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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Luxor.Aswan_%26_Qena_10.JPG/220px-Luxor.Aswan_%26_Qena_10.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Luxor.Aswan_%26_Qena_10.JPG/330px-Luxor.Aswan_%26_Qena_10.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Luxor.Aswan_%26_Qena_10.JPG/440px-Luxor.Aswan_%26_Qena_10.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian relief at <a href="/wiki/Dendera" title="Dendera">Dendera</a> depicting <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (right, <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 98–117) in full <a href="/wiki/Pharaonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharaonic">pharaonic</a> garb, sacrificing goods to the goddess <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a> and her son <a href="/wiki/Ihy" title="Ihy">Ihy</a></figcaption></figure> The Roman pharaohs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossini19896-1">[1]</a> rarely referred to as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>'s Thirty-fourth Dynasty,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoftie2017-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a> were the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman emperors">Roman emperors</a> in their capacity as rulers of Egypt, especially in <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a>. After Egypt was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in 30 BC by <a href="/wiki/Octavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavian">Octavian</a>, the people and especially the priesthood of the country continued to recognize the Roman emperors as <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaohs</a>, according them traditional <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">pharaonic titularies</a> and depicting them with traditional pharaonic garb, engaging in traditional pharaonic activities, in artwork and at temples throughout Egypt. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartouches_Tib%C3%A8re.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cartouches_Tib%C3%A8re.JPG/220px-Cartouches_Tib%C3%A8re.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cartouches_Tib%C3%A8re.JPG/330px-Cartouches_Tib%C3%A8re.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cartouches_Tib%C3%A8re.JPG/440px-Cartouches_Tib%C3%A8re.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">Cartouches</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 14–37)</figcaption></figure> Though the Egyptians themselves considered the Romans to be their pharaohs and the legitimate successors of the ancient pharaohs, the emperors themselves never adopted any pharaonic titles or traditions outside of Egypt, as these would have been hard to justify in the Roman world at large. Most emperors probably gave the status accorded to them by the Egyptians little care and rarely visited <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">the province</a> more than once in their lifetime. Their role as god-kings was only ever officially acknowledged by the Egyptians themselves. This was a sharp contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">preceding dynasty</a> of the Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a>, who had spent the majority of their lives in Egypt. Pharaohs before Egypt's incorporation into the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a> had also all ruled the country from within Egypt. Egypt was, however, governed differently from other <a href="/wiki/Roman_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman provinces">Roman provinces</a>, with emperors hand-picking <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Roman_Egypt" title="List of governors of Roman Egypt">governors for the region</a> and often treating it more like a personal possession than a province. Though not all emperors were recognized as pharaohs, Egyptian religion demanded the presence of a pharaoh to act as the intermediate between humanity and the gods. The emperors filling this role proved to be the most simple solution, and was similar to how the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a> had been regarded as pharaohs centuries prior (constituting the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-seventh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Thirty-first</a> dynasties). Though Egypt continued to be a part of the Roman Empire until <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">it was conquered</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> in 641 AD, the last Roman emperor to be conferred the title of pharaoh was <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a> (reigned 311–313 AD). By his time, the view of Romans as pharaohs had already been declining for some time due to Egypt being on the periphery of the Roman Empire (in contrast to the traditional pharaonic view of Egypt as the center of the world). The spread of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> throughout the empire in the 4th century, and the transformation of Egypt's capital <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> into a major Christian center, decisively ended the tradition, due to the new religion being incompatible with the traditional implications of being pharaoh. The names of the emperors were written in hieroglyphs phonetically, based on the renditions of their names in Greek. This way of rendering the names led to the Roman pharaohs having a significant impact on modern Egyptology since the readings of their names marked an important step in the <a href="/wiki/Decipherment_of_ancient_Egyptian_scripts" title="Decipherment of ancient Egyptian scripts">decipherment of hieroglyphs</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_pharaoh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII</a> had <a href="/wiki/Affair" title="Affair">affairs</a> with Roman dictator <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> and Roman general <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Antonius">Mark Antony</a>, but it was not until after her <a href="/wiki/30_BC" title="30 BC">30 BC</a> suicide (after Mark Antony's defeat against <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a>, who became Emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>) that Egypt became a province of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman Republic</a>. Subsequent Roman emperors were accorded the title of pharaoh, although exclusively while in Egypt. As such, not all Roman emperors were recognized as pharaohs. Although Octavian made a point of not taking the Pharaonic crown when he conquered Egypt, which would have been difficult to justify to the wider empire considering the vast amount of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> which he had spread about the "exotic" behavior of Cleopatra and Antony,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott19337–49-5">[4]</a> the native population of Egypt regarded him as the pharaoh succeeding Cleopatra and <a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Caesarion</a>. Depictions of Octavian, now called Augustus, in traditional pharaonic garbs (wearing different crowns and the traditional kilt) and sacrificing goods to various Egyptian gods were made as early as around 15 BC and they are present in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Dendur" title="Temple of Dendur">Temple of Dendur</a>, built by <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Petronius" title="Gaius Petronius">Gaius Petronius</a>, the Roman governor of Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinelli_2017-6">[5]</a> Even earlier than that, Augustus had been accorded royal titles in the Egyptian version of a 29 BC stele made by <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Gallus" title="Cornelius Gallus">Cornelius Gallus</a>, despite royal titles not being present in the Latin or Greek-language versions of the same text.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinas-NerpelPfeiffer2008265–298-7">[6]</a> Unlike the preceding Ptolemaic pharaohs and pharaohs of other previous foreign dynasties, the Roman emperors were rarely physically present in Egypt. As such, the traditional role of the pharaoh, a living embodiment of the gods and cosmic order, was somewhat harder to justify; an emperor rarely visited the province more than once in their lifetime, a sharp contrast to previous pharaohs who had spent a majority of their lives in Egypt. Even then, Egypt was hugely important to the empire as it was highly fertile and the richest region of the Mediterranean. Egypt was governed differently from other provinces, emperors treating it more like a personal possession than a province; hand-picking governors and administering it without the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>'s interference; senators were rarely made governors of Egypt and they were even typically barred from visiting the province without explicit permission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasson_2016-8">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 69–79) was the first emperor since Augustus to appear in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner199813-9">[8]</a> At Alexandria he was hailed as pharaoh; recalling the welcome of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Oracle_of_Zeus-Ammon" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle of Zeus-Ammon">Oracle of Zeus-Ammon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa Oasis</a>, Vespasian was proclaimed the son of the creator-deity <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a> (Zeus-Ammon), in the style of the ancient pharaohs, and an incarnation of Serapis in the manner of the Ptolemies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner199813–14-10">[9]</a> As pharaonic precedent demanded, Vespasian demonstrated his divine election by the traditional methods of spitting on and trampling a blind and crippled man, thereby miraculously healing him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner199814-11">[10]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SFEC_EGYPT_KOM-OMBO_2006-002.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/SFEC_EGYPT_KOM-OMBO_2006-002.JPG/220px-SFEC_EGYPT_KOM-OMBO_2006-002.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/SFEC_EGYPT_KOM-OMBO_2006-002.JPG/330px-SFEC_EGYPT_KOM-OMBO_2006-002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/SFEC_EGYPT_KOM-OMBO_2006-002.JPG/440px-SFEC_EGYPT_KOM-OMBO_2006-002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="2496" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 211–217) depicted as a <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Kom_Ombo" title="Temple of Kom Ombo">Temple of Kom Ombo</a></figcaption></figure>To the Egyptians, their religion demanded that there was a pharaoh to act as the intermediary between the gods and humanity. As such, the emperors continued to be regarded as pharaohs since this proved the most simple solution, disregarding the actual political situation, similar to how Egypt had regarded the Persians or Greeks before the Romans. The abstract nature of the role of these "Roman pharaohs" ensured that the priests of Egypt could demonstrate their loyalty both to their traditional ways and to the new foreign ruler. The Roman emperors themselves mostly ignored the status accorded to them by the Egyptians; in Latin and Greek their titles continued to be Roman only (<a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a> in Latin and <a href="/wiki/Autokrator" title="Autokrator">Autokrator</a> in Greek) and their role as god-kings was only ever acknowledged domestically by the Egyptians themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill2011-12">[11]</a> Not all Egyptians were positively inclined towards the Roman emperors; there were a handful of Egyptian revolts against Roman rulers and there are surviving examples of texts by Egyptian priests lamenting Roman rule of Egypt and calling for the reinstatement of a native dynasty of pharaohs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner199810-13">[12]</a> As Christianity became more and more accepted within the empire, eventually becoming the state religion, emperors no longer found it possible to accept the traditional implications of being pharaoh (a position firmly rooted in the Egyptian religion) and by the early 4th century, <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> itself, the capital of Egypt since the time of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, had become a major center of Christianity. By this point, the view of the Romans as pharaohs had already declined somewhat; Egypt being on the periphery of the Roman Empire was much different from the traditional pharaonic view of Egypt as the center of the world. This was evident in the imperial pharaonic titulatures; though early emperors had been given elaborate titulatures similar to those of the Ptolemies and native pharaohs before them, no emperor after <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 161–180) is attested by more than a <a href="/wiki/Nomen_(ancient_Egypt)" title="Nomen (ancient Egypt)">nomen</a> (though still written in royal <a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">cartouches</a>). Although there continued to be Roman emperors for centuries, until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453 AD, and Egypt continued to be a part of the empire until 641 AD, the last Roman emperor to be conferred the title of pharaoh was <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a> (reigned 311–313 AD).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernusYoyotte2003238–256-14">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carmagnola_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Carmagnola_1.jpg/220px-Carmagnola_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Carmagnola_1.jpg/330px-Carmagnola_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Carmagnola_1.jpg/440px-Carmagnola_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Carmagnola_(Venice)" title="Carmagnola (Venice)">Carmagnola</a>, an Egyptian porphyry head on Venice's <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica" title="St Mark's Basilica">St Mark's Basilica</a> thought to represent <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></figcaption></figure> Despite actual dynastic relationships (there were at least four distinct dynasties of Roman emperors between Augustus and Maximinus Daza), the period of Roman rule over Egypt in its entirety is sometimes referred to as the Thirty-fourth Dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoftie2017-2">[2]</a> Some nineteenth century Egyptian scholars, such as Mikhail Sharubim and <a href="/wiki/Rifa%27a_al-Tahtawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa'a al-Tahtawi">Rifa'a al-Tahtawi</a>, split the Roman emperors into two dynasties, a Thirty-fourth Dynasty for pagan emperors and a Thirty-fifth Dynasty encompassing Christian emperors from <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a> in 641 AD, although no Christian Roman emperor was ever referred to as pharaoh by the population of ancient Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid2003284-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_Egyptology">Impact on Egyptology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_pharaoh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Impact on Egyptology">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Decipherment_of_ancient_Egyptian_scripts" title="Decipherment of ancient Egyptian scripts">Decipherment of ancient Egyptian scripts</a></div> The pharaonic titularies of the Roman emperors played a highly important role in modern <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a>. A central figure in the decipherment of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics was the French orientalist <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Champollion" title="Jean-François Champollion">Jean-François Champollion</a> (1790–1832). Champollion's 1822 <a href="/wiki/Lettre_%C3%A0_M._Dacier" title="Lettre à M. Dacier">Lettre à M. Dacier</a> is the most famous publication in all of Egyptology and is sometimes considered the beginning of the discipline itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2015118-17">[16]</a> The letter included Champollion's proposed readings of pharaonic cartouches from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2015118-17">[16]</a> based on previous attempts and comparisons between different cartouches. The decipherment of names of emperors, and in particular the Egyptian renditions of titles like <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autokrator" title="Autokrator">autokrator</a>, were a highly important part of the process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2010138-18">[17]</a> Though there would be further developments before full-length hieroglyphic texts could be read with reasonable accuracy, Champollion's discoveries in phonetic hieroglyphics were highly impactful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2015118-17">[16]</a> By the time of the publication of the letter, which included a list of identified phonetic hieroglyphic signs, Champollion did not expect that the phonetic values he discovered could be applied to names of pre-Ptolemaic pharaohs as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2010138-18">[17]</a> His subsequent realization, at some point later in 1822 or in 1823, that hieroglyphic writing was often a combination of phonetic and ideographic (i.e. symbols of words or ideas) laid the groundwork for future successful decipherment efforts<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2010139-19">[18]</a> and led Champollion to begin focusing on not only deciphering the symbols but also to translate the underlying language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2015120-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkinsAdkins2000208-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_emperor-pharaohs">List of emperor-pharaohs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_pharaoh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List of emperor-pharaohs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a full list of Roman emperors, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">List of Roman emperors</a>.</div> This list only contains emperors who are attested in hieroglyphics (i.e. with pharaonic titles), per von Beckerath (1984).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165-22">[21]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="7%">Depiction </th> <th width="11%">Name & reign </th> <th colspan="4" width="50%"><a href="/wiki/Pharaonic_titulary" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharaonic titulary">Pharaonic titles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">cartouches</a>)<a href="#cite_note-25">[b]</a> </th> <th width="30%">Notes </th> <th width="2%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Augustus_pharaoh_portrait.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Augustus_pharaoh_portrait.png/90px-Augustus_pharaoh_portrait.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Augustus_pharaoh_portrait.png/135px-Augustus_pharaoh_portrait.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Augustus_pharaoh_portrait.png/180px-Augustus_pharaoh_portrait.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="773" /></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 30 BC<a href="#cite_note-26">[c]</a> – AD 14 </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Horus_name" title="Horus name">Horus name</a>: <a href="/wiki/File:Augustus_horus_name_ver_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Augustus_horus_name_ver_1.png/295px-Augustus_horus_name_ver_1.png" decoding="async" width="295" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Augustus_horus_name_ver_1.png/443px-Augustus_horus_name_ver_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Augustus_horus_name_ver_1.png/590px-Augustus_horus_name_ver_1.png 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="76" /></a> ṯmꜢ-Ꜥ wr-pḥtj ḥwnw-bnr-mrwt ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw stp-n-Ptḥ-Nnw-jt-nṯrw <a href="/wiki/File:Augustus_horus_name_ver_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Augustus_horus_name_ver_2.png/179px-Augustus_horus_name_ver_2.png" decoding="async" width="179" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Augustus_horus_name_ver_2.png/269px-Augustus_horus_name_ver_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Augustus_horus_name_ver_2.png/358px-Augustus_horus_name_ver_2.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="77" /></a> ṯmꜢ-Ꜥ wr-pḥtj ḥwnw-bnr-mrwt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prenomen_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Prenomen (Ancient Egypt)">Prenomen</a>: <a href="/wiki/File:Augustus_prenomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Augustus_prenomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/129px-Augustus_prenomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png" decoding="async" width="129" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Augustus_prenomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/194px-Augustus_prenomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Augustus_prenomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/258px-Augustus_prenomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="83" /></a> ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw stp-n-Ptḥ <a href="/wiki/File:Augustus_prenomen_hieroglyphics_ver_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Augustus_prenomen_hieroglyphics_ver_2.png/106px-Augustus_prenomen_hieroglyphics_ver_2.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Augustus_prenomen_hieroglyphics_ver_2.png/159px-Augustus_prenomen_hieroglyphics_ver_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Augustus_prenomen_hieroglyphics_ver_2.png/212px-Augustus_prenomen_hieroglyphics_ver_2.png 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="81" /></a> ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw stp-n-Ptḥ mrj-Ꜣst <a href="/wiki/File:Augustus_prenomen_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Augustus_prenomen_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png/97px-Augustus_prenomen_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png" decoding="async" width="97" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Augustus_prenomen_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png/146px-Augustus_prenomen_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Augustus_prenomen_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png/194px-Augustus_prenomen_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="81" /></a> Autokrator </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nomen_(ancient_Egypt)" title="Nomen (ancient Egypt)">Nomen</a>: <a href="/wiki/File:Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/128px-Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/192px-Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/256px-Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="75" /></a> Kaisaros, Ep. nt.f mḥ<a href="#cite_note-28">[d]</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_6.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_6.png/98px-Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_6.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_6.png/147px-Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_6.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_6.png/196px-Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_6.png 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="79" /></a> Kaisaros, Ep. pꜢ nṯr <a href="/wiki/File:Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_11.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_11.png/139px-Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_11.png" decoding="async" width="139" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_11.png/209px-Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_11.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_11.png/278px-Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_11.png 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="82" /></a> Kaisaros, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-Ptḥ-Ꜣst <a href="/wiki/File:Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_14.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_14.png/109px-Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_14.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_14.png/164px-Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_14.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_14.png/218px-Augustus_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_14.png 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="79" /></a> Romaios </td> <td>First Roman emperor and the first Roman ruler to control Egypt. Instituted new unpopular taxation systems in Egypt and banned Egyptian cults in Rome itself. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199812–13-29">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kom_Ombo_S%C3%A4ulenhof_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kom_Ombo_S%C3%A4ulenhof_05.JPG/90px-Kom_Ombo_S%C3%A4ulenhof_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kom_Ombo_S%C3%A4ulenhof_05.JPG/135px-Kom_Ombo_S%C3%A4ulenhof_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kom_Ombo_S%C3%A4ulenhof_05.JPG/180px-Kom_Ombo_S%C3%A4ulenhof_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="2134" /></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 14–37 </td> <td colspan="3">Horus name: <a href="/wiki/File:Tiberius_horus_name_ver_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tiberius_horus_name_ver_1.png/313px-Tiberius_horus_name_ver_1.png" decoding="async" width="313" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tiberius_horus_name_ver_1.png/470px-Tiberius_horus_name_ver_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tiberius_horus_name_ver_1.png/626px-Tiberius_horus_name_ver_1.png 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="73" /></a> ṯmꜢ-Ꜥ wr-pḥtj ḥwnw-bnr-mrwt ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw stp-n-Ptḥ-Nnw-jt-nṯrw <a href="/wiki/File:Tiberius_horus_name_ver_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tiberius_horus_name_ver_2.png/250px-Tiberius_horus_name_ver_2.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tiberius_horus_name_ver_2.png/375px-Tiberius_horus_name_ver_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tiberius_horus_name_ver_2.png/500px-Tiberius_horus_name_ver_2.png 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="74" /></a> ṯmꜢ-Ꜥ wr-pḥtj ḥwnw-bnr-mrwt kꜢ-nsw sḫm-ḫntj-pr-dwꜢt <a href="/wiki/File:Tiberius_horus_name_ver_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tiberius_horus_name_ver_3.png/182px-Tiberius_horus_name_ver_3.png" decoding="async" width="182" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tiberius_horus_name_ver_3.png/273px-Tiberius_horus_name_ver_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tiberius_horus_name_ver_3.png/364px-Tiberius_horus_name_ver_3.png 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="74" /></a> ṯmꜢ-Ꜥ ẖwj-ḫꜢswt wr-pḫtj nḫhw-BꜢqt <a href="/wiki/File:Tiberius_horus_name_ver_4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tiberius_horus_name_ver_4.png/290px-Tiberius_horus_name_ver_4.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tiberius_horus_name_ver_4.png/435px-Tiberius_horus_name_ver_4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tiberius_horus_name_ver_4.png/580px-Tiberius_horus_name_ver_4.png 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="75" /></a> ṯmꜢ-Ꜥ ẖnmw-n-tꜢw smꜢw-wꜢs-?-gmj-wš-m-Jtrtj </td> <td>Nomen: <a href="/wiki/File:Tiberius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Tiberius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/80px-Tiberius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Tiberius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/120px-Tiberius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Tiberius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/160px-Tiberius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="85" /></a> Tiberios <a href="/wiki/File:Tiberius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tiberius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png/112px-Tiberius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png" decoding="async" width="112" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tiberius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png/168px-Tiberius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tiberius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png/224px-Tiberius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="80" /></a> Tiberios ntj-ḫw<a href="#cite_note-31">[e]</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Tiberius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_6.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tiberius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_6.png/139px-Tiberius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_6.png" decoding="async" width="139" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tiberius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_6.png/209px-Tiberius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_6.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tiberius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_6.png/278px-Tiberius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_6.png 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="80" /></a> Tiberios Kaisaros, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt </td> <td>Left little impression on Egypt </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199812–13-29">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Caligula_as_pharaoh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Caligula_as_pharaoh.png/90px-Caligula_as_pharaoh.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Caligula_as_pharaoh.png/135px-Caligula_as_pharaoh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Caligula_as_pharaoh.png/180px-Caligula_as_pharaoh.png 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="653" /></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 37–41 </td> <td colspan="2">Horus name: <a href="/wiki/File:Caligula_horus_name.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Caligula_horus_name.png/169px-Caligula_horus_name.png" decoding="async" width="169" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Caligula_horus_name.png/254px-Caligula_horus_name.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Caligula_horus_name.png/338px-Caligula_horus_name.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="91" /></a> kꜢ-nḫt jꜢḫ-stwt-RꜤ-JꜤḥ </td> <td>Prenomen: <a href="/wiki/File:Caligula_prenomen_hieroglyphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Caligula_prenomen_hieroglyphics.png/153px-Caligula_prenomen_hieroglyphics.png" decoding="async" width="153" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Caligula_prenomen_hieroglyphics.png/230px-Caligula_prenomen_hieroglyphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Caligula_prenomen_hieroglyphics.png/306px-Caligula_prenomen_hieroglyphics.png 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="101" /></a> Autokrator, Ep. ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw mrj-Ptḥ-Ꜣst </td> <td>Nomen: <a href="/wiki/File:Caligula_nomen_hieroglyphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Caligula_nomen_hieroglyphics.png/231px-Caligula_nomen_hieroglyphics.png" decoding="async" width="231" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Caligula_nomen_hieroglyphics.png/347px-Caligula_nomen_hieroglyphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Caligula_nomen_hieroglyphics.png/462px-Caligula_nomen_hieroglyphics.png 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="104" /></a> Kaisaros Germanikos, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt </td> <td>Left little impression on Egypt; lifted the ban on Egyptian cults in Rome instituted by Augustus </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199813-32">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Claudius_as_pharaoh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Claudius_as_pharaoh.png/90px-Claudius_as_pharaoh.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Claudius_as_pharaoh.png/135px-Claudius_as_pharaoh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Claudius_as_pharaoh.png/180px-Claudius_as_pharaoh.png 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="591" /></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 41–54 </td> <td colspan="2">Horus name: <a href="/wiki/File:Claudius_horus_name_ver_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Claudius_horus_name_ver_1.png/93px-Claudius_horus_name_ver_1.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Claudius_horus_name_ver_1.png/140px-Claudius_horus_name_ver_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Claudius_horus_name_ver_1.png/186px-Claudius_horus_name_ver_1.png 2x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="75" /></a> kꜢ-nḫt ḏd-jꜢḫ-Šw-(m)-Ꜣḫt <a href="/wiki/File:Claudius_horus_name_ver_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Claudius_horus_name_ver_2.png/67px-Claudius_horus_name_ver_2.png" decoding="async" width="67" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Claudius_horus_name_ver_2.png/101px-Claudius_horus_name_ver_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Claudius_horus_name_ver_2.png/134px-Claudius_horus_name_ver_2.png 2x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="72" /></a> kꜢ-nḫt wḥm-ḫꜤw </td> <td>Prenomen: <a href="/wiki/File:Claudius_prenomen_ver_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Claudius_prenomen_ver_1.png/130px-Claudius_prenomen_ver_1.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Claudius_prenomen_ver_1.png/195px-Claudius_prenomen_ver_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Claudius_prenomen_ver_1.png/260px-Claudius_prenomen_ver_1.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="83" /></a> Autokrator, Ep. ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw mrj-Ꜣst-Ptḥ <a href="/wiki/File:Claudius_prenomen_ver_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Claudius_prenomen_ver_2.png/109px-Claudius_prenomen_ver_2.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Claudius_prenomen_ver_2.png/164px-Claudius_prenomen_ver_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Claudius_prenomen_ver_2.png/218px-Claudius_prenomen_ver_2.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="83" /></a> Kaisaros Germanikos <a href="/wiki/File:Claudius_prenomen_ver_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Claudius_prenomen_ver_3.png/201px-Claudius_prenomen_ver_3.png" decoding="async" width="201" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Claudius_prenomen_ver_3.png/302px-Claudius_prenomen_ver_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Claudius_prenomen_ver_3.png/402px-Claudius_prenomen_ver_3.png 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="83" /></a> Kaisaros Sebastos Germanikos Autokrator </td> <td>Nomen: <a href="/wiki/File:Claudius_nomen_ver_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Claudius_nomen_ver_1.png/117px-Claudius_nomen_ver_1.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Claudius_nomen_ver_1.png/176px-Claudius_nomen_ver_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Claudius_nomen_ver_1.png/234px-Claudius_nomen_ver_1.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="81" /></a> Tiberios Klaudios <a href="/wiki/File:Claudius_nomen_ver_6.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Claudius_nomen_ver_6.png/193px-Claudius_nomen_ver_6.png" decoding="async" width="193" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Claudius_nomen_ver_6.png/290px-Claudius_nomen_ver_6.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Claudius_nomen_ver_6.png/386px-Claudius_nomen_ver_6.png 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="84" /></a> Tiberios Klaudios Kaisaros ntj ḫw </td> <td>Left little impression on Egypt; rebuked requests from Alexandria to gain its own self-governing senate </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199813-32">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nero_pharaoh_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nero_pharaoh_crop.png/90px-Nero_pharaoh_crop.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nero_pharaoh_crop.png/135px-Nero_pharaoh_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nero_pharaoh_crop.png/180px-Nero_pharaoh_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="568" /></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 54–68 </td> <td colspan="2">Horus name: <a href="/wiki/File:Nero_horus_name_ver_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nero_horus_name_ver_1.png/274px-Nero_horus_name_ver_1.png" decoding="async" width="274" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nero_horus_name_ver_1.png/411px-Nero_horus_name_ver_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nero_horus_name_ver_1.png/548px-Nero_horus_name_ver_1.png 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="75" /></a> ṯmꜢ-Ꜥ ẖwj-ḫꜢswt wr-nḫw-BꜢqt ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw stp-n-Nnw-Mrwr <a href="/wiki/File:Nero_horus_name_ver_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nero_horus_name_ver_2.png/59px-Nero_horus_name_ver_2.png" decoding="async" width="59" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nero_horus_name_ver_2.png/89px-Nero_horus_name_ver_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nero_horus_name_ver_2.png/118px-Nero_horus_name_ver_2.png 2x" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="75" /></a> ṯmꜢ-Ꜥ ẖwj-ḫꜢswt </td> <td>Prenomen: <a href="/wiki/File:Nero_prenomen_ver_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Nero_prenomen_ver_1.png/84px-Nero_prenomen_ver_1.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Nero_prenomen_ver_1.png/126px-Nero_prenomen_ver_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Nero_prenomen_ver_1.png/168px-Nero_prenomen_ver_1.png 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="81" /></a> ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw stp-n-Ptḥ mrj-Ꜣst <a href="/wiki/File:Nero_prenomen_ver_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Nero_prenomen_ver_2.png/110px-Nero_prenomen_ver_2.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Nero_prenomen_ver_2.png/165px-Nero_prenomen_ver_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Nero_prenomen_ver_2.png/220px-Nero_prenomen_ver_2.png 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="81" /></a> Kaisaros Germanikos </td> <td>Nomen: <a href="/wiki/File:Nero_nomen_ver_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nero_nomen_ver_1.png/70px-Nero_nomen_ver_1.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nero_nomen_ver_1.png/105px-Nero_nomen_ver_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nero_nomen_ver_1.png/140px-Nero_nomen_ver_1.png 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="81" /></a> Neron <a href="/wiki/File:Nero_nomen_ver_6.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Nero_nomen_ver_6.png/113px-Nero_nomen_ver_6.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Nero_nomen_ver_6.png/170px-Nero_nomen_ver_6.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Nero_nomen_ver_6.png/226px-Nero_nomen_ver_6.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="83" /></a> Neron Klaudios, Ep. ḫw <a href="/wiki/File:Nero_nomen_ver_7.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nero_nomen_ver_7.png/123px-Nero_nomen_ver_7.png" decoding="async" width="123" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nero_nomen_ver_7.png/185px-Nero_nomen_ver_7.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nero_nomen_ver_7.png/246px-Nero_nomen_ver_7.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="83" /></a> Autokrator Neron <a href="/wiki/File:Nero_nomen_ver_8.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Nero_nomen_ver_8.png/137px-Nero_nomen_ver_8.png" decoding="async" width="137" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Nero_nomen_ver_8.png/206px-Nero_nomen_ver_8.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Nero_nomen_ver_8.png/274px-Nero_nomen_ver_8.png 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="83" /></a> Neron Klaudios Kaisaros ntj ḫw </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nero%27s_exploration_of_the_Nile_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Nero's exploration of the Nile river">Sent</a> a small group of <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">praetorian guards</a> to explore along the <a href="/wiki/Nile_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile river">Nile river</a> south of Egypt, perhaps intended as a scouting mission for a later conquests in the region </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199813-32">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Galba_as_pharaoh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Galba_as_pharaoh.png/90px-Galba_as_pharaoh.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Galba_as_pharaoh.png/135px-Galba_as_pharaoh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Galba_as_pharaoh.png/180px-Galba_as_pharaoh.png 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="588" /></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 68–69 </td> <td colspan="4">Nomen: <a href="/wiki/File:Galba_in_hieroglyphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Galba_in_hieroglyphics.png/147px-Galba_in_hieroglyphics.png" decoding="async" width="147" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Galba_in_hieroglyphics.png/221px-Galba_in_hieroglyphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Galba_in_hieroglyphics.png/294px-Galba_in_hieroglyphics.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="81" /></a> Serouios Galbas Autokrator </td> <td>Left little impression on Egypt </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199813-32">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Otho_as_pharaoh_(2).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Otho_as_pharaoh_%282%29.png/90px-Otho_as_pharaoh_%282%29.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Otho_as_pharaoh_%282%29.png/135px-Otho_as_pharaoh_%282%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Otho_as_pharaoh_%282%29.png/180px-Otho_as_pharaoh_%282%29.png 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="793" /></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 69 </td> <td colspan="4">Nomen: <a href="/wiki/File:Otho_in_hieroglyphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Otho_in_hieroglyphics.png/116px-Otho_in_hieroglyphics.png" decoding="async" width="116" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Otho_in_hieroglyphics.png/174px-Otho_in_hieroglyphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Otho_in_hieroglyphics.png/232px-Otho_in_hieroglyphics.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="99" /></a> Markos Othon </td> <td>Left little impression on Egypt </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199813-32">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="background:#fff1f0;">There are no known traces of the brief reign of <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 69) in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner199813-9">[8]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 69–79 </td> <td colspan="4">Nomen: <a href="/wiki/File:Vespasian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Vespasian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/95px-Vespasian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Vespasian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/143px-Vespasian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Vespasian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/190px-Vespasian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="103" /></a> Ouespasianos <a href="/wiki/File:Vespasian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Vespasian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png/120px-Vespasian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Vespasian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png/180px-Vespasian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Vespasian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png/240px-Vespasian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="102" /></a> Ouespasianos ntj ḫw </td> <td>First emperor to visit Egypt since Augustus; received a traditional pharaonic coronation </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199813–14-33">[28]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Titus_as_pharaoh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Titus_as_pharaoh.png/90px-Titus_as_pharaoh.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Titus_as_pharaoh.png/135px-Titus_as_pharaoh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Titus_as_pharaoh.png/180px-Titus_as_pharaoh.png 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="751" /></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 79–81 </td> <td colspan="2">Horus name: <a href="/wiki/File:Titus_horus_name.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Titus_horus_name.png/93px-Titus_horus_name.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Titus_horus_name.png/140px-Titus_horus_name.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Titus_horus_name.png/186px-Titus_horus_name.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="107" /></a> ḥwnw-nfr bnr-mrwt </td> <td>Prenomen: <a href="/wiki/File:Titus_throne_name_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Titus_throne_name_1.png/56px-Titus_throne_name_1.png" decoding="async" width="56" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Titus_throne_name_1.png/84px-Titus_throne_name_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Titus_throne_name_1.png/112px-Titus_throne_name_1.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="109" /></a> Titos <a href="/wiki/File:Titus_throne_name_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Titus_throne_name_2.png/139px-Titus_throne_name_2.png" decoding="async" width="139" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Titus_throne_name_2.png/209px-Titus_throne_name_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Titus_throne_name_2.png/278px-Titus_throne_name_2.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="109" /></a> Autokrator Titos Kaisaros </td> <td>Nomen: <a href="/wiki/File:Titus_nomen_in_hieroglyphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Titus_nomen_in_hieroglyphics.png/120px-Titus_nomen_in_hieroglyphics.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Titus_nomen_in_hieroglyphics.png/180px-Titus_nomen_in_hieroglyphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Titus_nomen_in_hieroglyphics.png/240px-Titus_nomen_in_hieroglyphics.png 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="110" /></a> Ouespasianos </td> <td>Left little impression on Egypt </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199814-34">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Domitian_Pharaoh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Domitian_Pharaoh.jpg/90px-Domitian_Pharaoh.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Domitian_Pharaoh.jpg/135px-Domitian_Pharaoh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Domitian_Pharaoh.jpg/180px-Domitian_Pharaoh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="1551" /></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 81–96 </td> <td>Horus name: <a href="/wiki/File:Domitian_horus_name.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Domitian_horus_name.png/170px-Domitian_horus_name.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Domitian_horus_name.png/255px-Domitian_horus_name.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Domitian_horus_name.png/340px-Domitian_horus_name.png 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="76" /></a> ḥwnw-nḫt jṯj-m-sḫm.f. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horus_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Horus name">Golden Horus name</a>: <a href="/wiki/File:Domitian_golden_horus_name.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Domitian_golden_horus_name.png/126px-Domitian_golden_horus_name.png" decoding="async" width="126" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Domitian_golden_horus_name.png/189px-Domitian_golden_horus_name.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Domitian_golden_horus_name.png/252px-Domitian_golden_horus_name.png 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="72" /></a> wsr-rnpwt ꜤꜢ-nḫtw </td> <td>Prenomen: <a href="/wiki/File:Domitian_prenomen_hieroglyphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Domitian_prenomen_hieroglyphics.png/88px-Domitian_prenomen_hieroglyphics.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Domitian_prenomen_hieroglyphics.png/132px-Domitian_prenomen_hieroglyphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Domitian_prenomen_hieroglyphics.png/176px-Domitian_prenomen_hieroglyphics.png 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="79" /></a> Ḥr-zꜢ-Ꜣst mrj-nṯrw-nb(w) </td> <td>Nomen: <a href="/wiki/File:Domitian_nomen_ver_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Domitian_nomen_ver_2.png/80px-Domitian_nomen_ver_2.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Domitian_nomen_ver_2.png/120px-Domitian_nomen_ver_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Domitian_nomen_ver_2.png/160px-Domitian_nomen_ver_2.png 2x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="71" /></a> Domitianos <a href="/wiki/File:Domitian_nomen_ver_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Domitian_nomen_ver_1.png/114px-Domitian_nomen_ver_1.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Domitian_nomen_ver_1.png/171px-Domitian_nomen_ver_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Domitian_nomen_ver_1.png/228px-Domitian_nomen_ver_1.png 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="74" /></a> Domitianos ntj ḫw <a href="/wiki/File:Domitian_nomen_ver_7.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Domitian_nomen_ver_7.png/125px-Domitian_nomen_ver_7.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Domitian_nomen_ver_7.png/188px-Domitian_nomen_ver_7.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Domitian_nomen_ver_7.png/250px-Domitian_nomen_ver_7.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="75" /></a> Domitianos Sebastos Kaisaros </td> <td>Introduced Egyptian deities on coins minted in Alexandria and founded temples dedicated to deities such as <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a> in Italy. Using the trappings of being pharaoh, he also sought to add further legitimacy to imperial rule. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199814-34">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nerva_as_pharaoh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Nerva_as_pharaoh.png/90px-Nerva_as_pharaoh.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Nerva_as_pharaoh.png/135px-Nerva_as_pharaoh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Nerva_as_pharaoh.png/180px-Nerva_as_pharaoh.png 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="605" /></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 96–98 </td> <td colspan="4">Nomen: <a href="/wiki/File:Nerva_in_hieroglyphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Nerva_in_hieroglyphics.png/102px-Nerva_in_hieroglyphics.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Nerva_in_hieroglyphics.png/153px-Nerva_in_hieroglyphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Nerva_in_hieroglyphics.png/204px-Nerva_in_hieroglyphics.png 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="116" /></a> Nerouas ntj ḫw </td> <td>Left little impression on Egypt </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199814-34">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Trajan_Pharaoh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Trajan_Pharaoh.png/90px-Trajan_Pharaoh.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Trajan_Pharaoh.png/135px-Trajan_Pharaoh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Trajan_Pharaoh.png/180px-Trajan_Pharaoh.png 2x" data-file-width="1193" data-file-height="1585" /></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 98–117 </td> <td colspan="2">Prenomen: <a href="/wiki/File:Trajan_prenomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Trajan_prenomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/185px-Trajan_prenomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png" decoding="async" width="185" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Trajan_prenomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/278px-Trajan_prenomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Trajan_prenomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/370px-Trajan_prenomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="71" /></a> Autokrator Kaisaros Nerouas <a href="/wiki/File:Trajan_prenomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Trajan_prenomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_2.png/130px-Trajan_prenomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_2.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Trajan_prenomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_2.png/195px-Trajan_prenomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Trajan_prenomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_2.png/260px-Trajan_prenomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_2.png 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="71" /></a> Germanikos Dakikos, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt </td> <td colspan="2">Nomen: <a href="/wiki/File:Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/124px-Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png" decoding="async" width="124" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/186px-Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/248px-Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="70" /></a> Nerouas Traianos <a href="/wiki/File:Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png/148px-Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png" decoding="async" width="148" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png/222px-Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png/296px-Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="70" /></a> Nerouas Traianos, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-Ꜣst <a href="/wiki/File:Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png/113px-Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png/170px-Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png/226px-Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="73" /></a> Traianos ntj ḫw <a href="/wiki/File:Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_20.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_20.png/221px-Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_20.png" decoding="async" width="221" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_20.png/332px-Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_20.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_20.png/442px-Trajan_nomen_in_hieroglyphics_ver_20.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="73" /></a> Traianos ntj ḫw + Aristos Germanikos Dakikos </td> <td>Egyptian sources from Trajan's time associate empress <a href="/wiki/Pompeia_Plotina" title="Pompeia Plotina">Pompeia Plotina</a> with the goddess <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a>, the first known direct association between the imperial family (other than the emperor) and Egyptian deities </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199814–15-35">[30]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrian_as_pharaoh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hadrian_as_pharaoh.png/90px-Hadrian_as_pharaoh.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hadrian_as_pharaoh.png/135px-Hadrian_as_pharaoh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hadrian_as_pharaoh.png/180px-Hadrian_as_pharaoh.png 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="538" /></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 117–138 </td> <td colspan="4">Nomen: <a href="/wiki/File:Hadrian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hadrian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/164px-Hadrian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png" decoding="async" width="164" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hadrian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/246px-Hadrian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hadrian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/328px-Hadrian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="68" /></a> Traianos Adrianos, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-Ꜣst <a href="/wiki/File:Hadrian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hadrian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png/120px-Hadrian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hadrian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png/180px-Hadrian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hadrian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png/240px-Hadrian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="67" /></a> Adrianos ntj ḫw <a href="/wiki/File:Hadrian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_13.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Hadrian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_13.png/100px-Hadrian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_13.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Hadrian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_13.png/150px-Hadrian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_13.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Hadrian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_13.png/200px-Hadrian_in_hieroglyphics_ver_13.png 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="67" /></a> Hadrianus Caesar </td> <td>Paid a 8/10-month long state visit to Egypt in 130–131, visiting many sites of note and founding <a href="/wiki/Antino%C3%B6polis" title="Antinoöpolis">Antinoöpolis</a>. Hadrian's cult of <a href="/wiki/Antinous" title="Antinous">Antinous</a> was influenced by Egyptian theology. Ruled during a period of Roman <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt_in_the_Western_imagination" title="Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination">Egyptomania</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199815–16-36">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Antoninus_Pius_as_pharaoh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Antoninus_Pius_as_pharaoh.png/90px-Antoninus_Pius_as_pharaoh.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Antoninus_Pius_as_pharaoh.png/135px-Antoninus_Pius_as_pharaoh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Antoninus_Pius_as_pharaoh.png/180px-Antoninus_Pius_as_pharaoh.png 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="666" /></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 138–161 </td> <td colspan="2">Horus name: <a href="/wiki/File:Antoninus_Pius_horus_name.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Antoninus_Pius_horus_name.png/273px-Antoninus_Pius_horus_name.png" decoding="async" width="273" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Antoninus_Pius_horus_name.png/410px-Antoninus_Pius_horus_name.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Antoninus_Pius_horus_name.png/546px-Antoninus_Pius_horus_name.png 2x" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="74" /></a> nfr-n(?)-tꜢ-nṯr ḥn-n-f-ŠmꜤw-Mḥw-m-nḏm-jb </td> <td>Prenomen: <a href="/wiki/File:Antoninus_Pius_prenomen_hieroglyphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Antoninus_Pius_prenomen_hieroglyphics.png/203px-Antoninus_Pius_prenomen_hieroglyphics.png" decoding="async" width="203" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Antoninus_Pius_prenomen_hieroglyphics.png/305px-Antoninus_Pius_prenomen_hieroglyphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Antoninus_Pius_prenomen_hieroglyphics.png/406px-Antoninus_Pius_prenomen_hieroglyphics.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="84" /></a> Autokrator Kaisaros Titos Ailios Adrianos </td> <td>Nomen: <a href="/wiki/File:Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/167px-Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png" decoding="async" width="167" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/251px-Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/334px-Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="88" /></a> Antoninos ntj ḫw + Eusebes <a href="/wiki/File:Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_2.png/192px-Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_2.png" decoding="async" width="192" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_2.png/288px-Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_2.png/384px-Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_2.png 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="88" /></a> Antoninos Sebastos Eusebes ntj ḫw <a href="/wiki/File:Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png/155px-Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png" decoding="async" width="155" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png/233px-Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png/310px-Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="88" /></a> Antoninos ntj ḫw Ꜥnḫ-ḏt <a href="/wiki/File:Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_12.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_12.png/226px-Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_12.png" decoding="async" width="226" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_12.png/339px-Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_12.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_12.png/452px-Antoninus_Pius_nomen_hieroglyphics_ver_12.png 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="88" /></a> Antoninos ntj ḫw, Ep. šꜢj-n-BꜢqt </td> <td>Celebrated in Ancient Egypt due to overseeing the completion of a <a href="/wiki/Sothic_cycle" title="Sothic cycle">Sothic cycle</a> in 139. His long reign saw the last significant temple constructions in Egypt. Visited Alexandria in the 150s to sponsor various new buildings. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199816–17-37">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 161–169 </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucius_Verus_hieroglyphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lucius_Verus_hieroglyphics.png/232px-Lucius_Verus_hieroglyphics.png" decoding="async" width="232" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lucius_Verus_hieroglyphics.png/348px-Lucius_Verus_hieroglyphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lucius_Verus_hieroglyphics.png/464px-Lucius_Verus_hieroglyphics.png 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="77" /></a> Loukio(s) Aurelio(s), Ep. wr-ꜤꜢ Ꜥnḫ-ḏt<a href="#cite_note-39">[f]</a> </td> <td>Joint emperor with Marcus Aurelius </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165-22">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Marcus_Aurelius_as_pharaoh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Marcus_Aurelius_as_pharaoh.png/90px-Marcus_Aurelius_as_pharaoh.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Marcus_Aurelius_as_pharaoh.png/135px-Marcus_Aurelius_as_pharaoh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Marcus_Aurelius_as_pharaoh.png/180px-Marcus_Aurelius_as_pharaoh.png 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="677" /></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 161–180 </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png/181px-Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png" decoding="async" width="181" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png/272px-Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png/362px-Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="88" /></a> Aurelios Antoninos ntj ḫw <a href="/wiki/File:Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/233px-Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png" decoding="async" width="233" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/350px-Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/466px-Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="90" /></a> Autokrator Kaisaros Mark(os) Aurelio(s) Antonin(os) <a href="/wiki/File:Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png/204px-Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png" decoding="async" width="204" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png/306px-Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png/408px-Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_5.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="85" /></a> Aure(li)os, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt + Antonin(os), Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt <a href="/wiki/File:Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_6.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_6.png/300px-Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_6.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_6.png/450px-Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_6.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_6.png/600px-Marcus_Aurelius_in_hieroglyphics_ver_6.png 2x" data-file-width="1139" data-file-height="91" /></a> [Markos] Aurelio(s) Antoninos Sebastos </td> <td>Faced with a native Egyptian revolt led by <a href="/wiki/Isidorus" title="Isidorus">Isidorus</a> in 171–175 and the revolt of the Egypt-supported usurper <a href="/wiki/Avidius_Cassius" title="Avidius Cassius">Avidius Cassius</a> 175. Toured Egypt in 176, the province at the time badly affected by the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Plague" title="Antonine Plague">Antonine Plague</a>. Replaced <a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a> with Greek for official use in Egypt. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199817-40">[34]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Commodus_as_pharaoh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Commodus_as_pharaoh.png/90px-Commodus_as_pharaoh.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Commodus_as_pharaoh.png/135px-Commodus_as_pharaoh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Commodus_as_pharaoh.png/180px-Commodus_as_pharaoh.png 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="657" /></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 180–192 </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodus_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Commodus_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/293px-Commodus_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png" decoding="async" width="293" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Commodus_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/440px-Commodus_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Commodus_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/586px-Commodus_in_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="98" /></a> Markos Au(re)lios Komodos Antoninos <a href="/wiki/File:Commodus_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Commodus_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png/116px-Commodus_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png" decoding="async" width="116" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Commodus_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png/174px-Commodus_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Commodus_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png/232px-Commodus_in_hieroglyphics_ver_3.png 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="93" /></a> Komodos Kaisaros(?) <a href="/wiki/File:Commodus_in_hieroglyphics_ver_8.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Commodus_in_hieroglyphics_ver_8.png/129px-Commodus_in_hieroglyphics_ver_8.png" decoding="async" width="129" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Commodus_in_hieroglyphics_ver_8.png/194px-Commodus_in_hieroglyphics_ver_8.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Commodus_in_hieroglyphics_ver_8.png/258px-Commodus_in_hieroglyphics_ver_8.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="97" /></a> Komodos Antoninos ntj ḫw </td> <td>Last emperor to be widely attested as pharaonic patron in Egyptian temples. Subsequent decline of representations of emperors is probably attributable to decreased resources available to the clergy and temples rather than a change in imperial attitude and policy. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199817–18-41">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="background:#fff1f0;">Neither of the two ephemeral emperors of the <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Five_Emperors" title="Year of the Five Emperors">Year of the Five Emperors</a> (193) are attested by any pharaonic titles;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165-22">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a> was briefly recognized in Egypt, 22 days before his assassination, and <a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a> was not acknowledged in Egypt at all. The usurper <a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a> was the recognized successor of Pertinax in Egypt<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner199818-42">[36]</a> but no known pharaonic titles of his survive either.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165-22">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Septimius_Severus_as_pharaoh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Septimius_Severus_as_pharaoh.png/90px-Septimius_Severus_as_pharaoh.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Septimius_Severus_as_pharaoh.png/135px-Septimius_Severus_as_pharaoh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Septimius_Severus_as_pharaoh.png/180px-Septimius_Severus_as_pharaoh.png 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="675" /></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 193–211 </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Septimius_Severus_hieroglyphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Septimius_Severus_hieroglyphics.png/119px-Septimius_Severus_hieroglyphics.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Septimius_Severus_hieroglyphics.png/179px-Septimius_Severus_hieroglyphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Septimius_Severus_hieroglyphics.png/238px-Septimius_Severus_hieroglyphics.png 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="87" /></a> Seouēros ntj ḫw </td> <td>Toured Egypt together with the imperial family in 199–200. Repaired old buildings and established senates in Alexandria and elsewhere. Religious division and controversy led to the first large-scale persecution of Christians in Egypt in 201. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199818–19-43">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Geta_as_pharaoh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Geta_as_pharaoh.png/90px-Geta_as_pharaoh.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Geta_as_pharaoh.png/135px-Geta_as_pharaoh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Geta_as_pharaoh.png/180px-Geta_as_pharaoh.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="639" /></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 211 </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Geta_hieroglyphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Geta_hieroglyphics.png/86px-Geta_hieroglyphics.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Geta_hieroglyphics.png/129px-Geta_hieroglyphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Geta_hieroglyphics.png/172px-Geta_hieroglyphics.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="85" /></a> Geta(s) ntj ḫw </td> <td>Briefly joint emperor with Caracalla </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165-22">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Caracalla_pharaoh_relief.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Caracalla_pharaoh_relief.png/90px-Caracalla_pharaoh_relief.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Caracalla_pharaoh_relief.png/135px-Caracalla_pharaoh_relief.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Caracalla_pharaoh_relief.png/180px-Caracalla_pharaoh_relief.png 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="775" /></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 211–217 </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Caracalla_hieroglyphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Caracalla_hieroglyphics.png/121px-Caracalla_hieroglyphics.png" decoding="async" width="121" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Caracalla_hieroglyphics.png/182px-Caracalla_hieroglyphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Caracalla_hieroglyphics.png/242px-Caracalla_hieroglyphics.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="84" /></a> Antoninos ntj ḫw </td> <td>Extended <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a> to all inhabitants of the Roman Empire through the 212 <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonine Constitution">Antonine Constitution</a>; his name Aurelius<a href="#cite_note-44">[g]</a> was then common, particularly in Egypt. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199819–20-45">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 217–218 </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Macrinus_hieroglyphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Macrinus_hieroglyphics.png/114px-Macrinus_hieroglyphics.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Macrinus_hieroglyphics.png/171px-Macrinus_hieroglyphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Macrinus_hieroglyphics.png/228px-Macrinus_hieroglyphics.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="66" /></a> Makrino(s) n(tj) ḫw </td> <td>Broke long-standing convention and sent a prefect and a senator to govern Egypt, though both were deposed and the senator killed after Macrinus's death </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199820-46">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 218 </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Diadumenian_hieroglyphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Diadumenian_hieroglyphics.png/133px-Diadumenian_hieroglyphics.png" decoding="async" width="133" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Diadumenian_hieroglyphics.png/200px-Diadumenian_hieroglyphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Diadumenian_hieroglyphics.png/266px-Diadumenian_hieroglyphics.png 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="82" /></a> Diadoumenianos </td> <td>Junior joint emperor with Macrinus </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165-22">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="background:#fff1f0;"><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 218–222), who succeeded Macrinus and Diadumenian, is not mentioned in any surviving Egyptian sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner199818-42">[36]</a> His successor <a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 222–235) was recognized in Egypt,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner199818-42">[36]</a> but no pharaonic titles survive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165-22">[21]</a> The ephemeral emperors <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 235–238), <a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 238), <a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 238), <a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 238), <a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 238) and <a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 238–244) did little of consequence in Egypt and are unrecorded in surviving Egyptian documents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner199821-47">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_the_Arab_as_pharaoh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Philip_the_Arab_as_pharaoh.png/90px-Philip_the_Arab_as_pharaoh.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Philip_the_Arab_as_pharaoh.png/135px-Philip_the_Arab_as_pharaoh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Philip_the_Arab_as_pharaoh.png/180px-Philip_the_Arab_as_pharaoh.png 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="632" /></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 244–249 </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_the_Arab_hieroglyphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Philip_the_Arab_hieroglyphics.png/151px-Philip_the_Arab_hieroglyphics.png" decoding="async" width="151" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Philip_the_Arab_hieroglyphics.png/227px-Philip_the_Arab_hieroglyphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Philip_the_Arab_hieroglyphics.png/302px-Philip_the_Arab_hieroglyphics.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="91" /></a> Philippos ntj ḫw </td> <td>Due to decades of mismanagement and civil strife Egypt had fallen into poverty by the time of Philip's reign. Last pharaoh to be commemorated at the great temple at <a href="/wiki/Esna" title="Esna">Esna</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199821-48">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Decius_as_pharaoh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Decius_as_pharaoh.png/90px-Decius_as_pharaoh.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Decius_as_pharaoh.png/135px-Decius_as_pharaoh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Decius_as_pharaoh.png/180px-Decius_as_pharaoh.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="681" /></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 249–251 </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Decius_hieroglyphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Decius_hieroglyphics.png/119px-Decius_hieroglyphics.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Decius_hieroglyphics.png/179px-Decius_hieroglyphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Decius_hieroglyphics.png/238px-Decius_hieroglyphics.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="82" /></a> Dekios ntj ḫw </td> <td>Oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Decian_persecution" title="Decian persecution">Decian persecution</a> of Christians. His reign saw southern Egypt being raided by the <a href="/wiki/Blemmyes" title="Blemmyes">Blemmyes</a>, the first time southern Egypt was attacked since the time of Augustus. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199821–22-49">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="background:#fff1f0;">Emperors <a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 251–253) and <a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 253) were recognized in Egypt, as attested by official documents and coins minted in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner199822-50">[43]</a> but neither is attested by any pharaonic titles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165-22">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 253–260 </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Valerian_hieroglyphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Valerian_hieroglyphics.png/94px-Valerian_hieroglyphics.png" decoding="async" width="94" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Valerian_hieroglyphics.png/141px-Valerian_hieroglyphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Valerian_hieroglyphics.png 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="48" /></a> Oualerianos </td> <td>Demonized by Christians for renewing persecutions, but popular among the Egyptian clergy </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199822-51">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="background:#fff1f0;">After Valerian, Egypt was controlled by a sequence of usurpers: <a href="/wiki/Macrianus_Minor" title="Macrianus Minor">Macrianus Minor</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 260–261), <a href="/wiki/Quietus" title="Quietus">Quietus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 260–261) and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mussius_Aemilianus" title="Lucius Mussius Aemilianus">Lucius Mussius Aemilianus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 261–262),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner199822–23-52">[45]</a> though none of them are attested with any pharaonic titles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165-22">[21]</a> The legitimate emperor <a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 262–268) was then recognized,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner199823-53">[46]</a> though there are likewise no known pharaonic titles from his reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165-22">[21]</a> Few records survive from Egypt from Gallienus's successors, with little evidence of the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 268–270), <a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 270), <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 270–275) and <a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 275–276), though they were all presumably recognised. Throughout most of 271, Egypt was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a>, until the province was retaken by Aurelian. The brief reign of emperor <a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florian</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 276) was explicitly rejected in Egypt, with the Egyptian legions backing Probus instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner199823-53">[46]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 276–282 </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Probus_possible_hieroglyphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Probus_possible_hieroglyphics.png/194px-Probus_possible_hieroglyphics.png" decoding="async" width="194" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Probus_possible_hieroglyphics.png/291px-Probus_possible_hieroglyphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Probus_possible_hieroglyphics.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="48" /></a> Autokrator Probos (?)<a href="#cite_note-55">[h]</a> </td> <td>Seized the imperial throne with Egyptian support. Defeated the Blemmyes, who had penetrated as far north as <a href="/wiki/Coptos" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptos">Coptos</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199823-56">[48]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="background:#fff1f0;">Emperors <a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 282–283), <a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 283–285) and <a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 283–284) are not recorded in Egyptian sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner199823-53">[46]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 284–305 </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Diocletian_hieroglyphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Diocletian_hieroglyphics.png/90px-Diocletian_hieroglyphics.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Diocletian_hieroglyphics.png/135px-Diocletian_hieroglyphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Diocletian_hieroglyphics.png/180px-Diocletian_hieroglyphics.png 2x" data-file-width="191" data-file-height="50" /></a> Diokletian(os) </td> <td>Reforms removed much of Egypt's idiosyncrasy, further integrating Egypt economically and administratively with the other provinces. Lands in southern Egypt were abandoned during a state visit in 298. The <a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">Diocletianic Persecution</a> was particularly severe in Egypt. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199823–25-57">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 286–305 </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Maximian_hieroglyphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Maximian_hieroglyphics.png/95px-Maximian_hieroglyphics.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Maximian_hieroglyphics.png/143px-Maximian_hieroglyphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Maximian_hieroglyphics.png/190px-Maximian_hieroglyphics.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="49" /></a> Maksimiano(s) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman emperor</a>, ruling jointly with Diocletian; did not actually control Egypt </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165-22">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 305–311 </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Galerius_hieroglyphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Galerius_hieroglyphics.png/208px-Galerius_hieroglyphics.png" decoding="async" width="208" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Galerius_hieroglyphics.png/312px-Galerius_hieroglyphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Galerius_hieroglyphics.png 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="46" /></a> Kaisaros Iouio(s) Maksimio(s) </td> <td>Persecutions of Christians continued until a <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Serdica" title="Edict of Serdica">deathbed decree</a> of religious toleration by Galerius </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165-22">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 311–313 </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Maximinus_Daza_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Maximinus_Daza_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/215px-Maximinus_Daza_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png" decoding="async" width="215" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Maximinus_Daza_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/323px-Maximinus_Daza_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Maximinus_Daza_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png/430px-Maximinus_Daza_hieroglyphics_ver_1.png 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="88" /></a> Kaisaros Oualerios Mak(sim)inos </td> <td>Last emperor regarded to have been pharaoh by the Egyptians </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199825–26-58">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="background:#fff1f0;">The last aggressively Pagan emperor to control Egypt, Maximinus Daza, was the last Roman emperor to be acknowledged in hieroglyphic texts. Although royal cartouches are recorded from later times (the last known cartouche being from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> in 340), the pagan Egyptians posthumously used cartouches of Diocletian, rather than acknowledging the later Christian emperors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner199826–28-59">[51]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_pharaoh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> The last dynasty identified with a number by most egyptologists is the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Thirty-first Dynasty</a> (when the Persians ruled Egypt for the second time).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984164-3">[3]</a> If the Romans are numbered as the "Thirty-fourth Dynasty", the <a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> is considered the Thirty-second Dynasty and the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a> is considered the Thirty-third Dynasty. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> The titles and names follow von Beckerath (1984): hieroglyphics pp. 296–306 and transliterations pp. 123–127.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984123–127,_296–306-23">[22]</a> The names of emperors were written in hieroglyphics phonetically, based on their names in Greek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampollion18229-24">[23]</a> Because the spellings were phonetic, numerous emperors are known by multiple different renditions of their names and titles. Different renditions are included here only if they actually differ in meaning. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Augustus did not become <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> until 27 BC, but was recognized as Pharaoh in Egypt after the end of <a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Caesarion</a>'s reign, presumably from 30 BC onwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165-22">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> This epithet is perhaps transliteratable to "Autokrator".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984123-27">[24]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> The frequently used "ntj-ḫw" is the Egyptian version of the Greek honorific <a href="/wiki/Sebastos" title="Sebastos">sebastos</a> (the Greek rendition of the style <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984124-30">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> From this point onwards, von Beckerath (1984) ceases to use the traditional Egyptian divisions of the royal name; all names from this point on are just nomina (personal names).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984126-38">[33]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> "Caracalla" was a nickname, the emperor's full name was Marcus Aurelius Antoninus </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> The reading of the name in this cartouche, literally prʻbwj, as "Probos" is not fully certain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984128-54">[47]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_pharaoh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossini19896-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossini19896_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRossini1989">Rossini 1989</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoftie2017-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoftie2017_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoftie2017_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoftie2017">Loftie 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984164-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984164_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1984">von Beckerath 1984</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott19337–49-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott19337–49_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott1933">Scott 1933</a>, pp. 7–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinelli_2017-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarinelli_2017_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarinelli_2017">Marinelli 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinas-NerpelPfeiffer2008265–298-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinas-NerpelPfeiffer2008265–298_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinas-NerpelPfeiffer2008">Minas-Nerpel & Pfeiffer 2008</a>, pp. 265–298. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasson_2016-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWasson_2016_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWasson_2016">Wasson 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner199813-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitner199813_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitner199813_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner199813–14-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitner199813–14_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner199814-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitner199814_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill2011-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neill2011_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Neill2011">O'Neill 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner199810-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitner199810_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernusYoyotte2003238–256-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernusYoyotte2003238–256_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVernusYoyotte2003">Vernus & Yoyotte 2003</a>, pp. 238–256. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYuri_Marano2012" class="citation web cs1">Yuri Marano (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk/database/discussion.php?id=826">"Discussion: Porphyry head of emperor ('Justinian'). From Constantinople (now in Venice). Early sixth century"</a>. Last Statues of Antiquity (LSA Database), University of Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Last+Statues+of+Antiquity+%28LSA+Database%29%2C+University+of+Oxford&rft.atitle=Discussion%3A+Porphyry+head+of+emperor+%28%27Justinian%27%29.+From+Constantinople+%28now+in+Venice%29.+Early+sixth+century.&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Yuri+Marano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk%2Fdatabase%2Fdiscussion.php%3Fid%3D826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+pharaoh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid2003284-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid2003284_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReid2003">Reid 2003</a>, pp. 284. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2015118-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2015118_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2015118_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2015118_17-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson2015">Thompson 2015</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2010138-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2010138_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2010138_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2010">Robinson 2010</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2010139-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2010139_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2010">Robinson 2010</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2015120-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2015120_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson2015">Thompson 2015</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkinsAdkins2000208-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdkinsAdkins2000208_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdkinsAdkins2000">Adkins & Adkins 2000</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165_22-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165_22-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165_22-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165_22-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165_22-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165_22-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165_22-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165_22-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165_22-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165_22-14">o</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1984">von Beckerath 1984</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984123–127,_296–306-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984123–127,_296–306_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1984">von Beckerath 1984</a>, pp. 123–127, 296–306. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampollion18229-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampollion18229_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChampollion1822">Champollion 1822</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984123-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984123_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1984">von Beckerath 1984</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199812–13-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199812–13_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199812–13_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1984">von Beckerath 1984</a>, p. 165; <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984124-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984124_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1984">von Beckerath 1984</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199813-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199813_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199813_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199813_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199813_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199813_32-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1984">von Beckerath 1984</a>, p. 165; <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199813–14-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199813–14_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1984">von Beckerath 1984</a>, p. 165; <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199814-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199814_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199814_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199814_34-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1984">von Beckerath 1984</a>, p. 165; <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199814–15-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199814–15_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1984">von Beckerath 1984</a>, p. 165; <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199815–16-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199815–16_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1984">von Beckerath 1984</a>, p. 165; <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199816–17-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199816–17_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1984">von Beckerath 1984</a>, p. 165; <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984126-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984126_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1984">von Beckerath 1984</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199817-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199817_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1984">von Beckerath 1984</a>, p. 165; <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199817–18-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199817–18_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1984">von Beckerath 1984</a>, p. 165; <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner199818-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitner199818_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitner199818_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitner199818_42-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199818–19-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199818–19_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1984">von Beckerath 1984</a>, p. 165; <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199819–20-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199819–20_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1984">von Beckerath 1984</a>, p. 165; <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199820-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199820_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1984">von Beckerath 1984</a>, p. 165; <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner199821-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitner199821_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199821-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199821_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1984">von Beckerath 1984</a>, p. 165; <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199821–22-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199821–22_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1984">von Beckerath 1984</a>, p. 165; <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner199822-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitner199822_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199822-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199822_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1984">von Beckerath 1984</a>, p. 165; <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner199822–23-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitner199822–23_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner199823-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitner199823_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitner199823_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitner199823_53-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984128-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984128_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1984">von Beckerath 1984</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199823-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199823_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1984">von Beckerath 1984</a>, p. 165; <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199823–25-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199823–25_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1984">von Beckerath 1984</a>, p. 165; <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, pp. 23–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199825–26-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1984165Ritner199825–26_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1984">von Beckerath 1984</a>, p. 165; <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner199826–28-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitner199826–28_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRitner1998">Ritner 1998</a>, pp. 26–28. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_pharaoh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdkinsAdkins2000" class="citation book cs1">Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keysofegyptobses00adki">The Keys of Egypt: The Obsession to Decipher Egyptian Hieroglyphs</a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019439-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019439-0"><bdi>978-0-06-019439-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Keys+of+Egypt%3A+The+Obsession+to+Decipher+Egyptian+Hieroglyphs&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-06-019439-0&rft.aulast=Adkins&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft.au=Adkins%2C+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkeysofegyptobses00adki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+pharaoh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Beckerath1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">von Beckerath, Jürgen (1984). Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen. Müncher Ägyptologische Studien (in German). Munich: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Kunstverlag" title="Deutscher Kunstverlag">Deutscher Kunstverlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-422-00832-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-422-00832-2"><bdi>3-422-00832-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+%C3%A4gyptischen+K%C3%B6nigsnamen&rft.place=Munich&rft.series=M%C3%BCncher+%C3%84gyptologische+Studien&rft.pub=Deutscher+Kunstverlag&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=3-422-00832-2&rft.aulast=von+Beckerath&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+pharaoh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChampollion1822" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Champollion" title="Jean-François Champollion">Champollion, Jean-François Champollion</a> (1822). <a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Bryant_translation_Champollion_letter.pdf">"Relative to the Alphabet of Phonetic Hieroglyphics Used by the Egyptians to Inscribe on their Monuments the Titles, Names and Sobriquets of Greek and Roman Rulers"</a> (PDF). Paris: The Firm of Firmin Didot, Ather & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Relative+to+the+Alphabet+of+Phonetic+Hieroglyphics+Used+by+the+Egyptians+to+Inscribe+on+their+Monuments+the+Titles%2C+Names+and+Sobriquets+of+Greek+and+Roman+Rulers&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=The+Firm+of+Firmin+Didot%2C+Ather+%26+Sons&rft.date=1822&rft.aulast=Champollion&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Champollion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fb%2Fbc%2FBryant_translation_Champollion_letter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+pharaoh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoftie2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._J._Loftie" title="W. J. Loftie">Loftie, William John</a> (2017). A Ride in Egypt. Jazzybee Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Ride+in+Egypt&rft.pub=Jazzybee+Verlag&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Loftie&rft.aufirst=William+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+pharaoh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinas-NerpelPfeiffer2008" class="citation cs2">Minas-Nerpel, Martina; Pfeiffer, Stefan (2008), "Establishing Roman rule in Egypt: The trilingual stela of C. Cornelius Gallus from Philae", Proceedings of the International Conference, Hildesheim, Roemer- and Plizaeus-Museum: 265–298</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+International+Conference&rft.atitle=Establishing+Roman+rule+in+Egypt%3A+The+trilingual+stela+of+C.+Cornelius+Gallus+from+Philae&rft.pages=265-298&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Minas-Nerpel&rft.aufirst=Martina&rft.au=Pfeiffer%2C+Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+pharaoh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill2011" class="citation cs2">O'Neill, Sean J. (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?0::NO:10:P10_ACCESSION_NUM:ucin1313493890#abstract-files">"The Emperor as Pharaoh: Provincial Dynamics and Visual Representations of Imperial Authority in Roman Egypt, 30 B.C. - A.D. 69"</a>, Dissertions of the University of Cincinnati</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dissertions+of+the+University+of+Cincinnati&rft.atitle=The+Emperor+as+Pharaoh%3A+Provincial+Dynamics+and+Visual+Representations+of+Imperial+Authority+in+Roman+Egypt%2C+30+B.C.+-+A.D.+69&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Sean+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetd.ohiolink.edu%2Fpg_10%3F0%3A%3ANO%3A10%3AP10_ACCESSION_NUM%3Aucin1313493890%23abstract-files&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+pharaoh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2003" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Donald Malcolm (2003). Whose Pharaohs? Archaeology, Museums, and Egyptian National Identity from Napoleon to World War I. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520240698" title="Special:BookSources/9780520240698"><bdi>9780520240698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whose+Pharaohs%3F+Archaeology%2C+Museums%2C+and+Egyptian+National+Identity+from+Napoleon+to+World+War+I&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780520240698&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Donald+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+pharaoh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitner1998" class="citation book cs1">Ritner, Robert K. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/Research_Archives/Ritner%2C%20R.%20-%20Egypt%20under%20Roman%20Rule%20%28HQ%29%20-%20CHE.pdf">"Egypt under Roman rule: the legacy of Ancient Egypt"</a> (PDF). In Petry, Carl F. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521471370" title="Special:BookSources/0521471370"><bdi>0521471370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Egypt+under+Roman+rule%3A+the+legacy+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Egypt&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0521471370&rft.aulast=Ritner&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Fsites%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2Fshared%2Fdocs%2FResearch_Archives%2FRitner%252C%2520R.%2520-%2520Egypt%2520under%2520Roman%2520Rule%2520%2528HQ%2529%2520-%2520CHE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+pharaoh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2010" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Andrew (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0M4UDAAAQBAJ">Sudden Genius?: The Gradual Path to Creative Breakthroughs</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956995-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956995-3"><bdi>978-0-19-956995-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sudden+Genius%3F%3A+The+Gradual+Path+to+Creative+Breakthroughs&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956995-3&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0M4UDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+pharaoh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossini1989" class="citation book cs1">Rossini, Stéphane (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lYo-wI8aBYEC&q=%22Roman+pharaohs%22&pg=PA5">Egyptian Hieroglyphics: How to Read and Write Them</a>. Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486260136" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486260136"><bdi>978-0486260136</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Hieroglyphics%3A+How+to+Read+and+Write+Them&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0486260136&rft.aulast=Rossini&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlYo-wI8aBYEC%26q%3D%2522Roman%2Bpharaohs%2522%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+pharaoh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1933" class="citation cs2">Scott, Kenneth (1933), "The Political Propaganda of 44-30 B. C.", Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, 11: 265–298, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4238573">10.2307/4238573</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4238573">4238573</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+American+Academy+in+Rome&rft.atitle=The+Political+Propaganda+of+44-30+B.+C.&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=265-298&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4238573&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4238573%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+pharaoh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2015" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Jason (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dRcnDAAAQBAJ">Wonderful Things: A History of Egyptology 1: From Antiquity to 1881</a>. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-416-599-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-416-599-3"><bdi>978-977-416-599-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wonderful+Things%3A+A+History+of+Egyptology+1%3A+From+Antiquity+to+1881&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-977-416-599-3&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdRcnDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+pharaoh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernusYoyotte2003" class="citation book cs1">Vernus, Pascal; Yoyotte, Jean (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WJp3Gmerg_cC&q=maximinus+pharaoh">The Book of the Pharaohs</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801440502" title="Special:BookSources/9780801440502"><bdi>9780801440502</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+the+Pharaohs&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780801440502&rft.aulast=Vernus&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rft.au=Yoyotte%2C+Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWJp3Gmerg_cC%26q%3Dmaximinus%2Bpharaoh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+pharaoh" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_sources">Web sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_pharaoh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Web sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarinelli_2017" class="citation web cs1">Marinelli, Christina (12 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/metkids/2017/temple-of-dendur">"Stories in Stone: How an Egyptian Temple Tells Its Story"</a>. Retrieved 2 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stories+in+Stone%3A+How+an+Egyptian+Temple+Tells+Its+Story&rft.date=2017-04-12&rft.aulast=Marinelli&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fblogs%2Fmetkids%2F2017%2Ftemple-of-dendur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+pharaoh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasson_2016" class="citation web cs1">Wasson, Donald L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Egypt/">"Roman Egypt - World History Encyclopedia"</a>. Retrieved 2 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roman+Egypt+-+World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Wasson&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FRoman_Egypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+pharaoh" class="Z3988"></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_pharaoh&oldid=1253032422">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_pharaoh&oldid=1253032422</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_Egypt" title="Category:Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dynasties_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Dynasties of ancient Egypt">Dynasties of ancient Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_pharaohs" title="Category:Roman pharaohs">Roman pharaohs</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 October 2024, at 01:22 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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