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Representatives assembly </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Representatives_assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Senate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_the_House,_Senate_and_Conference_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_the_House,_Senate_and_Conference_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Comparison of the House, Senate and Conference versions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_the_House,_Senate_and_Conference_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spending_(Senate_–_$552_billion,_House_–_$545_billion)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spending_(Senate_–_$552_billion,_House_–_$545_billion)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Spending (Senate – $552 billion, House – $545 billion) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spending_(Senate_–_$552_billion,_House_–_$545_billion)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tax_changes_($275_billion)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tax_changes_($275_billion)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Tax changes ($275 billion) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tax_changes_($275_billion)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conference_report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conference_report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Conference report </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conference_report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provisions_of_the_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provisions_of_the_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Provisions of the Act </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Provisions_of_the_Act-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Provisions of the Act subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Provisions_of_the_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tax_incentives_for_individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tax_incentives_for_individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Tax incentives for individuals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tax_incentives_for_individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tax_incentives_for_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tax_incentives_for_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Tax incentives for companies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tax_incentives_for_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aid_to_low_income_workers,_unemployed_and_retirees_(including_job_training)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aid_to_low_income_workers,_unemployed_and_retirees_(including_job_training)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Aid to low income workers, unemployed and retirees (including job training) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aid_to_low_income_workers,_unemployed_and_retirees_(including_job_training)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure_investment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure_investment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Infrastructure investment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure_investment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water,_sewage,_environment,_and_public_lands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water,_sewage,_environment,_and_public_lands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 Water, sewage, environment, and public lands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water,_sewage,_environment,_and_public_lands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_buildings_and_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_buildings_and_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.3 Government buildings and facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_buildings_and_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications,_information,_and_security_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications,_information,_and_security_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.4 Communications, information, and security technologies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications,_information,_and_security_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.5 Energy infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_efficiency_and_renewable_energy_research_and_investment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_efficiency_and_renewable_energy_research_and_investment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Energy efficiency and renewable energy research and investment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_efficiency_and_renewable_energy_research_and_investment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Housing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Scientific research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buy_American_provision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buy_American_provision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Buy American provision </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buy_American_provision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recommendations_by_economists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recommendations_by_economists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Recommendations by economists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recommendations_by_economists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congressional_Budget_Office_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congressional_Budget_Office_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Congressional Budget Office reports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congressional_Budget_Office_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recovery.gov" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recovery.gov"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Recovery.gov </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recovery.gov-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developments_under_the_Act_and_estimates_of_the_Act's_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developments_under_the_Act_and_estimates_of_the_Act's_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Developments under the Act and estimates of the Act's effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developments_under_the_Act_and_estimates_of_the_Act's_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oversight_and_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oversight_and_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Oversight and administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oversight_and_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" > 14 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4_%D9%88%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_2009" title="قانون الانتعاش وإعادة الاستثمار الأمريكي لعام 2009 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قانون الانتعاش وإعادة الاستثمار الأمريكي لعام 2009" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Reinvestment_and_Recovery_Act" title="American Reinvestment and Recovery Act – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="American Reinvestment and Recovery Act" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_Reinversi%C3%B3n_y_Recuperaci%C3%B3n_de_Estados_Unidos_de_2009" title="Ley de Reinversión y Recuperación de Estados Unidos de 2009 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ley de Reinversión y Recuperación de Estados Unidos de 2009" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%AF_%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B0%DB%B9_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="قانون بهبود و سرمایه‌گذاری مجدد ۲۰۰۹ آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قانون بهبود و سرمایه‌گذاری مجدد ۲۰۰۹ آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_de_relance_%C3%A9conomique_des_%C3%89tats-Unis_de_2009" title="Plan de relance économique des États-Unis de 2009 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plan de relance économique des États-Unis de 2009" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A8-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90_2009" title="აშშ-ის ეკონომიკის სტიმულირების გეგმა 2009 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აშშ-ის ეკონომიკის სტიმულირების გეგმა 2009" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E5%B9%B4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E3%83%BB%E5%86%8D%E6%8A%95%E8%B3%87%E6%B3%95" title="2009年アメリカ復興・再投資法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="2009年アメリカ復興・再投資法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_2009_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Американский акт восстановления и реинвестирования 2009 года – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Американский акт восстановления и реинвестирования 2009 года" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E5%B9%B4%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%BE%A9%E8%98%87%E8%88%87%E5%86%8D%E6%8A%95%E8%B3%87%E6%B3%95" title="2009年美國復蘇與再投資法 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="2009年美國復蘇與再投資法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q466637#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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searchaux" style="display:none">Stimulus package</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.25em">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/140px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/210px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Long title</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">An Act making supplemental appropriations for job preservation and creation, infrastructure investment, energy efficiency and science, assistance to the unemployed, State, and local fiscal stabilization, for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2009, and for other purposes.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronyms</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(colloquial)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">ARRA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">Recovery Act</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">the <a href="/wiki/111th_United_States_Congress" title="111th United States Congress">111th United States Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">February 17, 2009</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Citations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Public law</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=111_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ005.pdf">111-5</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Statutes at Large</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">123 Stat. 115</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Codification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Acts amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005" title="Energy Policy Act of 2005">Energy Policy Act of 2005</a> <a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_1992" title="Energy Policy Act of 1992">Energy Policy Act of 1992</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_Utility_Regulatory_Policies_Act" title="Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act">Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act</a> of 1978 <a href="/wiki/Public_Utility_Holding_Company_Act_of_1935" title="Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935">Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Titles amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Title_16_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 16 of the United States Code">16 U.S.C.: Conservation</a> <a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">42 U.S.C.: Public Health and Social Welfare</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">U.S.C. sections amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Title_16_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 16 of the United States Code">16 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/16/chapter-46">ch. 46</a> § 2601 et seq. <a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">42 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/chapter-134">ch. 134</a> § 13201 et seq. <a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">42 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/chapter-149">ch. 149</a> § 15801 et seq.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d111:HR00001:@@@S">Legislative history</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><div><ul style="line-height:1.3em;text-align:left"><li>Introduced in the House as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/1">H.R. 1</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dave_Obey" title="Dave Obey">Dave Obey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>-<a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">WI</a>) on January 26, 2009</li><li>Committee consideration by <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States House Committee on Appropriations">Appropriations</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Budget" title="United States House Committee on the Budget">Budget</a></li><li>Passed the House on January 28, 2009 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2009/roll046.xml">244–188</a>)</li><li>Passed the Senate on February 10, 2009 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=1&vote=00061">61–37</a>)</li><li>Reported by the joint conference committee on February 12, 2009; agreed to by the House on February 13, 2009 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2009/roll070.xml">246–183</a>) and by the Senate on February 13, 2009 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=1&vote=00064">60–38</a>)</li><li>Signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> on February 17, 2009</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Major amendments</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010" title="Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010">Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) (<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/111/public/5?link-type=html">111–5 (text)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/111/public/5?link-type=pdf&.pdf">(PDF)</a>), nicknamed the Recovery Act, was a <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(economics)" title="Stimulus (economics)">stimulus package</a> enacted by the <a href="/wiki/111th_U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="111th U.S. Congress">111th U.S. Congress</a> and signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in February 2009. Developed in response to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, the primary objective of this federal statute was to save existing jobs and create new ones as soon as possible. Other objectives were to provide temporary relief programs for those most affected by the recession and invest in infrastructure, education, health, and renewable energy. The approximate cost of the economic stimulus package was estimated to be $787 billion at the time of passage, later revised to $831 billion between 2009 and 2019.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The ARRA's rationale was based on the <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesian economic theory">Keynesian economic theory</a> that, during recessions, the government should offset the decrease in private spending with an increase in <a href="/wiki/Public_spending" class="mw-redirect" title="Public spending">public spending</a> in order to save jobs and stop further economic deterioration. The politics around the stimulus were very contentious, with <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> criticizing the size of the stimulus. On the right, it spurred the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a> and may have contributed to Republicans winning the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_elections" title="2010 United States elections">2010 midterm elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Not a single Republican member of the House voted for the stimulus,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and only three Republican senators voted for it.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Most economists have argued that the stimulus was smaller than needed.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Surveys of economists show overwhelming agreement that the stimulus reduced unemployment,<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and that the benefits of the stimulus outweigh the cost.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> According to the CBO's final report in February 2015, the ARRA spent $121,313 to create or save each job. <a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_history">Legislative history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legislative history">edit</a>]</div> Both the House and the Senate versions of the bills were primarily written by <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> congressional committee leaders and their staffs.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Because work on the bills started before President Obama officially took office on January 20, 2009, top aides to President-Elect Obama held multiple meetings with committee leaders and staffers. On January 10, 2009, President-Elect Obama's administration released a report<a href="#cite_note-RC-13">[13]</a> that provided a preliminary analysis of the impact to jobs of some of the prototypical recovery packages that were being considered. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_of_Representatives_assembly">House of Representatives assembly</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: House of Representatives assembly">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recovery_Accountability_and_Transparency_Board_Logo_(USA).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Recovery_Accountability_and_Transparency_Board_Logo_%28USA%29.jpg/150px-Recovery_Accountability_and_Transparency_Board_Logo_%28USA%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Recovery_Accountability_and_Transparency_Board_Logo_%28USA%29.jpg/225px-Recovery_Accountability_and_Transparency_Board_Logo_%28USA%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Recovery_Accountability_and_Transparency_Board_Logo_%28USA%29.jpg/300px-Recovery_Accountability_and_Transparency_Board_Logo_%28USA%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Official seal of Recovery.gov, the official site of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</figcaption></figure> The House version of the bill, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/1">H.R. 1</a>, was introduced on January 26, 2009<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dave_Obey" title="Dave Obey">Dave Obey</a>, the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States House Committee on Appropriations">House Committee on Appropriations</a>, and was co-sponsored by nine other Democrats. On January 23, <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> said that the bill was on track to be presented to President Obama for him to sign into law before February 16, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Newsday_Obama_seeks-15">[15]</a> Although 206 amendments were scheduled for floor votes, they were combined into only 11, which enabled quicker passage of the bill.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> On January 28, 2009, the House passed the bill by a 244–188 vote.<a href="#cite_note-House_vote-17">[17]</a> All but 11 Democrats voted for the bill, but not a single <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> voted in favor: 177 Republicans voted against it, while one Republican did not vote.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senate">Senate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Senate">edit</a>]</div> The Senate version of the bill, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/senate-bill/1">S. 1</a>, was introduced on January 6, 2009, and later substituted as an amendment to the House bill, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/amendment/111th-congress/senate-amendment/570">S.Amdt. 570</a>. It was sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Harry Reid</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Majority_Leader_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority Leader of the United States Senate">Majority Leader</a>, co-sponsored by 16 other Democrats and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">independent</a> who <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Caucus_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Caucus of the United States Senate">caucused with the Democrats</a>. The Senate then began consideration of the bill starting with the $275 billion tax provisions in the week of February 2, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Newsday_Obama_seeks-15">[15]</a> A significant difference between the House version and the Senate version was the inclusion of a one-year extension of revisions to the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_minimum_tax" title="Alternative minimum tax">alternative minimum tax</a>, which added $70 billion to the bill's total. Republicans proposed several amendments to the bill directed at increasing the share of tax cuts and downsizing spending as well as decreasing the overall price.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> President Obama and Senate Democrats hinted that they would be willing to compromise on Republican suggestions to increase infrastructure spending and to double the housing tax credit proposed from $7,500 to $15,000 and expand its application to all home buyers, not just first-time buyers.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Other considered amendments included the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_Act_of_2009&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom Act of 2009 (page does not exist)">Freedom Act of 2009</a>, an amendment proposed by <a href="/wiki/Senate_Finance_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Finance Committee">Senate Finance Committee</a> members <a href="/wiki/Maria_Cantwell" title="Maria Cantwell">Maria Cantwell</a> (D) and <a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a> (R) to include tax incentives for <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">plug-in electric vehicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cantwell-21">[21]</a> The Senate called a special Saturday debate session for February 7 at the urging of President Obama. The Senate voted, 61–36 (with 2 not voting) on February 9 to end debate on the bill and advance it to the Senate floor to vote on the bill itself.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> On February 10, the Senate voted 61–37 (with one not voting)<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> All the Democrats voted in favor, but only three Republicans voted in favor (<a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Susan Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympia_Snowe" title="Olympia Snowe">Olympia Snowe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Arlen Specter</a>).<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Specter <a href="/wiki/Party_switching_in_the_United_States" title="Party switching in the United States">switched</a> to the Democratic Party later in the year. At one point, the Senate bill stood at $838 billion.<a href="#cite_note-AJC_Stimulus_survives-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_of_the_House,_Senate_and_Conference_versions">Comparison of the House, Senate and Conference versions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Comparison of the House, Senate and Conference versions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_signs_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009_on_February_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Barack_Obama_signs_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009_on_February_17.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_signs_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009_on_February_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Barack_Obama_signs_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009_on_February_17.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_signs_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009_on_February_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Barack_Obama_signs_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009_on_February_17.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_signs_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009_on_February_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> signs the ARRA into law on February 17, 2009, in <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, Colorado. Vice President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> stands behind him.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_speaks_at_2,000th_approved_ARRA_project_event_4-13-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Barack_Obama_speaks_at_2%2C000th_approved_ARRA_project_event_4-13-09.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_speaks_at_2%2C000th_approved_ARRA_project_event_4-13-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Barack_Obama_speaks_at_2%2C000th_approved_ARRA_project_event_4-13-09.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_speaks_at_2%2C000th_approved_ARRA_project_event_4-13-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Barack_Obama_speaks_at_2%2C000th_approved_ARRA_project_event_4-13-09.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_speaks_at_2%2C000th_approved_ARRA_project_event_4-13-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> speaks about the 2,000th project approved through the ARRA. The president is joined by Vice President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a> <a href="/wiki/Ray_LaHood" title="Ray LaHood">Ray LaHood</a>.</figcaption></figure> Senate Republicans forced a near unprecedented level of changes (near $150 billion) in the House bill, which had more closely followed the Obama plan. A comparison of the $827 billion economic recovery plan drafted by Senate Democrats with an $820 billion version passed by the House and the final $787 billion conference version shows huge shifts within these similar totals. Additional debt costs would add about $350 billion or more over 10 years. Many provisions were set to expire in two years.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The main funding differences between the Senate bill and the House bill were: More funds for health care in the Senate ($153.3 vs $140 billion), renewable energy programs ($74 vs. $39.4 billion), for home buyers tax credit ($35.5 vs. $2.6 billion), new payments to the elderly and a one-year increase in AMT limits. The House had more funds appropriated for education ($143 vs. $119.1 billion), infrastructure ($90.4 vs. $62 billion) and for aid to low income workers and the unemployed ($71.5 vs. $66.5 billion).<a href="#cite_note-AJC_Stimulus_survives-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spending_(Senate_–_$552_billion,_House_–_$545_billion)">Spending (Senate – $552 billion, House – $545 billion)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spending (Senate – $552 billion, House – $545 billion)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Address_Before_a_Joint_Session_of_Congress_(February_24,_2009)_-_Barack_Obama_(WhiteHouse.gov).webm" title="File:Address Before a Joint Session of Congress (February 24, 2009) - Barack Obama (WhiteHouse.gov).webm">Address Before a Joint Session of Congress (February 24, 2009)</a> (52:20)</div> <div><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Address_Before_a_Joint_Session_of_Congress_%28February_24%2C_2009%29_-_Barack_Obama_%28WhiteHouse.gov%29.webm/232px--Address_Before_a_Joint_Session_of_Congress_%28February_24%2C_2009%29_-_Barack_Obama_%28WhiteHouse.gov%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" height="131" data-durationhint="3141" data-mwtitle="Address_Before_a_Joint_Session_of_Congress_(February_24,_2009)_-_Barack_Obama_(WhiteHouse.gov).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Address_Before_a_Joint_Session_of_Congress_%28February_24%2C_2009%29_-_Barack_Obama_%28WhiteHouse.gov%29.webm/Address_Before_a_Joint_Session_of_Congress_%28February_24%2C_2009%29_-_Barack_Obama_%28WhiteHouse.gov%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Address_Before_a_Joint_Session_of_Congress_%28February_24%2C_2009%29_-_Barack_Obama_%28WhiteHouse.gov%29.webm/Address_Before_a_Joint_Session_of_Congress_%28February_24%2C_2009%29_-_Barack_Obama_%28WhiteHouse.gov%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Address_Before_a_Joint_Session_of_Congress_%28February_24%2C_2009%29_-_Barack_Obama_%28WhiteHouse.gov%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="av1, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Address_Before_a_Joint_Session_of_Congress_%28February_24%2C_2009%29_-_Barack_Obama_%28WhiteHouse.gov%29.webm/Address_Before_a_Joint_Session_of_Congress_%28February_24%2C_2009%29_-_Barack_Obama_%28WhiteHouse.gov%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Address_Before_a_Joint_Session_of_Congress_%28February_24%2C_2009%29_-_Barack_Obama_%28WhiteHouse.gov%29.webm/Address_Before_a_Joint_Session_of_Congress_%28February_24%2C_2009%29_-_Barack_Obama_%28WhiteHouse.gov%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Address_Before_a_Joint_Session_of_Congress_%28February_24%2C_2009%29_-_Barack_Obama_%28WhiteHouse.gov%29.webm/Address_Before_a_Joint_Session_of_Congress_%28February_24%2C_2009%29_-_Barack_Obama_%28WhiteHouse.gov%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Address_Before_a_Joint_Session_of_Congress_%28February_24%2C_2009%29_-_Barack_Obama_%28WhiteHouse.gov%29.webm/Address_Before_a_Joint_Session_of_Congress_%28February_24%2C_2009%29_-_Barack_Obama_%28WhiteHouse.gov%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s February 24, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_speech_to_joint_session_of_Congress,_February_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress, February 2009">2009 Address Before a Joint Session of Congress</a>. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 was a focal point of the speech.</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Address_Before_a_Joint_Session_of_Congress_(February_24,_2009)_Barack_Obama.ogg" title="File:Address Before a Joint Session of Congress (February 24, 2009) Barack Obama.ogg">Address Before a Joint Session of Congress (February 24, 2009) (audio)</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="3137" data-mwtitle="Address_Before_a_Joint_Session_of_Congress_(February_24,_2009)_Barack_Obama.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Address_Before_a_Joint_Session_of_Congress_%28February_24%2C_2009%29_Barack_Obama.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Address_Before_a_Joint_Session_of_Congress_%28February_24%2C_2009%29_Barack_Obama.ogg/Address_Before_a_Joint_Session_of_Congress_%28February_24%2C_2009%29_Barack_Obama.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Audio-only version</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <ul><li>Aid to low income workers and the unemployed <ul><li>Senate – $47 billion to provide extended unemployment benefits through December 31, increased by $25 a week, and provide job training; $16.5 billion to increase <a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program">food stamp</a> benefits by 12 percent through fiscal 2011 and issue a one-time bonus payment; $3 billion in temporary welfare payments.</li> <li>House – Comparable extension of <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment insurance">unemployment insurance</a>; $20 billion to increase food stamp benefits by 14 percent; $2.5 billion in temporary welfare payments; $1 billion for home heating subsidies and $1 billion for community action agencies.</li></ul></li> <li>Direct cash payments <ul><li>Senate – $17 billion to give one-time $300 payments to recipients of <a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Security_Income" title="Supplemental Security Income">Supplemental Security Income</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a>, and veterans receiving disability and pensions.</li> <li>House – $4 billion to provide a one-time additional Supplemental Security Income and Social Security Disability Insurance payment to the elderly, of $450 for individuals and $630 for married couples.</li> <li>Conference – $250 one-time payment to each recipient of Supplemental Security Income, Social Security (Regular & Disability) Insurance, Veterans pension, Railroad Retirement, or State retirement system<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Infrastructure <ul><li>Senate – $46 billion for transportation projects, including $27 billion for highway and bridge construction and repair and $11.5 billion for mass transit and rail projects; $4.6 billion for the Army Corps of Engineers; $5 billion for public housing improvements; $6.4 billion for clean and drinking water projects.</li> <li>House – $47 billion for transportation projects, including $27 billion for highway and bridge construction and repair and $12 billion for mass transit, including $7.5 billion to buy transit equipment such as buses; and $31 billion to build and repair federal buildings and other public infrastructures.</li></ul></li> <li>Health care <ul><li>Senate – $21 billion to subsidize the cost of continuing health care insurance for the <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_unemployment" title="Involuntary unemployment">involuntarily unemployed</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1985" title="Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985">COBRA</a> program; $87 billion to help states with <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a>; $22 billion to modernize health information technology systems; and $10 billion for health research and construction of <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> facilities.</li> <li>House – $40 billion to subsidize the cost of continuing health care insurance for the involuntarily unemployed under the COBRA program or provide health care through Medicaid; $87 billion to help states with Medicaid; $20 billion to modernize health information technology systems; $4 billion for preventive care; $1.5 billion for community health centers; $420 million to combat avian flu; $335 million for programs that combat AIDS, sexually transmitted diseases and tuberculosis.</li> <li>Conference – A 65% COBRA subsidy for 9 months will apply to workers laid off between Sep 1, 2008 and Dec 31, 2009. Those already laid off have 60 days to apply for COBRA.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Education <ul><li>Senate – $55 billion in state fiscal relief to prevent cuts in education aid and provide block grants; $25 billion to school districts to fund special education and the <a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind" class="mw-redirect" title="No Child Left Behind">No Child Left Behind</a> K–12 law; $14 billion to boost the maximum <a href="/wiki/Pell_Grant" title="Pell Grant">Pell Grant</a> by $400 to $5,250; $2 billion for <a href="/wiki/Head_Start_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Head Start Program">Head Start</a>.</li> <li>House – Similar aid to states and school districts; $21 billion for school modernization; $16 billion to boost the maximum Pell Grant by $500 to $5,350; $2 billion for Head Start.</li> <li>Conference – The Conference Report merged most education aid with the State Fiscal Stabilization fund (administered by the Department of Education) and gave power over the funds to each governor under voluminous restrictions. The Governor is "Required" to spend $45 billion of the money on education to restore funding to 2008 levels but the mechanisms to enforce state maintenance of effort at 2005–06 levels are complex and potentially impossible to implement.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Hard hit states such as Nevada cannot possibly find enough funds to get to the 2005–06 state funding levels for education.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Some states with no current budget cuts for education, such as Arkansas and North Carolina, may get nothing.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> This will result in a monumental 50 state legal and political fight over how to re-budget to best take advantage of the federal legislation. Many states will further reduce state funds for education to the 2005–06 minimum so these state resources can be used for other state priorities and the net gain for education will be far less than the total federal appropriation.</li></ul></li> <li>Energy <ul><li>Senate – $40 billion for energy efficiency and renewable energy programs, including $2.9 billion to weatherize modest-income homes; $4.6 billion for fossil fuel research and development; $6.4 billion to clean up nuclear weapons production sites; $11 billion toward a smart electricity grid to reduce waste; $8.5 billion to subsidize loans for renewable energy projects; and $2 billion for advanced battery systems.</li> <li>House – $28.4 billion for energy efficiency and renewable energy programs, including $6.2 billion to weatherize homes; $11 billion to fund a smart electricity grid.</li></ul></li> <li>Homeland security <ul><li>Senate – $4.7 billion for homeland security programs, including $1 billion for airport screening equipment and $800 million for port security.</li> <li>House – $1.1 billion, including $500 million for airport screening equipment.</li></ul></li> <li>Law enforcement <ul><li>Senate – $3.5 billion in grants to state and local law enforcement to hire officers and purchase equipment.</li> <li>House – Comparable provision.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tax_changes_($275_billion)">Tax changes ($275 billion)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tax changes ($275 billion)">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><ul><li>House – About $145 billion for $500 per-worker, $1,000 per-couple tax credits in 2009 and 2010. For the last half of 2009, workers could expect to see about $20 a week less withheld from their paychecks starting around June. Millions of Americans who do not make enough money to pay federal income taxes could file returns next year and receive checks. Individuals making more than $75,000 and couples making more than $150,000 would receive reduced amounts.</li> <li>Senate – The credit would phase out at incomes of $70,000 for individuals and couples making more than $140,000 and phase out more quickly, reducing the cost to $140 billion.</li> <li>Conference – Tax Credit reduced to $400 per worker and $800 per couple in 2009 and 2010 and phaseout begins at $75,000 for individuals and $150,000 for joint filers. Note retirees with no wages get nothing.<a href="#cite_note-handwritten1-32">[32]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_minimum_tax" title="Alternative minimum tax">Alternative minimum tax</a> <ul><li>House – No provision.</li> <li>Senate – About $70 billion to prevent 24 million taxpayers from paying the alternative minimum tax in 2009. The tax was designed to make sure wealthy taxpayers cannot use credits and deductions to avoid paying any taxes or paying at a far lower rate than would otherwise be possible. But it was never indexed to inflation, so critics now contend it taxes people it was not intended to. Congress addresses it each year, usually in the fall.</li> <li>Conference – Includes a one-year increase in AMT floor to $70,950 for joint filers for 2009.<a href="#cite_note-handwritten1-32">[32]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Expanded child credit <ul><li>House – $18.3 billion to give greater access to the $1,000 per-child tax credit for low income workers in 2009 and 2010. Under current law, workers must make at least $12,550 to receive any portion of the credit. The change eliminates the floor, meaning more workers who pay no federal income taxes could receive checks.</li> <li>Senate – Sets a new income threshold of $8,100 to receive any portion of the credit, reducing the cost to $7.5 billion.</li> <li>Conference – The income floor for refunds was set at $3,000 for 2009 & 2010.<a href="#cite_note-conference1-33">[33]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Expanded earned income tax credit <ul><li>House – $4.7 billion to increase the <a href="/wiki/Earned_income_tax_credit" title="Earned income tax credit">earned income tax credit</a> – which provides money to low income workers – for families with at least three children.</li> <li>Senate – Same.</li></ul></li> <li>Expanded college credit <ul><li>House – $13.7 billion to provide a $2,500 expanded tax credit for college tuition and related expenses for 2009 and 2010. The credit is phased out for couples making more than $160,000.</li> <li>Senate – Reduces the amount that can be refunded to low-income families that pay no income taxes, lowering the cost to $13 billion.</li></ul></li> <li>Homebuyer credit <ul><li>House – $2.6 billion to repeal a requirement that a $7,500 first-time homebuyer tax credit be paid back over time for homes purchased from Jan 1 to July 1, unless the home is sold within three years. The credit is phased out for couples making more than $150,000.</li> <li>Senate – Doubles the credit to $15,000 for homes purchased for a year after the bill takes effect, increasing the cost to $35.5 billion.</li> <li>Conference – $8,000 credit for all homes bought between 1/1/2009 and 12/1/2009 and repayment provision repealed for homes purchased in 2009 and held more than three years.<a href="#cite_note-conference1-33">[33]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Home energy credit <ul><li>House – $4.3 billion to provide an expanded credit to homeowners who make their homes more energy-efficient in 2009 and 2010. Homeowners could recoup 30 percent of the cost up to $1,500 of numerous projects, such as installing energy-efficient windows, doors, furnaces and air conditioners.</li> <li>Senate – Same.</li> <li>Conference – Same.</li></ul></li> <li>Unemployment <ul><li>House – No similar provision.</li> <li>Senate – $4.7 billion to exclude from taxation the first $2,400 a person receives in unemployment compensation benefits in 2009.</li> <li>Conference – Same as Senate</li></ul></li> <li>Bonus depreciation <ul><li>House – $5 billion to extend a provision allowing businesses buying equipment such as computers to speed up its depreciation through 2009.</li> <li>Senate – Similar.</li></ul></li> <li>Money-losing companies <ul><li>House – $15 billion to allow companies to use current losses to offset profits made in the previous five years, instead of two, making them eligible for <a href="/wiki/Tax_refund" title="Tax refund">tax refunds</a>.</li> <li>Senate – Allows companies to use more of their losses to offset previous profits, increasing the cost to $19.5 billion.</li> <li>Conference – Limits the carry-back to small companies, revenue under $5 million<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Government contractors <ul><li>House – Repeal a law that takes effect in 2011, requiring government agencies to withhold three percent of payments to contractors to help ensure they pay their tax bills. Repealing the law would cost $11 billion over 10 years, in part because the government could not earn interest by holding the money throughout the year.</li> <li>Senate – Delays the law from taking effect until 2012, reducing the cost to $291 million.</li></ul></li> <li>Energy production <ul><li>House – $13 billion to extend tax credits for renewable energy production.</li> <li>Senate – Same.</li> <li>Conference – Extension is to 2014.</li></ul></li> <li>Repeal bank credit <ul><li>House – Repeal a Treasury provision that allowed firms that buy money-losing banks to use more of the losses as tax credits to offset the profits of the merged banks for tax purposes. The change would increase taxes on the merged banks by $7 billion over 10 years.</li> <li>Senate – Same.</li> <li>House – $36 billion to subsidize locally issued bonds for school construction, teacher training, economic development and infrastructure improvements.</li> <li>Senate – $22.8 billion to subsidize locally issued bonds for school construction, industrial development and infrastructure improvements.</li></ul></li> <li>Auto sales <ul><li>House – No similar provision.</li> <li>Senate – $11 billion to make interest payments on most auto loans and <a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">sales tax</a> on cars deductible.</li> <li>Conference – $2 billion for deduction of sales tax, not interest payments phased out for incomes above $250,000.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conference_report">Conference report</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conference report">edit</a>]</div> Congressional negotiators said that they had completed the Conference Report on February 11.<a href="#cite_note-nytimesfebeleven-36">[36]</a> On February 12, House Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Steny_Hoyer" title="Steny Hoyer">Steny Hoyer</a> scheduled the vote on the bill for the next day, before wording on the bill's content had been completed and despite House Democrats having previously promised to allow a 48-hour public review period before any vote. The Report with final handwritten provisions was posted on a House website that evening.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> On February 13, the Report passed the House, 246–183, largely along party lines with all 246 Yes votes given by Democrats and the Nay vote split between 176 Republicans and 7 Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-bbc1-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-House_Roll-40">[40]</a> The Senate passed the bill, 60–38, with all Democrats and Independents voting for the bill along with three Republicans. On February 17, 2009, President Barack Obama signed the Recovery Act into law. <a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provisions_of_the_Act">Provisions of the Act</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Provisions of the Act">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Investmentbubble.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Investmentbubble.jpg/400px-Investmentbubble.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Investmentbubble.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Composition of the Act: Tax incentives – Includes $15 B for Infrastructure and Science, $61 B for Protecting the Vulnerable, $25 B for Education and Training and $22 B for Energy, so total funds are $126 B for Infrastructure and Science, $142 B for Protecting the Vulnerable, $78 B for Education and Training, and $65 B for Energy. State and Local Fiscal Relief – Prevents state and local cuts to health and education programs and state and local tax increases.</figcaption></figure> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009#Sec._3." class="extiw" title="s:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">Section 3 of ARRA</a> listed the basic intent behind crafting the law. This <a href="/wiki/Statement_of_purpose" class="mw-redirect" title="Statement of purpose">Statement of Purpose</a> included the following: <ol><li>To preserve and create jobs and promote economic recovery.</li> <li>To assist those most impacted by the recession.</li> <li>To provide investments needed to increase economic efficiency by spurring technological advances in science and health.</li> <li>To invest in transportation, environmental protection, and other infrastructure that will provide long-term economic benefits.</li> <li>To stabilize State and local government budgets, in order to minimize and avoid reductions in essential services and counterproductive state and local tax increases.</li></ol> The Act specifies that 37% of the package is to be devoted to tax incentives equaling $288 billion and $144 billion, or 18%, is allocated to state and local fiscal relief (more than 90% of the state aid is going to Medicaid and education). The remaining 45%, or $357 billion, is allocated to federal spending programs such as transportation, communication, wastewater, and sewer infrastructure improvements; energy efficiency upgrades in private and federal buildings; extension of federal unemployment benefits; and scientific research programs. The following are details to the different parts of the final bill and the selected citizen to receive this Government Grants have to come up with $350 for the activation and they must clear the state tax according to the state percentage that will be refund it back along with the Grants.:<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tax_incentives_for_individuals">Tax incentives for individuals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tax incentives for individuals">edit</a>]</div> Total: $237 billion <ul><li>$116 billion: New payroll tax credit of $400 per worker and $800 per couple in 2009 and 2010. Phaseout begins at $75,000 for individuals and $150,000 for joint filers.<a href="#cite_note-handwritten1-32">[32]</a></li> <li>$70 billion: <a href="/wiki/Alternative_minimum_tax" title="Alternative minimum tax">Alternative minimum tax</a>: a one-year increase in AMT floor to $70,950 for joint filers for 2009.<a href="#cite_note-handwritten1-32">[32]</a></li> <li>$15 billion: Expansion of child tax credit: A $1,000 credit to more families (even those that do not make enough money to pay income taxes).</li> <li>$14 billion: Expanded college credit to provide a $2,500 expanded tax credit for college tuition and related expenses for 2009 and 2010. The credit is phased out for couples making more than $160,000.</li> <li>$6.6 billion: Homebuyer credit: $8,000 refundable credit for all homes bought between January 1, 2009, and December 1, 2009, and repayment provision repealed for homes purchased in 2009 and held more than three years. This only applies to first-time homebuyers.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li> <li>$4.7 billion: Excluding from taxation the first $2,400 a person receives in unemployment compensation benefits in 2009.</li> <li>$4.7 billion: Expanded earned income tax credit to increase the <a href="/wiki/Earned_income_tax_credit" title="Earned income tax credit">earned income tax credit</a> – which provides money to low income workers – for families with at least three children.</li> <li>$4.3 billion: Home energy credit to provide an expanded credit to homeowners who make their homes more energy-efficient in 2009 and 2010. Homeowners could recoup 30 percent of the cost up to $1,500 of numerous projects, such as installing energy-efficient windows, doors, furnaces and air conditioners.</li> <li>$1.7 billion: for deduction of sales tax from car purchases, not interest payments phased out for incomes above $250,000.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tax_incentives_for_companies">Tax incentives for companies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tax incentives for companies">edit</a>]</div> Total: $51 billion <ul><li>$15 billion: Allowing companies to use current losses to offset profits made in the previous five years, instead of two, making them eligible for tax refunds.</li> <li>$13 billion: to extend tax credits for renewable energy production (until 2014).</li> <li>$11 billion: Government contractors: Repeal a law that takes effect in 2012, requiring government agencies to withhold three percent of payments to contractors to help ensure they pay their tax bills. Repealing the law would cost $11 billion over 10 years, in part because the government could not earn interest by holding the money throughout the year.</li> <li>$7 billion: Repeal bank credit: Repeal a Treasury provision that allowed firms that buy money-losing banks to use more of the losses as tax credits to offset the profits of the merged banks for tax purposes. The change would increase taxes on the merged banks by $7 billion over 10 years.</li> <li>$5 billion: Bonus depreciation, which extends a provision allowing businesses buying equipment such as computers to speed up its depreciation through 2009.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Healthcare">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_Information_Technology_for_Economic_and_Clinical_Health_Act" title="Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act">Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ritalin-SR-20mg-1000x1000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ritalin-SR-20mg-1000x1000.jpg/220px-Ritalin-SR-20mg-1000x1000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ritalin-SR-20mg-1000x1000.jpg/330px-Ritalin-SR-20mg-1000x1000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ritalin-SR-20mg-1000x1000.jpg/440px-Ritalin-SR-20mg-1000x1000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>More than 11% of the total bill is allocated to help states with Medicaid.</figcaption></figure> ARRA included the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Health_Information_Technology_for_Economic_and_Clinical_Health_Act" title="Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act">Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act</a>, also known as the HITECH Act.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Total health care spending: $155.1 billion<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <ul><li>$86.8 billion for <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a></li> <li>$25.8 billion for <a href="/wiki/Health_information_technology" title="Health information technology">health information technology</a> investments and incentive payments</li> <li>$25.1 billion to provide a 65% subsidy of health care insurance premiums for the unemployed under the <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1985" title="Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985">COBRA</a> program</li> <li>$10 billion for health research and construction of National Institutes of Health facilities</li> <li>$2 billion for <a href="/wiki/Community_health_centers_in_the_United_States" title="Community health centers in the United States">Community Health Centers</a></li> <li>$1.3 billion for construction of military hospitals</li> <li>$1.1 billion to study the comparative effectiveness of healthcare treatments</li> <li>$1 billion for prevention and wellness</li> <li>$1 billion for the <a href="/wiki/Veterans_Health_Administration" title="Veterans Health Administration">Veterans Health Administration</a></li> <li>$500 million for healthcare services on <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li>$300 million to train healthcare workers in the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service_Corps" title="National Health Service Corps">National Health Service Corps</a></li> <li>$202 million for a temporary moratorium for certain Medicare regulations</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Arne_Duncan_Visits_New_York,_Discusses_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Secretary_Arne_Duncan_Visits_New_York%2C_Discusses_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_01.jpg/220px-Secretary_Arne_Duncan_Visits_New_York%2C_Discusses_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Secretary_Arne_Duncan_Visits_New_York%2C_Discusses_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_01.jpg/330px-Secretary_Arne_Duncan_Visits_New_York%2C_Discusses_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Secretary_Arne_Duncan_Visits_New_York%2C_Discusses_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a> <a href="/wiki/Arne_Duncan" title="Arne Duncan">Arne Duncan</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Mayor">New York City Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a> visit with students at Explore Charter School</figcaption></figure> Total: $100 billion <ul><li>$53.6 billion in aid to local school districts to prevent layoffs and cutbacks, with flexibility to use the funds for school modernization and repair (State Fiscal Stabilization Fund)<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li> <li>$15.6 billion to increase <a href="/wiki/Pell_Grant" title="Pell Grant">Pell Grants</a> from $4,731 to $5,350</li> <li>$13 billion for low-income public schoolchildren</li> <li>$12.2 billion for <a href="/wiki/Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act" title="Individuals with Disabilities Education Act">IDEA special education</a></li> <li>$2.1 billion for <a href="/wiki/Head_Start_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Head Start program">Head Start</a></li> <li>$2 billion for <a href="/wiki/Childcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Childcare">childcare</a> services</li> <li>$650 million for <a href="/wiki/Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">educational technology</a></li> <li>$300 million for increased teacher salaries</li> <li>$250 million for states to analyze student performance</li> <li>$200 million to support working college students</li> <li>$70 million for the education of homeless children</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aid_to_low_income_workers,_unemployed_and_retirees_(including_job_training)">Aid to low income workers, unemployed and retirees (including job training)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Aid to low income workers, unemployed and retirees (including job training)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_Security_card.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Social_Security_card.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="123" /></a><figcaption>Payments to Social Security recipients and people on Supplemental Security Income were parts of the ARRA.</figcaption></figure> Total: $82.2 billion <ul><li>$40 billion to provide extended unemployment benefits through December 31, and increase them by $25 a week</li> <li>$19.9 billion for the <a href="/wiki/Food_Stamp_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Food Stamp Program">Food Stamp Program</a></li> <li>$14.2 billion to give one-time $250 payments to <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> recipients, people on <a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Security_Income" title="Supplemental Security Income">Supplemental Security Income</a>, and veterans receiving disability and pensions.</li> <li>$3.45 billion for job training</li> <li>$3.2 billion in temporary welfare payments (TANF and WIC)</li> <li>$500 million for vocational training for the disabled</li> <li>$400 million for employment services</li> <li>$120 million for subsidized community service jobs for older Americans</li> <li>$150 million to help refill <a href="/wiki/Food_bank" title="Food bank">food banks</a></li> <li>$100 million for meals programs for seniors, such as <a href="/wiki/Meals_on_Wheels#United_States" title="Meals on Wheels">Meals on Wheels</a></li> <li>$100 million for <a href="/wiki/National_School_Lunch_Act" title="National School Lunch Act">free school lunch programs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure_investment">Infrastructure investment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Infrastructure investment">edit</a>]</div> Total: $105.3 billion <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transportation">Transportation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ARRA_in_Rhode_Island.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ARRA_in_Rhode_Island.JPG/220px-ARRA_in_Rhode_Island.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ARRA_in_Rhode_Island.JPG/330px-ARRA_in_Rhode_Island.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ARRA_in_Rhode_Island.JPG/440px-ARRA_in_Rhode_Island.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Road and highway construction is the biggest single line infrastructure item in the final bill. Projects funded by the ARRA have a sign marking them, like this one in <a href="/wiki/Middletown,_Rhode_Island" title="Middletown, Rhode Island">Middletown, Rhode Island</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ARRA_-_Breckenridge,_Colorado.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ARRA_-_Breckenridge%2C_Colorado.JPG/220px-ARRA_-_Breckenridge%2C_Colorado.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ARRA_-_Breckenridge%2C_Colorado.JPG/330px-ARRA_-_Breckenridge%2C_Colorado.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ARRA_-_Breckenridge%2C_Colorado.JPG/440px-ARRA_-_Breckenridge%2C_Colorado.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption>Sign for an ARRA funded road-widening project on <a href="/wiki/Colorado_State_Highway_9" title="Colorado State Highway 9">State Highway 9</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Breckenridge,_Colorado" title="Breckenridge, Colorado">Breckenridge, Colorado</a></figcaption></figure> Total: $48.1 billion,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> some in the form of <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Investment_Generating_Economic_Recovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery">Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery</a> (TIGER) Grants <ul><li>$27.5 billion for highway and bridge construction projects</li> <li>$8 billion for intercity passenger rail projects and rail congestion grants, with priority for <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_States" title="High-speed rail in the United States">high-speed rail</a></li> <li>$6.9 billion for new equipment for public transportation projects (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Transit_Administration" title="Federal Transit Administration">Federal Transit Administration</a>)</li> <li>$1.5 billion for national surface transportation discretionary grants</li> <li>$1.3 billion for <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a></li> <li>$1.1 billion in grants for airport improvements</li> <li>$750 million for the construction of new public rail transportation systems and other fixed guideway systems.</li> <li>$750 million for the maintenance of existing public transportation systems</li> <li>$200 million for FAA upgrades to air traffic control centers and towers, facilities, and equipment</li> <li>$100 million in grants for improvements to domestic shipyards</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water,_sewage,_environment,_and_public_lands">Water, sewage, environment, and public lands</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Water, sewage, environment, and public lands">edit</a>]</div> Total: $18 billion<a href="#cite_note-epa-arra-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stone-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-DOIparks-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-DOI-BLM-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-salazar-57">[57]</a> <ul><li>$4.6 billion for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">Army Corps of Engineers</a> for environmental restoration, flood protection, hydropower, and navigation infrastructure projects</li> <li>$4 billion for the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_State_Revolving_Fund" title="Clean Water State Revolving Fund">Clean Water State Revolving Fund</a> wastewater treatment infrastructure improvements (<a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a>)</li> <li>$2 billion for the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund drinking water infrastructure improvements (<a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a>)</li> <li>$1.38 billion for rural drinking water and waste disposal projects</li> <li>$1 billion to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Reclamation" title="United States Bureau of Reclamation">Bureau of Reclamation</a> for drinking water projects for rural or drought-likely areas</li> <li>$750 million to the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li> <li>$650 million to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">Forest Service</a></li> <li>$600 million for hazardous waste cleanup at <a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a> sites (<a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a>)</li> <li>$515 million for wildfire prevention projects</li> <li>$500 million for <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> infrastructure projects</li> <li>$340 million to the <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">Natural Resources Conservation Service</a> for watershed infrastructure projects</li> <li>$320 million to the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</a></li> <li>$300 million for reductions in emissions from diesel engines (<a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a>)</li> <li>$300 million to improve Land Ports of Entry (<a href="/wiki/General_Services_Administration" title="General Services Administration">GSA</a>)</li> <li>$280 million for <a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National Wildlife Refuges</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Fish_Hatchery_System" title="National Fish Hatchery System">National Fish Hatchery System</a></li> <li>$220 million to the <a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_and_Water_Commission" title="International Boundary and Water Commission">International Boundary and Water Commission</a> to repair flood control systems along the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li>$200 million for cleanup of leaking <a href="/wiki/Underground_Storage_Tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground Storage Tank">Underground Storage Tanks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a>)</li> <li>$100 million for cleaning former industrial and commercial sites (<a href="/wiki/Brownfields" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownfields">Brownfields</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government_buildings_and_facilities">Government buildings and facilities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Government buildings and facilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DoD_Recovery_Act_Impact.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/DoD_Recovery_Act_Impact.jpg/220px-DoD_Recovery_Act_Impact.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/DoD_Recovery_Act_Impact.jpg/330px-DoD_Recovery_Act_Impact.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/DoD_Recovery_Act_Impact.jpg/440px-DoD_Recovery_Act_Impact.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>Impact of the ARRA on Department of Defense facilities across the nation</figcaption></figure> Total: $7.2 billion <ul><li>$4.2 billion to repair and modernize Defense Department facilities.</li> <li>$890 million to improve housing for service members</li> <li>$750 million for federal buildings and U.S. Courthouses (<a href="/wiki/General_Services_Administration" title="General Services Administration">GSA</a>)</li> <li>$250 million to improve <a href="/wiki/Job_Corps" title="Job Corps">Job Corps</a> training facilities</li> <li>$240 million for new <a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">child development</a> centers</li> <li>$240 million for the maintenance of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a> facilities</li> <li>$200 million for <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> headquarters</li> <li>$176 million for Agriculture Research Service repairs and improvements</li> <li>$150 million for the construction of state extended-care facilities</li> <li>$100 million to improve facilities of the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Communications,_information,_and_security_technologies">Communications, information, and security technologies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Communications, information, and security technologies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch3e3d.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ch3e3d.png/220px-Ch3e3d.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ch3e3d.png/330px-Ch3e3d.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ch3e3d.png/440px-Ch3e3d.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) map showing the availability of broadband internet access in the U.S.</figcaption></figure> Total: $10.5 billion <ul><li>$7.2 billion for complete <a href="/wiki/Broadband_Internet_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadband Internet access">broadband</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">wireless</a> Internet access</li> <li>$1 billion for explosive detection systems for airports</li> <li>$500 million to update the computer center at the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Administration" title="Social Security Administration">Social Security Administration</a></li> <li>$420 million for construction and repairs at ports of entry</li> <li>$290 million to upgrade IT platforms at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a></li> <li>$280 million to upgrade border security technologies</li> <li>$210 million to build and upgrade <a href="/wiki/Fire_station" title="Fire station">fire stations</a></li> <li>$200 million for IT and claims processing improvements for <a href="/wiki/Veterans_Benefits_Administration" title="Veterans Benefits Administration">Veterans Benefits Administration</a></li> <li>$150 million to upgrade port security</li> <li>$150 million for the security of transit systems</li> <li>$50 million for IT improvements at the <a href="/wiki/Farm_Service_Agency" title="Farm Service Agency">Farm Service Agency</a></li> <li>$26 million to improve security systems at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</a> headquarters</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Energy_infrastructure">Energy infrastructure</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Energy infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> Total: $21.5 billion<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <ul><li>$6 billion for the cleanup of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">radioactive waste</a> (mostly nuclear weapons production sites)<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li> <li>$4.5 billion for the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Electricity_and_Energy_Reliability" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Electricity and Energy Reliability">Office of Electricity and Energy Reliability</a> to modernize the nation's electrical grid and <a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">smart grid</a>.</li> <li>$4.5 billion to increase energy efficiency in federal buildings (<a href="/wiki/General_Services_Administration" title="General Services Administration">GSA</a>)</li> <li>$3.25 billion for the <a href="/wiki/Western_Area_Power_Administration" title="Western Area Power Administration">Western Area Power Administration</a> for power transmission system upgrades.</li> <li>$3.25 billion for the <a href="/wiki/Bonneville_Power_Administration" title="Bonneville Power Administration">Bonneville Power Administration</a> for power transmission system upgrades.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_efficiency_and_renewable_energy_research_and_investment">Energy efficiency and renewable energy research and investment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Energy efficiency and renewable energy research and investment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alternative_Energies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Alternative_Energies.jpg/220px-Alternative_Energies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Alternative_Energies.jpg/330px-Alternative_Energies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Alternative_Energies.jpg/440px-Alternative_Energies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2982" data-file-height="1942" /></a><figcaption>Loans and investments into green energy technology are a significant part of the final bill.</figcaption></figure> Total: $27.2 billion <ul><li>$6 billion for <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> and electric transmission technologies <a href="/wiki/Loan_guarantee" title="Loan guarantee">loan guarantees</a></li> <li>$5 billion for <a href="/wiki/Weatherization" title="Weatherization">weatherizing</a> modest-income homes</li> <li>$3.4 billion for carbon capture and low emission coal research</li> <li>$3.2 billion toward <a href="/wiki/Energy_Efficiency_and_Conservation_Block_Grants" title="Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grants">Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li> <li>$3.1 billion for the <a href="/wiki/State_Energy_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="State Energy Program">State Energy Program</a> to help states invest in <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a></li> <li>$2 billion for manufacturing of advanced <a href="/wiki/Traction_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Traction battery">car battery</a> (traction) systems and components.</li> <li>$800 million for <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a> research, development, and demonstration projects.</li> <li>$602 million to support the use of energy efficient technologies in building and in industry</li> <li>$500 million for training of <a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">green-collar workers</a> (by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">Department of Labor</a>)</li> <li>$400 million for the <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_Technologies_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal Technologies Program">Geothermal Technologies Program</a></li> <li>$400 million for <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicle</a> technologies</li> <li>$300 million for <a href="/wiki/Cash_for_appliances_program" title="Cash for appliances program">energy efficient appliance</a> rebates</li> <li>$300 million for state and local governments to purchase energy efficient vehicles</li> <li>$300 million to acquire <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicles</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Federal_vehicle_fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal vehicle fleet">federal vehicle fleet</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Services_Administration" title="General Services Administration">GSA</a>)</li> <li>$250 million to increase energy efficiency in low-income housing</li> <li>$204 million in funding for research and testing facilities at <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy_national_laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Energy national laboratories">national laboratories</a></li> <li>$190 million in funding for wind, hydro, and other renewable energy projects</li> <li>$115 million to develop and deploy <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> technologies</li> <li>$110 million for the development of high efficiency vehicles</li> <li>$42 million in support of new deployments of <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cell</a> technologies</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing">Housing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Housing">edit</a>]</div> Total: $14.7 billion<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <ul><li>$4 billion to the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Housing and Urban Development">Department of Housing and Urban Development</a> (HUD) for repairing and modernizing public housing, including increasing the energy efficiency of units.</li> <li>$2.25 billion in tax credits for financing low-income housing construction</li> <li>$2 billion for <a href="/wiki/Section_8_(housing)" title="Section 8 (housing)">Section 8 housing</a> rental assistance</li> <li>$2 billion for the Neighborhood Stabilization Program to purchase and repair foreclosed vacant housing</li> <li>$1.5 billion for rental assistance to prevent homelessness</li> <li>$1 billion in community development block grants for state and local governments</li> <li>$555 million in mortgage assistance for wounded service members (Army Corps of Engineers)</li> <li>$510 million for the rehabilitation of Native American housing</li> <li>$250 million for energy efficient modernization of low-income housing</li> <li>$200 million for helping rural Americans buy homes (Department of Agriculture)</li> <li>$140 million in grants for independent living centers for elderly blind persons (Dept. of Education)</li> <li>$130 million for rural community facilities (Department of Agriculture)</li> <li>$100 million to help remove <a href="/wiki/Lead_paint" title="Lead paint">lead paint</a> from public housing</li> <li>$100 million emergency food and shelter for homeless (Department of Homeland Security)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_research">Scientific research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Scientific research">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-119_Discovery_landing01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/STS-119_Discovery_landing01.jpg/220px-STS-119_Discovery_landing01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/STS-119_Discovery_landing01.jpg/330px-STS-119_Discovery_landing01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/STS-119_Discovery_landing01.jpg/440px-STS-119_Discovery_landing01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>NASA is among the government agencies receiving additional funds under the Act.</figcaption></figure> Total: $7.6 billion[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>$3 billion to the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a></li> <li>$2 billion to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a></li> <li>$1 billion to <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, including "$400 million for space exploration related activities. Of this amount, $50 million [was] to be used for the development of <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Crew Development">commercial crew space transportation concepts and enabling capabilities</a>."<a href="#cite_note-nasa20081209-63">[63]</a></li> <li>$600 million to the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA)</li> <li>$580 million to the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>, of which $68 million was spent on new major (+$1M) scientific instruments, $200M went to fund major scientific building construction at research universities, and $110M was spent on new buildings and major upgrades to existing facilities, including energy efficiency and solar panel arrays, at the Gaithersburg MD and Boulder CO campuses.</li> <li>$230 million for NOAA operations, research and facilities</li> <li>$140 million to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama_speech_in_Ohio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/President_Barack_Obama_speech_in_Ohio.jpg/220px-President_Barack_Obama_speech_in_Ohio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/President_Barack_Obama_speech_in_Ohio.jpg/330px-President_Barack_Obama_speech_in_Ohio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/President_Barack_Obama_speech_in_Ohio.jpg/440px-President_Barack_Obama_speech_in_Ohio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>President Obama in Ohio on March 6, 2009, for the graduation of the Columbus Police Division's 114th Class</figcaption></figure> Total: $10.6 billion <ul><li>$4 billion for state and local <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement agencies">law enforcement agencies</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></li> <li>$1.1 billion in waivers on interest payments for state unemployment trust funds</li> <li>$1 billion in preparation for the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 United States Census">2010 census</a></li> <li>$1 billion in added funding for child support enforcement</li> <li>$750 million for <a href="/wiki/Coupon-eligible_converter_box" title="Coupon-eligible converter box">DTV conversion coupons</a> and <a href="/wiki/DTV_transition_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="DTV transition in the United States">DTV transition</a> education</li> <li>$749 million in crop insurance reinstatement, and emergency loans for farmers</li> <li>$730 million in SBA loans for small businesses</li> <li>$500 million for the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Administration" title="Social Security Administration">Social Security Administration</a> to process disability and retirement backlogs</li> <li>$201 million in additional funding for AmeriCorps and other community service organizations</li> <li>$150 million for Urban and Rural economic recovery programs</li> <li>$150 million for an increase of claims processing military staff</li> <li>$150 million in loans for rural businesses</li> <li>$50 million for the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> to support artists</li> <li>$50 million for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Cemetery">National Cemetery Administration</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buy_American_provision">Buy American provision</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Buy American provision">edit</a>]</div> ARRA included a <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionist</a> 'Buy American' provision, which imposed a general requirement that any public building or public works project funded by the new stimulus package must use only iron, steel and other manufactured goods produced in the United States. A May 15, 2009, Washington Post article reported that the 'Buy American' provision of the stimulus package caused outrage in the Canadian business community, and that the government in Canada "retaliated" by enacting its own restrictions on trade with the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> On June 6, 2009, delegates at the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Canadian_Municipalities" title="Federation of Canadian Municipalities">Federation of Canadian Municipalities</a> conference passed a resolution that would potentially shut out U.S. bidders from Canadian city contracts, in order to help show support for Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a>'s opposition to the "Buy American" provision. <a href="/wiki/Sherbrooke" title="Sherbrooke">Sherbrooke</a> Mayor <a href="/wiki/Jean_Perrault" title="Jean Perrault">Jean Perrault</a>, president of the federation, stated, "This U.S. protectionist policy is hurting Canadian firms, costing Canadian jobs and damaging Canadian efforts to grow in the world-wide recession." On February 16, 2010, the United States and Canada agreed on exempting Canadian companies from Buy American provisions, which would have hurt the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian economy">Canadian economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recommendations_by_economists">Recommendations by economists</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Recommendations by economists">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_announces_Economic_Recovery_Advisory_Board_2-6-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Barack_Obama_announces_Economic_Recovery_Advisory_Board_2-6-09.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_announces_Economic_Recovery_Advisory_Board_2-6-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Barack_Obama_announces_Economic_Recovery_Advisory_Board_2-6-09.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_announces_Economic_Recovery_Advisory_Board_2-6-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Barack_Obama_announces_Economic_Recovery_Advisory_Board_2-6-09.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_announces_Economic_Recovery_Advisory_Board_2-6-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> announces the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Recovery_Advisory_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Recovery Advisory Board">Economic Recovery Advisory Board</a> on February 6, 2009.</figcaption></figure> Economists such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Feldstein" title="Martin Feldstein">Martin Feldstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemo%C4%9Flu" class="mw-redirect" title="Daron Acemoğlu">Daron Acemoğlu</a>, National Economic Council director <a href="/wiki/Larry_Summers" class="mw-redirect" title="Larry Summers">Larry Summers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a> winners <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> favored a larger economic stimulus to counter the economic downturn. While in favor of a stimulus package, Feldstein expressed concern over the act as written, saying it needed revision to address <a href="/wiki/Consumer_spending" title="Consumer spending">consumer spending</a> and unemployment more directly.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Just after the bill was enacted, Krugman wrote that the stimulus was too small to deal with the problem, adding, "And it's widely believed that political considerations led to a plan that was weaker and contains more tax cuts than it should have – that Mr. Obama compromised in advance in the hope of gaining broad bipartisan support."<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Conservative economist <a href="/wiki/John_R._Lott" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Lott">John Lott</a> was more critical of the government spending.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> On January 28, 2009, a full-page advertisement with the names of approximately 200 economists who were against Obama's plan appeared in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. This included <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a> laureates <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Prescott" title="Edward C. Prescott">Edward C. Prescott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vernon_L._Smith" title="Vernon L. Smith">Vernon L. Smith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan</a>. The economists denied the quoted statement by President Obama that there was "no disagreement that we need action by our government, a recovery plan that will help to jumpstart the economy". Instead, the signers believed that "to improve the economy, policymakers should focus on reforms that remove impediments to work, saving, investment and production. Lower tax rates and a reduction in the burden of government are the best ways of using fiscal policy to boost growth."<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The funding for this advertisement came from the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> On February 8, 2009, a letter to Congress signed by about 200 economists in favor of the stimulus, written by the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress_Action_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for American Progress Action Fund">Center for American Progress Action Fund</a>, said that Obama's plan "proposes important investments that can start to overcome the nation's damaging loss of jobs", and would "put the United States back onto a sustainable long-term-growth path".<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> This letter was signed by Nobel Memorial laureates <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_R._Klein" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence R. Klein">Lawrence R. Klein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Maskin" title="Eric Maskin">Eric Maskin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel McFadden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert Solow</a>. The New York Times published projections from IHS Global Insight, Moodys.com, Economy.com and Macroeconomic Advisers that indicated that the economy may have been worse without the ARRA.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> A 2019 study in the American Economic Journal found that the stimulus had a positive impact on the US economy, but that the positive impact would have been greater if the stimulus had been more frontloaded.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Congressional_Budget_Office_reports">Congressional Budget Office reports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Congressional Budget Office reports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBO_GDP_impact_of_ARRA_2009.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/CBO_GDP_impact_of_ARRA_2009.png/250px-CBO_GDP_impact_of_ARRA_2009.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/CBO_GDP_impact_of_ARRA_2009.png/375px-CBO_GDP_impact_of_ARRA_2009.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/CBO_GDP_impact_of_ARRA_2009.png/500px-CBO_GDP_impact_of_ARRA_2009.png 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>CBO estimates of the impact of the stimulus on GDP</figcaption></figure> The CBO estimated ARRA would positively impact GDP and employment. It projected an increase in the GDP of between 1.4 percent and 3.8 percent by the end of 2009, between 1.1 percent and 3.3 percent by the end of 2010, between 0.4 percent and 1.3 percent by the end of 2011, and a decrease of between zero and 0.2 percent beyond 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Feb_11_letter-79">[79]</a> The impact to employment would be an increase of 0.8 million to 2.3 million by the end of 2009, an increase of 1.2 million to 3.6 million by the end of 2010, an increase of 0.6 million to 1.9 million by the end of 2011, and declining increases in subsequent years as the U.S. labor market reaches nearly full employment, but never negative.<a href="#cite_note-Feb_11_letter-79">[79]</a> Decreases in GDP in 2014 and beyond are accounted for by <a href="/wiki/Crowding_out_(economics)" title="Crowding out (economics)">crowding out</a>, where government debt absorbs finances that would otherwise go toward investment.<a href="#cite_note-Feb_11_letter-79">[79]</a> A 2013 study by economists <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Marglin" title="Stephen Marglin">Stephen Marglin</a> and Peter Spiegler found the stimulus had boosted GDP in line with CBO estimates.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> A February 4, 2009, report by the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a> (CBO) said that while the stimulus would increase economic output and employment in the short run, the GDP would, by 2019, have an estimated net decrease between 0.1% and 0.3% (as compared to the CBO estimated baseline).<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The CBO estimated that enacting the bill would increase federal budget deficits by $185 billion over the remaining months of fiscal year 2009, by $399 billion in 2010, and by $134 billion in 2011, or $787 billion over the 2009–2019 period.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In a February 11 letter, CBO Director <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Elmendorf" title="Douglas Elmendorf">Douglas Elmendorf</a> noted that there was disagreement among economists about the effectiveness of the stimulus, with some skeptical of any significant effects while others expecting very large effects.<a href="#cite_note-Feb_11_letter-79">[79]</a> Elmendorf said the CBO expected short term increases in GDP and employment.<a href="#cite_note-Feb_11_letter-79">[79]</a> In the long term, the CBO expects the legislation to reduce output slightly by increasing the nation's debt and <a href="/wiki/Crowding_out_(economics)" title="Crowding out (economics)">crowding out</a> private investment, but noted that other factors, such as improvements to roads and highways and increased spending for basic research and education may offset the decrease in output and that crowding out was not an issue in the short term because private investment was already decreasing in response to decreased demand.<a href="#cite_note-Feb_11_letter-79">[79]</a> In February 2015, the CBO released its final analysis of the results of the law, which found that during six years:<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <ul><li>Real GDP was boosted by an average ranging from a low of 1.7% to a high of 9.2%</li> <li>The unemployment rate was reduced by an average ranging from a low of 1.1 percentage points to a high of 4.8 percentage points</li> <li>Full-time equivalent employment-years was boosted by an average ranging from 2.1 million to 11.6 million</li> <li>Total outlays were $663 billion, of which $97 billion were refundable tax credits</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recovery.gov">Recovery.gov</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Recovery.gov">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recovery.gov_2-17-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Recovery.gov_2-17-09.jpg/220px-Recovery.gov_2-17-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Recovery.gov_2-17-09.jpg/330px-Recovery.gov_2-17-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Recovery.gov_2-17-09.jpg/440px-Recovery.gov_2-17-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1227" /></a><figcaption><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recovery.gov/">Recovery.gov</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221120833/http://www.recovery.gov/">Archived</a> February 21, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, the website created for this Act</figcaption></figure> A May 21, 2009, article in <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> stated, "To build support for the stimulus package, President Obama vowed unprecedented transparency, a big part of which, he said, would be allowing taxpayers to track money to the street level on Recovery.gov..." But three months after the bill was signed, Recovery.gov offers little beyond news releases, general breakdowns of spending, and acronym-laden spreadsheets and timelines." The same article also stated, "Unlike the government site, the privately run Recovery.org is actually providing detailed information about how the $787 billion in stimulus money is being spent."<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Reports regarding errors in reporting on the Web site made national news. News stories circulated about Recovery.gov reporting fund distribution to congressional districts that did not exist.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recovery_gov_Miami_metromover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Recovery_gov_Miami_metromover.jpg/220px-Recovery_gov_Miami_metromover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Recovery_gov_Miami_metromover.jpg/330px-Recovery_gov_Miami_metromover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Recovery_gov_Miami_metromover.jpg/440px-Recovery_gov_Miami_metromover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A recovery.gov plaque on public transport in Miami</figcaption></figure> A new Recovery.gov website was redesigned at a cost estimated to be $9.5 million (~$13 million in 2023) through January 2010.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> On July 20, 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Drudge_Report" title="Drudge Report">Drudge Report</a> published links to pages on Recovery.gov that Drudge alleged were detailing expensive contracts awarded by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a> for items such as individual portions of mozzarella cheese, frozen ham and canned pork, costing hundreds of thousands to over a million dollars. A statement released by the USDA the same day corrected the allegation, stating that "references to '2 pound frozen ham sliced' are to the sizes of the packaging. Press reports suggesting that the Recovery Act spent $1.191 million to buy "2 pounds of ham" are wrong. In fact, the contract in question purchased 760,000 pounds of ham for $1.191 million, at a cost of approximately $1.50 per pound."<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> As of 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">servers</a> for recovery.gov have been shut down and the site is unavailable.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developments_under_the_Act_and_estimates_of_the_Act's_effects">Developments under the Act and estimates of the Act's effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Developments under the Act and estimates of the Act's effects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recovery-JobLossGain.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Recovery-JobLossGain.png/220px-Recovery-JobLossGain.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Recovery-JobLossGain.png/330px-Recovery-JobLossGain.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Recovery-JobLossGain.png/440px-Recovery-JobLossGain.png 2x" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>Chart of BLS job-loss data based on OFA's chart</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_%26_Joe_Biden_speak_about_implementation_of_ARRA_3-20-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Barack_Obama_%26_Joe_Biden_speak_about_implementation_of_ARRA_3-20-09.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_%26_Joe_Biden_speak_about_implementation_of_ARRA_3-20-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Barack_Obama_%26_Joe_Biden_speak_about_implementation_of_ARRA_3-20-09.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_%26_Joe_Biden_speak_about_implementation_of_ARRA_3-20-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Barack_Obama_%26_Joe_Biden_speak_about_implementation_of_ARRA_3-20-09.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_%26_Joe_Biden_speak_about_implementation_of_ARRA_3-20-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> speak to state legislators about the implementation of the Recovery Act on March 20, 2009.</figcaption></figure> The Congressional Budget Office reported in October 2009 the reasons for the changes in the 2008 and 2009 deficits, which were approximately $460 billion and $1.41 trillion, respectively. The CBO estimated that ARRA increased the deficit by $200 billion (~$276 billion in 2023) for 2009, split evenly between tax cuts and additional spending, excluding any feedback effects on the economy.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> On February 12, 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a>, which regularly issues economic reports, published job-loss data on a month-by-month basis since 2000.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Organizing_for_America" title="Organizing for America">Organizing for America</a>, a community organizing project of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a>, prepared a chart presenting the BLS data for the period beginning in December 2007. OFA used the chart to argue, "As a result [of the Recovery Act], job losses are a fraction of what they were a year ago, before the Recovery Act began."<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Others argue that job losses always grow early in a recession and naturally slow down with or without government stimulus spending, and that the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120922093254/http://www.pollster.com/blogs/same_data_two_charts_two_impli.php?nr=1">OFA chart was misleading</a>. In the primary justification for the stimulus package, the Obama administration and Democratic proponents presented a graph in January 2009 showing the projected unemployment rate with and without the ARRA.<a href="#cite_note-RC-13">[13]</a> The graph showed that if ARRA was not enacted the unemployment rate would exceed 9%; but if ARRA was enacted it would never exceed 8%. After ARRA became law, the actual unemployment rate exceeded 8% in February 2009, exceeded 9% in May 2009, and exceeded 10% in October 2009. The actual unemployment rate was 9.2% in June 2011 when it was projected to be below 7% with the ARRA. However, supporters of the ARRA claim that this can be accounted for by noting that the actual recession was subsequently revealed to be much worse than any projections at the time when the ARRA was drawn up.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ARRA_Unemployment_Rate_Graph_2011-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ARRA_Unemployment_Rate_Graph_2011-05.jpg/220px-ARRA_Unemployment_Rate_Graph_2011-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ARRA_Unemployment_Rate_Graph_2011-05.jpg/330px-ARRA_Unemployment_Rate_Graph_2011-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ARRA_Unemployment_Rate_Graph_2011-05.jpg/440px-ARRA_Unemployment_Rate_Graph_2011-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Projected Unemployment Rate</figcaption></figure> According to a March 2009 Industry Survey of and by the National Association of Business Economists, 60.3% of their economists who had reviewed the fiscal stimulus enacted in February 2009 projected it would have a modest impact in shortening the recession, with 29.4% anticipating little or no impact as well as 10.3% predicting a strong impact. The aspects of the stimulus expected by the NABE to have the greatest effectiveness were physical infrastructure, unemployment benefits expansion, and personal tax-rate cuts.<a href="#cite_note-nabe-93">[93]</a> One year after the stimulus, several independent macroeconomic firms, including <a href="/wiki/Moody%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Moody's">Moody's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_Insight" title="Global Insight">IHS Global Insight</a>, estimated that the stimulus saved or created 1.6 to 1.8 million jobs and forecast a total impact of 2.5 million jobs saved by the time the stimulus is completed.<a href="#cite_note-Leonhardt_Judging_Stimulus-94">[94]</a> The Congressional Budget Office considered these estimates conservative.<a href="#cite_note-Leonhardt_Judging_Stimulus-94">[94]</a> The CBO estimated according to its model 2.1 million jobs saved in the last quarter of 2009, boosting the economy by up to 3.5 percent and lowering the unemployment rate by up to 2.1 percent.<a href="#cite_note-sullivan-95">[95]</a> The CBO projected that the package would have an even greater impact in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-sullivan-95">[95]</a> The CBO also said, "It is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package."<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The CBO's report on the first quarter of 2010 showed a continued positive effect, with an employment gain in that quarter of up to 2.8 million and a GDP boost of up to 4.2 percent.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Economists Timothy Conley of the University of Western Ontario and Bill Dupor of the Ohio State University found that while the stimulus' effects on public sector job creation were unambiguously positive, the effects on private sector job creation were ambiguous.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Economist Dan Wilson of the Federal Reserve, who used similar methodology, without the same identified errors, estimates that "ARRA spending created or saved about 2 million jobs in its first year and over 3 million by March 2011."<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The CBO also revised its assessment of the long-term impact of the bill. After 2014, the stimulus is estimated to decrease output by zero to 0.2%. The stimulus is not expected to have a negative impact on employment in any period of time.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a> revised some of its previous estimates. Economist <a href="/wiki/Dean_Baker" title="Dean Baker">Dean Baker</a> commented: <blockquote>[T]he revised data ... showed that the economy was plunging even more rapidly than we had previously recognised in the two quarters following the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Lehman_Brothers" title="Lehman Brothers">Lehman</a>. Yet, the plunge stopped in the second quarter of 2009 – just as the stimulus came on line. This was followed by respectable growth over the next four quarters. Growth then weakened again as the impact of the stimulus began to fade at the end of 2010 and the start of this year. In other words, the growth pattern shown by the revised data sure makes it appear that the stimulus worked. The main problem would seem to be that the stimulus was not big enough and it wasn't left in place long enough to lift the economy to anywhere near potential output.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a> (DCCC) established a "Hypocrisy Hall of Fame" to list Republican Representatives who had voted against ARRA but who then sought or took credit for ARRA programs in their districts. As of September 2011, the DCCC was listing 128 House Republicans in this category.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> reported that many of the Republican legislators who publicly argued that the stimulus would not create jobs were writing letters seeking stimulus programs for their districts on the grounds that the spending would create jobs.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The stimulus has been criticized as being too small. In July 2010, a group of 40 prominent economists issued a statement calling for expanded stimulus programs to reduce unemployment. They also challenged the view that the priority should be reducing the deficit: "Making deficit reduction the first target, without addressing the chronic underlying deficiency of demand, is exactly the error of the 1930s."<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In July 2010, the White House <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a> (CEA) estimated that the stimulus had "saved or created between 2.5 and 3.6 million jobs as of the second quarter of 2010".<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> At that point, spending outlays under the stimulus totaled $257 billion and tax cuts totaled $223 billion.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In July 2011, the CEA estimated that as of the first quarter of 2011,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> the ARRA raised employment relative to what it otherwise would have been by between 2.4 and 3.6 million. The sum of outlays and tax cuts up to this point was $666 billion. Using a straight mathematical calculation, critics reported that the ARRA cost taxpayers between $185,000 to $278,000 per job that was created, though this computation does not include the permanent infrastructure that resulted. In August 2010, Republican Senators <a href="/wiki/Tom_Coburn" title="Tom Coburn">Tom Coburn</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> released a report listing 100 projects it described as the "most wasteful projects" funded by the Act. In total, the projects questioned by the two senators amounted to about $15 billion, or less than 2% of the $862 billion. The two senators did concede that the stimulus has had a positive effect on the economy, though they criticized it for failing to give "the biggest bang for our buck" on the issue of job creation. CNN noted that the two senators' stated objections were brief summaries presenting selective accounts that were unclear, and the journalists pointed out several instances where they created erroneous impressions.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> One of the primary purposes and promises of the Act was to launch a large number of "<a href="/wiki/Shovel_ready" title="Shovel ready">shovel ready</a>" projects that would generate jobs.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> However, a sizable number of these projects, most of which pertained to infrastructure, took longer to implement than they had expected by most.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> By 2010, Obama said he had come to realize 'there's no such thing as shovel-ready projects.'<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Some of the tax incentives in the Act, including those related to the <a href="/wiki/American_opportunity_tax_credit" class="mw-redirect" title="American opportunity tax credit">American opportunity tax credit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earned_Income_Tax_Credit" class="mw-redirect" title="Earned Income Tax Credit">Earned Income Tax Credit</a>, were extended for a further two years by the <a href="/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010" title="Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010">Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010</a>.<a href="#cite_note-at-sum-112">[112]</a> In November 2011, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) updated its earlier reports concerning the Act. The CBO stated that "the employment effects began to wane at the end of 2010 and have continued to do so throughout 2011." Nevertheless, in the third quarter of 2011, the CBO estimated that the Act had increased the number of full-time equivalent jobs by 0.5 million to 3.3 million.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Section 1513 of the Recovery Act stated that reports on the impact of the act were to be submitted quarterly, however the last report issued occurred for the second quarter of 2011.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> As of December 2012, 58.6% of Americans are employed.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Reason_Foundation" title="Reason Foundation">Reason Foundation</a>, an American <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a> group, conducted a study of the results of the ARRA. Only 23% of the 8,381 sampled companies hired new workers and kept all of them when the project was completed. Also, just 41% of sampled companies hired workers at all, while 30% of sampled companies did hire but laid off all workers once the government money stopped funding.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> These results cast doubt on previously stated estimates of job creation numbers, which do not factor those companies that did not retain their workers or hire any at all. In February 2014, the White House stated in a release that the stimulus measure saved or created an average of 1.6 million jobs a year between 2009 and 2012, thus averting having the recession descend into another <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. Republicans, such as <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">House Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">John Boehner</a> of Ohio, criticized the report since, in their views, the Act cost too much for too little result.<a href="#cite_note-superville-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oversight_and_administration">Oversight and administration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Oversight and administration">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the Vice President Biden's oversight role, a high-level advisory body, the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Economic_Recovery_Advisory_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="President's Economic Recovery Advisory Board">President's Economic Recovery Advisory Board</a> (later renamed and reconstituted as the "President's Council on Jobs and Competitiveness"), was named concurrent to the passage of the act. As well, the President named <a href="/wiki/Inspector_General#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Inspector General">Inspector General</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a> <a href="/wiki/Earl_Devaney" title="Earl Devaney">Earl Devaney</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Recovery_Accountability_and_Transparency_Board" title="Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board">Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board</a> (RATB) to monitor administration of the Act, and prevent low levels of fraud, waste and loss in fund allocation.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Eleven other inspectors general served on the RATB, and the board also had a <a href="/wiki/Recovery_Accountability_and_Transparency_Board#Advisory_Panel" title="Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board">Recovery Independent Advisory Panel</a>. In late 2011, Devaney and his fellow inspectors general on RATB, and more who were not, were credited with avoiding any major scandals in the administration of the Act, in the eyes of one Washington observer.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In May 2016, the chairman of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Senate Finance Committee</a>, Senator <a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a> (R-UT), launched the first steps of an investigation into a part of the stimulus law that gave grants to solar and green energy companies. Hatch sent a letter to the IRS and Treasury Department with a list of questions about the program. According to the Wall Street Journal, letters from senior senators who chair committees can lead to formal investigations by Congress.<a href="#cite_note-:0-122">[122]</a> One part of the stimulus law, <a href="/wiki/Section_1603_grants" title="Section 1603 grants">Section 1603</a>, gave cash grants to solar companies to encourage investment in solar technology. Because many companies did not yet make a profit in 2009 in that industry, they were offered cash instead of tax credits. In September 2015, the U.S. government asked that a Spanish company return $1 million (~$1.26 million in 2023) it had received from the program. The company issued a statement saying it fully complied with the request.<a href="#cite_note-:0-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service_Restructuring_and_Reform_Act_of_1998" title="Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998">Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">Financial crisis of 2007–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Stimulus_Act_of_2008" title="Economic Stimulus Act of 2008">Economic Stimulus Act of 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_energy_efficiency_and_renewable_energy_research_investment" title="2009 energy efficiency and renewable energy research investment">2009 energy efficiency and renewable energy research investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_federal_budget" title="2010 United States federal budget">2010 United States federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Build_America_Bonds" title="Build America Bonds">Build America Bonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Recovery_and_Middle-Class_Tax_Relief_Act_of_2009" title="Economic Recovery and Middle-Class Tax Relief Act of 2009">Economic Recovery and Middle-Class Tax Relief Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_law_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy law of the United States">Energy law of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Recovery_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="European Economic Recovery Plan">European Economic Recovery Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalreporting.gov" title="Federalreporting.gov">Federalreporting.gov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathways_out_of_Poverty" title="Pathways out of Poverty">Pathways out of Poverty</a> (POP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Top" title="Race to the Top">Race to the Top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_Improvement_Grant" title="School Improvement Grant">School Improvement Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Credit_Assistance_Program" title="Tax Credit Assistance Program">Tax Credit Assistance Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Rescue_Plan_Act_of_2021" title="American Rescue Plan Act of 2021">American Rescue Plan Act of 2021</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/02-22-ARRA.pdf">"Estimated Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act on Employment and Economic Output from October 2011 Through December 2011"</a> (PDF). A CBO Report. Congressional Budget Office. February 2012. 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Gregg also did not participate in the cloture vote. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=1&vote=00060">Roll call vote 60</a>, via Senate.gov </li> <li id="cite_note-AJC_Stimulus_survives-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AJC_Stimulus_survives_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AJC_Stimulus_survives_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Espo" class="citation news cs1">David Espo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211230856/http://www.ajc.com/services/content/printedition/2009/02/10/stimulus0210.html">"Stimulus bill survives Senate test"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Journal-Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Journal-Constitution">Atlanta Journal-Constitution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 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href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-9276">details</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">GPO</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps">Statute Compilations collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/111/public/5?link-type=pdf&.pdf">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a> as enacted (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/111/public/5?link-type=details">details</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">US Statutes at Large</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" class="extiw" title="s:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a> as enacted on <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/1">H.R. 1</a> on <a href="/wiki/Congress.gov" title="Congress.gov">Congress.gov</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203153142/http://recovery.gov/">Recovery.gov</a> – A website of the Executive for transparency of actions taken under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cspan.org/Watch/watch.aspx?MediaId=HP-R-15536">Full Video of The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 signing ceremony on February 17, 2009 (from C-SPAN)</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100221063552/http://www.cspan.org/Watch/Media/2010/02/17/HP/R/29663/Obama+Administration+Marks+Stimulus+Bills+First+Anniversary.aspx">Vice President Biden and President Obama speeches on the 1-year anniversary of the ARRA (from C-SPAN)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2014/02/17/fifth-anniversary-american-recovery-and-reinvestment-act">Council of Economic Advisers-The Economic Impact of the ARRA Five Years Later – February 2014</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Analysis</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbo.gov/publication/49958">Estimated Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act on Employment and Economic Output in 2014</a> — final report from Congressional Budget Office, February 2015</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/tags/series?t=arra">Effect of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act on 33 economic indicators</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Economic_Analysis" title="Bureau of Economic Analysis">Bureau of Economic Analysis</a> via <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Economic_Data" title="Federal Reserve Economic Data">FRED</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stimulus.org/">Stimulus.org</a> Tracking the Stimulus, Financial Bailout, and Recovery Spending, from the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crfb.org/document/analysis-american-recovery-and-reinvestment-act">Stimulus Analysis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100129015517/http://crfb.org/document/analysis-american-recovery-and-reinvestment-act">Archived</a> January 29, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – An economic and fiscal analysis of the Act, from the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202040746/http://stimuluswatch.org/">Stimulus Watch.org</a> – built to help the new administration keep its pledge to invest stimulus money smartly</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707075055/http://learningdisabilities.about.com/library/regulations/arrafundsbystate.pdf">A report</a> of estimated ARRA funds for students with disabilities in public schools by state</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discoursedb.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a> from Discourse DB</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/archive.cfm/pubDate=%7Bd%20%272009-02-18%27%7D">EERE Network News</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202191743/http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/archive.cfm/pubDate%3D%7Bd%20%272009-02-18%27%7D">Archived</a> February 2, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from Energy.gov</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Great_Recession" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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Recession"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Great_Recession" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Africa" title="Great Recession in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_Americas" title="Great Recession in the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_South_America" title="Great Recession in South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Asia" title="Great Recession in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe" title="Great Recession in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932011_Icelandic_financial_crisis" title="2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis">Iceland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Oceania" title="Great Recession in Oceania">Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%932010" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010">Automotive industry crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932012_California_budget_crisis" title="2008–2012 California budget crisis">California budget crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_housing_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="United States housing bubble">Housing bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_housing_market_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="United States housing market correction">Housing market correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis" title="Subprime mortgage crisis">Subprime mortgage crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banking losses and fraud</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libor_scandal" title="Libor scandal">Libor scandal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hayes_(trader)" title="Tom Hayes (trader)">Tom Hayes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_trading_loss" title="2008 Société Générale trading loss">Société Générale trading loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forex_scandal" title="Forex scandal">Forex scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Madoff" title="Bernie Madoff">Bernie Madoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Petters" title="Tom Petters">Tom Petters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Rothstein" title="Scott W. Rothstein">Scott W. Rothstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Stanford" title="Allen Stanford">Allen Stanford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau" title="Consumer Financial Protection Bureau">Consumer Financial Protection Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Home_Loan_Banks" title="Federal Home Loan Banks">Federal Home Loan Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Housing_Administration" title="Federal Housing Administration">Federal Housing Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Housing_Finance_Agency" title="Federal Housing Finance Agency">Federal Housing Finance Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Housing_Finance_Board" title="Federal Housing Finance Board">Federal Housing Finance Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_National_Mortgage_Association" title="Government National Mortgage Association">Government National Mortgage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Asset_Management_Agency" title="National Asset Management Agency">National Asset Management Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Federal_Housing_Enterprise_Oversight" title="Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight">Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Treasury_for_Financial_Stability" title="Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Stability">Office of Financial Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Financial_Investments" title="UK Financial Investments">UK Financial Investments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Government_policy_and_spending_responses" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government policy and spending responses</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banking and finance stability and reform</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_(Special_Provisions)_Act_2008" title="Banking (Special Provisions) Act 2008">Banking (Special Provisions) Act 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_trilateral_summit" title="China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit">China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Paper_Funding_Facility" title="Commercial Paper Funding Facility">Commercial Paper Funding Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Economic_Stabilization_Act_of_2008" title="Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008">Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_emergency_budget,_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish emergency budget, 2009">Irish emergency budget, 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Liquidity_Guarantee_Program" title="Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program">Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_Asset-Backed_Securities_Loan_Facility" title="Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility">Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubled_Asset_Relief_Program" title="Troubled Asset Relief Program">Troubled Asset Relief Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_Kingdom_bank_rescue_package" title="2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package">2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bank_stress_tests" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bank stress tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_European_Union_bank_stress_test" title="2010 European Union bank stress test">EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Supervisory_Capital_Assessment_Program" title="2009 Supervisory Capital Assessment Program">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stimulus and recovery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_European_Union_stimulus_plan" title="2008 European Union stimulus plan">2008 European Union stimulus plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Keynesian_resurgence" title="2008–2009 Keynesian resurgence">2008–2009 Keynesian resurgence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_stimulus_program" title="Chinese economic stimulus program">Chinese economic stimulus program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Stimulus_Act_of_2008" title="Economic Stimulus Act of 2008">Economic Stimulus Act of 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud_Enforcement_and_Recovery_Act_of_2009" title="Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009">Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_New_Deal" title="Green New Deal">Green New Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_Economic_Recovery_Act_of_2008" title="Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008">Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_fiscal_policy_response_to_the_Great_Recession" class="mw-redirect" title="National fiscal policy response to the Great Recession">National fiscal policy response to the Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_interest-rate_policy" title="Zero interest-rate policy">Zero interest-rate policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government interventions, rescues, and acquisitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_acquired_or_bankrupted_during_the_Great_Recession" title="List of banks acquired or bankrupted during the Great Recession">List of banks acquired or bankrupted during the Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Non-banking" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-banking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Securities involved and financial markets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auction_rate_security" title="Auction rate security">Auction rate securities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateralized_debt_obligation" title="Collateralized debt obligation">Collateralized debt obligations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateralized_mortgage_obligation" title="Collateralized mortgage obligation">Collateralized mortgage obligations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_default_swap" title="Credit default swap">Credit default swaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage-backed_security" title="Mortgage-backed security">Mortgage-backed securities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_mortgage_market" title="Secondary mortgage market">Secondary mortgage market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social responses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_protests" title="Tea Party protests">Tea Party protests</a> (United States; c. 2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_May_Day_protests" title="2009 May Day protests">2009 May Day protests</a> (Europe, Middle East and North Africa, Asia; 2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> (MENA; 2010–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a> (worldwide; 2011–2012) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">2000s energy crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Central_Asia_energy_crisis" title="2008 Central Asia energy crisis">2008 Central Asia energy crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_the_Great_Recession_on_museums" title="Effects of the Great Recession on museums">Effects of the Great Recession on museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_newspapers" title="Decline of newspapers">Decline of newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_world_food_price_crisis" title="2007–2008 world food price crisis">2007–2008 world food price crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_apocalypse" title="Retail apocalypse">Retail apocalypse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_public_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by public debt">List of countries by public debt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_federal_taxation_legislation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_tax_acts" title="Template:US tax acts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_tax_acts" title="Template talk:US tax acts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_tax_acts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US tax acts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_federal_taxation_legislation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Internal_Revenue_Laws_of_the_United_States" title="Amendments to the Internal Revenue Laws of the United States">United States federal taxation legislation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code" title="Internal Revenue Code">Internal Revenue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1861" title="Revenue Act of 1861">1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1862" title="Revenue Act of 1862">1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1864" title="Revenue Act of 1864">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%E2%80%93Gorman_Tariff_Act" title="Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payne%E2%80%93Aldrich_Tariff_Act" title="Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1913" title="Revenue Act of 1913">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Internal_Revenue_Tax_Act" title="Emergency Internal Revenue Tax Act">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1916" title="Revenue Act of 1916">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Revenue_Act_of_1917" title="War Revenue Act of 1917">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1918" title="Revenue Act of 1918">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1921" title="Revenue Act of 1921">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1924" title="Revenue Act of 1924">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1926" title="Revenue Act of 1926">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1928" title="Revenue Act of 1928">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1932" title="Revenue Act of 1932">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1934" title="Revenue Act of 1934">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1935" title="Revenue Act of 1935">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1936" title="Revenue Act of 1936">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1937" title="Revenue Act of 1937">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code_of_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Revenue Code of 1939">1939 Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1940" title="Revenue Act of 1940">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Revenue_Act_of_1940" title="Second Revenue Act of 1940">1940 (2nd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1941" title="Revenue Act of 1941">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1942" title="Revenue Act of 1942">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1943" title="Revenue Act of 1943">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_Tax_Payment_Act_of_1943" title="Current Tax Payment Act of 1943">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_Income_Tax_Act_of_1944" title="Individual Income Tax Act of 1944">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1945" title="Revenue Act of 1945">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1948" title="Revenue Act of 1948">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1950" title="Revenue Act of 1950">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_profits_tax" title="Excess profits tax">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1951" title="Revenue Act of 1951">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excise_Tax_Reduction_Act_of_1954" title="Excise Tax Reduction Act of 1954">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code_of_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Revenue Code of 1954">1954 Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1962" title="Revenue Act of 1962">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1964" title="Revenue Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Adjustment_Act_of_1966" title="Tax Adjustment Act of 1966">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_and_Expenditure_Control_Act_of_1968" title="Revenue and Expenditure Control Act of 1968">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Reform_Act_of_1969" title="Tax Reform Act of 1969">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1971" title="Revenue Act of 1971">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Reduction_Act_of_1975" title="Tax Reduction Act of 1975">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Reform_Act_of_1976" title="Tax Reform Act of 1976">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Reduction_and_Simplification_Act_of_1977" title="Tax Reduction and Simplification Act of 1977">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1978" title="Revenue Act of 1978">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crude_Oil_Windfall_Profit_Tax_Act_of_1980" title="Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act of 1980">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Recovery_Tax_Act_of_1981" title="Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Equity_and_Fiscal_Responsibility_Act_of_1982" title="Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_Revenue_Act_of_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Highway Revenue Act of 1982">Gas Tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_and_Dividend_Tax_Compliance_Act_of_1983" title="Interest and Dividend Tax Compliance Act of 1983">1983 (PL 98-67)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_Retirement_Solvency_Act_of_1983" title="Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983">1983 (PL 98-76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deficit_Reduction_Act_of_1984" title="Deficit Reduction Act of 1984">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1985" title="Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985">COBRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Reform_Act_of_1986" title="Tax Reform Act of 1986">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code_of_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Revenue Code of 1986">1986 Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1987" title="Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_and_Miscellaneous_Revenue_Act_of_1988" title="Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1990" title="Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1993" title="Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_Bill_of_Rights_2" title="Taxpayer Bill of Rights 2">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_Relief_Act_of_1997" title="Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service_Restructuring_and_Reform_Act_of_1998" title="Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Growth_and_Tax_Relief_Reconciliation_Act_of_2001" title="Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001">2001 (EGTRRA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_Creation_and_Worker_Assistance_Act_of_2002" title="Job Creation and Worker Assistance Act of 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobs_and_Growth_Tax_Relief_Reconciliation_Act_of_2003" title="Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jobs_Creation_Act_of_2004" title="American Jobs Creation Act of 2004">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Increase_Prevention_and_Reconciliation_Act_of_2005" title="Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_Protection_Act_of_2006" title="Pension Protection Act of 2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Relief_and_Health_Care_Act_of_2006" title="Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tax_Increase_Prevention_Act_of_2007&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tax Increase Prevention Act of 2007 (page does not exist)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_Forgiveness_Debt_Relief_Act_of_2007" title="Mortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act of 2007">2007 (Mortgage)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Stimulus_Act_of_2008" title="Economic Stimulus Act of 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Law_110-343" title="Public Law 110-343">Crisis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">2010 (ACA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Jobs_Act_of_2010" title="Small Business Jobs Act of 2010">2010 (PL 111–240)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010" title="Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010">2010 (PL 111-312)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Payroll_Tax_Cut_Continuation_Act_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary Payroll Tax Cut Continuation Act of 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Taxpayer_Relief_Act_of_2012" title="American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012">2012 (ATRA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Class_Tax_Relief_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2012" title="Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tax_Increase_Prevention_Act_of_2014&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tax Increase Prevention Act of 2014 (page does not exist)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bipartisan_Budget_Act_of_2015&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 (page does not exist)">2015 (BBA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2016" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017">2017 (TCJA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Budget_Act_of_2018" title="Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018">2018 (BBA)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Continuing_Appropriations_for_Fiscal_Year_2018,_Federal_Register_Printing_Savings,_Healthy_Kids,_Health-Related_Taxes,_and_Budgetary_Effects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fourth Continuing Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2018, Federal Register Printing Savings, Healthy Kids, Health-Related Taxes, and Budgetary Effects (page does not exist)">2018 (Appropriations)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SECURE_Act_of_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="SECURE Act of 2019">2019 (SECURE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Families_First_Coronavirus_Response_Act" title="Families First Coronavirus Response Act">2020 (Families First)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARES_Act" title="CARES Act">2020 (CARES)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2021" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021">2020 (Appropriations)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._(Mac)_Thornberry_National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2021" class="mw-redirect" title="William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021">2021 (Defense Authorization)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Rescue_Plan_Act_of_2021" title="American Rescue Plan Act of 2021">2021 (American Rescue Plan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act" title="Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act">2021 (Infrastructure, PL 117–58)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tariffs_in_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariffs in United States history">Tariffs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1789" title="Tariff of 1789">1789: Hamilton I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1790" title="Tariff of 1790">1790: Hamilton II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1791" title="Tariff of 1791">1791: Hamilton III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1792" title="Tariff of 1792">1792: Hamilton IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1816" title="Tariff of 1816">1816: Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1824" title="Tariff of 1824">1824: Sectional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_Abominations" title="Tariff of Abominations">1828: "Abominations"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1832" title="Tariff of 1832">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1833" title="Tariff of 1833">1833: Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1842" title="Tariff of 1842">1842: Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_tariff" title="Walker tariff">1846: Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1857" title="Tariff of 1857">1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrill_Tariff" title="Morrill Tariff">1861: Morrill</a></li> <li>1872</li> <li>1875</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1883" title="Tariff of 1883">1883: Mongrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKinley_Tariff" title="McKinley Tariff">1890: McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%E2%80%93Gorman_Tariff_Act" title="Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act">1894: Wilson–Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingley_Act" title="Dingley Act">1897: Dingley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payne%E2%80%93Aldrich_Tariff_Act" title="Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act">1909: Payne–Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1913" title="Revenue Act of 1913">1913: Underwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Tariff_of_1921" title="Emergency Tariff of 1921">1921: Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fordney%E2%80%93McCumber_Tariff" title="Fordney–McCumber Tariff">1922: Fordney–McCumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act" title="Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act">1930: Smoot–Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_Tariff_Act" title="Reciprocal Tariff Act">1934: Reciprocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">1948: GATT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Expansion_Act" title="Trade Expansion Act">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Act_of_1974" title="Trade Act of 1974">1974/75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Agreements_Act_of_1979" title="Trade Agreements Act of 1979">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_Tariff_Act_of_1984" title="Trade and Tariff Act of 1984">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Trade_and_Competitiveness_Act" title="Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement">1988: Canada FT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">1993: NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">1994: WTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_tariffs" title="Trump tariffs">2018/2019: Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Barack_Obama" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Barack_Obama" title="Template:Barack Obama"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Barack_Obama" title="Template talk:Barack Obama"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Barack_Obama" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Barack Obama"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Barack_Obama" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">44th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">from Illinois</a> (2005–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate">Illinois Senator</a> from the 13th district (1997–2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Early life and career of Barack Obama">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama">Illinois Senate career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate career of Barack Obama">U.S. Senate career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Barack_Obama" title="Political positions of Barack Obama">Political positions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Administration foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Barack Obama administration">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_on_mass_surveillance" title="Barack Obama on mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Social policy of the Barack Obama administration">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Space policy of the Barack Obama administration">Space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Wing_Week" title="West Wing Week">West Wing Week</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Presidency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">2009 inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">2013 inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="First 100 days of the Barack Obama presidency">First 100 days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2009)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2009)">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2010)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2010)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2011)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2011)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2012)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2012)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2013)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2013)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2014)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2014)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2015)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2015)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2016–2017)">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2016%E2%80%932017)#January_2017" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2016–2017)">January 2017</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Foreign policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Middle Eastern foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)#Reassessment_and_renewed_commitment_from_2008" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">Iraq withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Benghazi_attack" title="2012 Benghazi attack">Benghazi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" title="US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">Return to Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">War in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Iran nuclear deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="East Asian foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Pivot to Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">Cuban thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_Doctrine" title="Obama Doctrine">Obama Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="European foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration">Economic policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act_of_2009" title="Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009">Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Energy policy of the Barack Obama administration">Energy</a>/Environmental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Lautenberg_Chemical_Safety_for_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act">Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Marine policy of the Barack Obama administration">Marine policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Energy_for_America" title="New Energy for America">New Energy for America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Power_Plan" title="Clean Power Plan">Clean Power Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy,_Hunger-Free_Kids_Act_of_2010" title="Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010">Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_Ahead_for_Progress_in_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act">MAP-21st Century Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixing_America%27s_Surface_Transportation_Act" title="Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act">FAST Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of people granted executive clemency by Barack Obama">Pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama">Presidential trips</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2009)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2009)">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2010)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2010)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2011)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2011)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2012)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2012)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2013)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2013)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2014)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2014)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2015)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2015)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2016%E2%80%932017)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2016–2017)">2016–17</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama">international</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of federal judges appointed by Barack Obama">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Sonia Sotomayor Supreme Court nomination">Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Elena Kagan Supreme Court nomination">Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination">Garland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Barack Obama judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Barack_Obama" title="Cabinet of Barack Obama">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center" title="Barack Obama Presidential Center">Presidential Library and Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of executive actions by Barack Obama">Executive actions</a> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Barack_Hussein_Obama/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Barack Hussein Obama/Executive orders">Executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_memoranda_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of presidential memoranda by Barack Obama">Memoranda</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Barack_Obama/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Barack Obama/Presidential Proclamations">Proclamations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidential transition of Donald Trump">Trump transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Estate" title="Plantation Estate">Plantation Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_Barack_Obama" title="Category:Books by Barack Obama">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Of_Thee_I_Sing_(book)" title="Of Thee I Sing (book)">Of Thee I Sing (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Promised_Land" title="A Promised Land">A Promised Land (2020)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speeches_of_Barack_Obama" title="Speeches of Barack Obama">Speeches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address" title="2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address">The Audacity of Hope</a>" (2004)</li> <li>"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Remarks_of_Senator_Barack_Obama_on_New_Hampshire_Primary_Night" class="extiw" title="s:Remarks of Senator Barack Obama on New Hampshire Primary Night">Yes We Can</a>" (2008)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(speech)" title="A More Perfect Union (speech)">A More Perfect Union</a>" (2008)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_election_victory_speech" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential election victory speech">Change Has Come to America</a>" (2008)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama#Ceremony:_"A_New_Birth_of_Freedom"" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">A New Birth of Freedom</a>" (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2009_Barack_Obama_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 2009 Barack Obama speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (2009)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_New_Beginning_(speech)" title="A New Beginning (speech)">A New Beginning</a>" (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2009_Barack_Obama_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="September 2009 Barack Obama speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress (health care reform)</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2010 State of the Union Address">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2011 State of the Union Address">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2012 State of the Union Address">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2013 State of the Union Address">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2014 State of the Union Address">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2015 State of the Union Address">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2016 State of the Union Address">2016</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Tucson_memorial_speech" title="Barack Obama Tucson memorial speech">Tucson memorial speech</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jobs_Act" title="American Jobs Act">Joint session of Congress (jobs)</a> (2011)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/You_didn%27t_build_that" title="You didn't build that">You didn't build that</a>" (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Selma_50th_anniversary_speech" title="Barack Obama Selma 50th anniversary speech">Selma 50th anniversary</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama%27s_farewell_address" title="Barack Obama's farewell address">Farewell address</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Barack_Obama" title="Electoral history of Barack Obama">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Illinois</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama" title="Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama">State Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama#First_state_Senate_election,_1996" title="Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama#Second_state_Senate_election,_1998" title="Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama#Third_state_Senate_election,_2002" title="Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama">2002</a></li></ul></li> <li>U.S. House of Representatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Illinois%27s_1st_congressional_district_election" title="2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election">2000</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="2004 United States Senate election in Illinois">2004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">2008 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_and_conservative_support_for_Barack_Obama_in_2008" title="Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008">GOP/conservative support</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign_staff_members" title="List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign staff members">staff members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_primary_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign">primary campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2008 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign">2012 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2012 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama" title="Family of Barack Obama">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Dunham" title="Ann Dunham">Ann Dunham</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr." title="Barack Obama Sr.">Barack Obama Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolo_Soetoro" title="Lolo Soetoro">Lolo Soetoro</a> (stepfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Soetoro-Ng" title="Maya Soetoro-Ng">Maya Soetoro-Ng</a> (maternal half-sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Armour_Dunham" title="Stanley Armour Dunham">Stanley Armour Dunham</a> (maternal grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madelyn_Dunham" title="Madelyn Dunham">Madelyn Dunham</a> (maternal grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auma_Obama" title="Auma Obama">Auma Obama</a> (paternal half-sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Obama" title="Malik Obama">Malik Obama</a> (paternal half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Robinson" title="Marian Robinson">Marian Robinson</a> (mother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Robinson_(basketball)" title="Craig Robinson (basketball)">Craig Robinson</a> (brother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_(dog)" title="Bo (dog)">Bo</a> (family dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunny_(dog)" title="Sunny (dog)">Sunny</a> (family dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Barack_Obama" title="Template:Barack Obama"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Barack_Obama" title="Template talk:Barack Obama"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Barack_Obama" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Barack Obama"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_image" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Barack_Obama" title="Public image of Barack Obama">Public image</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">News and political events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey%27s_endorsement_of_Barack_Obama" title="Oprah Winfrey's endorsement of Barack Obama">Oprah Winfrey's endorsement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_citizenship_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories">Citizenship conspiracy theories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_eligibility_litigation" title="Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation">litigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_religion_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories">Religion conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Ayers_2008_presidential_election_controversy" title="Bill Ayers 2008 presidential election controversy">Bill Ayers controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright_controversy" title="Jeremiah Wright controversy">Jeremiah Wright controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_and_conservative_support_for_Barack_Obama_in_2008" title="Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008">Republican and conservative support (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_incidents_involving_Barack_Obama" title="Security incidents involving Barack Obama">Assassination threats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_assassination_plot_in_Denver" title="Barack Obama assassination plot in Denver">2008 Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_assassination_plot_in_Tennessee" title="Barack Obama assassination plot in Tennessee">2008 Tennessee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invitations_to_the_first_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Invitations to the first inauguration of Barack Obama">First inauguration invitations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Are_One:_The_Obama_Inaugural_Celebration_at_the_Lincoln_Memorial" title="We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial">Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_Briefing_Book" title="Citizen's Briefing Book">Citizen's Briefing Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_protests" title="Tea Party protests">Tea Party protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Energy_for_America" title="New Energy for America">New Energy for America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_arrest_controversy#Presidential_involvement" title="Henry Louis Gates arrest controversy">Gates–Crowley Rose Garden meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firing_of_Shirley_Sherrod" title="Firing of Shirley Sherrod">Firing of Shirley Sherrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Barack_Obama" title="Efforts to impeach Barack Obama">Impeachment efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_tan_suit_controversy" title="Barack Obama tan suit controversy">Tan suit controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_Barack_Obama" title="Category:Books about Barack Obama">Books about</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Barack_Obama" title="Bibliography of Barack Obama">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama:_From_Promise_to_Power" title="Obama: From Promise to Power">Obama: From Promise to Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama:_Der_schwarze_Kennedy" title="Barack Obama: Der schwarze Kennedy">Barack Obama: Der schwarze Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_Song_(Stanage_book)" title="Redemption Song (Stanage book)">Redemption Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Case_Against_Barack_Obama" title="The Case Against Barack Obama">The Case Against Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Nation" title="The Obama Nation">The Obama Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Corruption" title="Culture of Corruption">Culture of Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_(Morris_and_McGann_book)" title="Catastrophe (Morris and McGann book)">Catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_and_Michelle" title="Barack and Michelle">Barack and Michelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Speech_(Sharpley-Whiting_book)" title="The Speech (Sharpley-Whiting book)">The Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Story" title="The Obama Story">The Obama Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Between_Barack_and_a_Hard_Place" title="Between Barack and a Hard Place">Between Barack and a Hard Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Change" title="Game Change">Game Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_Zombies" title="Obama Zombies">Obama Zombies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Victory" title="Conservative Victory">Conservative Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge:_The_Life_and_Rise_of_Barack_Obama" title="The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama">The Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Diaries" title="The Obama Diaries">The Obama Diaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Syndrome" title="The Obama Syndrome">The Obama Syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Identity" title="The Obama Identity">The Obama Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O:_A_Presidential_Novel" title="O: A Presidential Novel">O: A Presidential Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where%27s_the_Birth_Certificate%3F" title="Where's the Birth Certificate?">Where's the Birth Certificate?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama%27s_Last_Stand" title="Obama's Last Stand">Obama's Last Stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama:_The_Story" title="Barack Obama: The Story">Barack Obama: The Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Down:_Game_Change_2012" title="Double Down: Game Change 2012"> Game Change 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyer%27s_Remorse_(book)" title="Buyer's Remorse (book)">Buyer's Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Star_(book)" title="Rising Star (book)">Rising Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade:_A_Tale_of_Two_Presidents" title="Shade: A Tale of Two Presidents">Shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_It_Is_(book)" title="The World as It Is (book)">The World as It Is</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber_Lee_Ettinger" title="Amber Lee Ettinger">Obama Girl</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Crush_on_Obama" title="Crush on Obama">I Got a Crush... on Obama</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Magical_Negro#Barack_Obama" title="Magical Negro">Barack the Magic Negro</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will.i.am" title="Will.i.am">will.i.am</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Yes_We_Can_(will.i.am_song)" title="Yes We Can (will.i.am song)">Yes We Can</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_President_Sang_Amazing_Grace" title="The President Sang Amazing Grace">The President Sang Amazing Grace</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/There%27s_No_One_as_Irish_as_Barack_O%27Bama" title="There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama">There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/S%C3%AD_Se_Puede_Cambiar" title="Sí Se Puede Cambiar">Sí Se Puede Cambiar</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/My_President" title="My President">My President</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Deadheads_for_Obama" title="Deadheads for Obama">Deadheads for Obama</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Air_and_Simple_Gifts" title="Air and Simple Gifts">Air and Simple Gifts</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_Is_Now:_Renewing_America%27s_Promise" title="Change Is Now: Renewing America's Promise">Change Is Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope!_%E2%80%93_Das_Obama_Musical" title="Hope! – Das Obama Musical">Hope! – Das Obama Musical</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_vs._Mitt_Romney_(video)" title="Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney (video)">Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baracksdubs" title="Baracksdubs">Barack's Dubs</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Signed,_Sealed,_Delivered_I%27m_Yours#Political_significance" title="Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours">Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film, TV, and stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/By_the_People:_The_Election_of_Barack_Obama" title="By the People: The Election of Barack Obama">By the People: The Election of Barack Obama</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_(film)" title="Change (film)">Change</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_Anak_Menteng" title="Obama Anak Menteng">Obama Anak Menteng</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016:_Obama%27s_America" title="2016: Obama's America">2016: Obama's America</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_We%27ve_Traveled" title="The Road We've Traveled">The Road We've Traveled</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southside_with_You" title="Southside with You">Southside with You</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_and_Clinton" title="Hillary and Clinton">Hillary and Clinton</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_(2016_film)" title="Barry (2016 film)">Barry</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Great_Divide" title="America's Great Divide">America's Great Divide</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_the_People_(2021_TV_series)" title="We the People (2021 TV series)">We the People</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renegades:_Born_in_the_USA" title="Renegades: Born in the USA">Renegades: Born in the USA</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama:_In_Pursuit_of_a_More_Perfect_Union" title="Obama: In Pursuit of a More Perfect Union">Obama: In Pursuit of a More Perfect Union</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Lady_(American_TV_series)" title="The First Lady (American TV series)">The First Lady</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturing_the_Obamas" title="Picturing the Obamas">Picturing the Obamas</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Images_of_Barack_Obama" title="Category:Images of Barack Obama">Other media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Barack_Obama" title="Social media use by Barack Obama">Social media use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artists_for_Obama" title="Artists for Obama">Artists for Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_%22Hope%22_poster" title="Barack Obama "Hope" poster">"Hope" poster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_%22Joker%22_poster" title="Barack Obama "Joker" poster">"Joker" poster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_Like_Mine" title="Hair Like Mine">Hair Like Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)" title="Situation Room (photograph)">Situation Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iman_Crosson" title="Iman Crosson">Iman Crosson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Forgotten_Man_(painting)" title="The Forgotten Man (painting)">The Forgotten Man</a> (2010 painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Barack_Obama_(painting)" title="President Barack Obama (painting)">President Barack Obama</a> (2018 portrait)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_logo" title="Obama logo">Obama logo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_in_comics" title="Barack Obama in comics">In comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama%27s_summer_playlist" title="Barack Obama's summer playlist">Barack Obama's summer playlist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Day" title="Barack Obama Day">Barack Obama Day (Illinois)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama Day">Obama Day (Kenya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honors_and_awards_received_by_Barack_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honors and awards received by Barack Obama">Awards and honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Barack_Obama" title="List of things named after Barack Obama">Namesakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Ground_Productions" title="Higher Ground Productions">Higher Ground Productions</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/One_Last_Time_(Hamilton_song)#Remix" title="One Last Time (Hamilton song)">One Last Time (44 Remix)</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight_before_signing" title="Sunlight before signing">Sunlight before signing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. 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