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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_diets_in_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_diets_in_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Food and diets in history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Food_and_diets_in_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Food and diets in history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Food_and_diets_in_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Classical antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-5th_to_15th_centuries:_Middle_Ages_in_Western_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5th_to_15th_centuries:_Middle_Ages_in_Western_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>5th to 15th centuries: Middle Ages in Western Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5th_to_15th_centuries:_Middle_Ages_in_Western_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th_century:_Importance_of_Spain_and_Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_century:_Importance_of_Spain_and_Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>16th century: Importance of Spain and Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_century:_Importance_of_Spain_and_Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century:_early_modern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century:_early_modern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>18th century: early modern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century:_early_modern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_after" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_after"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>World War I and after</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_after-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_and_after" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_after"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>World War II and after</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_after-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption_history_of_notable_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption_history_of_notable_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Consumption history of notable food</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consumption_history_of_notable_food-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Consumption history of notable food subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Consumption_history_of_notable_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Potato" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potato"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Potato</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potato-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sugar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sugar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Sugar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sugar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_impact_of_religion_on_cuisines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_impact_of_religion_on_cuisines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historical impact of religion on cuisines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_impact_of_religion_on_cuisines-sublist" 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance_of_Islamic_cuisine_in_Eurasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Significance of Islamic cuisine in Eurasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance_of_Islamic_cuisine_in_Eurasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foods_and_meals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foods_and_meals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Foods and meals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foods_and_meals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="খাদ্যের ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খাদ্যের ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_la_gastronom%C3%ADa" title="Historia de la gastronomía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de la gastronomía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_gastronomie" title="Histoire de la gastronomie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de la gastronomie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_della_cucina" title="Storia della cucina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia della cucina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_alimentelor" title="Istoria alimentelor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria alimentelor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a 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class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Food_history" title="Special:EditPage/Food history">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Food_history" title="Talk:Food history">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Food_history" title="Talk:Food history">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Food history</b> is an interdisciplinary field that examines the history and the cultural, economic, environmental, and sociological impacts of <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">human nutrition</a>. It is considered distinct from the more traditional field of <a href="/wiki/Culinary_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Culinary history">culinary history</a>, which focuses on the origin and recreation of specific recipes. </p><p>The first journal in the field, <i><a href="/wiki/Petits_Propos_Culinaires" title="Petits Propos Culinaires">Petits Propos Culinaires</a></i>, was launched in 1979 and the first conference on the subject was the 1981 <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Food_Symposium" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Food Symposium">Oxford Food Symposium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food_and_diets_in_history">Food and diets in history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Food and diets in history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early human nutrition was largely determined by the availability and <a href="/wiki/Palatability" title="Palatability">palatability</a> (tastiness) of foods.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans evolved as <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivorous</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>, though our diet has varied significantly depending on location and climate. Historically, the diet in the tropics tended to depend more heavily on plant foods, while diet at higher latitudes was more dependent on animal products. Analyses of postcranial and cranial remains of humans and animals from the Neolithic, along with detailed bone-modification studies, have shown that <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a> also occurred among prehistoric humans.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> developed at <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_food" title="Timeline of food">different times in different places</a>, starting about 11,500 years ago, providing some cultures with a more abundant supply of <a href="/wiki/Food_grain" class="mw-redirect" title="Food grain">grains</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Potatoes">potatoes</a>; this made possible <a href="/wiki/Dough" title="Dough">dough</a> for staples such as <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">pasta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tortillas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tortillas">tortillas</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestication of animals">domestication of animals</a> provided some cultures with <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">milk and dairy products</a>. </p><p>In 2020, archeological research discovered a frescoed <a href="/wiki/Thermopolium" title="Thermopolium">thermopolium</a> (a fast-food counter) in an exceptional state of preservation from 79 CE/AD in Pompeii, including 2,000-year-old foods available in some of the deep terra cotta jars.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_antiquity">Classical antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classical antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nutrition_in_classical_antiquity" title="Nutrition in classical antiquity">Nutrition in classical antiquity</a></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, diets consisted of simple fresh or preserved whole foods that were either locally grown or transported from neighboring areas during times of crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physicians and philosophers studied the effect of food on the human body and they generally agreed that food was important in preventing illness and restoring health. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="5th_to_15th_centuries:_Middle_Ages_in_Western_Europe">5th to 15th centuries: Middle Ages in Western Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 5th to 15th centuries: Middle Ages in Western Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medieval_baker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Medieval_baker.jpg/300px-Medieval_baker.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Medieval_baker.jpg/450px-Medieval_baker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Medieval_baker.jpg/600px-Medieval_baker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2088" data-file-height="1292" /></a><figcaption>A medieval <a href="/wiki/Baker" title="Baker">baker</a> with his apprentice</figcaption></figure> <p>In western Europe, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">medieval cuisine</a> (5th–15th centuries) did not change rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">Cereals</a> remained the most important staple during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early Middle Ages</a>. <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">Barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a> were eaten by the poor. Standard foods included <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gruel" title="Gruel">gruel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vicia_faba" title="Vicia faba">Fava beans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a> were important supplements to the cereal-based diet of the lower orders. Meat was expensive and prestigious. <a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">Game</a> was common only on the tables of landowners. The most prevalent butcher's meats were <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicken_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken (food)">chicken</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Domestic_fowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic fowl">domestic fowl</a>; <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>, which required greater investment in land, was less common. <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">Cod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a> were mainstays among the northern populations; dried, cooked or <a href="/wiki/Dried_and_salted_cod" title="Dried and salted cod">salted</a>, they made their way far inland, but a wide variety of other saltwater and freshwater <a href="/wiki/Fish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish (food)">fish</a> was also eaten.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meals were controlled by the seasons, geography, and religious restrictions. For most people food supply was limited to what the nearby lands and seas could provide. Peasants made do with what they could, primarily cooking over an open fire, in a cauldron or on a spit. Their ovens were typically outside of the home, and made on top of clay or turf. Poor families primarily consumed grains and vegetables in the form of stew, soup, or <a href="/wiki/Pottage" title="Pottage">pottage</a>, and anything grown on their own small plots of land. They could not afford spices, and it was a crime for them to hunt deer, boar, or rabbits. Their staples included rye or barley bread, stews, local dairy products, cheaper meats like beef, pork or lamb, fish if there was access to freshwater, vegetables and herbs grown at home, fruit from local trees and bushes, nuts, and honey. The upper class and nobility had better food and diet than the lower classes, but food was eaten in small portions. Meals were laid out with many different colors and flavors—a very different experience from those in the lower class. Smaller portion sizes developed around this time due to various cultural influences, and these large, table-long meals were essentially picked at by the nobility. Foods were highly spiced, and many of these were expensively imported, often from outside Europe. The Middle Ages diet of the upper class and nobility included <a href="/wiki/Manchet" title="Manchet">manchet</a> bread, a variety of meats like venison, pork, and lamb, fish and shellfish, spices, cheese, fruits, and a limited number of vegetables. Among people of all social classes spices were common, with lower class people enjoying more local and home-grown spices while the wealthier enjoyed imported spices from other continents. As time went by and living standards improved, even lower class people, particularly those in urban centers, could enjoy the taste of foreign spices like pepper, nutmeg and cinnamon.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While food consumption was controlled by geography and availability, it was also governed by the Church. The church calendar included many fasts spread throughout the year; the longest of these was Lent, the late winter weeks preceding Easter. There were designated days when it was not permitted to eat meat or fish, but this did not affect the poor very much because of their already restricted diet. The Church also influenced people to have feasts throughout the year, including on Christmas and lesser holidays. The noble and upper classes participated in these extravagant feasts, as they often followed a fasting period.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_century:_Importance_of_Spain_and_Portugal">16th century: Importance of Spain and Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 16th century: Importance of Spain and Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_impact_of_Mesoamerican_goods_in_Iberian_society" title="Early impact of Mesoamerican goods in Iberian society">Early impact of Mesoamerican goods in Iberian society</a></div> <p>The Portuguese and Spanish Empires opened up sea trade routes that linked food exchange across the world. Under <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Phillip II</a>, Catholic cuisine elements inadvertently helped transform the cuisine of the Americas, Buddhists, Hindus, and Islamic cuisines of the South Eastern Asian region. In Goa, the Portuguese were encouraged by the Crown to marry local women following their conversion. This integration led to mixed cuisine between Portugal and Western India. The Portuguese brought round raised loaves, using wheat shipped from Northern India, as well as pickled pork. The pork was pickled in wine or vinegar with garlic (carne de vinha d'alhos) tied to Portuguese cuisine that later became <a href="/wiki/Vindaloo" title="Vindaloo">vindaloo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Laudan,_2013_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laudan,_2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century:_early_modern_Europe">18th century: early modern Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 18th century: early modern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">Grain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> have long been the most important agricultural products in France and England. After 1700, innovative farmers experimented with new techniques to increase yield and looked into new products such as hops, rapeseed oil, artificial grasses, vegetables, fruit, dairy foods, commercial poultry, rabbits, and freshwater fish.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sugar began as an upper-class luxury product, but by 1700 Caribbean sugar plantations worked by African slaves had expanded production, and it was much more widely available. By 1800 sugar was a staple of working-class diets. For them, it symbolized increasing economic freedom and status.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Labourers in Western Europe in the 18th century ate bread and gruel, often in a soup with greens and lentils, a little bacon, and occasionally potato or a bit of cheese. They washed it down with beer (water usually was too contaminated), and a sip of milk. Three quarters of the food was derived from plants. Meat was much more attractive, but very expensive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1870, the West European diet was at about 16 kilograms per person per year of meat, rising to 50 kilograms by 1914, and 77 kilograms in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milk and cheese were seldom in the diet; even in the early 20th century, they were still uncommon in Mediterranean diets.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the immigrant neighbourhoods of fast-growing American industrial cities, housewives purchased ready-made food through street peddlers, hucksters, push carts, and small shops operated from private homes. This opened the way for the rapid entry of entirely new items such as pizza, spaghetti with meatballs, bagels, hoagies, pretzels, and pierogies into American eating habits, and firmly established fast food in the American culinary experience.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first half of the 20th century there were two world wars, which in many places resulted in <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rationing</a> and hunger; sometimes the starvation of the civilian populations was used as a powerful new weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_I_and_after">World War I and after</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War I and after"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home front during World War I</a></div> <p>In Germany during World War I, the rationing system in urban areas virtually collapsed, with people eating animal fodder to survive the <a href="/wiki/Turnip_Winter" title="Turnip Winter">Turnip Winter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conditions in Vienna worsened as the army got priority in the food supply.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Allied countries, meat was diverted first to the soldiers, then to urgent civilian needs in Italy, Britain, France and Greece. Meat production was stretched to the limit in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and Argentina, with oceanic shipping closely controlled by the British.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Food shortages were severe in Russian cities, leading to protests that escalated and helped topple the Tsar in February 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first years of peace after the war ended in 1918, most of eastern and central Europe suffered severe food shortages. The <a href="/wiki/American_Relief_Administration" title="American Relief Administration">American Relief Administration</a> (ARA) was set up under the American wartime "food czar" <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>, and was charged with providing emergency food rations across Central and Eastern Europe. The ARA fed millions, including the inhabitants of Germany and the Soviet Union. After U.S. government funding for the ARA expired in the summer of 1919, the ARA became a private organization, raising millions of dollars from private donors. Under the auspices of the ARA, the European Children's Fund fed millions of starving children.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1920s saw the introduction of new foodstuffs, especially fruit, transported from around the globe. After the World War many new food products became available to the typical household, with branded foods advertised for their convenience. Now instead of an experienced cook spending hours on difficult custards and puddings, the housewife could purchase instant foods in jars, or powders that could be quickly mixed. Wealthier households now had ice boxes or electric refrigerators, which made for better storage and the convenience of buying in larger quantities.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II_and_after">World War II and after</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: World War II and after"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front during World War II</a></div> <p>During World War II, Nazi Germany tried to feed its population by seizing food supplies from occupied countries, and deliberately cutting off food supplies to Jews, Poles, Russians and the Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rationing in the United Kingdom">Rationing in the United Kingdom</a> was associated with an improvement in public health, as everyone was guaranteed the basics. </p><p>As part of the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> in 1948–1950, the United States provided technological expertise and financing for high-productivity large-scale <a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">agribusiness</a> operations in postwar Europe. Poultry was a favorite choice, with the rapid expansion in production, a sharp fall in prices, and widespread acceptance of the many ways to serve chicken.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a> in the 1950s and 1960s was a technological breakthrough in plant productivity that increased agricultural production worldwide, particularly in the developing world. Research began in the 1930s and dramatic improvements in output became important in the late 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initiatives resulted in the adoption of new technologies, including: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"new, <a href="/wiki/High-yielding_varieties" class="mw-redirect" title="High-yielding varieties">high-yielding varieties</a> (HYVs) of cereals, especially <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_wheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf wheat">dwarf wheats</a> and rices, in association with <a href="/wiki/Chemical_fertilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical fertilizer">chemical fertilizers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agro-chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Agro-chemicals">agro-chemicals</a>, and with controlled water-supply (usually involving <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>) and new methods of cultivation, including mechanization. All of these together were seen as a 'package of practices' to supersede 'traditional' technology and to be adopted as a whole."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumption_history_of_notable_food">Consumption history of notable food</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Consumption history of notable food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potato">Potato</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Potato"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_potato" title="History of the potato">History of the potato</a></div> <p>The potato was first domesticated in the region of modern-day southern <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and extreme northwestern <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>. It has since spread around the world and become a <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple crop</a> in many countries.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PotatoYield.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/PotatoYield.png/220px-PotatoYield.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/PotatoYield.png/330px-PotatoYield.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/PotatoYield.png/440px-PotatoYield.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Global production of potatoes in 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>Some believe that the introduction of the potato was responsible for a quarter or more of the growth in <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> population and urbanization between 1700 and 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire</a>, the Spanish introduced the potato to Europe in the second half of the 16th century, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a>. The staple was subsequently transported by European mariners to territories and ports throughout the world. The potato was slow to be adopted by distrustful European farmers, but soon enough it became an important food staple and field crop that played a major role in the 19th century European population boom.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, lack of genetic diversity, due to the very limited number of varieties initially introduced, left the crop vulnerable to disease. There are few mentions of potato being cultivated in India in the travel accounts of Mr. Edward Terry and Mr. Fyer during 17th century. Potato is said to be introduced in India by Portuguese in early 17th century. The Portuguese called it '<b>batata</b>'. Indians later adapted a different word for potato, they called it '<b>alu</b>'--this name came up under British Rule. In 1845, a plant disease known as late blight, caused by the fungus-like <a href="/wiki/Oomycete" title="Oomycete">oomycete</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_infestans" title="Phytophthora infestans">Phytophthora infestans</a></i>, spread rapidly through the poorer communities of western <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> as well as parts of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a>, resulting in the crop failures that led to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Irish_Famine" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Irish Famine">Great Irish Famine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently China is the largest potato producing country followed by India as of 2017, FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rice">Rice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a> comes from the seasonal plant <i>Oryza sativa</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been cultivated since about 6000 BCE. The principal rice-producing countries are in East and South Asia. Where rice originated has always been a hot point of debate between India and China, as both countries started cultivating it around the same time (according to numerous history books and records). Muslims brought rice to Sicily in the 9th century. After the 15th century, rice spread throughout Italy and then France, later spreading to all the continents during the age of European exploration. As a cereal grain, today it is the most widely consumed staple food worldwide. Currently India is the leading rice producing country according to <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a>, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The amount of rice cultivated each year ranges between 800 billion and 950 billion pounds (360 to 430 million tonnes). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sugar">Sugar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sugar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_sugar" title="History of sugar">History of sugar</a></div> <p>Sugar originated from India by taking sugarcane plant through some chemical and mechanical processes. The word sugar is derived from a Sanskrit word शर्करा (sarkara). Previously people used to chew the juice out of sugarcane to enjoy the sweetness of the plants. Later, Indians found the technique to crystallize the sweet liquid. This technique then spread towards the neighbouring countries of India.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish and Portuguese empires provided sugar for Europe by the late seventeenth century from New World plantations. Brazil became the dominant sugar producer.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sugar was expensive during the Middle Ages, but due to the increase in sugar cultivation, sugar became easier to obtain and more affordable. Thus Europeans could now enjoy Islamic-inspired confectionery goods that were previously costly to produce. The <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> were leading producers of chocolate, obtaining it from the Amazon jungle and Guatemala and shipping it across the world to Southeast Asia, Spain and Italy. They introduced Mesoamerican techniques to Europe for processing and preparing chocolate. Fermented cocoa beans had to be ground on heated grindstones to prevent producing oily chocolate: a process that was foreign to many Europeans. As a beverage, chocolate remained largely within the Catholic world as it was not considered a food by the church<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and thus could be enjoyed during fasting.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazil is currently the largest producer of sugar, followed by India, which is also the largest consumer of sugar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_impact_of_religion_on_cuisines">Historical impact of religion on cuisines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Historical impact of religion on cuisines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The three most widespread religions (Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam) developed their own distinct recipes, cultures, and practices around food.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All three follow two main principles around food: "the theory of the culinary cosmos and the principle of hierarchy."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a third principle that involved sacrifice. Over the years, religious and societal views on killing living things for religious purposes have changed, and it is no longer considered a major principle.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic Jewish cuisine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine</a></div> <p>Jews have eaten many different types of food that were no different than the cuisine of their Gentile neighbors. However, Jewish cuisine is influenced by Jewish dietary laws, <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kashrut</a> along with other religious requirements. For example, creating a fire was forbidden on <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> which led to inspiration for slow-cooked Sabbath stews.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a> were expelled from Iberia in 1492 and migrated to North Africa and the Ottoman lands, blending Iberian cuisine with local cuisine.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">foods considered Jewish in the United States</a>, such as bagels, knishes and borscht are Eastern European Ashkenazi dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gentiles also ate the above foods widely throughout Eastern Europe as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jesuits">Jesuits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Jesuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Jesuits' influence on cuisine differed from country to country. They sold maize and cassava to plantations in Angola that would later grant provisions to slave traders. They exported sugar and cacao from the Americas to Europe, and in southern parts of the Americas, they dried leaves of the local mate plant that would compete with coffee, tea, and chocolate as the favored hot beverage in Europe. Despite mate's popularity and competition against chocolate, the Jesuits were the leading producers and promoters of chocolate. Using indigenous labor in Guatemala, they shipped it across the world to Southeast Asia, Spain, and Italy. Chocolate's popularity was also in part to the theological consensus that, because it was not considered a food, it could be eaten while fasting. It was thought to have lust-reducing effects applicable to many nuns and monks at the time. The Jesuits introduced several foods and cooking techniques to Japan: deep frying (tempura), cakes and confectionery (kasutera, confetti), as well as the bread still called by the Iberian name <i>pan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Significance_of_Islamic_cuisine_in_Eurasia">Significance of Islamic cuisine in Eurasia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Significance of Islamic cuisine in Eurasia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">Halal</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_impact_of_Mesoamerican_goods_in_Iberian_society" title="Early impact of Mesoamerican goods in Iberian society">Early impact of Mesoamerican goods in Iberian society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_studies" title="Food studies">Food studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_dishes" title="List of ancient dishes">List of ancient dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">List of historical cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_and_beverage_museums" title="List of food and beverage museums">List of food and beverage museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_food" title="Timeline of food">Timeline of food</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Sokolov" title="Raymond Sokolov">Raymond Sokolov</a>, "Many Hands Stirring Many Pots", a review of <i>The Cambridge World History of Food</i>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(magazine)" title="Natural History (magazine)"><i>Natural History</i></a> <b>109</b>:11:86-87 (November 2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph M. Trüeb (23. November 2020): <i>Brief History of Human Nutrition</i>. In: Nutrition for Healthy Hair, pp. 3–15. Springer, Cham. doi: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59920-1_2">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVillaBouvilleCourtinHelmer1986" class="citation journal cs1">Villa, Paola; Bouville, Claude; Courtin, Jean; Helmer, Daniel; Mahieu, Eric; Shipman, Pat; Belluomini, Giorgio; Branca, Marilí (1986-07-25). "Cannibalism in the Neolithic". <i>Science</i>. <b>233</b> (4762). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 431–437. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.233.4762.431">10.1126/science.233.4762.431</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17794567">17794567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Cannibalism+in+the+Neolithic&rft.volume=233&rft.issue=4762&rft.pages=431-437&rft.date=1986-07-25&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17794567&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.233.4762.431&rft.aulast=Villa&rft.aufirst=Paola&rft.au=Bouville%2C+Claude&rft.au=Courtin%2C+Jean&rft.au=Helmer%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Mahieu%2C+Eric&rft.au=Shipman%2C+Pat&rft.au=Belluomini%2C+Giorgio&rft.au=Branca%2C+Maril%C3%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuzzardi2014" class="citation book cs1">Guzzardi, Sergio (2014-07-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j1YZBAAAQBAJ"><i>Buona Pasta</i></a>. Sergio Guzzardi (published 2014). p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786050314915" title="Special:BookSources/9786050314915"><bdi>9786050314915</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-11-21</span></span>. <q>The first two certain dates in the history of pasta in Italy are: 1154, when in a sort of tour guide ahead of its [time] Arab geographer Al-Idrin mentions 'a food of flour in the form of wires,' called Triyah [...], which is packaged in Palermo and was exported in barrels throughout the peninsula [...]; [...] and 1279 [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buona+Pasta&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Sergio+Guzzardi&rft.date=2014-07-27&rft.isbn=9786050314915&rft.aulast=Guzzardi&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj1YZBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Guardian (26 December 2020): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/26/exceptionally-well-preserved-snack-bar-unearthed-in-pompeii">Exceptionally well-preserved snack bar unearthed in Pompeii</a></i> (via <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garnsey, P. (1999). Food and society in classical disgusting (Key themes in ancient history; Key themes in ancient history). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skiadas, P., & Lascaratos, J. (2001). Dietetics in ancient Greek philosophy: Plato's concepts of healthy diet. Published Online: 14 June 2001; | doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601179, 55(7).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher M. Woolgar, "Food and the middle ages." <i>Journal of Medieval History</i> 36.1 (2010): 1-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melitta Weiss Adamson, ed. <i>Food in the Middle Ages: a book of essays</i> (Taylor & Francis, 1995).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Louis Flandrin and Massimo Montanari, eds. <i>Food: A Culinary History</i> (2013) pp 165-274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTowleDavenportIrishDe_Groote2017" class="citation book cs1">Towle, Ian; Davenport, Carole; Irish, Joel; De Groote, Isabelle (2017-11-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322526811"><i>Dietary and behavioral inferences from dental pathology and non-masticatory wear on dentitions from a British medieval town</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dietary+and+behavioral+inferences+from+dental+pathology+and+non-masticatory+wear+on+dentitions+from+a+British+medieval+town&rft.date=2017-11-19&rft.aulast=Towle&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Davenport%2C+Carole&rft.au=Irish%2C+Joel&rft.au=De+Groote%2C+Isabelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F322526811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Freedman, Paul, "The medieval spice trade." in Jeffrey H. Pilcher, ed. <i>The Oxford handbook of food history</i> (2012): 324-340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corrie E. Norman, "Food and religion." in <i>The Oxford Handbook of Food History</i> (2012) pp. 409-427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laudan,_2013-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laudan,_2013_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaudan2013" class="citation book cs1">Laudan, Rachel (2013). <i>Cuisine and Empire: Cooking in World History</i>. University of California Press. pp. 166–206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520954915" title="Special:BookSources/9780520954915"><bdi>9780520954915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuisine+and+Empire%3A+Cooking+in+World+History&rft.pages=166-206&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780520954915&rft.aulast=Laudan&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Highmore, "Introduction: 'Out of the strong came forth sweetness'-sugar on the move." <i>New Formations</i> 74 (2011): 5-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joan Thirsk, "L'agriculture en Angleterre et en France de 1600 à 1800: contacts, coïncidences et comparaisons." <i>Histoire, économie et société</i> (1999): 5-23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/hes_0752-5702_1999_num_18_1_2014">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sidney Mintz, <i>Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History</i> (1985).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Collingham" title="Lizzie Collingham">Lizzie Collingham</a>, <i>Taste of War: World War II and the Battle for Food</i> (2013) pp 18-19, 516.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernando Collantes, "Nutritional transitions and the <a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">food system</a>: expensive milk, selective lactophiles and diet change in Spain, 1950-65." <i>Historia Agraria</i> 73 (2017) pp 119-147 in Spanish.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatherine_Leonard_Turner2014" class="citation book cs1">Katherine Leonard Turner (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wXclDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA142"><i>How the Other Half Ate: A History of Working-Class Meals at the Turn of the Century</i></a>. Univ of California Press. pp. 56, 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520277571" title="Special:BookSources/9780520277571"><bdi>9780520277571</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Other+Half+Ate%3A+A+History+of+Working-Class+Meals+at+the+Turn+of+the+Century&rft.pages=56%2C+142&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780520277571&rft.au=Katherine+Leonard+Turner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwXclDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Martin, "Saving the nation from starvation: the heroic age of food control, June 1917 to July 1918." <i>Rural History</i> 30.2 (2019): 181-196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Belinda_J._Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Belinda J. Davis">Belinda J. Davis</a>, <i>Home Fires Burning: Food, Politics, and Everyday Life in World War I Berlin</i> (2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N.P. Howard, "The Social and Political Consequences of the Allied Food Blockade of Germany, 1918–19," <i>German History</i> (1993) 11#2 pp 161–88 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/files/blockade%20Germany_0.pdf">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maureen Healy, <i>Vienna and the fall of the Habsburg Empire: total war and everyday life in World War I</i> (Cambridge UP, 2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Perren, "Farmers and consumers under strain: Allied meat supplies in the First World War." <i>Agricultural History Review</i> (2005): 212-228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara Alpern Engel, "Not by bread alone: subsistence riots in Russia during World War I." <i>Journal of Modern History</i> 69.4 (1997): 696-721 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/files/Women's%20Riots%20in%20Russia%20in%20WW1.pdf">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank M. Surface and Raymond L. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Jewish+Learning&rft.atitle=My+Jewish+Learning+-+Judaism+%26+Jewish+Life&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laudan, (2013), pp 47, 162, 192-98, 257.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="anchor" id="The_Kitchen_Project"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlock" class="citation web cs1">Block, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kitchenproject.com/history/index.htm">"Food History"</a>. <i>The Kitchen Project</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Kitchen+Project&rft.atitle=Food+History&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kitchenproject.com%2Fhistory%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+history" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Collingham, Lizzie. <i>Taste of War: World War II and the Battle for Food</i> (2013)</li> <li>Cumo, Christopher, ed. <i>Foods That Changed History: How Foods Shaped Civilization from the Ancient World to the Present</i> (Facts on File, 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foodsthatchanged0000cumo">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristen_Gremillion" title="Kristen Gremillion">Gremillion, Kristen J.</a> <i>Ancestral Appetites: Food in Prehistory</i> (Cambridge UP, 2011) 188 pages; explores the processes of dietary adaptation in prehistory that contributed to the diversity of global foodways.</li> <li>Grew, Raymond. <i>Food in Global History</i>, Westview Press, 2000</li> <li>Heiser Charles B. <i>Seed to civilisation. The story of food</i> (Harvard UP, 1990)</li> <li>Johnson, Sylvia A. <i>Tomatoes, Potatoes, Corn, and Beans: How the Foods of the Americas Changed Eating around the World</i> (Atheneum Books, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tomatoespotatoes00john">online</a></li> <li>Kiple, Kenneth F. and Kriemhild Coneè Ornelas, eds. <i>The Cambridge World History of Food</i>, (2 vol, 2000).</li> <li>Katz, Solomon ed. <i>The Encyclopedia of Food and Culture</i> (Scribner, 2003)</li> <li>Lacey, Richard. <i>Hard to swallow: a brief history of food</i> (1994) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hardtoswallowbri00lace">online free</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe2018" class="citation book cs1">Le, Stephen (2018). <i>100 Million Years of Food: What Our Ancestors Ate and Why It Matters Today</i>. Picador. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250117885" title="Special:BookSources/978-1250117885"><bdi>978-1250117885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Million+Years+of+Food%3A+What+Our+Ancestors+Ate+and+Why+It+Matters+Today&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1250117885&rft.aulast=Le&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Mintz" title="Sidney Mintz">Mintz, Sidney</a>. <i>Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom: Excursions into Eating, Power, and the Past</i>, (1997).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Nestle" title="Marion Nestle">Nestle, Marion</a>. <i>Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health</i> (2nd ed 2007).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlver" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Olver" title="Lynne Olver">Olver, Lynne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foodtimeline.org/">"Food Timeline: food history research service"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Food_Timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="The Food Timeline">The Food Timeline</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Food+Timeline&rft.atitle=Food+Timeline%3A+food+history+research+service&rft.aulast=Olver&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffoodtimeline.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Parasecoli, Fabio & Peter Scholliers, eds. <i>A Cultural History of Food,</i> 6 volumes (Berg Publishers, 2012)</li> <li>Pilcher, Jeffrey M. ed. <i>The Oxford Handbook of Food History</i> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/1472">Online review</a></li> <li>Pilcher, Jeffrey M. <i>Food in World History</i> (2017) advanced survey</li> <li>Ritchie, Carson I.A. <i>Food in civilization: how history has been affected by human tastes</i> (1981) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foodincivilizati00ritc">online free</a></li> <li>Snodgrass, Mary Ellen, ed. <i>World Food: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture and Social Influence from Hunter Gatherers to the Age of Globalization</i> (Routledge, 2012)</li> <li>Vernon, James. <i>Hunger: A Modern History</i> (Harvard UP, 2007).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foods_and_meals">Foods and meals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Foods and meals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abbott, Elizabeth. <i>Sugar: A Bittersweet History</i> (2015) 464pp.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Albala" title="Ken Albala">Albala, Ken</a>. <i>Beans: A History</i> (2007).</li> <li>Anderson, Heather Arndt. <i>Breakfast: A History</i> (2014) 238pp</li> <li>Atkins, Peter. <i>Liquid Materialities: A History of Milk, Science and the Law</i> (Ashgate, 2010).</li> <li>Blake, Michael. <i>Maize for the Gods: Unearthing the 9,000-Year History of Corn</i> (2015).</li> <li>Collingham, Lizzie. <i>Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors</i> (2007)</li> <li>Elias, Megan. <i>Lunch: A History</i> (2014) 204pp</li> <li>Foster, Nelson Foster and Linda S. Cordell. <i>Chilies to Chocolate: Food the Americas Gave the World</i> (1992)</li> <li>Kindstedt, Paul. <i>Cheese and Culture: A History of Cheese and its Place in Western Civilization</i> (2012)</li> <li>Kurlansky, Mark. <i>Milk!: A 10,000-Year Food Fracas</i> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Milk-10-000-Year-Food-Fracas/dp/1632863820/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Kurlansky, Mark. <i>Salt: A World History</i> (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Salt-World-History-Mark-Kurlansky/dp/0142001619/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Martin, Laura C. <i>A History of Tea: The Life and Times of the World's Favorite Beverage</i> (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/History-Tea-Worlds-Favorite-Beverage/dp/0804851123/">excerpt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Mintz" title="Sidney Mintz">Mintz, Sidney</a>. <i>Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History</i> (1986)</li> <li>Morris, Jonathan. <i>Coffee: A Global History</i> (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Coffee-Global-History-Jonathan-Morris/dp/1789140021/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Pettigrew, Jane, and Bruce Richardson. <i>A Social History of Tea: Tea's Influence on Commerce, Culture & Community</i> (2015).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Piatti-Farnell" title="Lorna Piatti-Farnell">Piatti-Farnell, Lorna</a>. <i>Beef: A Global History</i> (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Beef-Global-History-Lorna-Piatti-Farnell/dp/1780230818/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Reader, John. <i>Propitious Esculent: The Potato in World History</i> (2008), 315pp a standard scholarly history</li> <li>Salaman, R.N. <i>The history and social influence of the potato</i> (1949)</li> <li>Smith, Andrew F. <i>Sugar: A Global History</i> (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Sugar-History-Andrew-F-Smith/dp/1780234341/">excerpt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Valenze" title="Deborah Valenze">Valenze, Deborah</a>,. <i>Milk: A Local and Global History</i> (Yale UP, 2012)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Claflin, Kyri and Peter Scholliers, eds. <i>Writing Food History, a Global Perspective</i> (Berg, 2012)</li> <li>De La Peña, Carolyn, and Benjamin N. Lawrance. "Introduction: Traversing the local/global and food/culture divides." <i>Food and Foodways</i> 19.1-2 (2011): 1–10.</li> <li>Duffett, Rachel, and Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska, eds. <i>Food and War in Twentieth Century Europe</i> (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Food-War-Twentieth-Century-Europe/dp/1409417700">excerpt</a></li> <li>Otter, Chris. "The British Nutrition Transition and its Histories", <i>History Compass</i> 10/11 (2012): pp. 812–825, [DOI]: 10.1111/hic3.12001</li> <li>Peters Kernan, Sarah. "Recent Trends in Food History Research in the United States: 2017-19." <i>Food & History</i> (Jan 2021), Vol. 18 Issue 1/2, pp 233–240.</li> <li>Pilcher, Jeffrey M. "The embodied imagination in recent writings on food history." <i>American Historical Review</i> 121#3 (2016): 861–887.</li> <li>Pilcher, Jeffrey M., ed. <i>Food History: Critical and Primary Sources</i> (2015) 4 vol; reprints 76 primary and secondary sources.</li> <li>Scholliers, Peter. " Twenty-five Years of Studying un Phénomène Social Total: Food History Writing on Europe in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries," <i>Food, Culture & Society: An International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research</i> (2007) 10#3 pp 449–471 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2752/155280107X239881">https://doi.org/10.2752/155280107X239881</a></li> <li>Woolgar, Christopher M. "Food and the middle ages." <i>Journal of Medieval History</i> 36.1 (2010): 1–19.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Achaya, Kongandra Thammu. <i>A historical dictionary of Indian food</i> (New Delhi: Oxford UP, 1998).</li> <li>Cheung, Sidney, and David Y.H. Wu. <i>The globalisation of Chinese food</i> (Routledge, 2014).</li> <li>Chung, Hae Kyung, et al. "Understanding Korean food culture from Korean paintings." <i>Journal of Ethnic Foods</i> 3#1 (2016): 42–50.</li> <li>Cwiertka, Katarzyna Joanna. <i>Modern Japanese cuisine: Food, power and national identity</i> (Reaktion Books, 2006).</li> <li>Kim, Soon Hee, et al. "Korean diet: characteristics and historical background." <i>Journal of Ethnic Foods</i> 3.1 (2016): 26–31.</li> <li>Kushner, Barak. <i>Slurp! a Social and Culinary History of Ramen: Japan's Favorite Noodle Soup</i> (2014) a scholarly cultural history over 1000 years</li> <li>Simoons, Frederick J. <i>Food in China: a cultural and historical inquiry</i> (2014).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gentilcore, David. <i>Food and Health in Early Modern Europe: Diet, Medicine and Society, 1450–1800</i> (Bloomsbury, 2016)</li> <li>Goldman, Wendy Z. and Donald Filtzer, eds. <i>Food Provisioning in the Soviet Union during World War II</i> (2015)</li> <li>Roll, Eric. <i>The Combined Food Board. A study in wartime international planning</i> (1956), on World War II</li> <li>Rosen, William. <i>The Third Horseman: Climate change and the great famine of the 14th century</i> (Penguin, 2014).</li> <li>Scarpellini, Emanuela. <i>Food and Foodways in Italy from 1861 to the Present</i> (2014)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Great_Britain">Great Britain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Addyman, Mary et al. eds. <i>Food, Drink, and the Written Word in Britain, 1820–1945</i> (Taylor & Francis, 2017).</li> <li>Barnett, Margaret. <i>British Food Policy During the First World War</i> (Routledge, 2014).</li> <li>Beveridge, W. H. <i>British Food Control</i> (1928), in World War I</li> <li>Brears, P. <i>Cooking and Dining in Medieval England</i> (2008)</li> <li>Burnett, John. <i>Plenty and want: a social history of diet in England from 1815 to the present day</i> (2nd ed. 1979). A standard scholarly history.</li> <li>Collins, E.J.T. "Dietary change and cereal consumption in Britain in the nineteenth century." <i>Agricultural History Review</i> (1975) 23#2, 97–115.</li> <li>Gautier, Alban. "Cooking and cuisine in late Anglo-Saxon England." <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i> 41 (2012): 373–406.</li> <li>Gazeley, I. and Newell, A. "Urban working-class food consumption and nutrition in Britain in 1904" <i>Economic History Review</i>. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ehr.12065/pdf">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ehr.12065/pdf</a>.</li> <li>Harris, Bernard, Roderick Floud, and Sok Chul Hong. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/50435/1/Harris_etal_REH2015_food_availability_in_england_and_wales.pdf">How many calories? Food availability in England and Wales in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries</a>". <i>Research in economic history.</i> (2015). 111–191.</li> <li>Hartley, Dorothy. <i>Food In England: A complete guide to the food that makes us who we are</i> (Hachette UK, 2014).</li> <li>Mennell, Stephen. <i>All Manners of Food: Eating and Taste in England and France from the Middle Ages to the Present</i> (2nd ed U of Illinois Press, 1996)</li> <li>Meredith, D. and Oxley, D. "Food and fodder: feeding England, 1700-1900." <i>Past and Present</i> (2014). (2014). 222:163-214.</li> <li>Oddy, Derek. <i>From Plain Fare to Fusion Food: British Diet from the 1890s to the 1990s</i> (Boydell Press, 2003).</li> <li>Oddy, D. " Food, drink and nutrition" in F.M.L. Thompson, ed., <i>The Cambridge social history of Britain, 1750–1950. Volume 2. People and their environment</i> (1990). pp. 2:251-78.</li> <li>Otter, Chris. "The British Nutrition Transition and its Histories", <i>History Compass</i> 10#11 (2012): pp. 812–825, [DOI]: 10.1111/hic3.12001</li> <li>Panayi, Panikos. <i>Spicing Up Britain: The Multicultural History of British Food</i> (2010)</li> <li>Spencer, Colin. <i>British Food: An Extraordinary Thousand Years of History</i> (2007).</li> <li>Woolgar. C.N. <i>The Culture of Food in England, 1200–1500</i> (2016). 260 pp.,</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pendergrast, Mark. <i>For God, Country, and Coca-Cola: The Definitive History of the Great American Soft Drink and the Company That Makes It</i> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Shapiro" title="Laura Shapiro">Shapiro, Laura</a>. <i>Something From the Oven: Reinventing Dinner in 1950s America</i>, Viking Adult 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-87154-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-87154-0">0-670-87154-0</a></li> <li>Smith, Andrew F. ed. <i>The Oxford companion to American food and drink</i> (2007)</li> <li>Veit, Helen Zoe, ed. <i>Food in the Civil War Era: The North</i> (Michigan State University Press, 2014)</li> <li>Veit, Helen Zoe. <i>Modern Food, Moral Food: Self-Control, Science, and the Rise of Modern American Eating in the Early Twentieth Century</i> (University of North Carolina Press, 2013)</li> <li>Wallach, Jennifer Jensen. <i>How America Eats: A social history of U.S. food and culture</i> (2014) 256256pp</li> <li>Williams, Elizabeth M. <i>New Orleans: A Food Biography</i> (AltaMira Press, 2012).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petits_Propos_Culinaires" title="Petits Propos Culinaires">Petits Propos Culinaires</a>, first journal in the field</li> <li>Food and Foodways. Explorations in the History and Culture of Human Nourishment</li> <li>Food, Culture and Society: An International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_%26_History" title="Food & History">Food & History</a>, multilingual scientific journal about the history and culture of food published by the (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEHCA" class="extiw" title="fr:IEHCA">IEHCA</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_history&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Montanari" title="Massimo Montanari">Montanari, Massimo</a>, <i>Il mondo in cucina (The world in the kitchen)</i>. Laterza, 2002 ASIN: B0055J686G</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Mintalov%C3%A1_-_Zubercov%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Zora Mintalová - Zubercová">Mintalová - Zubercová, Zora</a>: <i>Všetko okolo stola I.(All around the table I.)</i>, Vydavateľstvo Matice slovenskej, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-89208-94-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-89208-94-4">978-80-89208-94-4</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuisines" title="Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuisines" title="Template talk:Cuisines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuisines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_cuisine" title="West African cuisine">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_cuisines" title="List of African cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Cuisine of the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_cuisine" title="North American cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_cuisine" title="South American cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines_of_the_Americas" title="List of cuisines of the Americas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_from_the_Caucasus" title="List of dishes from the Caucasus">Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_cuisines" title="List of Asian cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_cuisine" title="Eastern European cuisine">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cuisines" title="List of European cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_cuisine" title="Oceanian cuisine">Oceanian</a></li> <li>Intercontinental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_cuisine" title="Global cuisine">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cuisine" title="Latin American cuisine">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">National</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Regional_cuisine" title="Regional cuisine">regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_cuisine" title="California cuisine">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowcountry_cuisine" title="Lowcountry cuisine">Lowcountry (South Carolina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Midwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">New English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Southern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Southwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_cuisine" title="Angolan cuisine">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cuisine" title="Argentine cuisine">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_cuisine" title="Barbadian cuisine">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_cuisine" title="Belizean cuisine">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_cuisine" title="Benin cuisine">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_cuisine" title="Bolivian cuisine">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian-Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_cuisine" title="Botswana cuisine">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_cuisine" title="Anguillian cuisine">Anguillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_cuisine" title="Channel Islands cuisine">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Saint_Helena" title="Cuisine of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinabe_cuisine" title="Burkinabe cuisine">Burkinabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_cuisine" title="Burundian cuisine">Burundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_cuisine" title="Cameroonian cuisine">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_cuisine" title="Acadian cuisine">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Quebec" title="Cuisine of Quebec">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cuisine of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_cuisine" title="Chadian cuisine">Chadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_cuisine" title="Chilean cuisine">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_cuisine" title="Beijing cuisine">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong_cuisine" title="Shandong cuisine">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_cuisine" title="Danish cuisine">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_cuisine" title="Faroese cuisine">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Greenlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_cuisine" title="Djiboutian cuisine">Djiboutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica_cuisine" title="Dominica cuisine">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_cuisine" title="Dominican Republic cuisine">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_East_Timor" title="Cuisine of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine" title="Ecuadorian cuisine">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_cuisine" title="Eritrean cuisine">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_cuisine" title="Fijian cuisine">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_cuisine" title="Kapampangan cuisine">Kapampangan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Cuisine of Réunion">La Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianan_cuisine" title="French Guianan cuisine">French Guianan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_cuisine" title="Gabonese cuisine">Gabonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_cuisine" title="Gambian cuisine">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cuisine" title="Ghanaian cuisine">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonian_cuisine" title="Greek Macedonian cuisine">Greek Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Cuisine of the Ionian Islands">Heptanesean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissauan_cuisine" title="Guinea-Bissauan cuisine">Guinea-Bissauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Guinea">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_cuisine" title="Honduran cuisine">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachali_cuisine" title="Arunachali cuisine">Arunachali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_cuisine" title="Bihari cuisine">Bihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cuisine" title="Chhattisgarhi cuisine">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_cuisine" title="Goan cuisine">Goan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cuisine" title="Gujarati cuisine">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanvi cuisine">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhandi_cuisine" title="Jharkhandi cuisine">Jharkhandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_cuisine" title="Kerala cuisine">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Maharashtrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_cuisine" title="Manipuri cuisine">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalayan_cuisine" title="Meghalayan cuisine">Meghalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_cuisine" title="Mizo cuisine">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_cuisine" title="Naga cuisine">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia cuisine">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_cuisine" title="Rajasthani cuisine">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_cuisine" title="Sikkimese cuisine">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_cuisine" title="Telangana cuisine">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_cuisine" title="Tripuri cuisine">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_cuisine" title="Uttar Pradesh cuisine">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhandi_cuisine" title="Uttarakhandi cuisine">Uttarakhandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_cuisine" title="Acehnese cuisine">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_cuisine" title="Balinese cuisine">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_cuisine" title="Banjar cuisine">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_cuisine" title="Batak cuisine">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_cuisine" title="Betawi cuisine">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontalo cuisine">Gorontalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_cuisine" title="Indo cuisine">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_cuisine" title="Javanese cuisine">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_cuisine" title="Madurese cuisine">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_cuisine" title="Makassar cuisine">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_cuisine" title="Minahasan cuisine">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_cuisine" title="Padang cuisine">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_cuisine" title="Palembang cuisine">Palembangese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_cuisine" title="Apulian cuisine">Apulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_cuisine" title="Piedmontese cuisine">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_food" title="Tuscan food">Tuscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Veneto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Veneto">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_cuisine" title="Ivorian cuisine">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_cuisine" title="Okinawan cuisine">Okinawan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan cuisine">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Lesotho" title="Cuisine of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_cuisine" title="Liberian cuisine">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_cuisine" title="Liechtenstein cuisine">Liechtensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Luxembourg" title="Cuisine of Luxembourg">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_cuisine" title="Malagasy cuisine">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_cuisine" title="Malawian cuisine">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_cuisine" title="Sabahan cuisine">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_cuisine" title="Sarawakian cuisine">Sarawakian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Malian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_cuisine" title="Marshallese cuisine">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_cuisine" title="Mauritanian cuisine">Mauritanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_cuisine" title="Mauritian cuisine">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine" title="Moldovan cuisine">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_cuisine" title="Monégasque cuisine">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_cuisine" title="Mozambican cuisine">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_cuisine" title="Namibian cuisine">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_cuisine" title="Nauruan cuisine">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Niger" title="Cuisine of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_cuisine" title="Niuean cuisine">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_cuisine" title="Panamanian cuisine">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_cuisine" title="Papua New Guinean cuisine">Papua New Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_cuisine" title="Paraguayan cuisine">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_cuisine" title="Bashkir cuisine">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_cuisine" title="Chechen cuisine">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_cuisine" title="Circassian cuisine">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_cuisine" title="Cossack cuisine">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_cuisine" title="Komi cuisine">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordovian_cuisine" title="Mordovian cuisine">Mordovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_cuisine" title="Sakha cuisine">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_cuisine" title="Tatar cuisine">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_cuisine" title="Udmurt cuisine">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamal_cuisine" title="Yamal cuisine">Yamal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_cuisine" title="Saint Lucian cuisine">Saint Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_cuisine" title="Sammarinese cuisine">Sammarinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_cuisine" title="Senegalese cuisine">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_cuisine" title="Seychellois cuisine">Seychellois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_cuisine" title="Sierra Leonean cuisine">Sierra Leonean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_cuisine" title="Andalusian cuisine">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_cuisine" title="Asturian cuisine">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_cuisine" title="Balearic cuisine">Balearic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_cuisine" title="Basque cuisine">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_cuisine" title="Canarian cuisine">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_cuisine" title="Cantabrian cuisine">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_cuisine" title="Extremaduran cuisine">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_cuisine" title="Galician cuisine">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchego_cuisine" title="Manchego cuisine">Manchegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_cuisine" title="Valencian cuisine">Valencian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Eswatini" title="Cuisine of Eswatini">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian cuisine">Tanzanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibari_cuisine" title="Zanzibari cuisine">Zanzibari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_cuisine" title="Togolese cuisine">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_cuisine" title="Tuvaluan cuisine">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine" title="Trinidad and Tobago cuisine">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_cuisine" title="Ugandan cuisine">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_cuisine" title="Uruguayan cuisine">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatuan_cuisine" title="Vanuatuan cuisine">Vanuatuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Western Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_cuisine" title="Zambian cuisine">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cuisine">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_cuisine" title="Ainu cuisine">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Arab Indonesian cuisine">Arab-Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_cuisine" title="Aromanian cuisine">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_cuisine" title="Buryat cuisine">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Australian Chinese cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Cambodian Chinese cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Canadian Chinese cuisine">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine" title="Filipino Chinese cuisine">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Chinese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Chinese cuisine">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Chinese Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Malaysian Chinese cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Chinese_cuisine" title="Pakistani Chinese cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifa" title="Chifa">Peruvian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_cuisine" title="Crimean Tatar cuisine">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_cuisine" title="Gagauz cuisine">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazaragi cuisine">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_cuisine" title="Hmong cuisine">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indian Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_cuisine" title="Malaysian Indian cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_cuisine" title="North Indian cuisine">North Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_cuisine" title="South Indian cuisine">South Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Moroccan Jewish cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Syrian Jewish cuisine">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_cuisine" title="Livonian cuisine">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_cuisine" title="Malay cuisine">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_cuisine" title="Ossetian cuisine">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_cuisine" title="Parsi cuisine">Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine" title="Peranakan cuisine">Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_cuisine" title="Pontic Greek cuisine">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_cuisine" title="Sámi cuisine">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_cuisine" title="Transylvanian Saxon cuisine">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yup'ik cuisine">Yup'ik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholic_cuisine" title="Goan Catholic cuisine">Goan Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_cuisine" title="Mangalorean Catholic cuisine">Mangalorean Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_cuisine" title="Mennonite cuisine">Mennonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Ital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher food">Kosher food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_slaughter" title="Ritual slaughter">Ritual slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Antebellum_America" title="Cuisine of Antebellum America">Antebellum America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_European_cuisine" title="Early modern European cuisine">Early modern European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentine_cuisine" title="History of Argentine cuisine">Historical Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_cuisine" title="History of Chinese cuisine">Historical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_cuisine" title="History of Indian cuisine">Historical Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">Historical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_North_Indian_and_Pakistani_foods" title="Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods">Historical North Indian and Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="History of alcoholic drinks">History of alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bread" title="History of bread">History of bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History of vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuisine" title="Hittite cuisine">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_foods" title="Peasant foods">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Native cuisine of Hawaii">Pre-contact Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_royal_court_cuisine" title="Korean royal court cuisine">Korean royal court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_the_Scottish_royal_household" title="Food and the Scottish royal household">Scottish royal household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_classique" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine classique">Classique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">Fusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_American_cuisine" title="New American cuisine">New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_cuisine_of_Singapore_and_Malaysia" title="Eurasian cuisine of Singapore and Malaysia">Eurasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">Haute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_gastronomy" title="Molecular gastronomy">Molecular gastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_by_Note_cuisine" title="Note by Note cuisine">Note by Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_cuisine" title="Nouvelle cuisine">Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Vegetarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines" title="List of cuisines">List of cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">List of historical cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_foods" title="Lists of foods">Lists of foods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prepared_foods" title="Lists of prepared foods">Prepared</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_arts" title="Culinary arts">Culinary arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">Food</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meal_preparation" title="Meal preparation">Meal preparation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cuisine" title="Category:Cuisine">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cuisines" title="Outline of cuisines">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themommiesreviews.com/the-kitchen-project-food-history/">"The Kitchen Project – Food History"</a>. <i>The Mommies Reviews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mommies+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+Kitchen+Project+%E2%80%93+Food+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themommiesreviews.com%2Fthe-kitchen-project-food-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xtremefoodies.com/Bloggers/Stephen%20Block">"Stephen Block"</a>. <i>Xtreme Foodies</i>. 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Xtreme+Foodies&rft.atitle=Stephen+Block&rft.date=2015-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.xtremefoodies.com%2FBloggers%2FStephen%2520Block&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213054714/https://www.mexicali-blue.com/what-is-french-toast/">"What Is French Toast?"</a>. <i>Mexicali Blue</i>. 21 December 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mexicali-blue.com/what-is-french-toast/">the original</a> on 13 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mexicali+Blue&rft.atitle=What+Is+French+Toast%3F&rft.date=2022-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mexicali-blue.com%2Fwhat-is-french-toast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_history&oldid=1250258291">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_history&oldid=1250258291</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_science" title="Category:Food science">Food science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_foods" title="Category:Historical foods">Historical foods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_food_and_drink" title="Category:History of food and drink">History of food and drink</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_writers" title="Category:Food writers">Food writers</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_limited_geographic_scope_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with limited geographic scope from February 2022">Articles with limited geographic scope from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_introduction_cleanup_from_October_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia introduction cleanup from October 2021">Wikipedia introduction cleanup from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup" title="Category:All pages needing cleanup">All pages needing cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_October_2021" title="Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from October 2021">Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify" title="Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify">All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2019">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_April_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 October 2024, at 10:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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