), the only character not representing a <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> consonant, was only recently officially added to the Gurmukhī alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj2016382_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj2016382-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not a part of the traditional orthography, as the distinctive phonological difference between /lə/ and /ɭə/, while both native sounds,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201648_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201648-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was not reflected in the script,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993147_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993147-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its inclusion is still not currently universal.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous usage of another glyph to represent this sound, [ਲ੍ਰ], has also been attested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916627_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916627-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letters ਲ਼ <i>ḷa</i>, like ਙ <i>ṅ</i>, ਙ <i>ṅ</i>, ਣ <i>ṇ</i>, and ੜ <i>ṛ</i>, do not occur word-initially, except in some cases their names.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201642_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201642-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other characters, like the more recent [ਕ਼] /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">qə</span>/,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj2016382_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj2016382-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are also on rare occasion used unofficially, chiefly for transliterating old writings in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, the knowledge of which is less relevant in modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subscript_letters">Subscript letters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Subscript letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three "subscript" letters, called <i>duttă akkhară</i> ("joint letters") or <i>pairī̃ akkhară</i> ("letters at the feet") are utilised in modern Gurmukhī: forms of ਹ <i>ha</i>, ਰ <i>ra</i>, and ਵ <i>va</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The subscript ਰ <i>ra</i> and ਵ <i>va</i> are used to make consonant clusters and behave similarly; subjoined ਹ <i>ha</i> introduces tone. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <th>Subscript letter</th> <th>Name, original form</th> <th>Usage </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">੍ਰ</td> <td><i>pairī̃ rārā</i><br />ਰ→ ੍ਰ</td> <td align="left">For example, the letter ਪ (pa) with a regular ਰ (ra) following it would yield the word <b>ਪਰ</b> /pəɾə̆/ ("but"), but with a subjoined ਰ would appear as <b>ਪ੍ਰ-</b> (/prə-/),<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in a consonant cluster, as in the word ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧਕ (/<b>pɾə</b>bə́n̪d̪əkə̆/, "managerial, administrative"), as opposed to ਪਰਬੰਧਕ /<b>pəɾ</b>ᵊbə́n̪d̪əkə̆/, the Punjabi form of the word used in natural speech in less formal settings (the Punjabi reflex for Sanskrit /pɾə-/ is /pəɾ-/) . This subscript letter is commonly used in Punjabi<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007596_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007596-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for personal names, some native dialectal words,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993201_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993201-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> loanwords from other languages like English and Sanskrit, etc. </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">੍ਵ</td> <td><i>pairī̃ vāvā</i><br />ਵ→ ੍ਵ</td> <td align="left">Used occasionally in <a href="/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">Gurbani</a> (Sikh religious scriptures) but rare in modern usage, it is largely confined to creating the cluster /sʋə-/<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007596_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007596-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in words borrowed from Sanskrit, the reflex of which in Punjabi is /sʊ-/, e.g. Sanskrit ਸ੍ਵਪ੍ਨ /s̪ʋɐ́p.n̪ɐ/→Punjabi ਸੁਪਨਾ /sʊpə̆na:/, "dream", cf. Hindi-Urdu /səpna:/. <p>For example, ਸ with a subscript ਵ would produce <b>ਸ੍ਵ</b> (<i>sʋə-</i>) as in the Sanskrit word ਸ੍ਵਰਗ (/<b>sʋə</b>ɾᵊgə/, "heaven"), but followed by a regular ਵ would yield <b>ਸਵ</b>- (<i>səʋ-</i>) as in the common word ਸਵਰਗ (/<b>səʋ</b>əɾᵊgə̆/, "heaven"), borrowed earlier from Sanskrit but subsequently changed. The natural Punjabi reflex, ਸੁਰਗ /sʊɾᵊgə̆/, is also used in everyday speech. </p> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">੍ਹ</td> <td><i>pairī̃ hāhā</i><br />ਹ→ ੍ਹ</td> <td align="left">The most common subscript,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007596_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007596-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this character does not create consonant clusters, but serves as part of Punjabi's characteristic tone system, indicating a tone. It behaves the same way in its use as the regular ਹ (ha) does in non-word-initial positions. The regular ਹ is pronounced in stressed positions (as in ਆਹੋ <i>āhō</i> "yes" and a few other common words),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007590_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007590-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> word-initially in monosyllabic words, and usually in other word-initial positions,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but not in other positions, where it instead changes the tone of the applicable adjacent vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916628_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916628-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference in usage is that the regular ਹ is used after vowels, and the subscript version is used when there is no vowel, and is attached to consonants. <p>For example, the regular ਹ is used after vowels as in ਮੀਂਹ (transcribed as <i>mĩh</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[míː]</a></span>), "rain").<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subjoined ਹ (<i>ha</i>) acts the same way but instead is used under consonants: ਚ (<i>ca</i>) followed by ੜ (<i>ṛa</i>) yields ਚੜ (<i>caṛă</i>), but not until the rising tone is introduced via a subscript ਹ (<i>ha</i>) does it properly spell the word ਚੜ੍ਹ (<i>cáṛĭ</i>, "climb"). </p><p>This character's function is similar to that of the <i>udātă</i> character (ੑ U+0A51), which occurs in older texts and indicates a rising tone. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In addition to the three standard subscript letters, another subscript character representing the subjoined /j/, the <i>yakaśă</i> or <i>pairī̃ yayyā</i> ( ੵ U+0A75), is utilized specifically in archaized <i>sahaskritī</i>-style writings in Sikh scripture, where it is found 268 times<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for word forms and inflections from older phases of Indo-Aryan,<sup id="cite_ref-idiom_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idiom-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in the examples ਰਖੵਾ /ɾəkʰːjaː/ "(to be) protected", ਮਿਥੵੰਤ /mɪt̪ʰjən̪t̪ə/ "deceiving", ਸੰਸਾਰਸੵ /sənsaːɾəsjə/ "of the world", ਭਿਖੵਾ /pɪ̀kʰːjaː/ "(act of) begging", etc. There is also a conjunct form of the letter <i>yayyā</i>, <b>ਯ→੍ਯ</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a later form,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201665_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201665-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which functions similarly to the <i>yakaśă</i>, and is used exclusively for Sanskrit borrowings, and even then rarely. In addition, miniaturized versions of the letters ਚ, ਟ, ਤ, and ਨ are also found in limited use as subscript letters in Sikh scripture. </p><p>Only the subjoined /ɾə/ and /hə/ are commonly used;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993149_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993149-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usage of the subjoined /ʋə/ and conjoined forms of /jə/, already rare, is increasingly scarce in modern contexts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_diacritics">Vowel diacritics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vowel diacritics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Vowels"></span> </p> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Vowel diacritics, with dotted circles representing the bearer consonant </caption> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <th colspan="3">Vowel</th> <th colspan="2">Transcription</th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th rowspan="2">Closest English equivalent </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <th>Ind. </th> <th>Dep. </th> <th>with /k/ </th> <th>Name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_grammar" title="Punjabi grammar">Usage</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਅ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:14px" align="center">(none) </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਕ </td> <td><i>mukḁ̆tā</i><br />ਮੁਕਤਾ</td> <td><i>a</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>]</span></td> <td>like <i><b>a</b></i> in <i><b>a</b>bout</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਆ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਾ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਕਾ </td> <td><i>kannā</i><br />ਕੰਨਾ</td> <td><i>ā</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>]</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">äː</a>]</span></td> <td>like <i><b>a</b></i> in <i>c<b>a</b>r</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਇ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਿ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਕਿ </td> <td><i>siā̀rī</i><br />ਸਿਹਾਰੀ</td> <td><i>i</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>]</span></td> <td>like <i><b>i</b></i> in <i><b>i</b>t</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਈ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ੀ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਕੀ </td> <td><i>biā̀rī</i><br />ਬਿਹਾਰੀ</td> <td><i>ī</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>]</span></td> <td>like <i><b>i</b></i> in <i>l<b>i</b>tre</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਉ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ੁ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਕੁ </td> <td><i>auṅkaṛă</i><br />ਔਂਕੜ</td> <td><i>u</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>]</span></td> <td>like <i><b>u</b></i> in <i>p<b>u</b>t</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਊ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ੂ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਕੂ </td> <td><i>dulaiṅkaṛă</i><br />ਦੁਲੈਂਕੜ</td> <td><i>ū</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>]</span></td> <td>like <i><b>u</b></i> in <i>spr<b>u</b>ce</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਏ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ੇ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਕੇ </td> <td><i>lā̃/lāvā̃</i><br />ਲਾਂ/ਲਾਵਾਂ</td> <td><i>ē</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>]</span></td> <td>like <i><b>e</b></i> in <i>Chil<b>e</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਐ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ੈ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਕੈ </td> <td><i>dulāvā̃</i><br />ਦੁਲਾਵਾਂ</td> <td><i>ai</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>]</span>~[<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">əi</span>]</td> <td>like <i><b>e</b></i> in <i>s<b>e</b>ll</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਓ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ੋ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਕੋ </td> <td><i>hōṛā</i><br />ਹੋੜਾ</td> <td><i>ō</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>]</span></td> <td>like <i><b>o</b></i> in <i>m<b>o</b>re</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਔ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ੌ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਕੌ </td> <td><i>kanauṛā</i><br />ਕਨੌੜਾ</td> <td><i>au</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a>]</span>~[<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">əu</span>]</td> <td>like <i><b>o</b></i> in <i><b>o</b>ff</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>To express <a href="/wiki/Vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowels">vowels</a> (singular, <i>sură</i>), Gurmukhī, as an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a>, makes use of obligatory <a href="/wiki/Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritics">diacritics</a> called <i>lagā̃</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gurmukhī is similar to <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmī script">Brahmi</a> scripts in that all consonants are followed by an inherent <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> sound. This inherent vowel sound can be changed by using dependent vowel signs which attach to a bearing consonant.<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, dependent vowel signs cannot be used – at the beginning of a word or syllable<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for instance – and so an independent vowel character is used instead. </p><p>Independent vowels are constructed using the three vowel-bearing characters:<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ੳ <i>ūṛā</i> , ਅ <i>aiṛā</i>, and ੲ <i>īṛī</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916626_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916626-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the exception of <i>aiṛā</i> (which in isolation represents the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>]</span>), the bearer vowels are never used without additional vowel diacritics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011182_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011182-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vowels are always pronounced after the consonant they are attached to. Thus, <i>siā̀rī</i> is always written to the left, but pronounced after the character on the right.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011182_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011182-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When constructing the independent vowel for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>]</span>, <i>ūṛā</i> takes an irregular form instead of using the usual <i>hōṛā</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916626_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916626-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orthography">Orthography</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gurmukhi orthography prefers vowel sequences over the use of <a href="/wiki/Semivowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Semivowels">semivowels</a> ("y" or "w") intervocally and in <a href="/wiki/Syllable_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable nuclei">syllable nuclei</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007597_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007597-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in the words ਦਿਸਾਇਆ <i>disāiā</i> "caused to be visible" rather than <i>disāyā</i>, ਦਿਆਰ <i>diāră</i> "cedar" rather than <i>dyāră</i>, and ਸੁਆਦ <i>suādă</i> "taste" rather than <i>swādă</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993100_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993100-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> permitting vowels in <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993190_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993190-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of tone orthography, the short vowels [ɪ] and [ʊ], when paired with [h] to yield /ɪh/ and /ʊh/, represent [é] and [ó] with high tones respectively, e.g. ਕਿਹੜਾ <i>kihṛā</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[kéːɽaː]</a></span>) 'which?' ਦੁਹਰਾ <i>duhrā</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[d̪óːɾaː]</a></span>) "repeat, reiterate, double."<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The compounding of [əɦ] with [ɪ] or [ʊ] yield [ɛ́ː] and [ɔ́ː] respectively, e.g. ਮਹਿੰਗਾ <i>mahingā</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[mɛ́ːŋgaː]</a></span>) "expensive", ਵਹੁਟੀ <i>vahuṭṭī</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[wɔ́ʈːiː]</a></span>) "bride."<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_signs">Other signs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other signs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diacritics for gemination and nasalization are together referred to as ਲਗਾਖਰ <i>lagākkhară</i> ("applied letters"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gemination">Gemination</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gemination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diacritic ਅੱਧਕ <i>áddakă</i> ( ੱ ) indicates that the following consonant is <a href="/wiki/Geminated" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminated">geminated</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993149_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993149-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is placed above the consonant preceding the geminated one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183_23-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consonant length is distinctive in the Punjabi language and the use of this diacritic can change the meaning of a word, as below: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th bgcolor="#CCCCCC">Without <i>áddakă</i></th> <th bgcolor="#CCCCCC">Transliteration</th> <th bgcolor="#CCCCCC">Meaning</th> <th bgcolor="#CCCCCC">With <i>áddakă</i></th> <th bgcolor="#CCCCCC">Transliteration</th> <th bgcolor="#CCCCCC">Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>ਦਸ</b></td> <td><i>dasă</i></td> <td>ten</td> <td><b>ਦੱਸ</b></td> <td><i>dassĭ</i></td> <td>tell (verb) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ਪਤਾ</b></td> <td><i>patā</i></td> <td>aware of/address</td> <td><b>ਪੱਤਾ</b></td> <td><i>pattā</i></td> <td>leaf </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ਬੁਝਣਾ</b></td> <td><i>bújăṇā</i></td> <td>to burn out, be extinguished</td> <td><b>ਬੁੱਝਣਾ</b></td> <td><i>bújjăṇā</i></td> <td>to think through, figure out, solve </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ਕਲਾ</b></td> <td><i>kalā</i></td> <td>art</td> <td><b>ਕੱਲਾ</b></td> <td><i>kallā</i></td> <td>alone (<a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquialism</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It has not been standardized to be written in all instances of gemination;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007597_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007597-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is a strong tendency, especially in rural dialects, to also geminate consonants following a long vowel (/a:/, /e:/, /i:/, /o:/, /u:/, /ɛ:/, /ɔː/, which triggers shortening in these vowels) in the <a href="/wiki/Penult" title="Penult">penult</a> of a word, e.g. ਔਖਾ <i>aukkhā</i> "difficult", ਕੀਤੀ <i>kī̆ttī</i> "did", ਪੋਤਾ <i>pō̆ttā</i> "grandson", ਪੰਜਾਬੀ <i>panjā̆bbī</i> "Punjabi", ਹਾਕ <i>hākă</i> "call, shout", but plural ਹਾਕਾਂ <i>hā̆kkā̃</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Except in this case, where this unmarked gemination is often <a href="/wiki/Etymologically" class="mw-redirect" title="Etymologically">etymologically</a> rooted in archaic forms,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993198_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993198-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has become <a href="/wiki/Phonotactically" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonotactically">phonotactically</a> regular,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007591_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007591-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the usage of the <i>áddakă</i> is obligatory. </p><p>It is also sometimes used to indicate second-syllable stress, e.g. ਬਚਾੱ <i>ba'cā</i>, "save".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007597_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007597-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nasalisation">Nasalisation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nasalisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diacritics ਟਿੱਪੀ <i>ṭippī</i> ( ੰ ) and ਬਿੰਦੀ <i>bindī</i> ( ਂ ) are used for producing a nasal phoneme depending on the following obstruent or a nasal vowel at the end of a word.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993149_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993149-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All short vowels are nasalized using <i>ṭippī</i> and all long vowels are nasalized using <i>bindī</i> except for <i>dulaiṅkaṛă</i> ( ੂ ), which uses <i>ṭippī</i> instead. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"> <tbody><tr> <th bgcolor="#CCCCCC">Diacritic usage</th> <th bgcolor="#CCCCCC">Result</th> <th bgcolor="#CCCCCC">Examples (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Ṭippī</i> on short vowel (/ə/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/), or dependent long vowel /u:/, before a non-nasal consonant<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Adds <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasal consonant</a> at <a href="/wiki/Homorganic_consonant" title="Homorganic consonant">same place of articulation as following consonant</a><br /> (/ns/, /n̪t̪/, /ɳɖ/, /mb/, /ŋg/, /nt͡ʃ/ etc.) </td> <td><b>ਹੰਸ</b> /ɦə<b>n</b>sə̆/ "goose"<br /><b>ਅੰਤ</b> /ə<b>n̪</b>t̪ə̆/ "end"<br /><b>ਗੰਢ</b> /gə́<b>ɳ</b>ɖə̆/ "knot"<br /><b>ਅੰਬ</b> /ə<b>m</b>bə̆/ "mango"<br /><b>ਸਿੰਗ</b> /sɪ<b>ŋ</b>gə̆/ "horn, antler"<br /><b>ਕੁੰਜੀ</b> / kʊ<b>ɲ</b>d͡ʒiː/ "key"<br /><b>ਗੂੰਜ</b> /g<b>uːɲ</b>d͡ʒə̆/ "rumble, echo"<br /><b>ਲੂੰਬੜੀ</b> /l<b>uːm</b>bᵊɽiː/ "fox" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Bindī</i> over long vowel (/a:/, /e:/, /i:/, /o:/, independent /u:/, /ɛ:/, /ɔː/)<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />before a non-nasal consonant not including /h/<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916627_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916627-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Adds nasal consonant at same place of articulation as following consonant (/ns/, /n̪t̪/, /ɳɖ/, /mb/, /ŋg/, /nt͡ʃ/ etc.).<br />May also secondarily nasalize the vowel </td> <td><b>ਕਾਂਸੀ</b> /kaː<b>n</b>siː/ "bronze"<br /><b>ਕੇਂਦਰ</b> /keː<b>n̯</b>d̯əɾə̆/ "center, core, headquarters"<br /><b>ਗੁਆਂਢੀ</b> /gʊáː<b>ɳ</b>ɖiː/ "neighbor"<br /><b>ਭੌਂਕ</b> /pɔ̀ː<b>ŋ</b>kə̆/ "bark, rave"<br /><b>ਸਾਂਝ</b> /sáː<b>ɲ</b>d͡ʒə̆/ "commonality" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Ṭippī</i> over consonants with dependent long vowel /u:/<br />at open syllable at end of word<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or ending in /ɦ/<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916627_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916627-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vowel_nasalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel nasalization">Vowel nasalization</a></td> <td><b>ਤੂੰ</b> /t̪ũː/ "you"<br /><b>ਸਾਨੂੰ</b> /sanːũː/ "to us"<br /><b>ਮੂੰਹ</b> /mũːɦ/ "mouth" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Ṭippī</i> on short vowel before nasal consonant (/n̪/ or /m/)<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">Gemination</a> of nasal consonant<br /><i>Ṭippī</i> is used to geminate nasal consonants instead of <i>áddakă</i></td> <td><b>ਇੰਨਾ</b> /ɪn̪:a:/ "this much"<br /><b>ਕੰਮ</b> /kəm:ə̆/ "work" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Bindī</i> over long vowel (/a:/, /e:/, /i:/, /o:/, /u:/, /ɛ:/, /ɔː/),<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996_6-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />at open syllable at end of word, or ending in /ɦ/</td> <td>Vowel nasalization</td> <td><b>ਬਾਂਹ</b> /bã́h/ "arm"<br /><b>ਮੈਂ</b> /mɛ̃ː/ "I, me"<br /><b>ਅਸੀਂ</b> /əsĩː/ "we"<br /><b>ਤੋਂ</b> /t̪õː/ "from"<br /><b>ਸਿਊਂ</b> /sɪ.ũː/ "sew" </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Older texts may follow other conventions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowel_suppression">Vowel suppression</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vowel suppression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuscript_folio_scribed_by_Guru_Arjan_Dev_showcasing_the_original_35_letters_(paint%C4%AB)_of_the_Gurmukhi_script.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Manuscript_folio_scribed_by_Guru_Arjan_Dev_showcasing_the_original_35_letters_%28paint%C4%AB%29_of_the_Gurmukhi_script.png/220px-Manuscript_folio_scribed_by_Guru_Arjan_Dev_showcasing_the_original_35_letters_%28paint%C4%AB%29_of_the_Gurmukhi_script.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Manuscript_folio_scribed_by_Guru_Arjan_Dev_showcasing_the_original_35_letters_%28paint%C4%AB%29_of_the_Gurmukhi_script.png/330px-Manuscript_folio_scribed_by_Guru_Arjan_Dev_showcasing_the_original_35_letters_%28paint%C4%AB%29_of_the_Gurmukhi_script.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Manuscript_folio_scribed_by_Guru_Arjan_Dev_showcasing_the_original_35_letters_%28paint%C4%AB%29_of_the_Gurmukhi_script.png 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Adi Granth</a></i> folio scribed by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a> with the original 35 letters (<i>paintī</i>) plus vowel, nasalization, and punctuation diacritics of the Gurmukhi script at the top and right side of the page</figcaption></figure> <p>The ਹਲੰਤ <i><a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">halantă</a></i>, or ਹਲੰਦ <i>halandă</i>, ( ੍ U+0A4D) character is not used when writing Punjabi in Gurmukhī. However, it may occasionally be used in Sanskritised text or in dictionaries for extra phonetic information. When it is used, it represents the suppression of the inherent vowel. </p><p>The effect of this is shown below: </p> <dl><dd>ਕ – <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kə</span></dd></dl> <dl><dd>ਕ੍ – <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k</span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Punctuation">Punctuation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Punctuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Danda" title="Danda">ḍaṇḍī</a></i> (।) is used in Gurmukhi to mark the end of a sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011182_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011182-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A doubled <i>ḍaṇḍī</i>, or <i>doḍaṇḍī</i> (॥) marks the end of a verse.<sup id="cite_ref-scriptsource_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scriptsource-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">visarga</a></i> symbol (ਃ U+0A03) is used very occasionally in Gurmukhī. It can represent an abbreviation, as the <a href="/wiki/Punctuation_of_English#Full_point,_full_stop,_or_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Punctuation of English">period</a> is used in English, though the period for abbreviation, like commas, exclamation points, and other Western punctuation, is freely used in modern Gurmukhī.<sup id="cite_ref-scriptsource_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scriptsource-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011182_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011182-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Numeral_systems" title="Category:Numeral systems">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Numeral_system" title="Numeral system">Numeral systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Positional_notation" title="Positional notation">Place-value notation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu–Arabic numerals</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Western Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern Arabic</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_numerals" title="Bengali numerals">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_numerals" title="Devanagari numerals">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_numerals" title="Gujarati numerals">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi numerals">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_numerals" title="Odia numerals">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_numerals" title="Sinhala numerals">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_numerals" title="Tamil numerals">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_numerals" title="Malayalam numerals">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script#Numerals" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script#Numerals" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_numerals" title="Dzongkha numerals">Dzongkha</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_numerals" title="Tibetan numerals">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_numerals" title="Balinese numerals">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_numerals" title="Burmese numerals">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_numerals" title="Javanese numerals">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_numerals" title="Khmer numerals">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script#Numerals" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_numerals" title="Mongolian numerals">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_numerals" title="Sundanese numerals">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_numerals" title="Thai numerals">Thai</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">East Asian systems</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Contemporary</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_numerals" title="Suzhou numerals">Suzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_numerals" title="Hokkien numerals">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_numerals" title="Japanese numerals">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_numerals" title="Korean numerals">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_numerals" title="Vietnamese numerals">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Historic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counting_rods" title="Counting rods">Counting rods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_numerals" title="Tangut numerals">Tangut</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Other systems</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_numeral_systems" title="History of ancient numeral systems">History</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_cuneiform_numerals" title="Babylonian cuneiform numerals">Babylonian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cistercian_numerals" title="Cistercian numerals">Cistercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_numerals" title="Maya numerals">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadic_numerals" title="Pentadic numerals">Pentadic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">Quipu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi_Numeral_Symbols" title="Rumi Numeral Symbols">Rumi</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Contemporary</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary#Numerals" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaktovik_numerals" title="Kaktovik numerals">Kaktovik</a> (Iñupiaq)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">By <a href="/wiki/Radix" title="Radix">radix/base</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Common radices/bases</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_number" title="Binary number">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternary_numeral_system" title="Ternary numeral system">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_numeral_system" title="Quaternary numeral system">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinary" title="Quinary">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senary" title="Senary">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octal" title="Octal">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duodecimal" title="Duodecimal">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigesimal" title="Vigesimal">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagesimal" title="Sexagesimal">60</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Non-standard_positional_numeral_systems" title="Non-standard positional numeral systems">Non-standard radices/bases</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bijective_numeration" title="Bijective numeration">Bijective</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Unary_numeral_system" title="Unary numeral system">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed-digit_representation" title="Signed-digit representation">Signed-digit</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Balanced_ternary" title="Balanced ternary">balanced ternary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_radix" title="Mixed radix">Mixed</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Factorial_number_system" title="Factorial number system">factorial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_base" title="Negative base">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex-base_system" title="Complex-base system">Complex</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Quater-imaginary_base" title="Quater-imaginary base">2<i>i</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-integer_base_of_numeration" title="Non-integer base of numeration">Non-integer</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio_base" title="Golden ratio base">φ</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_numeral_systems" title="Asymmetric numeral systems">Asymmetric</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sign-value_notation" title="Sign-value notation">Sign-value notation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Non-alphabetic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_numerals" title="Aegean numerals">Aegean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script#Numerals" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_numerals" title="Brahmi numerals">Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_numerals" title="Chuvash numerals">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_numerals" title="Egyptian numerals">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_numerals" title="Etruscan numerals">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharosthi numerals">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-cuneiform" title="Proto-cuneiform">Proto-cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_marks" title="Tally marks">Tally marks</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Alphabetic_numeral_system" title="Alphabetic numeral system">Alphabetic</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_numerals" title="Armenian numerals">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabic_numeral_system" title="Alphasyllabic numeral system">Alphasyllabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksharapalli" title="Aksharapalli">Akṣarapallī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa_numeration" title="Āryabhaṭa numeration">Āryabhaṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katapayadi_system" title="Katapayadi system">Kaṭapayādi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic numerals">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_numerals" title="Cyrillic numerals">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script#Numerals" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_numerals" title="Georgian numerals">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_numerals" title="Glagolitic numerals">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Hebrew</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_numeral_systems" title="List of numeral systems">List of numeral systems</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Numeral_systems" title="Template:Numeral systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Numeral_systems" title="Template talk:Numeral systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Numeral_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Numeral systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Gurmukhī has its own set of digits, which function exactly as in other versions of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu–Arabic numeral system</a>. These are used extensively in older texts. In modern contexts, they are sometimes replaced by standard <a href="/wiki/Western_Arabic_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Arabic numerals">Western Arabic numerals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007597_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007597-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr class="shadow" align="center" style="font-size:24px" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <th style="font-size:15px">Numeral </th> <td>੦</td> <td>੧</td> <td>੨</td> <td>੩</td> <td>੪</td> <td>੫</td> <td>੬</td> <td>੭</td> <td>੮</td> <td>੯ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Number </th> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr class="shadow" align="center"> <th>Name </th> <td>ਸੁੰਨ</td> <td>ਇੱਕ</td> <td>ਦੋ</td> <td>ਤਿੰਨ</td> <td>ਚਾਰ</td> <td>ਪੰਜ</td> <td>ਛੇ</td> <td>ਸੱਤ</td> <td>ਅੱਠ</td> <td>ਨੌਂ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Transliteration </th> <td><i>sunnă</i></td> <td><i>ikkă</i></td> <td><i>dо̄</i></td> <td><i>tinnă</i>*</td> <td><i>cāră</i></td> <td><i>panjă</i></td> <td><i>chē</i></td> <td><i>sattă</i></td> <td><i>aṭṭhă</i></td> <td><i>na͠u</i> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>IPA </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sʊnːə̆]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪkːə̆]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d̪oː]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̪ɪnːə̆]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃaːɾə̆]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pənd͡ʒə̆]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃʰeː]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sət̪ːə̆]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əʈːʰə̆]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nɔ̃:]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>*In some Punjabi dialects, the word for three is ਤ੍ਰੈ <i>trai</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[t̪ɾɛː]</a></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glyphs">Glyphs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Glyphs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ek_onkar.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ik Onkār,[67] a Sikh symbol (encoded as a single character in Unicode at U+0A74, ੴ)"><img alt="A combined character." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ek_onkar.svg/100px-Ek_onkar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ek_onkar.svg/150px-Ek_onkar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ek_onkar.svg/200px-Ek_onkar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption><span title="Punjabi-language romanization"><i lang="pa-Latn">Ik Onkār</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Rose_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Sikh symbol (encoded as a single character in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> at U+0A74, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><span class="Unicode">ੴ</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The scriptural symbol for the Sikh term <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਇੱਕੁ ਓਅੰਕਾਰੁ</span></span> <span title="Punjabi-language romanization"><i lang="pa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ik_%C5%8Ca%E1%B9%85k%C4%81r" class="mw-redirect" title="Ik Ōaṅkār">ikku о̄aṅkāru</a></i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ੴ</span> U+0A74) is formed from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">੧</span> ("1") and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ਓ</span> ("о̄"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palaeography">Palaeography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Palaeography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spacing">Spacing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Spacing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_folios_(likely_from_a_Sikh_scripture)_written_Larivar_(scriptio_continua)_Gurmukhi_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Photograph_of_folios_%28likely_from_a_Sikh_scripture%29_written_Larivar_%28scriptio_continua%29_Gurmukhi_script.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_folios_%28likely_from_a_Sikh_scripture%29_written_Larivar_%28scriptio_continua%29_Gurmukhi_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Photograph_of_folios_%28likely_from_a_Sikh_scripture%29_written_Larivar_%28scriptio_continua%29_Gurmukhi_script.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_folios_%28likely_from_a_Sikh_scripture%29_written_Larivar_%28scriptio_continua%29_Gurmukhi_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Photograph_of_folios_%28likely_from_a_Sikh_scripture%29_written_Larivar_%28scriptio_continua%29_Gurmukhi_script.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_folios_%28likely_from_a_Sikh_scripture%29_written_Larivar_%28scriptio_continua%29_Gurmukhi_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="1174" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of folios written in <i>laṛīvāră</i> (<a href="/wiki/Scriptio_continua" title="Scriptio continua">scriptio continua</a>) Gurmukhī script</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scriptio_continua" title="Scriptio continua">Scriptio continua</a></div> <p>Before the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">Gurbani</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Sikh_scriptures" title="Sikh scriptures">Sikh scriptures</a> were written in the traditional <i>scriptio continua</i> method of writing the Gurmukhi script known as ਲੜੀਵਾਰ <i>laṛīvāră</i>, where there were no spacing between words in the texts (<a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpuncts</a> in the form of a dot were used by some to differentiate between words, such as by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="None of the sources at the end of this paragraph indicate this (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>). This is opposed to the comparatively more recent method of writing in Gurmukhi known as <i>padă chēdă</i>, which breaks the words by inserting spacing between them.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First line of the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Mul_Mantar" title="Mul Mantar">Mul Mantar</a>,</i> in <i>laṛīvāră</i> (continuous form) and <i>padă chēdă</i> (spaced form):<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>laṛīvāră:</i> ੴਸਤਿਨਾਮੁਕਰਤਾਪੁਰਖੁਨਿਰਭਉਨਿਰਵੈਰੁਅਕਾਲਮੂਰਤਿਅਜੂਨੀਸੈਭੰਗੁਰਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ॥ </p><p><i>padă chēdă:</i> ੴ ਸਤਿ ਨਾਮੁ ਕਰਤਾ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਨਿਰਭਉ ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ ਅਕਾਲ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਜੂਨੀ ਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ ॥ </p><p>Transliteration: <i>ikku ōaṅkāru sati nāmu karatā purakhu nirapàu niravairu akāla mūrati ajūnī saipàṅ gura prasādi</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Styles">Styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-Gurmukhi_writing_from_the_late_15th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Proto-Gurmukhi_writing_from_the_late_15th_century.jpg/200px-Proto-Gurmukhi_writing_from_the_late_15th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Proto-Gurmukhi_writing_from_the_late_15th_century.jpg/300px-Proto-Gurmukhi_writing_from_the_late_15th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Proto-Gurmukhi_writing_from_the_late_15th_century.jpg/400px-Proto-Gurmukhi_writing_from_the_late_15th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3085" data-file-height="4334" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Proto-Gurmukhi writing dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1470</span>–1490 from the tomb of Rae Feroze in Hathur, Ludhiana, Punjab.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_transcription_of_a_Goindwal_pothi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/A_transcription_of_a_Goindwal_pothi.png/200px-A_transcription_of_a_Goindwal_pothi.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/A_transcription_of_a_Goindwal_pothi.png/300px-A_transcription_of_a_Goindwal_pothi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/A_transcription_of_a_Goindwal_pothi.png/400px-A_transcription_of_a_Goindwal_pothi.png 2x" data-file-width="2031" data-file-height="2932" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A transcription of a Goindwal <i>pothī</i>, or produced text excerpt of Sikh scripture or auxiliary writings, carried out by Sahansar Ram, Guru Amar Das' grandson, c. late 16th century. It showcases an early form of the Gurmukhi script with affinities to other <a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā scripts</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Various historical styles and fonts, or ਸ਼ੈਲੀ <i>śailī</i>, of Gurmukhi script have evolved and been identified. A list of some of them is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i>purātana</i> ("old") style</li> <li><i>ardha śikastā</i> ("half-broken") style</li> <li><i>śikastā</i> ("broken") style (including <i><a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Lipi" title="Anandpur Lipi">Anandpur Lipi</a></i>)</li> <li><i>Kaśmīrī</i> style</li> <li><i>Damdamī</i> style</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_(Unicode_block)" title="Gurmukhi (Unicode block)">Gurmukhi (Unicode block)</a></div> <p>Gurmukhī script was added to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0. </p><p>Many sites still use proprietary fonts that convert Latin ASCII codes to Gurmukhī <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyphs</a>. </p><p>The Unicode block for Gurmukhī is U+0A00–U+0A7F: </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_(Unicode_block)" title="Gurmukhi (Unicode block)">Gurmukhi</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U0A00_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U0A00_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U0A00_grey"><a href="#endnote_U0A00_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0A00.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0A0x </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0A01: GURMUKHI SIGN ADAK BINDI">ਁ </td> <td title="U+0A02: GURMUKHI SIGN BINDI">ਂ </td> <td title="U+0A03: GURMUKHI SIGN VISARGA">ਃ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0A05: GURMUKHI LETTER A">ਅ </td> <td title="U+0A06: GURMUKHI LETTER AA">ਆ </td> <td title="U+0A07: GURMUKHI LETTER I">ਇ </td> <td title="U+0A08: GURMUKHI LETTER II">ਈ </td> <td title="U+0A09: GURMUKHI LETTER U">ਉ </td> <td title="U+0A0A: GURMUKHI LETTER UU">ਊ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0A0F: GURMUKHI LETTER EE">ਏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0A1x </td> <td title="U+0A10: GURMUKHI LETTER AI">ਐ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0A13: GURMUKHI LETTER OO">ਓ </td> <td title="U+0A14: GURMUKHI LETTER AU">ਔ </td> <td title="U+0A15: GURMUKHI LETTER KA">ਕ </td> <td title="U+0A16: GURMUKHI LETTER KHA">ਖ </td> <td title="U+0A17: GURMUKHI LETTER GA">ਗ </td> <td title="U+0A18: GURMUKHI LETTER GHA">ਘ </td> <td title="U+0A19: GURMUKHI LETTER NGA">ਙ </td> <td title="U+0A1A: GURMUKHI LETTER CA">ਚ </td> <td title="U+0A1B: GURMUKHI LETTER CHA">ਛ </td> <td title="U+0A1C: GURMUKHI LETTER JA">ਜ </td> <td title="U+0A1D: GURMUKHI LETTER JHA">ਝ </td> <td title="U+0A1E: GURMUKHI LETTER NYA">ਞ </td> <td title="U+0A1F: GURMUKHI LETTER TTA">ਟ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0A2x </td> <td title="U+0A20: GURMUKHI LETTER TTHA">ਠ </td> <td title="U+0A21: GURMUKHI LETTER DDA">ਡ </td> <td title="U+0A22: GURMUKHI LETTER DDHA">ਢ </td> <td title="U+0A23: GURMUKHI LETTER NNA">ਣ </td> <td title="U+0A24: GURMUKHI LETTER TA">ਤ </td> <td title="U+0A25: GURMUKHI LETTER THA">ਥ </td> <td title="U+0A26: GURMUKHI LETTER DA">ਦ </td> <td title="U+0A27: GURMUKHI LETTER DHA">ਧ </td> <td title="U+0A28: GURMUKHI LETTER NA">ਨ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0A2A: GURMUKHI LETTER PA">ਪ </td> <td title="U+0A2B: GURMUKHI LETTER PHA">ਫ </td> <td title="U+0A2C: GURMUKHI LETTER BA">ਬ </td> <td title="U+0A2D: GURMUKHI LETTER BHA">ਭ </td> <td title="U+0A2E: GURMUKHI LETTER MA">ਮ </td> <td title="U+0A2F: GURMUKHI LETTER YA">ਯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0A3x </td> <td title="U+0A30: GURMUKHI LETTER RA">ਰ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0A32: GURMUKHI LETTER LA">ਲ </td> <td title="U+0A33: GURMUKHI LETTER LLA">ਲ਼ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0A35: GURMUKHI LETTER VA">ਵ </td> <td title="U+0A36: GURMUKHI LETTER SHA">ਸ਼ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0A38: GURMUKHI LETTER SA">ਸ </td> <td title="U+0A39: GURMUKHI LETTER HA">ਹ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0A3C: GURMUKHI SIGN NUKTA">਼ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0A3E: GURMUKHI VOWEL SIGN AA">ਾ </td> <td title="U+0A3F: GURMUKHI VOWEL SIGN I">ਿ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0A4x </td> <td title="U+0A40: GURMUKHI VOWEL SIGN II">ੀ </td> <td title="U+0A41: GURMUKHI VOWEL SIGN U">ੁ </td> <td title="U+0A42: GURMUKHI VOWEL SIGN UU">ੂ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0A47: GURMUKHI VOWEL SIGN EE">ੇ </td> <td title="U+0A48: GURMUKHI VOWEL SIGN AI">ੈ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0A4B: GURMUKHI VOWEL SIGN OO">ੋ </td> <td title="U+0A4C: GURMUKHI VOWEL SIGN AU">ੌ </td> <td title="U+0A4D: GURMUKHI SIGN VIRAMA">੍ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0A5x </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0A51: GURMUKHI SIGN UDAAT">ੑ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0A59: GURMUKHI LETTER KHHA">ਖ਼ </td> <td title="U+0A5A: GURMUKHI LETTER GHHA">ਗ਼ </td> <td title="U+0A5B: GURMUKHI LETTER ZA">ਜ਼ </td> <td title="U+0A5C: GURMUKHI LETTER RRA">ੜ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0A5E: GURMUKHI LETTER FA">ਫ਼ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0A6x </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0A66: GURMUKHI DIGIT ZERO">੦ </td> <td title="U+0A67: GURMUKHI DIGIT ONE">੧ </td> <td title="U+0A68: GURMUKHI DIGIT TWO">੨ </td> <td title="U+0A69: GURMUKHI DIGIT THREE">੩ </td> <td title="U+0A6A: GURMUKHI DIGIT FOUR">੪ </td> <td title="U+0A6B: GURMUKHI DIGIT FIVE">੫ </td> <td title="U+0A6C: GURMUKHI DIGIT SIX">੬ </td> <td title="U+0A6D: GURMUKHI DIGIT SEVEN">੭ </td> <td title="U+0A6E: GURMUKHI DIGIT EIGHT">੮ </td> <td title="U+0A6F: GURMUKHI DIGIT NINE">੯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0A7x </td> <td title="U+0A70: GURMUKHI TIPPI">ੰ </td> <td title="U+0A71: GURMUKHI ADDAK">ੱ </td> <td title="U+0A72: GURMUKHI IRI">ੲ </td> <td title="U+0A73: GURMUKHI URA">ੳ </td> <td title="U+0A74: GURMUKHI EK ONKAR">ੴ </td> <td title="U+0A75: GURMUKHI SIGN YAKASH">ੵ </td> <td title="U+0A76: GURMUKHI ABBREVIATION SIGN">੶ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U0A00_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U0A00_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U0A00_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U0A00_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digitization">Digitization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Digitization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuscripts">Manuscripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B8.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B8.PNG/220px-%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B8.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B8.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Gurmukhi can be digitally rendered in a variety of fonts. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sikhnet.com/Gurmukhi-Fonts">Dukandar</a> font, left, is meant to resemble informal Punjabi handwriting.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Panjab_Digital_Library" title="Panjab Digital Library">Panjab Digital Library</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has taken up digitization of all available manuscripts of Gurmukhī Script. The script has been in formal use since the 1500s, and a lot of literature written within this time period is still traceable. Panjab Digital Library has digitized over 45 million pages from different manuscripts and most of them are available online. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_domain_names">Internet domain names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Internet domain names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_University" title="Punjabi University">Punjabi University Patiala</a> has developed label generation rules for validating international domain names for internet in Gurmukhi.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahmukhi alphabet">Shahmukhi alphabet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>The Gurmukhi character ਖ [kha] may have originally evolved from the Brahmi character denoting [ṣa], as the Sanskrit sounds /ʂə/ and /kʰə/ merged into /kʰə/ in Punjabi. Any phonemic contrast was lost, with no distinct character for [ṣa] remaining. Similarly, the characters representing /sə/ and /ʃə/ may have also converged into the character representing /ʃə/ as the sounds merged into /sə/.</li> <li>The predecessor of the Gurmukhi character ੜ [ṛa] was derived at a subsequent point, likely around the period of the <a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Laṇḍā">Laṇḍā</a> scripts, as preceding scripts lacked a character for this sound. It may ultimately share a mutual parent character with Gurmukhi ਡ [ḍa].</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This letter is also commonly referred to as <i>āṛā</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Bhardwaj, "the only commonly used words in which [ਙ and ਞ] occur are ਲੰਙਾ <i>laṅṅā</i> "lame," ਕੰਙਣ <i>kaṅṅaṇă</i> "bracelet," ਵਾਂਙੁ <i>vāṅṅŭ</i> "in the manner of," ਜੰਞ <i>jaññă</i> "wedding party" and ਅੰਞਾਣਾ <i>aññāṇā</i>, "ignorant" or "child.""<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201642_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201642-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides these archaic spellings, others words include the folk word ਤ੍ਰਿੰਞਣ <i>triññaṇă</i> "a women's gathering," and the early modern loanword ਇੰਞਣ <i>iññaṇă</i> "engine, train".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</span> can natively occur as allophones of [pʰ] and [t͡ʃʰ] respectively.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Masica notes that ungeminated /l/ in non-initial positions tends to undergo retroflexion as a general rule regardless in <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Indo-Aryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Indo-Aryan">Northwestern Indo-Aryan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993193_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993193-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the distinction in writing is "commonly ignored";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993147_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993147-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to Bhardwaj, [ɭ] is not universally phonemic, and "most of those who use it are not in favour of a having a separate letter ਲ਼ for this sound."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201648_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201648-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Bhardwaj, "the use of [ਲ਼ and ਕ਼] (especially ਕ਼) is regarded as unnecessarily pedantic by most writers."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201648_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201648-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shackle notes [q] as "absent from the Panjabi phonemic inventory."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007595_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007595-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Word-initial /h/ in <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">unstressed</a> positions may also often be elided and yield a falling tone; for example, in the words ਹਿਸਾਬ <i>hisābă</i> /hɪsaːbə̆/ ("account, estimate") and ਸਾਹਿਬ <i><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81hib" class="mw-redirect" title="Sāhib">sāhib</a>ă</i> /saːhɪbə̆/ (an honorific, "sir, lord", etc.). Unstressed short vowels may be <a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction" title="Vowel reduction">reduced</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007587_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007587-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bashir1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bashir1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to yield h(a)sābă /həsaːbə̆/ and sāh(a)bă /saːhəbə̆/, and further h-<a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elision</a> in unstressed initial positions may yield near-<a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophones</a> only distinguished by tone: ਸ੍ਹਾਬ sā̀bă /sàːbə̆/ and ਸਾਬ੍ਹ sā́bă /sáːbə̆/ respectively. Word-initial /h/ may also produce a tone without being elided.<sup id="cite_ref-bashir1_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bashir1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This does not include consonants which are not naturally geminated, i.e. ਹ <i>ha</i>, ਣ <i>ṇa</i>, ਰ <i>ra</i>, ਵ <i>va</i>, ੜ <i>ṛa</i>, and the <i>navīnă ṭollī</i> consonants.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011181-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011181_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011181_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011181_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011181_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011181_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011181_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBāhrī2011">Bāhrī 2011</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993143-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993143_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1993">Masica 1993</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMandairShackleSingh2013" class="citation book cs1">Mandair, Arvind-Pal S.; Shackle, Christopher; Singh, Gurharpal (December 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=79ZcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13"><i>Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity</i></a>. Routledge. p. 13, Quote: "creation of a pothi in distinct <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikh</a> script (Gurmukhi) seem to relate to the immediate religio–political context ...". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136846342" title="Special:BookSources/9781136846342"><bdi>9781136846342</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052147/https://books.google.com/books?id=79ZcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Religion%2C+Culture+and+Ethnicity&rft.pages=13%2C+Quote%3A+%22creation+of+a+pothi+in+distinct+Sikhs%7CSikh+script+%28Gurmukhi%29+seem+to+relate+to+the+immediate+religio-political+context+...%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft.isbn=9781136846342&rft.aulast=Mandair&rft.aufirst=Arvind-Pal+S.&rft.au=Shackle%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Singh%2C+Gurharpal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D79ZcAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMannNumrichWilliams2007" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Gurinder Singh; Numrich, Paul; Williams, Raymond (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8R-Kl2C1C7QC&pg=PA144"><i>Buddhists, Hindus, and Sikhs in America</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 100, Quote: "He modified the existing writing systems of his time to create Gurmukhi, the script of the Sikhs; then ...". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198044246" title="Special:BookSources/9780198044246"><bdi>9780198044246</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052638/https://books.google.com/books?id=8R-Kl2C1C7QC&pg=PA144">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhists%2C+Hindus%2C+and+Sikhs+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=100%2C+Quote%3A+%22He+modified+the+existing+writing+systems+of+his+time+to+create+Gurmukhi%2C+the+script+of+the+Sikhs%3B+then+...%22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780198044246&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Gurinder+Singh&rft.au=Numrich%2C+Paul&rft.au=Williams%2C+Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8R-Kl2C1C7QC%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShani2002" class="citation journal cs1">Shani, Giorgio (March 2002). "The Territorialization of Identity: Sikh Nationalism in the Diaspora". <i>Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism</i>. <b>2</b>: 11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1754-9469.2002.tb00014.x">10.1111/j.1754-9469.2002.tb00014.x</a>. <q>...the Guru Granth Sahib, written in a script particular to the Sikhs (Gurmukhi)...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Ethnicity+and+Nationalism&rft.atitle=The+Territorialization+of+Identity%3A+Sikh+Nationalism+in+the+Diaspora&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2002-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1754-9469.2002.tb00014.x&rft.aulast=Shani&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bright1996-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996_6-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarjeet_Singh_Gill1996" class="citation book cs1">Harjeet Singh Gill (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA395">"The Gurmukhi Script"</a>. In Peter T. Daniels; William Bright (eds.). <i>The World's Writing Systems</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 395–399. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507993-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507993-7"><bdi>978-0-19-507993-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gurmukhi+Script&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.pages=395-399&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507993-7&rft.au=Harjeet+Singh+Gill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DospMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainCardona200753-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainCardona200753_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainCardona200753_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainCardona200753_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJainCardona2007">Jain & Cardona 2007</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harnik Deol, <i>Religion and Nationalism in India</i>. Routledge, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-20108-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-20108-X">0-415-20108-X</a>, 9780415201087. Page 22. "(...) the compositions in the Sikh holy book, Adi Granth, are a melange of various dialects, often coalesced under the generic title of <i>Sant Bhasha</i>."<br />The making of Sikh scripture by Gurinder Singh Mann. Published by Oxford University Press US, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513024-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513024-3">0-19-513024-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513024-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513024-9">978-0-19-513024-9</a> Page 5. "The language of the hymns recorded in the Adi Granth has been called <i>Sant Bhasha,</i> a kind of lingua franca used by the medieval saint-poets of northern India. But the broad range of contributors to the text produced a complex mix of regional dialects."<br />Surindar Singh Kohli, <i>History of Punjabi Literature</i>. Page 48. National Book, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7116-141-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-7116-141-3">81-7116-141-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7116-141-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7116-141-6">978-81-7116-141-6</a>. "When we go through the hymns and compositions of the Guru written in <i>Sant Bhasha</i> (saint-language), it appears that some Indian saint of 16th century..."<br />Nirmal Dass, <i>Songs of the Saints from the Adi Granth</i>. SUNY Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-4683-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-4683-2">0-7914-4683-2</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4683-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4683-6">978-0-7914-4683-6</a>. Page 13. "Any attempt at translating songs from the Adi Granth certainly involves working not with one language, but several, along with dialectical differences. The languages used by the saints range from Sanskrit; regional Prakrits; western, eastern and southern Apabhramsa; and Sahiskriti. More particularly, we find sant bhasha, Marathi, Old Hindi, central and Lehndi Panjabi, Sgettland Persian. There are also many dialects deployed, such as Purbi Marwari, Bangru, Dakhni, Malwai, and Awadhi."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patiala-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-patiala_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-patiala_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-patiala_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learnpunjabi.org/intro1.html">"Let's Learn Punjabi: Research Centre for Punjabi Language Technology, Punjabi University, Patiala"</a>. <i>learnpunjabi.org</i>. Punjabi University, Patiala. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180830124459/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/intro1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=learnpunjabi.org&rft.atitle=Let%27s+Learn+Punjabi%3A+Research+Centre+for+Punjabi+Language+Technology%2C+Punjabi+University%2C+Patiala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learnpunjabi.org%2Fintro1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-steganography-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-steganography_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-steganography_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-steganography_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarKaur2018" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Arun; Kaur, Amandeep (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324329653"><i>A New Approach to Punjabi Text Steganography using Naveen Toli</i></a>. Department of Computer Science & Technology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-193-38970-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-193-38970-6"><bdi>978-8-193-38970-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Approach+to+Punjabi+Text+Steganography+using+Naveen+Toli&rft.pub=Department+of+Computer+Science+%26+Technology%2C+Central+University+of+Punjab%2C+Bathinda%2C+India&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-8-193-38970-6&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Arun&rft.au=Kaur%2C+Amandeep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F324329653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon200788-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200788_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalomon2007">Salomon 2007</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon200794-99,_72-73-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200794-99,_72-73_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalomon2007">Salomon 2007</a>, p. 94-99, 72-73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon200768-69-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200768-69_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200768-69_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalomon2007">Salomon 2007</a>, p. 68-69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon200783-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200783_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200783_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200783_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200783_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200783_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200783_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalomon2007">Salomon 2007</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007594-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007594_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007594_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007594_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007594_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007594_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle2007">Shackle 2007</a>, p. 594.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon200784-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200784_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200784_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200784_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200784_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200784_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalomon2007">Salomon 2007</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBühler1898" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BChler" title="Georg Bühler">Bühler, Georg</a> (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft"><i>On the Origin of the Indian Brahma Alphabet</i></a>. Strassburg K.J. Trübner. pp. 53–77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Origin+of+the+Indian+Brahma+Alphabet&rft.pages=53-77&rft.pub=Strassburg+K.J.+Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=B%C3%BChler&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonoriginofindian00bhuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993150-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993150_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1993">Masica 1993</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993149-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993149_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993149_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993149_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993149_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1993">Masica 1993</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993145-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993145_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1993">Masica 1993</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993470-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993470_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1993">Masica 1993</a>, p. 470.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183_23-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011183_23-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBāhrī2011">Bāhrī 2011</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916626-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916626_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916626_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916626_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916626_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrierson1916">Grierson 1916</a>, p. 626.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993148-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993148_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993148_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993148_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1993">Masica 1993</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993147-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993147_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993147_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993147_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1993">Masica 1993</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sharada-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sharada_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sharada_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sharada_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sharada_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sharada_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sharada_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sharada_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey2009" class="citation web cs1">Pandey, Anshuman (2009-03-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/L2/L2009/09074r-n3595-sharada.pdf">"N3545: Proposal to Encode the Sharada Script in ISO/IEC 10646"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801085611/https://unicode.org/L2/L2009/09074r-n3595-sharada.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=N3545%3A+Proposal+to+Encode+the+Sharada+Script+in+ISO%2FIEC+10646&rft.pub=Working+Group+Document%2C+ISO%2FIEC+JTC1%2FSC2%2FWG2&rft.date=2009-03-25&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Anshuman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2FL2%2FL2009%2F09074r-n3595-sharada.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201648-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201648_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201648_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201648_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201648_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhardwaj2016">Bhardwaj 2016</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916638–639-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916638–639_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916638–639_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrierson1916">Grierson 1916</a>, pp. 638–639.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L215234-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-L215234_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey2015" class="citation web cs1">Pandey, Anshuman (2015-11-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15234r-dogra.pdf">"L2/15-234R: Proposal to encode the Dogra script"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190614230112/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15234r-dogra.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2019-06-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F15-234R%3A+Proposal+to+encode+the+Dogra+script&rft.date=2015-11-04&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Anshuman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2015%2F15234r-dogra.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey2009" class="citation web cs1">Pandey, Anshuman (2009-01-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2012/12316-multani.pdf">"N4159: Proposal to Encode the Multani Script in ISO/IEC 10646"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181126111141/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2012/12316-multani.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-11-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=N4159%3A+Proposal+to+Encode+the+Multani+Script+in+ISO%2FIEC+10646&rft.pub=Working+Group+Document%2C+ISO%2FIEC+JTC1%2FSC2%2FWG2&rft.date=2009-01-29&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Anshuman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2012%2F12316-multani.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011182-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011182_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011182_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011182_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011182_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011182_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011182_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBāhrī2011">Bāhrī 2011</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916624,_628-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916624,_628_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrierson1916">Grierson 1916</a>, pp. 624, 628.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201618-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201618_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhardwaj2016">Bhardwaj 2016</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeol2003" class="citation book cs1">Deol, Harnik (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tkHi5j81VHEC&q=khalsa+akhbar"><i>Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Abingdon, United Kingdom: Routledge. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134635351" title="Special:BookSources/9781134635351"><bdi>9781134635351</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125021434/https://books.google.com/books?id=tkHi5j81VHEC&q=khalsa+akhbar">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Nationalism+in+India%3A+The+Case+of+the+Punjab&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=72&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781134635351&rft.aulast=Deol&rft.aufirst=Harnik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtkHi5j81VHEC%26q%3Dkhalsa%2Bakhbar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarJindalSharma2011" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Munish; Jindal, M.K.; Sharma, R.K. (2011). Nagamalai, Dhinaharan; Renault, Eric; Dhanuskodi, Murugan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l4AKBwAAQBAJ&dq=gurmukhi&pg=PA274"><i>Advances in Digital Image Processing and Information Technology: First International Conference on Digital Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, DPPR 2011, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India, September 23-25, 2011, Proceedings</i></a>. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642240553" title="Special:BookSources/9783642240553"><bdi>9783642240553</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Digital+Image+Processing+and+Information+Technology%3A+First+International+Conference+on+Digital+Image+Processing+and+Pattern+Recognition%2C+DPPR+2011%2C+Tirunelveli%2C+Tamil+Nadu%2C+India%2C+September+23-25%2C+2011%2C+Proceedings&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9783642240553&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Munish&rft.au=Jindal%2C+M.K.&rft.au=Sharma%2C+R.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl4AKBwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dgurmukhi%26pg%3DPA274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201614-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201614_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhardwaj2016">Bhardwaj 2016</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shacklexvii-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shacklexvii_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shacklexvii_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackleMandair,_Arvind-Pal_Singh2005" class="citation book cs1">Shackle, Christopher; Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2005). <i>Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures</i>. United Kingdom: Routledge. pp. xvii–xviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26604-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26604-8"><bdi>978-0-415-26604-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teachings+of+the+Sikh+Gurus%3A+Selections+from+the+Sikh+Scriptures&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=xvii-xviii&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26604-8&rft.aulast=Shackle&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Mandair%2C+Arvind-Pal+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bashir-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bashir_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBashirConners2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elena_Bashir" title="Elena Bashir">Bashir, Elena</a>; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ajrEDwAAQBAJ&q=gurmukhi"><i>A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki (Volume 4 of Mouton-CASL Grammar Series)</i></a>. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781614512257" title="Special:BookSources/9781614512257"><bdi>9781614512257</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200630232054/https://books.google.com/books?id=ajrEDwAAQBAJ&q=gurmukhi">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Descriptive+Grammar+of+Hindko%2C+Panjabi%2C+and+Saraiki+%28Volume+4+of+Mouton-CASL+Grammar+Series%29&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co.+KG&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781614512257&rft.aulast=Bashir&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Conners%2C+Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DajrEDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgurmukhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201613-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201613_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhardwaj2016">Bhardwaj 2016</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon200771–72-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200771–72_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200771–72_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalomon2007">Salomon 2007</a>, pp. 71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201616-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201616_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhardwaj2016">Bhardwaj 2016</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007589-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007589_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007589_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle2007">Shackle 2007</a>, p. 589.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201642-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201642_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201642_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhardwaj2016">Bhardwaj 2016</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993100-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993100_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993100_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1993">Masica 1993</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916627-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916627_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916627_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916627_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916627_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrierson1916">Grierson 1916</a>, p. 627.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007596-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007596_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007596_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007596_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007596_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle2007">Shackle 2007</a>, p. 596.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993118-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993118_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1993">Masica 1993</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993205-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993205_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1993">Masica 1993</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newton-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newton_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton1851" class="citation book cs1">Newton, John (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L04IAAAAQAAJ"><i>A Grammar of the Panjabi Language; With Appendices</i></a> (2nd ed.). Ludhiana: American Presbyterian Mission Press. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125021435/https://books.google.com/books?id=L04IAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+the+Panjabi+Language%3B+With+Appendices&rft.place=Ludhiana&rft.pages=5&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=American+Presbyterian+Mission+Press&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL04IAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007595-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007595_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007595_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle2007">Shackle 2007</a>, p. 595.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj2016382-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj2016382_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj2016382_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhardwaj2016">Bhardwaj 2016</a>, p. 382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993193-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993193_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1993">Masica 1993</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993201-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993201_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1993">Masica 1993</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007590-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007590_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle2007">Shackle 2007</a>, p. 590.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007587-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007587_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle2007">Shackle 2007</a>, p. 587.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bashir1-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bashir1_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bashir1_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBashirConners2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elena_Bashir" title="Elena Bashir">Bashir, Elena</a>; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ajrEDwAAQBAJ"><i>A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki (Volume 4 of Mouton-CASL Grammar Series)</i></a>. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG. pp. 72–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781614512257" title="Special:BookSources/9781614512257"><bdi>9781614512257</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125021434/https://books.google.com/books?id=ajrEDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Descriptive+Grammar+of+Hindko%2C+Panjabi%2C+and+Saraiki+%28Volume+4+of+Mouton-CASL+Grammar+Series%29&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pages=72-74&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co.+KG&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781614512257&rft.aulast=Bashir&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Conners%2C+Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DajrEDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916628-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1916628_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrierson1916">Grierson 1916</a>, p. 628.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidhu2006" class="citation web cs1">Sidhu, Sukhjinder (2006-01-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06037r-yakash.pdf">"N3073: Proposal to Encode Gurmukhi Sign Yakash"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022150831/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06037r-yakash.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=N3073%3A+Proposal+to+Encode+Gurmukhi+Sign+Yakash&rft.pub=Working+Group+Document%2C+ISO%2FIEC+JTC1%2FSC2%2FWG2&rft.date=2006-01-27&rft.aulast=Sidhu&rft.aufirst=Sukhjinder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2006%2F06037r-yakash.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-idiom-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-idiom_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackle1973" class="citation journal cs1">Shackle, Christopher (1973). "The Sahaskritī Poetic Idiom in the <i>Ādi Granth</i>". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London</i>. <b>41</b> (2): 297–313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00124498">10.1017/S0041977X00124498</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/615936">615936</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190033610">190033610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=The+Sahaskrit%C4%AB+Poetic+Idiom+in+the+%C4%80di+Granth&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=297-313&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190033610%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F615936%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00124498&rft.aulast=Shackle&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201665-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201665_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhardwaj2016">Bhardwaj 2016</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007597-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007597_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007597_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007597_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007597_68-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle2007">Shackle 2007</a>, p. 597.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993190-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993190_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1993">Masica 1993</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1993198-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1993198_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1993">Masica 1993</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007591-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007591_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle2007">Shackle 2007</a>, p. 591.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scriptsource-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scriptsource_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scriptsource_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolloway2016" class="citation web cs1">Holloway, Stephanie (19 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Guru">"ScriptSource - Gurmukhi"</a>. <i>ScriptSource</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200303144025/https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Guru">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScriptSource&rft.atitle=ScriptSource+-+Gurmukhi&rft.date=2016-07-19&rft.aulast=Holloway&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscriptsource.org%2Fcms%2Fscripts%2Fpage.php%3Fitem_id%3Dscript_detail%26key%3DGuru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatia1993" class="citation book cs1">Bhatia, Tej (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gDbiwuTBjjAC"><i>Punjabi: A cognitive-descriptive grammar</i></a>. Routledge. p. 367. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415003209" title="Special:BookSources/9780415003209"><bdi>9780415003209</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628212957/http://books.google.com/books?id=gDbiwuTBjjAC">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-06-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjabi%3A+A+cognitive-descriptive+grammar&rft.pages=367&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780415003209&rft.aulast=Bhatia&rft.aufirst=Tej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgDbiwuTBjjAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rose-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rose_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Rose2003" class="citation book cs1">David Rose, Gill Rose (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LWumL8tTrm8C"><i>Sacred Texts photopack</i></a>. Folens Limited. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84303-443-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84303-443-3"><bdi>1-84303-443-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Texts+photopack&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Folens+Limited&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-84303-443-3&rft.aulast=David+Rose&rft.aufirst=Gill+Rose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLWumL8tTrm8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2014" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Jasjit (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/118645/1/JSDiversityFULLv5.pdf">"The Guru's Way: Exploring Diversity Among British Khalsa Sikhs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Religion Compass</i>. <b>8</b> (7). School of Philosophy, Religion and History of Science, University of Leeds: 209–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Frec3.12111">10.1111/rec3.12111</a> – via White Rose. <q>...until the early 1970s all copies of the Guru Granth Sahib were presented in larivaar format, in which all the words were connected without breaks, after which point the SGPC released a single-volume edition in which the words were separated from one another in 'pad chhed' format (Mann 2001: 126). Whereas previously readers would have to recognize the words and make the appropriate breaks while reading, pad chhed allowed "reading for those who were not trained to read the continuous text." (Mann 2001: 126). The AKJ promotes a return to the larivaar format of the Guru Granth Sahib.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+Compass&rft.atitle=The+Guru%27s+Way%3A+Exploring+Diversity+Among+British+Khalsa+Sikhs&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=209-219&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Frec3.12111&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Jasjit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk%2F118645%2F1%2FJSDiversityFULLv5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nihungsanthia.com/post/importance-of-lareevaar">"IMPORTANCE OF LAREEVAAR"</a>. <i>Nihung Santhia</i>. 2018-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nihung+Santhia&rft.atitle=IMPORTANCE+OF+LAREEVAAR&rft.date=2018-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nihungsanthia.com%2Fpost%2Fimportance-of-lareevaar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoversikhism.com/larivaar/gurbani.html">"Larivaar Gurbani | Discover Sikhism"</a>. <i>www.discoversikhism.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.discoversikhism.com&rft.atitle=Larivaar+Gurbani+%7C+Discover+Sikhism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoversikhism.com%2Flarivaar%2Fgurbani.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.searchgurbani.com/guru-granth-sahib/ang-by-ang">"Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji -: Ang : 1 -: ਸ਼੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਜੀ :- SearchGurbani.com"</a>. <i>www.searchgurbani.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.searchgurbani.com&rft.atitle=Sri+Guru+Granth+Sahib+Ji+-%3A+Ang+%3A+1+-%3A+%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80+%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82+%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A5+%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AC+%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80+%3A-+SearchGurbani.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.searchgurbani.com%2Fguru-granth-sahib%2Fang-by-ang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1949–1950" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Singh, Gurbaksh (1949–1950). <i>Gurmukhi Lipi Da Janam Te Vikas</i> (in Punjabi). Punjab University Chandigarh. p. 167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gurmukhi+Lipi+Da+Janam+Te+Vikas&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Punjab+University+Chandigarh&rft.date=1949%2F1950&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Gurbaksh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.ciil.org/Sites/Photography/styles%20of%20Gurumukhi%20script.html#divDescription">"Styles of Gurumukhi script"</a>. <i>Central Institute of Indian Languages</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Institute+of+Indian+Languages&rft.atitle=Styles+of+Gurumukhi+script&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.ciil.org%2FSites%2FPhotography%2Fstyles%2520of%2520Gurumukhi%2520script.html%23divDescription&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panjabdigilib.org/">"Panjab Digital Library"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120905133841/http://www.panjabdigilib.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-09-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Panjab+Digital+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panjabdigilib.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/now-domain-names-in-gurmukhi-50359">"Now, domain names in Gurmukhi"</a>. <i>The Tribune</i>. 2020-03-04. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003043319/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/now-domain-names-in-gurmukhi-50359">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Now%2C+domain+names+in+Gurmukhi&rft.date=2020-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fpunjab%2Fnow-domain-names-in-gurmukhi-50359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJainCardona2007" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Danesh; <a href="/wiki/George_Cardona" title="George Cardona">Cardona, George</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9"><bdi>978-1-135-79711-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79711-9&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Danesh&rft.au=Cardona%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOtCPAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalomon2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Salomon_(professor_of_Asian_studies)" title="Richard G. Salomon (professor of Asian studies)">Salomon, Richard</a> (2007). "Writing Systems of the Indo-Aryan Languages". In Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.). <i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i>. Routledge. pp. 68–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9"><bdi>978-1-135-79711-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Writing+Systems+of+the+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=68-114&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79711-9&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackle2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Shackle" title="Christopher Shackle">Shackle, Christopher</a> (2007). "Panjabi". In Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.). <i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i>. Routledge. pp. 582–622. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9"><bdi>978-1-135-79711-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Panjabi&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=582-622&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79711-9&rft.aulast=Shackle&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasica1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Masica" title="Colin Masica">Masica, Colin</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&q=indoaryan+languages"><i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i></a>. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29944-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29944-2"><bdi>978-0-521-29944-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+U.K.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29944-2&rft.aulast=Masica&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ3RSHWePhXwC%26q%3Dindoaryan%2Blanguages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBāhrī2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Hardev_Bahri" title="Hardev Bahri">Bāhrī, Hardev</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/n195/mode/2up">"Gurmukhī"</a>. In Siṅgh, Harbans (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Sikhism</i>. Vol. I (A–D) (3th ed.). Patiala: Punjab University. pp. 181–184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173801006" title="Special:BookSources/9788173801006"><bdi>9788173801006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gurmukh%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.place=Patiala&rft.pages=181-184&rft.edition=3th&rft.pub=Punjab+University&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9788173801006&rft.aulast=B%C4%81hr%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Hardev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l%2Fpage%2Fn195%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrierson1916" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/George_Abraham_Grierson" title="George Abraham Grierson">Grierson, George A.</a> (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=9-1&pages=843#page/626/mode/2up">"Pañjābī"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Survey_of_India" title="Linguistic Survey of India">Linguistic Survey of India</a></i>. Vol. IX: Indo-Aryan family. Central group, Part 1, Specimens of Western Hindi and Pañjābī. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. pp. 624–629.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pa%C3%B1j%C4%81b%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Survey+of+India&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=624-629&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Superintendent+of+Government+Printing%2C+India&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Grierson&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Fbooks%2Flsi%2Flsi.php%3Fvolume%3D9-1%26pages%3D843%23page%2F626%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhardwaj2016" class="citation book cs1">Bhardwaj, Mangat Rai (2016). <i>Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315760803">10.4324/9781315760803</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138793859" title="Special:BookSources/9781138793859"><bdi>9781138793859</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panjabi%3A+A+Comprehensive+Grammar&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315760803&rft.isbn=9781138793859&rft.aulast=Bhardwaj&rft.aufirst=Mangat+Rai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p>The following Punjabi-language publications have been written on the origins of the Gurmukhī script: </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1950" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Singh, Gurbaksh (G.B.) (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/GurmukhiLipiDaJanamTeVikas/page/n1/mode/2up"><i>Gurmukhi Lipi da Janam te Vikas</i></a> (in Punjabi) (5th ed.). Chandigarh, Punjab, India: Punjab University Press, 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85322-44-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-85322-44-9"><bdi>81-85322-44-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gurmukhi+Lipi+da+Janam+te+Vikas&rft.place=Chandigarh%2C+Punjab%2C+India&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Punjab+University+Press%2C+2010&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=81-85322-44-9&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Gurbaksh+%28G.B.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGurmukhiLipiDaJanamTeVikas%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=5759&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched=">Alternative link</a></li> <li>Ishar Singh Tãgh <i>Gurmukhi Lipi da Vigyamulak Adhiyan.</i> Patiala: Jodh Singh Karamjit Singh.</li> <li>Kala Singh Bedi <i>Lipi da Vikas.</i> Patiala: Punjabi University, 1995.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDakha1948" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dakha, Kartar Singh (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=5754&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched="><i>Gurmukhi te Hindi da Takra</i></a> (in Punjabi).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gurmukhi+te+Hindi+da+Takra&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Dakha&rft.aufirst=Kartar+Singh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panjabdigilib.org%2Fwebuser%2Fsearches%2FdisplayPage.jsp%3FID%3D5754%26page%3D1%26CategoryID%3D1%26Searched%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadam1953" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Padam, Piara Singh (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://punjabilibrary.com/wp-content/plugins/wonderplugin-pdf-embed/pdfjs/web/viewer.html?file=https%3A%2F%2Fpunjabilibrary.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F08%2FGurmukhi-Lipi-Da-Itihas_PunjabiLibrary.pdf"><i>Gurmukhi Lipi da Itihas</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Punjabi). Patiala, Punjab, India: Kalgidhar Kalam Foundation Kalam Mandir.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gurmukhi+Lipi+da+Itihas&rft.place=Patiala%2C+Punjab%2C+India&rft.pub=Kalgidhar+Kalam+Foundation+Kalam+Mandir&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Padam&rft.aufirst=Piara+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunjabilibrary.com%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fwonderplugin-pdf-embed%2Fpdfjs%2Fweb%2Fviewer.html%3Ffile%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fpunjabilibrary.com%252Fwp-content%252Fuploads%252F2017%252F08%252FGurmukhi-Lipi-Da-Itihas_PunjabiLibrary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurmukhi" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gurmukhi-lipi/mode/2up">Alternative link</a></li> <li>Prem Parkash Singh "Gurmukhi di Utpati." <i>Khoj Patrika</i>, Patiala: Punjabi University.</li> <li>Pritam Singh "Gurmukhi Lipi." <i>Khoj Patrika</i>. p. 110, vol.36, 1992. Patiala: Punjabi University.</li> <li>Sohan Singh Galautra. <i>Punjab dian Lipiã.</i></li> <li>Tarlochan Singh Bedi <i>Gurmukhi Lipi da Janam te Vikas.</i> Patiala: Punjabi University, 1999.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Jaap_Sahib" title="Jaap Sahib">Jaap Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehras" title="Rehras">Rehras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhmani_Sahib" title="Sukhmani Sahib">Sukhmani Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav-Prasad_Savaiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Tav-Prasad Savaiye">Tav-Prasad Savaiye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan" title="Gurdwara Janam Asthan">Janam Asthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Darbar_Sahib_Kartarpur" title="Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur">Darbar Sahib Kartarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras" title="List of gurdwaras">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Africa" title="List of gurdwaras">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Asia" title="List of gurdwaras">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Europe" title="List of gurdwaras">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#North_America" title="List of gurdwaras">North America</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadurgarh_Fort" title="Bahadurgarh Fort">Bahadurgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fateh_Burj" title="Fateh Burj">Fateh Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazuri_Bagh_Baradari" title="Hazuri Bagh Baradari">Hazuri Bagh Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesgarh_Qila" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesgarh Qila">Kesgarh Qila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanda museum">Khanda museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Bagh_Palace" title="Moti Bagh Palace">Moti Bagh Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanak_Shahi_bricks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak Shahi bricks">Nanak Shahi bricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul_Kanjri" title="Pul Kanjri">Pul Kanjri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qila_Mubarak,_Patiala" title="Qila Mubarak, Patiala">Qila Mubarak, Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramgarhia_Bunga" title="Ramgarhia Bunga">Ramgarhia Bunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh" title="Samadhi of Ranjit Singh">Samadhi of Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Dina_Nath" title="Well of Dina Nath">Well of Dina Nath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_by_country" title="Sikhism by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Sikhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Australia" title="Sikhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Austria" title="Sikhism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Sikhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Belgium" title="Sikhism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="Sikhism in Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_China" title="Sikhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Denmark" title="Sikhism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Fiji" title="Sikhism in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Finland" title="Sikhism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_France" title="Sikhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Germany" title="Sikhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Sikhism in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Sikhs" title="Cochin Sikhs">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Punjab,_India#Sikhism_in_Punjab" title="Demographics of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Indonesia" title="Sikhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iran" title="Sikhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iraq" title="Sikhism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Italy" title="Sikhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Japan" title="Sikhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Malaysia" title="Sikhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Nepal" title="Sikhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sikhism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Sikhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhism in Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Norway" title="Sikhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan" title="Sikhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Panama" title="Sikhism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Poland" title="Sikhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Singapore" title="Sikhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Africa" title="Sikhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Korea" title="Sikhism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Sweden" title="Sikhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Switzerland" title="Sikhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Thailand" title="Sikhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Sikhism in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sikhs in the United States military">U.S. Military</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Groups, sects<br />and communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects of Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_(Sikhism)" title="Mina (Sikhism)">Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdhari" title="Namdhari">Namdhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Nihang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirankari" title="Nirankari">Nirankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewapanthi" title="Sewapanthi">Sewapanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_(sect)" title="Nirmala (sect)">Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramraiya" title="Ramraiya">Ramraiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udasi" title="Udasi">Udasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhabi_Sikh" title="Mazhabi Sikh">Mazhabi Sikh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piara_Singh_Bhaniara" title="Piara Singh Bhaniara">Piara Singh Bhaniara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrahari_Sikh" title="Agrahari Sikh">Agrahari Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatha" title="Jatha">Jatha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Kirtani_Jatha" title="Akhand Kirtani Jatha">Akhand Kirtani Jatha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Singh Sabha">Singh Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Contemporary Sant Mat movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3HO" title="3HO">3HO</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sikh_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh_Empire" title="Template talk:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikh_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharak_Singh" title="Kharak Singh">Kharak Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nau_Nihal_Singh" title="Nau Nihal Singh">Nau Nihal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_Kaur" title="Chand Kaur">Chand Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jind_Kaur" title="Jind Kaur">Jind Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Military<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Sikh Wars">Mughal-Sikh Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Battle of Bhangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nadaun" title="Battle of Nadaun">Nadaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basoli" title="Battle of Basoli">Basoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Anandpur">1st Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Anandpur">2nd Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur_(1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamkaur (1704)">Chamkaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarsa" title="Battle of Sarsa">Sarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muktsar" title="Battle of Muktsar">Muktsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sonepat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sonepat">Sonepat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samana" title="Battle of Samana">Samana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sirhind" title="Siege of Sirhind">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadhaura" title="Battle of Sadhaura">Sadhaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chappar_Chiri" title="Battle of Chappar Chiri">Chappar Chiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rahon_(1710)" title="Battle of Rahon (1710)">Rahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lohgarh" title="Battle of Lohgarh">Lohgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jalalabad_(1710)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jalalabad (1710)">Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jammu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jammu">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurdas_Nangal" title="Battle of Gurdas Nangal">Gurdas Nangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1783)" title="Battle of Delhi (1783)">Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan–Sikh wars">Afghan–Sikh wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attock" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Attock">Battle of Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Multan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Multan">Battle of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shopian" title="Battle of Shopian">Battle of Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Peshawar (1834)">Battle of Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mudki" title="Battle of Mudki">Battle of Mudki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferozeshah" title="Battle of Ferozeshah">Battle of Ferozeshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal" title="Battle of Aliwal">Battle of Aliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sobraon" title="Battle of Sobraon">Battle of Sobraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramnagar" title="Battle of Ramnagar">Battle of Ramnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Battle of Chillianwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="Siege of Multan (1848–1849)">Siege of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Battle of Gujrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal–Sikh War">Nepal–Sikh War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Sino-Sikh war</a>, Katoch–Sikh War, <a href="/wiki/Hill_States%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill States–Sikh Wars">Hill States–Sikh Wars</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panchayati_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panchayati Revolution (page does not exist)">Panchayati Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Sikh_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Sikh Empire">List of battles involving the Sikh Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Military forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Khas" title="Fauj-i-Khas">Fauj-i-Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Ain" title="Fauj-i-Ain">Fauj-i-Ain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampu-i-mu%27alla" title="Kampu-i-mu'alla">Kampu-i-mu'alla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_States_of_India" title="Hill States of India">Hill States Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mankera" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mankera">Kingdom of Mankera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Namgyal dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhan" title="Sudhan">Sudhans</a> of Poonch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqpon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqpon Dynasty">Maqpon Dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamrud_Fort" title="Jamrud Fort">Jamrud Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan_Fort" title="Multan Fort">Multan Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkishangarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Harkishangarh">Harkishangarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Fort" title="Zorawar Fort">Zorawar Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahu_Fort" title="Bahu Fort">Bahu Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindgarh_Fort" title="Gobindgarh Fort">Gobindgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillaur_Fort" title="Phillaur Fort">Phillaur Fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Officials and warriors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Natives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhian_Singh" title="Dhian Singh">Dhian Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Dina_Nath" title="Diwan Dina Nath">Diwan Dina Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Bhawani_Das" title="Diwan Bhawani Das">Diwan Bhawani Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Buta_Singh" title="Diwan Buta Singh">Diwan Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_(Sikh_prince)" title="Pratap Singh (Sikh prince)">Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misr_Diwan_Chand" title="Misr Diwan Chand">Misr Diwan Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Mulraj_Chopra" title="Diwan Mulraj Chopra">Diwan Mulraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahan_Singh_Mirpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahan Singh Mirpuri">Mahan Singh Mirpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Mokham_Chand" title="Dewan Mokham Chand">Dewan Mokham Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Singh_Jamadar" title="Khushal Singh Jamadar">Khushal Singh Jamadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Dogra_general)" title="Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)">Zorawar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tej_Singh" title="Tej Singh">Tej Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Singh" title="Lal Singh">Lal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Singh_(wazir)" title="Jawahar Singh (wazir)">Jawahar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehta_Basti_Ram" title="Mehta Basti Ram">Mehta Basti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_Singh_Attariwalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham Singh Attariwalla">Sham Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Sher Singh Attariwalla">Sher Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattar_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Chattar Singh Attariwalla">Chattar Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Majithia" title="Amar Singh Majithia">Amar Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehna_Singh_Majithia" title="Lehna Singh Majithia">Lehna Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjodh_Singh_Majithia" title="Ranjodh Singh Majithia">Ranjodh Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Singh" title="Surat Singh">Surat Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Mangal Singh Ramgarhia">Mangal Singh Ramgarhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Phula_Singh" title="Akali Phula Singh">Akali Phula Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandu_Lal" title="Chandu Lal">Chandu Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_Sandhawalia" title="Ajit Singh Sandhawalia">Ajit Singh Sandhawalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahan_Singh_Nakai" title="Kahan Singh Nakai">Kahan Singh Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangat_Singh_Saini" title="Sangat Singh Saini">Sangat Singh Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Hukma_Singh" title="Sardar Hukma Singh">Hukma Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Singh_Dhillon" title="Veer Singh Dhillon">Veer Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Ghaus_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarnail Ghaus Khan">Jarnail Ghaus Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilahi_Bakhsh" title="Ilahi Bakhsh">Ilahi Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir_Azizuddin" title="Fakir Azizuddin">Fakir Azizuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Khan" title="Sultan Mahmud Khan">Sultan Mahmud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Fateh_Khan_Tiwana" title="Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana">Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Lal_Suri" title="Sohan Lal Suri">Sohan Lal Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Ram" title="Moti Ram">Moti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Ram_Dayal" title="Diwan Ram Dayal">Diwan Ram Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Kirpa_Ram" title="Diwan Kirpa Ram">Diwan Kirpa Ram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Foreigners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Allard" title="Jean-François Allard">Jean-François Allard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Ventura" title="Jean-Baptiste Ventura">Jean-Baptiste Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Auguste_Court" title="Claude Auguste Court">Claude Auguste Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Henri_Mouton" title="François Henri Mouton">François Henri Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gardner_(soldier)" title="Alexander Gardner (soldier)">Alexander Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Avitabile" title="Paolo Avitabile">Paolo Avitabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harlan" title="Josiah Harlan">Josiah Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Martin_Honigberger" title="Johann Martin Honigberger">Johann Martin Honigberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawrence_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)">Henry Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Influential families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandhawalia" title="Sandhawalia">Sandhawalia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majithia_family" title="Majithia family">Majithia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwana_family_of_Shahpur" title="Tiwana family of Shahpur">Tiwana family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1809)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1809)">Treaty of Amritsar (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Treaty_(1838)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Treaty (1838)">Tripartite Treaty (1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lahore" title="Treaty of Lahore">Treaty of Lahore (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1846)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1846)">Treaty of Amritsar (1846)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Darbar_records" title="Khalsa Darbar records">Khalsa Darbar records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mela_Maghi" title="Mela Maghi">Mela Maghi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Other topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_culture" title="Sikh culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art" title="Sikh art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_music" title="Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Films about Sikhism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_politics" title="Category:Sikh politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_British_Indian_Army" title="Sikhs in the British Indian Army">Sikhs in the British Indian Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_Sikh_Regiment" title="11th Sikh Regiment">11th Sikh Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Regiment" title="Sikh Regiment">Sikh Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry" title="Sikh Light Infantry">Sikh Light Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fariduddin_Ganjshakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fariduddin Ganjshakar">Fariduddin Ganjshakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">Dharamyudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_in_Sikhism" title="Rama in Sikhism">Rama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Women in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_and_sexual_orientation" title="Sikhism and sexual orientation">Sikhism and sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Fiction about Sikhism">In Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry_in_Sikhism" title="Idolatry in Sikhism">Idolatry in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Punjab">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi script">Gurmukhī</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_in_Sikhism" title="Sacred trees in Sikhism">Sacred trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht">Takht</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Kesgarh_Sahib" title="Takht Kesgarh Sahib">Kesgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazur_Sahib_Nanded" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazur Sahib Nanded">Hazur Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism" title="Outline of Sikhism">Outline</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Punjab,_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Punjab,_India" title="Template:Punjab, India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Punjab,_India" title="Template talk:Punjab, India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Punjab,_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Punjab, India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Punjab,_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Punjab,_India" title="Category:Punjab, India">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Punjab,_India" title="Demographics of Punjab, India">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Punjab,_India" title="Education in Punjab, India">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porus" title="Porus">King Porus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Punjab,_India" title="Tourism in Punjab, India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Punjab" title="Music of Punjab">Music</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjab_in_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Punjab_in_India.png/50px-Punjab_in_India.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Punjab_in_India.png/75px-Punjab_in_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Punjab_in_India.png/100px-Punjab_in_India.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="426" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Punjab,_India" title="Government of Punjab, India">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Legislative_Assembly" title="Punjab Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Punjab,_India" title="List of chief ministers of Punjab, India">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Punjab,_India" title="List of governors of Punjab, India">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Punjab" title="Raj Bhavan, Punjab">Raj Bhavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Police_(India)" title="Punjab Police (India)">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_culture" title="Punjabi culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cinema" title="Punjabi cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Punjab" title="Folk dances of Punjab">Folk dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(dance)" title="Bhangra (dance)">Bhangra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giddha" title="Giddha">Giddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aawat_pauni" title="Aawat pauni">Aawat pauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipri_dance_(Punjab)" title="Tipri dance (Punjab)">Tipri dance (Punjab)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_folklore" title="Punjabi folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_practices_in_Punjab" title="Folk practices in Punjab">Folk practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanjhi" title="Sanjhi">Sanjhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogaji" title="Gogaji">Gogaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhapar_Mela" title="Chhapar Mela">Chhapar Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhi_Sarwar_(saint)" title="Sakhi Sarwar (saint)">Sakhi Sarwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_fasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi fasts">Punjabi fasts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Language</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gurmukhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Punjab" title="Music of Punjab">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(music)" title="Bhangra (music)">Bhangra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Punjab" title="Folk music of Punjab">Folk music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_clothing" title="Punjabi clothing">Dress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salwar" title="Salwar">Salwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_ghagra_suit" title="Punjabi ghagra suit">Punjabi ghagra suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patiala_salwar" title="Patiala salwar">Patiala salwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Tamba_and_Kurta" title="Punjabi Tamba and Kurta">Punjabi Tamba and Kurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulkari" title="Phulkari">Phulkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutti" title="Jutti">Jutti</a></li></ul></li> <li>Calendars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_calendar" title="Punjabi calendar">Punjabi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Bikrami calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fairs_and_festivals_in_Punjab,_India" title="List of fairs and festivals in Punjab, India">Fairs and festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_festivals" title="Punjabi festivals">Punjabi festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lohri" title="Lohri">Lohri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basant_(festival)" title="Basant (festival)">Basant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeyan" title="Teeyan">Teeyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakhri" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakhri">Rakhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Religious festivals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals_in_Punjab" title="List of Hindu festivals in Punjab">Hindu festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sikh_festivals" title="List of Sikh festivals">Sikh festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_sports_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi sports (India)">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi_in_India" title="Kabaddi in India">Kabaddi in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qila_Raipur_Sports_Festival" title="Qila Raipur Sports Festival">Qila Raipur Sports Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_kabaddi" title="Punjabi kabaddi">Punjabi kabaddi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Punjabi nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba_movement" title="Punjabi Suba movement">Punjabi Suba movement</a></li></ul></li> <li>Folk arts and crafts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chowk_poorana" title="Chowk poorana">Chowk poorana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulkari" title="Phulkari">Phulkari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Patiala</li> <li>Rupnagar</li> <li>Jalandhar</li> <li>Faridkot</li> <li>Firozpur</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Punjab,_India" title="List of districts of Punjab, India">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohali_district" title="Mohali district">SAS Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Sri Amritsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnala_district" title="Barnala district">Barnala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathinda_district" title="Bathinda district">Bathinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faridkot_district" title="Faridkot district">Faridkot </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatehgarh_Sahib_district" title="Fatehgarh Sahib district">Fatehgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazilka_district" title="Fazilka district">Fazilka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozpur_district" title="Firozpur district">Firozpur </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_district" title="Kapurthala district">Kapurthala </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_district" title="Ludhiana district">Ludhiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansa_district,_India" title="Mansa district, India">Mansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moga_district" title="Moga district">Moga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathankot_district" title="Pathankot district">Pathankot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patiala_district" title="Patiala district">Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Muktsar_Sahib_district" title="Sri Muktsar Sahib district">Sri Muktsar Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupnagar_district" title="Rupnagar district">Rupnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangrur_district" title="Sangrur district">Sangrur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Bhagat_Singh_Nagar_district" title="Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district">Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarn_Taran_district" title="Tarn Taran district">Tarn Taran Sahib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Chandigarh_and_Punjab,_India_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Chandigarh and Punjab, India by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathinda" title="Bathinda">Bathinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur" title="Hoshiarpur">Hoshiarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohali" title="Mohali">Mohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batala" title="Batala">Batala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathankot" title="Pathankot">Pathankot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moga,_Punjab" title="Moga, Punjab">Moga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&oldid=1258313205">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gurmukhi&oldid=1258313205</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gurmukh%C4%AB_script" title="Category:Gurmukhī script">Gurmukhī script</a></li></ul></div><div 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