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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Typographic_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typographic_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Typographic variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typographic_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Use in writing systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_in_writing_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use in writing systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_in_writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Other systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Related characters</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_characters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related characters subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latin_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Latin alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_signs,_symbols_and_abbreviations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_signs,_symbols_and_abbreviations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_signs,_symbols_and_abbreviations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestor_and_sibling_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestor_and_sibling_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ancestor and sibling letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestor_and_sibling_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other representations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_representations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other representations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Computing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">A</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 175 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-175" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">175 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%85%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5)" title="A (латин хәрефе) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="A (латин хәрефе)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="A (літара) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="A (літара)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="A (літара) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="A (літара)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(lizherenn)" title="A (lizherenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="A (lizherenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AD" title="އޭ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އޭ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(lettre)" title="A (lettre) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="A (lettre)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="A (латиница) – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="A (латиница)" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F_(A)" title="એ (A) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="એ (A)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_%D2%AF%D0%B7%D0%B3" title="A үзг – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="A үзг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6)" title="A (լատինական) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="A (լատինական)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(t%C3%AEp)" title="A (tîp) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="A (tîp)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(Buschtaf)" title="A (Buschtaf) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="A (Buschtaf)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="A (латиница) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="A (латиница)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E_(%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82)" title="എ (ഇംഗ്ലീഷക്ഷരം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എ (ഇംഗ്ലീഷക്ഷരം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1_(%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC)" title="အေ (အက္ခရာ) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အေ (အက္ခရာ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(letter)" title="A (letter) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="A (letter)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(buksteew)" title="A (buksteew) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="A (buksteew)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5)" title="A (латин тиште) – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="A (латин тиште)" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(lotin)" title="A (lotin) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="A (lotin)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%8F_(%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%B0)" title="ਏ (ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਅੱਖਰ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਏ (ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਅੱਖਰ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(lat%C4%B1n)" title="A (latın) – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="A (latın)" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="A (латиница) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="A (латиница)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(alifbeet)" title="A (alifbeet) – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="A (alifbeet)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5)" title="A (слово латинице) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="A (слово латинице)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(Askkil)" title="A (Askkil) – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="A (Askkil)" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F)" title="A (латиниця) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="A (латиниця)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lete_A" title="Lete A – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Lete A" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="A" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First letter of the Latin alphabet</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Latin letter. For the similar Greek letter, see <a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">Alpha</a>. For the similar Cyrillic letter, see <a href="/wiki/A_(Cyrillic)" title="A (Cyrillic)">A (Cyrillic)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/A_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="A (disambiguation)">A (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks selfreference noprint selfref">For <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(technical_restrictions)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (technical restrictions)">technical reasons</a>, "A#" redirects here. For A-sharp, see <a href="/wiki/A-sharp_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="A-sharp (disambiguation)">A-sharp</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:lightblue; color:black;;">A</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span style="font-size: 4em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal">A a</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_letter_A.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Latin_letter_A.svg/220px-Latin_letter_A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Latin_letter_A.svg/330px-Latin_letter_A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Latin_letter_A.svg/440px-Latin_letter_A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Usage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Writing system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabetic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sound values</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1190286162">.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-2em ul,.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-3em ul{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-2em li,.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-3em li{display:inline-block;text-align:center;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-2em li{min-width:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-3em li{min-width:2.5em}.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-abcd ul{border:1px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-abcd li{display:inline-block;text-align:center;min-width:1.57em;padding:0}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist template-grid-list-2em"><ul><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a></span>] [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a></span>]</li><li><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>U+0041, U+0061</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alphabetical position</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Development</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 1.25em; font-weight: normal"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F1.png?8f0ee" height="18" title="F1" alt="F1" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticA-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Proto-Sinaitic 'alp"><img alt="Proto-Sinaitic 'alp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticA-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticA-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticA-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticA-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticA-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticA-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protoalef.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Proto-Caananite aleph"><img alt="Proto-Caananite aleph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Protoalef.svg/20px-Protoalef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Protoalef.svg/30px-Protoalef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Protoalef.svg/40px-Protoalef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="625" /></a></span><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_aleph.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phoenician aleph"><img alt="Phoenician aleph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/20px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/30px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/40px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">Α α</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%8C%80" class="mw-redirect" title="𐌀">𐌀</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek-uncial-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greek classical uncial"><img alt="Greek classical uncial" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Greek-uncial-1.jpg/20px-Greek-uncial-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Greek-uncial-1.jpg/30px-Greek-uncial-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Greek-uncial-1.jpg/40px-Greek-uncial-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="358" /></a></span><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Semitic-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early Latin A"><img alt="Early Latin A" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Semitic-2.jpg/20px-Semitic-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Semitic-2.jpg/30px-Semitic-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Semitic-2.jpg/40px-Semitic-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="322" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin-uncial-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latin 300 AD uncial, version 1"><img alt="Latin 300 AD uncial, version 1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Latin-uncial-1.jpg/20px-Latin-uncial-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Latin-uncial-1.jpg/30px-Latin-uncial-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Latin-uncial-1.jpg/40px-Latin-uncial-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="281" /></a></span><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>A a</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time period</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700 BCE</span> – present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Descendants</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1190286162"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist template-grid-list-3em"><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">Æ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">Ä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82" title="Â">Â</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E2%B1%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɑ">Ɑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C9%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Ʌ">Ʌ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E2%B1%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɐ">Ɐ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C2%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ª">ª</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">Å</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E2%82%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="₳">₳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/@" class="mw-redirect" title="@">@</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E2%92%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ⓐ">Ⓐ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E2%92%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ⓐ">ⓐ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E2%92%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="⒜">⒜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%F0%9F%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="🅰">🅰</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sisters</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1190286162"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist template-grid-list-3em"><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="𐌰">𐌰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90" class="mw-redirect" title="А">А</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Я">Я</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D3%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Ә">Ә</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӑ">Ӑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph"><span>א</span> <span>ا</span> <span>ܐ</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A0%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ࠀ">ࠀ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%8E%80" class="mw-redirect" title="𐎀">𐎀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E2%84%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ℵ">ℵ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="አ">አ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ء">ء</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Ա">Ա ա</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%85" class="mw-redirect" title="અ">અ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85" class="mw-redirect" title="अ">अ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%85" class="mw-redirect" title="অ">অ</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Other</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Associated graphs</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs#A" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">a(x)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ae_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ae (digraph)">ae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eau_(trigraph)" title="Eau (trigraph)">eau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Au_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Au (digraph)">au</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Writing direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:14em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image" style="padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_alphabet_Aa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A"><img alt="A" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Latin_alphabet_Aa.svg/120px-Latin_alphabet_Aa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Latin_alphabet_Aa.svg/180px-Latin_alphabet_Aa.svg.png 1.5x, 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inline-block"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">Ff</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">Gg</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">Hh</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">Ii</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">Jj</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">Kk</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">Ll</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">Mm</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">Nn</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">Oo</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">Pp</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qq</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">Rr</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">Ss</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">Tt</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">Uu</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">Vv</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">Ww</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">Xx</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Yy</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Zz</a></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_alphabet_sidebar" title="Template:Latin alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_alphabet_sidebar" title="Template talk:Latin alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_alphabet_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>A</b>, or <b>a</b>, is the first <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letter</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/Vowel_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel letter">vowel letter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpsonWeiner19891_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonWeiner19891-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used in the modern <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a>, and others worldwide. Its name in English is <i><a href="/wiki/English_alphabet#Letter_names" title="English alphabet">a</a></i> (pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">AY</span></i></a>), plural <i>aes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpsonWeiner19891_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonWeiner19891-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is similar in shape to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> letter <a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">alpha</a>, from which it derives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarter197454_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarter197454-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Uppercase" class="mw-redirect" title="Uppercase">uppercase</a> version consists of the two slanting sides of a triangle, crossed in the middle by a horizontal bar. The lowercase version is often written in one of two forms: the double-storey <span class="nowrap">|<span style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em">a</span>|</span> and single-storey <span class="nowrap">|<span style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em">ɑ</span>|</span>. The latter is commonly used in handwriting and fonts based on it, especially fonts intended to be read by children, and is also found in <a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italic type</a>. </p><p>In English, <i><a href="/wiki/English_articles" title="English articles">a</a></i> is the <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Indefinite article">indefinite article</a>, with the alternative form <i>an</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <p>In English, the name of the letter is the <i>long A</i> sound, pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>. Its name in most other languages matches the letter's pronunciation in <a href="/wiki/Open_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Open syllable">open syllables</a>. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:468px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pronunciation_of_the_name_of_the_letter_%E2%9F%A8a%E2%9F%A9_in_European_languages.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pronunciation of the name of the letter ⟨a⟩ in European languages. /a/ and /aː/ can differ phonetically between [a], [ä], [æ] and [ɑ] depending on the language."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pronunciation_of_the_name_of_the_letter_%E2%9F%A8a%E2%9F%A9_in_European_languages.png/460px-Pronunciation_of_the_name_of_the_letter_%E2%9F%A8a%E2%9F%A9_in_European_languages.png" decoding="async" width="460" height="470" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pronunciation_of_the_name_of_the_letter_%E2%9F%A8a%E2%9F%A9_in_European_languages.png/690px-Pronunciation_of_the_name_of_the_letter_%E2%9F%A8a%E2%9F%A9_in_European_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pronunciation_of_the_name_of_the_letter_%E2%9F%A8a%E2%9F%A9_in_European_languages.png/920px-Pronunciation_of_the_name_of_the_letter_%E2%9F%A8a%E2%9F%A9_in_European_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2044" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pronunciation_of_the_name_of_the_letter_%E2%9F%A8a%E2%9F%A9_in_European_languages.png" title="File:Pronunciation of the name of the letter ⟨a⟩ in European languages.png"> </a></div>Pronunciation of the name of the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> in European languages. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> can differ phonetically between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>]</span> depending on the language.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>The earliest known ancestor of A is <i><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">aleph</a></i>—the first letter of the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoiberg20101_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoiberg20101-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—where it represented a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span>, as Phoenician only used <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonantal</a> letters. In turn, the ancestor of aleph may have been a <a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">pictogram</a> of an ox head in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">proto-Sinaitic script</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall-Quest19971_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-Quest19971-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> influenced by <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>, styled as a triangular head with two horns extended. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a> adopted the alphabet, they had no use for a letter representing a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>—so they adapted sign to represent the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span>, calling the letter by the similar name <i><a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">alpha</a></i>. In the earliest Greek inscriptions dating to the 8th century BC following the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a>, the letter rests upon its side. However, in the later <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> it generally resembles the modern capital form—though many local varieties can be distinguished by the shortening of one leg, or by the angle at which the cross line is set. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a> brought the Greek alphabet to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>, and left the form of alpha unchanged. When the Romans adopted the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan alphabet</a> to write <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, the resulting form used in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> would come to be used to write many other languages, including English. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#EEE;text-align:center"> <th scope="col">Egyptian </th> <th scope="col">Proto-Sinaitic </th> <th scope="col">Proto-Canaanite </th> <th scope="col">Phoenician </th> <th scope="col">Western Greek </th> <th scope="col">Etruscan </th> <th scope="col">Latin </th></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;text-align:center"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EgyptianA-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Egyptian hieroglyphic ox head"><img alt="Egyptian hieroglyphic ox head" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/EgyptianA-01.svg/40px-EgyptianA-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/EgyptianA-01.svg/60px-EgyptianA-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/EgyptianA-01.svg/80px-EgyptianA-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticA-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boeotian"><img alt="Boeotian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticA-01.svg/35px-Proto-semiticA-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticA-01.svg/53px-Proto-semiticA-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticA-01.svg/70px-Proto-semiticA-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protoalef.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Semitic A, version 1"><img alt="Semitic A, version 1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Protoalef.svg/35px-Protoalef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Protoalef.svg/53px-Protoalef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Protoalef.svg/70px-Protoalef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="625" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhoenicianA-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phoenician aleph"><img alt="Phoenician aleph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PhoenicianA-01.svg/40px-PhoenicianA-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PhoenicianA-01.svg/60px-PhoenicianA-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PhoenicianA-01.svg/80px-PhoenicianA-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Alpha_03.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greek alpha, version 1"><img alt="Greek alpha, version 1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/35px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/53px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/70px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Etruscan A, version 1"><img alt="Etruscan A, version 1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/EtruscanA.svg/25px-EtruscanA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/EtruscanA.svg/38px-EtruscanA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/EtruscanA.svg/50px-EtruscanA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="39" data-file-height="59" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitalis_monumentalis_A.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latin A"><img alt="Latin A" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Capitalis_monumentalis_A.svg/30px-Capitalis_monumentalis_A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Capitalis_monumentalis_A.svg/45px-Capitalis_monumentalis_A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Capitalis_monumentalis_A.svg/60px-Capitalis_monumentalis_A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="55" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typographic_variants">Typographic variants</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A-small_glyphs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/A-small_glyphs.svg/120px-A-small_glyphs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/A-small_glyphs.svg/180px-A-small_glyphs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/A-small_glyphs.svg/240px-A-small_glyphs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption>Different <a href="/wiki/Glyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Glyphs">glyphs</a> of the lowercase letter <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LowercaseA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/LowercaseA.svg/120px-LowercaseA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/LowercaseA.svg/180px-LowercaseA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/LowercaseA.svg/240px-LowercaseA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Allograph" title="Allograph">Allographs</a> include a double-storey <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> and single-storey <span class="nowrap">⟨ɑ⟩</span>.</figcaption></figure> </div></div> <p>During Roman times, there were many variant forms of the letter A. First was the monumental or lapidary style, which was used when inscribing on stone or other more permanent media. There was also a <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a> style used for everyday or utilitarian writing, which was done on more perishable surfaces. Due to the perishable nature of these surfaces, there are not as many examples of this style as there are of the monumental, but there are still many surviving examples of different types of cursive, such as <a href="/wiki/Majuscule" class="mw-redirect" title="Majuscule">majuscule</a> cursive, <a href="/wiki/Minuscule" class="mw-redirect" title="Minuscule">minuscule</a> cursive, and semi-cursive minuscule. Variants also existed that were intermediate between the monumental and cursive styles. The known variants include the early <a href="/wiki/Semi-uncial" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-uncial">semi-uncial</a>, the uncial, and the later semi-uncial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiringer20001_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiringer20001-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table cellspacing="8" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center"> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BlackletterA-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blackletter"><img alt="Blackletter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BlackletterA-01.svg/64px-BlackletterA-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BlackletterA-01.svg/96px-BlackletterA-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BlackletterA-01.svg/128px-BlackletterA-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UncialA-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uncial A"><img alt="Uncial A" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/UncialA-01.svg/58px-UncialA-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="58" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/UncialA-01.svg/87px-UncialA-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/UncialA-01.svg/116px-UncialA-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="47" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Uncial" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncial">Uncial</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ModernRomanA-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern Roman A"><img alt="Modern Roman A" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ModernRomanA-01.svg/64px-ModernRomanA-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ModernRomanA-01.svg/96px-ModernRomanA-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ModernRomanA-01.svg/128px-ModernRomanA-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> Roman </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_Italic_A.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern Italic A"><img alt="Modern Italic A" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Modern_Italic_A.svg/64px-Modern_Italic_A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Modern_Italic_A.svg/96px-Modern_Italic_A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Modern_Italic_A.svg/128px-Modern_Italic_A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> Italic </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_Script_A.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern Script A"><img alt="Modern Script A" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Modern_Script_A.svg/64px-Modern_Script_A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Modern_Script_A.svg/96px-Modern_Script_A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Modern_Script_A.svg/128px-Modern_Script_A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> Script </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (5th century AD), several variants of the cursive minuscule developed through Western Europe. Among these were the semi-cursive minuscule of Italy, the <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian script</a> in France, the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic script</a> in Spain, and the <a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a> or Anglo-Irish semi-uncial or Anglo-Saxon majuscule of Great Britain. By the ninth century, the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroline script">Caroline script</a>, which was very similar to the present-day form, was the principal form used in book-making, before the advent of the printing press. This form was derived through a combining of prior forms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiringer20001_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiringer20001-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Road_sign_on_the_R639_north_of_Urlingford,_Ireland_-_20090502.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Road_sign_on_the_R639_north_of_Urlingford%2C_Ireland_-_20090502.jpg/220px-Road_sign_on_the_R639_north_of_Urlingford%2C_Ireland_-_20090502.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Road_sign_on_the_R639_north_of_Urlingford%2C_Ireland_-_20090502.jpg/330px-Road_sign_on_the_R639_north_of_Urlingford%2C_Ireland_-_20090502.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Road_sign_on_the_R639_north_of_Urlingford%2C_Ireland_-_20090502.jpg/440px-Road_sign_on_the_R639_north_of_Urlingford%2C_Ireland_-_20090502.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3781" data-file-height="2920" /></a><figcaption>Road sign in Ireland showing the Irish "Latin alpha" form of <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> in lower and upper case forms</figcaption></figure> <p>15th-century Italy saw the formation of the two main variants that are known today. These variants, the <i>Italic</i> and <i>Roman</i> forms, were derived from the Caroline Script version. The Italic form <span class="nowrap">⟨ɑ⟩</span>, also called <i>script a</i>, is often used in <a href="/wiki/Handwriting" title="Handwriting">handwriting</a>; it consists of a circle with a vertical stroke on its right. In the hands of medieval Irish and English writers, this form gradually developed from a 5th-century form resembling the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">tau</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨τ⟩</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoiberg20101_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoiberg20101-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman form <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> is found in most printed material, and consists of a small loop with an arc over it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiringer20001_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiringer20001-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both derive from the majuscule form <span class="nowrap">⟨A⟩</span>. In Greek handwriting, it was common to join the left leg and horizontal stroke into a single loop, as demonstrated by the uncial version shown. Many fonts then made the right leg vertical. In some of these, the <a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">serif</a> that began the right leg stroke developed into an arc, resulting in the printed form, while in others it was dropped, resulting in the modern handwritten form. Graphic designers refer to the <i>Italic</i> and <i>Roman</i> forms as <i>single-decker a</i> and <i>double decker a</i> respectively. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">Italic type</a> is commonly used to mark emphasis or more generally to distinguish one part of a text from the rest set in Roman type. There are some other cases aside from italic type where <i>script a</i> <span class="nowrap">⟨ɑ⟩</span>, also called <i><a href="/wiki/Latin_alpha" title="Latin alpha">Latin alpha</a></i>, is used in contrast with Latin <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span>, such as in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_writing_systems">Use in writing systems</h2></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Pronunciation of <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> by language </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="5em" scope="col">Orthography </th> <th scope="col">Phonemes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>) </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">/ɛː/</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eɪ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">German</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Cross-linguistic variation of <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> pronunciation </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Phone</th> <th>Orthography </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>]</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stavangersk" title="Stavangersk">Stavangersk Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch dialects">Utrecht Dutch</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>]</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> (doubled), <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a̠</a>]</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a̠ː</a>]</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a> (doubled), <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>]</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_England_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern England English">Northern England English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Terengganu Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">äː</a>]</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a> (doubled) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>]</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaingang_language" title="Kaingang language">Kaingang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a>]</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> (doubled), <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_England_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern England English">Southern England English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Raised_and_lowered" title="Relative articulation">ɑ̝</a>]</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>]</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_England_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern England English">Southern England English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒː</a>]</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">ɒ̜ː</a>]</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Raised_and_lowered" title="Relative articulation">ɒ̝ː</a>]</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian_Limburgish" class="mw-redirect" title="Maastrichtian Limburgish">Maastrichtian Limburgish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Irish" title="Ulster Irish">Ulster Irish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeta%E2%80%93Ra%C5%A1ka_dialect" title="Zeta–Raška dialect">Zeta–Raška Serbo-Croatian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>]</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">Central Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Raised_and_lowered" title="Relative articulation">ɐ̝</a>]</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mapudungun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapudungun">Mapudungun</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>]</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perak_Malay" title="Perak Malay">Perak Malay</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ</a>]</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz_dialect" title="Chemnitz dialect">Chemnitz German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian Romanian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>]</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz_dialect" title="Chemnitz dialect">Chemnitz German</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a>]</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_England_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern England English">Southern England English</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>]</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catalan">Eastern Catalan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Saanich_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Saanich language">Saanich</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eɪ]</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8a%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨a⟩">Pronunciation of English ⟨a⟩</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_for_apple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/A_for_apple.jpg/220px-A_for_apple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/A_for_apple.jpg/330px-A_for_apple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/A_for_apple.jpg/440px-A_for_apple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>In English language education, the word <i>apple</i> is consistently associated with the letter A.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In modern <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English orthography</a>, the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> represents at least seven different vowel sounds, here represented using the vowels of <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a>, with <a href="/wiki/English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/" title="English-language vowel changes before historic /r/">effects of <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span></a> ignored and mergers in <a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a> mentioned where relevant: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">near-open front unrounded vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> as in <i>pad</i></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">open back unrounded vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑː/</span> as in <i>father</i>—merged with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>/</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a>—which is closer to its original Latin and Greek sound<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall-Quest19971_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-Quest19971-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">open back rounded vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɒ/</span> (merged with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑː/</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a>) in <i>was</i> and <i>what</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoiberg20101_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoiberg20101-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">open-mid back rounded vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔː/</span> in <i>water</i></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eɪ/</span> as in <i>ace</i> and <i>major</i>, usually when <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> is followed by one, or occasionally two, consonants and then another vowel letter—this results from <a href="/wiki/Middle_English_lengthening" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle English lengthening">Middle English lengthening</a> followed by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> in many unstressed syllables, as in <i>about</i>, <i>comma</i>, <i>solar</i></li></ul> <p>The double <span class="nowrap">⟨aa⟩</span> sequence does not occur in native English words, but is found in some words derived from foreign languages such as <i>Aaron</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Aardvark" title="Aardvark">aardvark</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> occurs in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">many common digraphs</a>, all with their own sound or sounds, particularly <span class="nowrap">⟨ai⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨au⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨aw⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ay⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ea⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨oa⟩</span>. </p><p><span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> is the third-most-commonly used letter in English after <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span>, as well as in French; it is the second most common in Spanish, and the most common in Portuguese. <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> represents approximately 8.2% of letters as used in English texts;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the figure is around 7.6% in French<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 11.5% in Spanish,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 14.6% in Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h3></div> <p>In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> denotes an open unrounded vowel, such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>/</span>, or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>/</span>. An exception is <a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a>, in which <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span>—and the glyph <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%81" title="Á">Á</a>⟩</span>—stands for a <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">close-mid front unrounded vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_systems">Other systems</h3></div> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>, ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">a</span>⟩ is used for the <a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">open front unrounded vowel</a>, ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ä</span>⟩ is used for the <a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">open central unrounded vowel</a>, and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɑ</span>⟩ is used for the <a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">open back unrounded vowel</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> is used for the <a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">open front unrounded vowel</a> and <span class="nowrap">⟨A⟩</span> is used for the <a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">open back unrounded vowel</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/A_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="A (disambiguation)">A (disambiguation)</a></div> <ul><li>When using <a href="/wiki/Base-16" class="mw-redirect" title="Base-16">base-16</a> notation, A or a is the conventional numeral corresponding to the number 10.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a>, the letter <i>a</i> along with various other letters of the alphabet is often used to denote a <a href="/wiki/Variable_(mathematics)" title="Variable (mathematics)">variable</a>, with various conventional meanings in different areas of mathematics. In 1637, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> "invented the convention of representing unknowns in equations by x, y, and z, and knowns by a, b, and c",<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this convention is still often followed, especially in elementary algebra.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, capital Latin letters are used to denote objects including <a href="/wiki/Line_segment" title="Line segment">line segments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Line_(geometry)" title="Line (geometry)">lines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Line_(geometry)#Ray" title="Line (geometry)">rays</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiringer20001_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiringer20001-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A capital A is also typically used as one of the letters to represent an angle in a <a href="/wiki/Triangle" title="Triangle">triangle</a>, the lowercase a representing the side opposite angle A.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall-Quest19971_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-Quest19971-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A is often used to denote something or someone of a better or more prestigious quality or status: A−, A or A+, the best grade that can be assigned by teachers for students' schoolwork; "A grade" for clean restaurants; <a href="/wiki/A-list" title="A-list">A-list</a> celebrities, <a href="/wiki/A1_at_Lloyd%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="A1 at Lloyd's">A1 at Lloyd's</a> for shipping, etc. Such associations can have a <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivating</a> effect, as exposure to the letter A has been found to improve performance, when compared with other letters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECianiSheldon201099–100_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECianiSheldon201099–100-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A is used to denote size, as in a narrow size shoe,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall-Quest19971_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-Quest19971-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a small cup size in a <a href="/wiki/Brassiere" class="mw-redirect" title="Brassiere">brassiere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_characters">Related characters</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_alphabet">Latin alphabet</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ"><span class="nowrap">⟨Æ æ⟩</span></a>: a <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)" title="Ligature (writing)">ligature</a> of <span class="nowrap">⟨AE⟩</span> originally used in Latin</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨A⟩</span> with <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>: <a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">Å å</a> <a href="/wiki/%C7%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ǻ">Ǻ ǻ</a> <a href="/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)" title="Ring (diacritic)">Ḁ ḁ</a> <a href="/wiki/A%CA%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Aʾ">ẚ</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%82" title="Ă">Ă ă</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ặ">Ặ ặ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ắ">Ắ ắ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ằ">Ằ ằ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẳ">Ẳ ẳ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẵ">Ẵ ẵ</a> <a href="/wiki/%C8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Ȃ">Ȃ ȃ</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%82" title="Â">Â â</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ậ">Ậ ậ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ấ">Ấ ấ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ầ">Ầ ầ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẫ">Ẫ ẫ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẩ">Ẩ ẩ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%A2" title="Ả">Ả ả</a> <a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">Ǎ ǎ</a> <a href="/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)" title="Bar (diacritic)">Ⱥ ⱥ</a> <a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)" title="Dot (diacritic)">Ȧ ȧ</a> <a href="/wiki/%C7%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ǡ">Ǡ ǡ</a> <a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)" title="Dot (diacritic)">Ạ ạ</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">Ä ä</a> <a href="/wiki/%C7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ǟ">Ǟ ǟ</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%80" title="À">À à</a> <a href="/wiki/%C8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Ȁ">Ȁ ȁ</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%81" title="Á">Á á</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80" title="Ā">Ā ā</a> Ā̀ ā̀ <a href="/wiki/%C3%83" title="Ã">Ã ã</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą">Ą ą</a> Ą́ ą́ Ą̃ ą̃ A̲ a̲ <a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶏ">ᶏ</a><sup id="cite_ref-L204132_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L204132-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription#Alphabetic" title="Phonetic transcription">Phonetic alphabet</a> symbols related to A—the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> only uses lowercase, but uppercase forms are used in some other writing systems: <ul><li><span class="nowrap">⟨Ɑ ɑ⟩</span>: <a href="/wiki/Latin_alpha" title="Latin alpha">Latin alpha</a>, represents an <a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">open back unrounded vowel</a> in the IPA</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨ᶐ⟩</span>: Latin small alpha with a retroflex hook<sup id="cite_ref-L204132_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L204132-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨Ɐ ɐ⟩</span>: <a href="/wiki/Turned_A" title="Turned A">Turned A</a>, represents a <a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">near-open central vowel</a> in the IPA</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨Λ ʌ⟩</span>: <a href="/wiki/Turned_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Turned V">Turned V</a>, represents an <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">open-mid back unrounded vowel</a> in IPA</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨Ɒ ɒ⟩</span>: Turned alpha or script A, represents an <a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">open back rounded vowel</a> in the IPA</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨ᶛ⟩</span>: Modifier letter small turned alpha<sup id="cite_ref-L204132_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L204132-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨ᴀ⟩</span>: Small capital A, an <a href="/wiki/Obsolete_and_nonstandard_symbols_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet">obsolete or non-standard symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet</a> used to represent various sounds (mainly open vowels)</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨<sup>A a</sup> ᵄ⟩</span>: Modifier letters are used in the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic Phonetic Alphabet">Uralic Phonetic Alphabet</a> (UPA),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes encoded with <a href="/wiki/Unicode_subscripts_and_superscripts" title="Unicode subscripts and superscripts">Unicode subscripts and superscripts</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨<sub>a</sub>⟩</span>: Subscript small a is used in <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨ꬱ⟩</span>: Small letter a reversed-schwa is used in the <a href="/wiki/Teuthonista" title="Teuthonista">Teuthonista</a> phonetic transcription system<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨Ꞻ ꞻ⟩</span>: Glottal A, used in the transliteration of <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic" title="Ugaritic">Ugaritic</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derived_signs,_symbols_and_abbreviations"><span id="Derived_signs.2C_symbols_and_abbreviations"></span>Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">⟨<big>ª</big>⟩</span>: <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_indicator" title="Ordinal indicator">ordinal indicator</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨Å⟩</span>: <a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ångström">Ångström</a> sign</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨∀⟩</span>: turned capital letter A, used in <a href="/wiki/Predicate_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Predicate logic">predicate logic</a> to specify <a href="/wiki/Universal_quantification" title="Universal quantification">universal quantification</a> ("for all")</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨@⟩</span>: <a href="/wiki/At_sign" title="At sign">At sign</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨₳⟩</span>: <a href="/wiki/Argentine_austral" title="Argentine austral">Argentine austral</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨Ⓐ⟩</span>: <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism#circle-a" title="Anarchist symbolism">anarchy symbol</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestor_and_sibling_letters">Ancestor and sibling letters</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn" dir="rtl">𐤀</span></span>⟩</span>: Phoenician <a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">aleph</a>, from which the following symbols originally derive:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Α α</span></span>⟩</span>: <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> letter <a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">alpha</a>, from which the following letters derive:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und">А а</span></span>⟩</span>: <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> letter <a href="/wiki/A_(Cyrillic)" title="A (Cyrillic)">A</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1107333977">.mw-parser-output .script-coptic{font-family:"Sophia Nubian","Noto Sans Coptic","FreeSerif","Quivira","Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol","New Athena Unicode","MPH 2B Damase","Arial Coptic","Analecta","Antinoou"}</style><span class="script-coptic">Ⲁ ⲁ</span>⟩</span>: <a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a> letter alpha<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨𐌀⟩</span>: <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic script">Old Italic</a> A, the ancestor of modern Latin A<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">⟨<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227795492">.mw-parser-output .script-runic{font-family:"BabelStone Runic","FreeMono",Junicode,Code2000,Hnias,"Noto Sans Runic","San Francisco","New York"}</style><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚨ</span>⟩</span>: <a href="/wiki/Runic" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic">Runic</a> letter <a href="/wiki/Ansuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansuz">ansuz</a>, which probably derives from old Italic A<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r866748126">.mw-parser-output .script-gothic{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Vulcanius,Junicode,Pfeffer Mediæval,Ulfilas,Silubr,Skeirs,Midjungards,ALPHABETUM,FreeSerif,FreeSans,"Noto Sans Gothic",Code2001,"Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol",serif}</style><span class="script-gothic">𐌰</span>⟩</span>: <a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a> letter aza</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Amharic-language text"><span lang="am">Ա ա</span></span>⟩</span>: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a> letter <a href="/wiki/Ayb_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayb (letter)">ayb</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_representations">Other representations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computing">Computing <span class="anchor" id="Computing_codes"></span></h3></div> <p>The Latin letters <span class="nowrap">⟨A⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> have <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> <a href="/wiki/Code" title="Code">encodings</a> <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+0041</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">A</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A</span> and <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0061</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">a</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER A</span>. These are the same <a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">code points</a> as those used in <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO_8859" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8859">ISO 8859</a>. There are also <a href="/wiki/Precomposed_character" title="Precomposed character">precomposed character</a> encodings for <span class="nowrap">⟨A⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> with diacritics, for most of those listed <a href="#Related_characters_in_the_Latin_alphabet">above</a>; the remainder are produced using <a href="/wiki/Combining_diacritic" class="mw-redirect" title="Combining diacritic">combining diacritics</a>. </p><p>Variant forms of the letter have unique code points for specialist use: the <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Alphanumeric_Symbols" title="Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols">alphanumeric symbols set</a> in mathematics and science, <a href="/wiki/Latin_alpha" title="Latin alpha">Latin alpha</a> in linguistics, and <a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_fullwidth_forms" title="Halfwidth and fullwidth forms">halfwidth and fullwidth forms</a> for legacy <a href="/wiki/CJK_characters" title="CJK characters">CJK</a> font compatibility. The Cyrillic and Greek <a href="/wiki/Homoglyph" title="Homoglyph">homoglyphs</a> of the Latin <span class="nowrap">⟨A⟩</span> have separate encodings <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0410</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">А</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/A_(Cyrillic)" title="A (Cyrillic)">CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER A</a></span> and <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0391</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Α</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA</a></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <div style="width: 500px;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" style="text-align: center; background: white;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 125%;"> <td width="50%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; line-height:1.3em; padding:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/NATO_spelling_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO spelling alphabet">NATO phonetic</a> </td> <td width="50%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; border-right: 1px solid silver;"><a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-family: monospace; font-weight: bold; line-height: 100%; font-size:150%"> <td width="50%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;">Alpha<br /><i style="font-size:75%"></i> </td> <td width="50%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-right: 1px solid silver; font-size: large;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion nounderlines"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f3\/A_morse_code.ogg\/A_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span style=\"font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;\">&#160;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"A morse code.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/A_morse_code.ogg/A_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ </span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:A_morse_code.ogg" title="File:A morse code.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" style="text-align: center; background: white;"> <tbody><tr style="height: 80px;"> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_Alfa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/ICS_Alfa.svg/75px-ICS_Alfa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/ICS_Alfa.svg/113px-ICS_Alfa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/ICS_Alfa.svg/150px-ICS_Alfa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Semaphore_Alpha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Semaphore_Alpha.svg/90px-Semaphore_Alpha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Semaphore_Alpha.svg/135px-Semaphore_Alpha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Semaphore_Alpha.svg/180px-Semaphore_Alpha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sign_language_A.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sign_language_A.svg/90px-Sign_language_A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sign_language_A.svg/135px-Sign_language_A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sign_language_A.svg/180px-Sign_language_A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="424" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BSL_letter_A.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/BSL_letter_A.svg/90px-BSL_letter_A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/BSL_letter_A.svg/135px-BSL_letter_A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/BSL_letter_A.svg/180px-BSL_letter_A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-right: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_A1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠁"><img alt="⠁" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/77px-Braille_A1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/116px-Braille_A1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/154px-Braille_A1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 125%;"> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver; padding-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Signal flag</a> </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver;"><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a> </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver;"><a href="/wiki/American_manual_alphabet" title="American manual alphabet">American manual alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a> <a href="/wiki/Fingerspelling" title="Fingerspelling">fingerspelling</a>) </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver;"><a href="/wiki/British_manual_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="British manual alphabet">British manual alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">BSL</a> <a href="/wiki/Fingerspelling" title="Fingerspelling">fingerspelling</a>) </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-right: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver;"><a href="/wiki/Braille_pattern_dots-1" title="Braille pattern dots-1">Braille dots-1</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English Braille</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Aes</i> is the plural of the name of the letter. The plural of the letter itself is rendered <i>A</i>s, A's, <i>a</i>s, or a's.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Latin-alphabet">"Latin alphabet"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Latin+alphabet&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FLatin-alphabet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonWeiner19891-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpsonWeiner19891_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpsonWeiner19891_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimpsonWeiner1989">Simpson & Weiner 1989</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarter197454-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarter197454_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCarter1974">McCarter 1974</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoiberg20101-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a 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Archaeological News. <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 534. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/496497">496497</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Language+and+Culture%3A+An+Introduction&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-5968-8&rft.aulast=Fortson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbSxHgej4tKMC%26q%3DRunic%2Bdeveloped%2Bfrom%2Bold%2Bitalic%26pg%3DPA349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pi.math.cornell.edu/~mec/2003-2004/cryptography/subs/frequencies.html">"English Letter Frequency"</a>. <i>Math Explorer's Club</i>. 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A.; Weiner, E. S. C., eds. (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishdic01oxfo">"A"</a></span>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861213-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861213-1"><bdi>978-0-19-861213-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861213-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordenglishdic01oxfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/A" class="extiw" title="commons:A"><span style="font-style:italic; 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Vol. I (9th ed.). 1878. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/A" class="extiw" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/A">A</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>. 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/A" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/A">A</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. I (11th ed.). 1911. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/A" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/A">A</a>". <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work">The New Student's Reference Work</a></i>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/A" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/A">A</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aa</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">Bb</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">Cc</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">Dd</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">Ee</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">Ff</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">Gg</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">Hh</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">Ii</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">Jj</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">Kk</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">Ll</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">Mm </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">Nn</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">Oo</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">Pp</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qq</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">Rr</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">Ss</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">Tt</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">Uu</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">Vv</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">Ww</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">Xx</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Yy</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Zz </a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letter A with <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81" title="Á">Áá</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%80" title="À">Àà</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%82" title="Ă">Ăă</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ắ">Ắắ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ằ">Ằằ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẵ">Ẵẵ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẳ">Ẳẳ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%82" title="Â">Ââ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ấ">Ấấ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ầ">Ầầ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẫ">Ẫẫ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẩ">Ẩẩ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C7%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ǎ">Ǎǎ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">Åå</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C7%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ǻ">Ǻǻ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">Ää</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ǟ">Ǟǟ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%83" title="Ã">Ãã</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C8%A6" title="Ȧ">Ȧȧ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C7%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ǡ">Ǡǡ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą">Ąą</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%84%CC%81" title="Ą́">Ą́ą́</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%84%CC%83" title="Ą̃">Ą̃ą̃</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80" title="Ā">Āā</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%CC%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Ā̀">Ā̀ā̀</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%A2" title="Ả">Ảả</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Ȁ">Ȁȁ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/A%CC%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="A̋">A̋a̋</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Ȃ">Ȃȃ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ạ">Ạạ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ặ">Ặặ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ậ">Ậậ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḁ">Ḁḁ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C8%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ⱥ">Ⱥⱥ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%EA%9E%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ꞻ">Ꞻꞻ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶏ">ᶏ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/A%CA%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Aʾ">ẚ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_multigraph" title="Latin-script multigraph">Multigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">Digraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">Ch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dz_(digraph)" title="Dz (digraph)">Dz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BE" title="Dž">Dž</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">Gh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">IJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lj_(digraph)" title="Lj (digraph)">Lj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ll" title="Ll">Ll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_ly" title="Hungarian ly">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh_(digraph)" title="Nh (digraph)">Nh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">Nj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">Ny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Sh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">Sz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">Th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs" title="List of Latin-script trigraphs">Trigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dzs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dzs">dzs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_(trigraph)" title="Eau (trigraph)">eau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_tetragraphs" title="List of Latin-script tetragraphs">Tetragraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ough_(orthography)" title="Ough (orthography)">ough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_pentagraphs" title="List of Latin-script pentagraphs">Pentagraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tzsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzsch">tzsch</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboard layouts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_keyboard_layouts" title="List of Latin-script keyboard layouts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QWERTZ" title="QWERTZ">QWERTZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvorak_keyboard_layout" title="Dvorak keyboard layout">Dvorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colemak" title="Colemak">Colemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%89PO" title="BÉPO">BÉPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_(keyboard_layout)" title="Neo (keyboard layout)">Neo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)" title="Western Latin character sets (computing)">Western Latin character sets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode" title="List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode">Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_letters_used_in_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin letters used in mathematics">Letters used in mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> 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