Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD)

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The persistent nature of the hallucinations and the fact that they occur while the individual is sober are indications of the presence of HPPD." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/conditions/hallucinogen-persisting-perception-disorder" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Psychology Today" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/conditions/hallucinogen-persisting-perception-disorder" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD)" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) is a cognitive disorder in which individuals continuously re-experience visual and other sensory hallucinations that they first experienced while intoxicated. 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class="layout-content-full"> <div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> </div> <div class="layout-container--grid layout-container--primary-left-rail--single"> <div class="layout-content-main"> <div> <div id="block-pt-content" class="block">     <article data-history-node-id="5000067" role="article" class="basics-full"> <div class="content-header d-flex reference-header"> <div class="content-header--text"> <h1 class="reference__title section-title">Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) </h1> <p class="reference__review-info fine-print"> <a href="/sg/docs/editorial-process" class="reference__review-info-link"> <span class="reference__review-info-icon"></span> <span class="reference__review-info-text">Reviewed by Psychology Today Staff</span> </a> </p> </div> </div> <div> <div class="reference__body"> <div class="field-name-body"> <p><span><span><span><span><span>Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) is a cognitive disorder in which individuals continuously re-experience visual and other sensory hallucinations that they first experienced while intoxicated. The persistent nature of the hallucinations and the fact that they occur while the individual is sober are indications of the presence of HPPD.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span>HPPD is divided into two types, according to the kinds of hallucinations the person experiences. In Type 1, an individual experiences brief, random flashbacks. In Type 2, the experience is more disturbing and persistent, and an individual may experience consistent changes in vision.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span>It is important to note that HPPD hallucinations are always obvious as hallucinations to the individual experiencing them and don’t override their reality. Despite that, HPPD can still cause significant distress and interfere with one’s work and <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/social-life" title="Psychology Today looks at social life"><span><span>social life</span></span></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div> <div class="table-of-contents border-top"> <h4 class="table-of-contents--title">Contents</h4> <ul> <li class="table-of-contents--item"> <a href="#symptoms"> Symptoms </a> </li> <li class="table-of-contents--item"> <a href="#causes"> Causes </a> </li> <li class="table-of-contents--item"> <a href="#treatment"> Treatment </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="reference__sections"> <div> <div> <div class="section section--separator"> <div id="symptoms" class="section-anchor skip-inline-link-filter"></div> <div class="h2 section-title"> Symptoms </div> <div class="section__body"> <p><span><span><span>The effects of taking larger doses of hallucinogens should wear off over the course of <a href="https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(16)31749-4">six to 15 hours.</a> HPPD symptoms, however, persist long after the normal active life of the drug and can be either episodic or mostly continuous. These symptoms can last for weeks, months, and sometimes even years. In some cases, the condition becomes chronic, while in other instances, people can suppress the feelings and function normally.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="faqs"> <div class="faq faq--1 faq--last"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> What are some common types of drug-induced hallucinations? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>People with Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder re-experience the same hallucinations they had on a past psychedelic “trip.” Oftentimes, <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/8/3/47">these hallucinations are visual</a> but they can affect the other senses as well. For example, someone with HPPD may see colors more intensely or notice halos of different-colored light around objects. Objects might also appear either too big (<em>macropsia</em>) or too small (<em>micropsia</em>). They might even see someone who isn’t there or hear voices. Auditory experiences, like loud music at a concert, may be more intense than normal.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pt-ad pt-ad--300x250 d-block d-none d-md-block d-lg-none block" id="block-ad-subpage-300x250-programmatically-rendered"> <div class="pt-ad--container pt-ad-show-text"> <div class="pt-ad--text"> <span>article continues after advertisement</span> </div> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1404853927369-9" class="pt-ad--content"> <script type="text/javascript"> if (window.googletag && googletag.apiReady) { googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1404853927369-9'); }); } </script> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="section section--separator"> <div id="causes" class="section-anchor skip-inline-link-filter"></div> <div class="h2 section-title"> Causes </div> <div class="section__body"> <p><span><span><span><span><span>Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder, as defined by the <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/dsm" title="Psychology Today looks at DSM-5"><span><span>DSM-5</span></span></a>, is specifically caused by hallucinogenic drugs, primarily but not exclusively by LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide). The disorder occurs in about 4.2 percent of people who take hallucinogens.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span>Hallucinogens, or psychedelics, are a group of drugs, synthetic or natural, that in small doses can cause slight mood and thought changes. LSD affects serotonin and <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/dopamine" title="Psychology Today looks at dopamine"><span><span>dopamine</span></span></a> receptors—“the pleasure pathways” in the brain. In larger doses, hallucinogens can cause transient visual, auditory, and other sensory disturbances colloquially known as “trips.”</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span>Since disturbing hallucinations may also be caused by other disorders, such as neurodegenerative disease, brain lesions, seizure disorders, and others, these causes should be ruled out before a person is diagnosed with HPPD.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span>There is little evidence that an individual's chances of developing HPPD increase with their frequency of drug use; the disorder can also occur in people who have had little experience with hallucinogens.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="faqs"> <div class="faq faq--1"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> What are some common examples of hallucinogens that can cause HPPD? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>Some hallucinogens appear in nature, such as psilocybin (magic mushrooms) and mescaline (peyote), and have been used throughout history to generate visions or mystical insights. Chemically synthesized <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/conditions/hallucinogens">hallucinogens</a> include <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/ketamine" title="Psychology Today looks at ketamine" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">ketamine</a>, PCP (phencyclidine or angel dust), dizocilpine, LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), and MDMA (also known as ecstasy or Molly).</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="faq faq--2 faq--last"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> What creates the hallucinogenic effect of certain drugs? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>The psychedelic trip is likely caused by the way psychotropic compounds <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/blog/the-athletes-way/202009/is-your-brain-s-5-ht2a-receptors-lsd-or-psilocybin">bind with 5-HT2A serotonin receptors.</a> However, more research is needed to understand exactly how hallucinogens work.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="section section--separator"> <div id="treatment" class="section-anchor skip-inline-link-filter"></div> <div class="h2 section-title"> Treatment </div> <div class="section__body"> <p><span><span><span><span><span>HPPD can occur in combination with other mental disorders, such as <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/anxiety" title="Psychology Today looks at panic"><span><span>panic</span></span></a> disorder, <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/alcohol" title="Psychology Today looks at alcohol"><span><span>alcohol</span></span></a> use disorder, and <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/depression" title="Psychology Today looks at depression"><span><span>depression</span></span></a>, according to the <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/dsm" title="Psychology Today looks at DSM-5" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">DSM-5</a>. Some types of <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/therapy" title="Psychology Today looks at therapy"><span><span>therapy</span></span></a> used to treat those conditions may be helpful in managing HPPD symptoms as well.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span>HPPD is also treated with several types of <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/psychopharmacology" title="Psychology Today looks at medication" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">medication</a>, through regimens that should be tailored to each individual. Some types of drugs that have delivered positive results include <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/psychopharmacology" title="Psychology Today looks at antipsychotics"><span><span>antipsychotics</span></span></a>, some drugs used for treating <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/post-traumatic-stress-disorder" title="Psychology Today looks at PTSD"><span><span>PTSD</span></span></a>, and naltrexone, which is used to treat opioid and <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/alcohol" title="Psychology Today looks at alcohol" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">alcohol</a> dependency.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span>It has been suggested that brain stimulation treatments, such as Repetitive <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/transcranial-magnetic-stimulation-therapy" title="Psychology Today looks at Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation</a> (rTMS), may be effective in treating HPPD, but there has been little evidence as of yet to establish their efficacy.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="faqs"> <div class="faq faq--1 faq--last"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> How do you treat HPPD? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>While there is no cure for Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder, those individuals who suffer from it can find some relief from their symptoms by reducing <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/stress" title="Psychology Today looks at stress" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">stress</a> and avoiding substance use. HPPD may also go away on its own over time.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="reference__citations section--separator"> <h5>References</h5> <div class="citations"> <div class="citation citation--1"> <em>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual</em> <em>of Mental Disorders</em> (<em>DSM</em>–5) </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="layout-content-left-rail--first" role="complementary"> <div> <div id="block-conditionsnavigation" class="block index-page-menu"> <article> <div class="h2 index-page-menu--title"> Diagnosis Dictionary </div> <div class="index-page-menu--image hero--image"> <img src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/index_page_navigation_image/public/2021-06/conditions-shutterstock-1696550344_0.jpg?itok=XiF2PjYS" width="519" height="198" alt="Decorative Image" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="index-page-menu--items"> <div class="views-element-container"><div 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Stress Disorder ">Acute Stress Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/adjustment-disorder" title="Adjustment Disorder ">Adjustment Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia ">Agoraphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/body-dysmorphic-disorder" title="Body Dysmorphic Disorder ">Body Dysmorphic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/generalized-anxiety-disorder" title="Generalized Anxiety Disorder ">Generalized Anxiety Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/hypersomnolence" title="Hypersomnolence ">Hypersomnolence</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/illness-anxiety-disorder" title="Illness Anxiety Disorder ">Illness Anxiety Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/insomnia" title="Insomnia ">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/nightmares" title="Nightmares ">Nightmares</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder" title="Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ">Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/panic-attack" title="Panic Attack ">Panic Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/panic-disorder" title="Panic Disorder ">Panic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder" title="Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ">Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/separation-anxiety" title="Separation Anxiety ">Separation Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/social-anxiety-disorder-social-phobia" title="Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) ">Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/specific-phobia" title="Specific Phobia ">Specific Phobia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/tinnitus" title="Tinnitus ">Tinnitus</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/vertigo" title="Vertigo ">Vertigo</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adult" title="Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Adult ">Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-children" title="Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Children ">Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Children</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-teen" title="Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Teen ">Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Teen</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder" title="Developmental Coordination Disorder ">Developmental Coordination Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dysgraphia" title="Dysgraphia ">Dysgraphia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dyspraxia" title="Dyspraxia ">Dyspraxia</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Bipolar Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/bipolar-disorder" title="Bipolar Disorder ">Bipolar Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/cyclothymic-disorder" title="Cyclothymic Disorder ">Cyclothymic Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Child/Adolescent</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/aspergers" title="Asperger's Syndrome ">Asperger's Syndrome </a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-children" title="Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Children ">Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Children</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder" title="Autism Spectrum Disorder ">Autism Spectrum Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/child-abuse" title="Child Abuse ">Child Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/child-neglect" title="Child Neglect ">Child Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/childhood-onset-fluency-disorder" title="Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder ">Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/communication-disorders" title="Communication Disorders ">Communication Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/conduct-disorder" title="Conduct Disorder ">Conduct Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/disinhibited-social-engagement-disorder" title="Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder ">Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/disruptive-mood-dysregulation-disorder-children-and-adolescents" title="Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (Children and Adolescents) ">Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (Children and Adolescents)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dyscalculia" title="Dyscalculia ">Dyscalculia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dysgraphia" title="Dysgraphia ">Dysgraphia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dyslexia" title="Dyslexia ">Dyslexia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dyspraxia" title="Dyspraxia ">Dyspraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/encopresis" title="Encopresis ">Encopresis</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/enuresis" title="Enuresis ">Enuresis</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/intellectual-disability-intellectual-developmental-disorder" title="Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder) ">Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/language-disorder" title="Language Disorder ">Language Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/learning-disability" title="Learning Disability ">Learning Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/nonverbal-learning-disorder" title="Nonverbal Learning Disorder ">Nonverbal Learning Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/pedophilia" title="Pedophilia ">Pedophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/provisional-tic-disorder" title="Provisional Tic Disorder ">Provisional Tic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/reactive-attachment-disorder" title="Reactive Attachment Disorder ">Reactive Attachment Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/selective-mutism" title="Selective Mutism ">Selective Mutism</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/separation-anxiety" title="Separation Anxiety ">Separation Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/speech-sound-disorder" title="Speech Sound Disorder ">Speech Sound Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/tourettes-disorder" title="Tourette's Disorder ">Tourette's Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Communication Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/childhood-onset-fluency-disorder" title="Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder ">Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/communication-disorders" title="Communication Disorders ">Communication Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/language-disorder" title="Language Disorder ">Language Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/speech-sound-disorder" title="Speech Sound Disorder ">Speech Sound Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Depression/Mood</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/adjustment-disorder" title="Adjustment Disorder ">Adjustment Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/bereavement" title="Bereavement ">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/co-occurring-disorders" title="Co-Occurring Disorders ">Co-Occurring Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/depressive-disorders" title="Depressive Disorders ">Depressive Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/persistent-depressive-disorder-dysthymia" title="Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) ">Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/postpartum-disorder" title="Postpartum Disorder ">Postpartum Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/prolonged-grief-disorder" title="Prolonged Grief Disorder ">Prolonged Grief Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder" title="Seasonal Affective Disorder ">Seasonal Affective Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/visual-snow" title="Visual Snow ">Visual Snow</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Dissociation</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/depersonalizationderealization-disorder" title="Depersonalization / Derealization Disorder ">Depersonalization / Derealization Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dissociative-amnesia" title="Dissociative Amnesia ">Dissociative Amnesia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dissociative-fugue-psychogenic-fugue" title="Dissociative Fugue (Psychogenic Fugue) ">Dissociative Fugue (Psychogenic Fugue)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dissociative-identity-disorder-multiple-personality-disorder" title="Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder) ">Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder)</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Eating Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/anorexia-nervosa" title="Anorexia Nervosa ">Anorexia Nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/arfid-avoidant-restrictive-food-intake-disorder" title="ARFID (Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder) ">ARFID (Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/binge-eating-disorder-compulsive-overeating" title="Binge-Eating Disorder (Compulsive Overeating) ">Binge-Eating Disorder (Compulsive Overeating)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/bulimia-nervosa" title="Bulimia Nervosa ">Bulimia Nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/eating-disorders" title="Eating Disorders ">Eating Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/obesity" title="Obesity ">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/pica" title="Pica ">Pica</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/rumination-disorder" title="Rumination Disorder ">Rumination Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Impulse Control Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/intermittent-explosive-disorder" title="Intermittent Explosive Disorder ">Intermittent Explosive Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/kleptomania" title="Kleptomania ">Kleptomania</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/oppositional-defiant-disorder" title="Oppositional Defiant Disorder ">Oppositional Defiant Disorder </a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/pyromania" title="Pyromania ">Pyromania</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Movement Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder" title="Developmental Coordination Disorder ">Developmental Coordination Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/parkinsons-disease" title="Parkinson's Disease ">Parkinson's Disease</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/persistent-chronic-motor-or-vocal-tic-disorder" title="Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder ">Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/provisional-tic-disorder" title="Provisional Tic Disorder ">Provisional Tic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/stereotypic-movement-disorder" title="Stereotypic Movement Disorder ">Stereotypic Movement Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/tourettes-disorder" title="Tourette's Disorder ">Tourette's Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Neurocognitive Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/alzheimers-disease" title="Alzheimer's Disease ">Alzheimer's Disease</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dyscalculia" title="Dyscalculia ">Dyscalculia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dysgraphia" title="Dysgraphia ">Dysgraphia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dyslexia" title="Dyslexia ">Dyslexia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dyspraxia" title="Dyspraxia ">Dyspraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/frontotemporal-dementia" title="Frontotemporal Dementia ">Frontotemporal Dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/intellectual-disability-intellectual-developmental-disorder" title="Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder) ">Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/lewy-body-dementia" title="Lewy Body Dementia ">Lewy Body Dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/neurocognitive-disorders-mild-and-major" title="Neurocognitive Disorders (Mild and Major) ">Neurocognitive Disorders (Mild and Major)</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled 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