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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Area of gum tissue which attaches to the base of a tooth</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Technical plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-technical" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be too technical for most readers to understand</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Junctional_epithelium&action=edit">help improve it</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">make it understandable to non-experts</a>, without removing the technical details.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Dental_anatomy" title="Dental anatomy">dental anatomy</a>, the <b>junctional epithelium</b> (<b>JE</b>) is that <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a> which lies at, and in <a href="/wiki/Dental_public_health" title="Dental public health">health</a> also defines, the base of the <a href="/wiki/Gingival_sulcus" title="Gingival sulcus">gingival sulcus</a> (i.e. where the <a href="/wiki/Gums" title="Gums">gums</a> attach to a <a href="/wiki/Tooth" title="Tooth">tooth</a>). The probing depth of the gingival sulcus is measured by a calibrated <a href="/wiki/Periodontal_probe" title="Periodontal probe">periodontal probe</a>. In a healthy-case scenario, the probe is gently inserted, slides by the <a href="/wiki/Sulcular_epithelium" title="Sulcular epithelium">sulcular epithelium</a> (SE), and is stopped by the epithelial attachment (EA). However, the probing depth of the gingival sulcus may be considerably different from the true histological gingival sulcus depth. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Junctional_epithelium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The junctional epithelium, a <a href="/wiki/Keratinized" class="mw-redirect" title="Keratinized">nonkeratinized</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratified_squamous_epithelium" title="Stratified squamous epithelium">stratified squamous epithelium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lies immediately <a href="/wiki/Commonly_used_terms_of_relationship_and_comparison_in_dentistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonly used terms of relationship and comparison in dentistry">apical</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sulcular_epithelium" title="Sulcular epithelium">sulcular epithelium</a>, which lines the <a href="/wiki/Gingival_sulcus" title="Gingival sulcus">gingival sulcus</a> from the base to the <a href="/wiki/Free_gingival_margin" class="mw-redirect" title="Free gingival margin">free gingival margin</a>, where it interfaces with the epithelium of the oral cavity. The <a href="/wiki/Gingiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingiva">gingival sulcus</a> is bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">enamel</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_(tooth)" title="Crown (tooth)">crown</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tooth" title="Tooth">tooth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sulcular_epithelium" title="Sulcular epithelium">sulcular epithelium</a>. Immediately <a href="/wiki/Commonly_used_terms_of_relationship_and_comparison_in_dentistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonly used terms of relationship and comparison in dentistry">apical</a> to the base of the pocket, and <a href="/wiki/Commonly_used_terms_of_relationship_and_comparison_in_dentistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonly used terms of relationship and comparison in dentistry">coronal</a> to the most coronal of the gingival fibers is the junctional epithelium. The JE attaches to the surface of the tooth by way of the EA with <a href="/wiki/Hemidesmosome" title="Hemidesmosome">hemidesmosomes</a> and is, on average, roughly 1 mm in width in the <a href="/wiki/Commonly_used_terms_of_relationship_and_comparison_in_dentistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonly used terms of relationship and comparison in dentistry">apico-coronal</a> dimension, constituting about one half of the <a href="/wiki/Biologic_width" class="mw-redirect" title="Biologic width">biologic width</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attachment of the JE to the tooth surface can occur on enamel, cementum, or dentin. The position of the EA on the tooth surface is initially on the cervical half of the anatomical crown when the tooth first becomes functional after <a href="/wiki/Tooth_eruption" title="Tooth eruption">tooth eruption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Junctional_epithelium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Junctional epithelium is derived from the reduced enamel epithelium (REE) during tooth development.<sup id="cite_ref-Shimono_2003_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shimono_2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the eruption of the tooth and after enamel maturation, the ameloblasts secrete a basal lamina on the tooth surface that serves as a part of the primary EA. As the tooth actively erupts, the coronal part of the fused and surrounding epithelium peels back off the crown. The ameloblasts also develop hemidesmosomes for the primary EA and become firmly attached to the enamel surface. However, the cervical part of the fused tissue remains attached to the neck of the tooth by the primary EA. This fused tissue, which remains near the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) after the tooth erupts, serves as the initial JE of the tooth, creating the first tissue attached to the tooth surface. This tissue is later replaced by a definitive JE as the root is formed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Junctional_epithelium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cells</a> in the junctional epithelium tend to have wide intercellular spaces and fewer desmosomal junctions, to allow the transmission of <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cells</a> (WBCs) from lamina propria's <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> to the bottom of the gingival sulcus, to help prevent disease. In addition, the JE is also thinner than the sulcular epithelium, ranging coronally from only 15 to 30 cells thick at the floor of the gingival sulcus, and then tapering to a final thickness of 3 to 4 cells at its apical part. The superficial, or suprabasal, cells of the JE serve as part of the EA of the gingiva to the tooth surface. These superficial, or suprabasal, epithelial cells of the JE provide the hemidesmosomes and an internal basal lamina that create the EA, because this is a cell-to-noncellular type of intercellular junction. The structure of the EA is similar to that of the junction between the epithelium and subadjacent connective tissue; the internal basal lamina consists of a lamina lucida and lamina densa.<sup id="cite_ref-Shimono_2003_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shimono_2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This internal basal lamina of the EA is continuous with the external basal lamina between the junctional epithelium and the lamina propria at the apical extent of the JE. The EA is very strong in a healthy state, acting as a type of seal between the soft gingival tissue and the hard tooth surface. The deepest layer of the JE, or basal layer, undergoes constant and rapid cell division, or mitosis. This process allows a constant coronal migration as the cells die and are shed into the gingival sulcus. The few layers present in the JE — from its basal layer to the suprabasal, or superficial, layer — does not show any change in cellular appearance related to maturation, unlike other types of gingival tissue. Thus, the JE does not mature like keratinized tissue, such as the marginal gingiva or attached gingiva, which fills its matured superficial cells with keratin. </p><p>Nor does JE mature on a lesser level like nonkeratinized tissue of the sulcular gingiva and throughout the rest of the oral cavity, which enlarges its cells as they mature and migrate superficially. The JE cells do not mature and form into a granular layer or intermediate layer. Without a keratinizing superficial layer at the free surface of the JE, there is no physical barrier to microbial attack. Other structural and functional characteristics of the JE must compensate for the absence of this barrier. The JE fulfills this difficult task with its special structural framework and the collaboration of its epithelial and nonepithelial cells that provide very potent antimicrobial mechanisms, such as the <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="White blood cells">white blood cells</a>. However, these defense mechanisms do not preclude the development of extensive inflammatory lesions in the gingival tissue, and, occasionally, the inflammatory lesion may eventually progress to the loss of bone and the connective tissue attachment to the tooth.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The JE cells have many <a href="/wiki/Organelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Organelles">organelles</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Rough_endoplasmic_reticulum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rough endoplasmic reticulum">rough endoplasmic reticulum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golgi_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Golgi complex">Golgi complex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a>, indicating a high metabolic activity. However, the JE cells remain immature or undifferentiated until they die and are shed or lost in the gingival sulcus. <a href="/wiki/Lysosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysosomes">Lysosomes</a> are also found in large numbers in JE epithelial cells; enzymes contained within these lysosomes participate in the destruction of bacteria contained in dental biofilm.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathology">Pathology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Junctional_epithelium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pathology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The increased permeability of the JE that allows emigration of the PMN type of WBC also allows microorganisms from the dental biofilm (especially noted is <i>P. gingivalis</i>, and associated toxins from the exposed tooth surface) to enter this tissue from the deeper lamina propria, setting up the possibility of infection to occur.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8113953_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8113953-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damage to the junctional epithelium results in it being irregular in texture, rather than smooth, at its surface. Most importantly is the formation of pocket epithelium within the <a href="/wiki/Periodontal_pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodontal pocket">periodontal pocket</a>, which is a histopathological characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Periodontal_disease" title="Periodontal disease">periodontal disease</a>, having the true apical migration of the EA.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15615869_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15615869-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16398683_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16398683-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, there is the presence of ulceration with gingival hyperplasia, including the formation of rete ridges and connective tissue papillae at the one smooth interface of the JE with the lamina propria. Further, there is increased levels of exfoliation of epithelial cells, WBC migration, and bacterial internalization, as well as internalization-induced programmed epithelial cell death.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16028668_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16028668-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Junctional_epithelium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_mucosa" title="Oral mucosa">Oral mucosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodontal_disease" title="Periodontal disease">Periodontal disease</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Junctional_epithelium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> from the 20th edition of</i> <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Anatomy" title="Gray's Anatomy">Gray's Anatomy</a> <i>(1918)</i> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AAP 2010 In-Service Exam, question A-20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNewmanTakeiCarranza2002" class="citation book cs1">Newman MG, Takei HH, Carranza FA (2002). <i>Carranza's Clinical Periodontology</i> (9th ed.). 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"Surface morphology of pocket epithelium". <i>Ultrastructural Pathology</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 121–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01913120590916832">10.1080/01913120590916832</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16028668">16028668</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27306243">27306243</a>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Template:Periodontology" title="Template:Periodontology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodontology" title="Template talk:Periodontology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodontology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodontology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dentistry_involving_supporting_structures_of_teeth_(Periodontology)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dentistry involving supporting structures of teeth (<a href="/wiki/Periodontology" title="Periodontology">Periodontology</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periodontium" title="Periodontium">Periodontium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar bone">Alveolar bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_lengthening#Biologic_width" title="Crown lengthening">Biologic width</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cementum" title="Cementum">Cementum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_gingival_margin" class="mw-redirect" title="Free gingival margin">Free gingival margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingiva">Gingiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingival_fibers" title="Gingival fibers">Gingival fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingival_sulcus" title="Gingival sulcus">Gingival sulcus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Junctional epithelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucogingival_junction" title="Mucogingival junction">Mucogingival junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodontal_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodontal ligament">Periodontal ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulcular_epithelium" title="Sulcular epithelium">Sulcular epithelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stippling_(dentistry)" title="Stippling (dentistry)">Stippling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_periodontitis" title="Chronic periodontitis">Chronic periodontitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggressive_periodontitis" title="Aggressive periodontitis">Localized aggressive periodontitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggressive_periodontitis" title="Aggressive periodontitis">Generalized aggressive periodontitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodontitis_as_a_manifestation_of_systemic_disease" title="Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease">Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodontosis" title="Periodontosis">Periodontosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrotizing_periodontal_diseases" title="Necrotizing periodontal diseases">Necrotizing periodontal diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abscesses_of_the_periodontium" class="mw-redirect" title="Abscesses of the periodontium">Abscesses of the periodontium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_periodontic-endodontic_lesions" title="Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions">Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Periodontal_pathogen" title="Periodontal pathogen">Infection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aggregatibacter_actinomycetemcomitans" title="Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans">A. actinomycetemcomitans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capnocytophaga_sp." class="mw-redirect" title="Capnocytophaga sp.">Capnocytophaga sp.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fusobacterium_nucleatum" title="Fusobacterium nucleatum">F. nucleatum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Porphyromonas_gingivalis" title="Porphyromonas gingivalis">P. gingivalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prevotella_intermedia" title="Prevotella intermedia">P. intermedia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tannerella_forsythia" title="Tannerella forsythia">T. forsythia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treponema_denticola" title="Treponema denticola">T. denticola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_complex" title="Red complex">Red complex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Entamoeba_gingivalis" title="Entamoeba gingivalis">Entamoeba gingivalis</a></i> (amoebic)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichomonas_tenax" title="Trichomonas tenax">Trichomonas tenax</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculus_(dental)" title="Calculus (dental)">Calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_attachment_loss" title="Clinical attachment loss">Clinical attachment loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edentulism" class="mw-redirect" title="Edentulism">Edentulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremitus" title="Fremitus">Fremitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furcation_defect" title="Furcation defect">Furcation defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingival_enlargement" title="Gingival enlargement">Gingival enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingival_and_periodontal_pocket" title="Gingival and periodontal pocket">Gingival pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingival_recession" title="Gingival recession">Gingival recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingivitis" title="Gingivitis">Gingivitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_destruction_patterns_in_periodontal_disease" title="Bone destruction patterns in periodontal disease">Horizontal bony defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_gingival_erythema" title="Linear gingival erythema">Linear gingival erythema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occlusal_trauma" title="Occlusal trauma">Occlusal trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingival_and_periodontal_pocket" title="Gingival and periodontal pocket">Periodontal pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodontal_disease" title="Periodontal disease">Periodontal disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodontitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodontitis">Periodontitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_plaque" title="Dental plaque">Plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_destruction_patterns_in_periodontal_disease" title="Bone destruction patterns in periodontal disease">Vertical bony defect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatment and prevention</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periodontal_examination" title="Periodontal examination">Periodontal examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante%27s_law" title="Ante's law">Ante's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothbrush" title="Toothbrush">Brushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_on_probing" title="Bleeding on probing">Bleeding on probing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorhexidine_gluconate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorhexidine gluconate">Chlorhexidine gluconate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_floss" title="Dental floss">Flossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide#Therapeutic_use" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouthwash" title="Mouthwash">Mouthwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_hygiene" title="Oral hygiene">Oral hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracycline" title="Tetracycline">Tetracycline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triclosan" title="Triclosan">Triclosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_modulatory_therapy" title="Host modulatory therapy">Host modulatory therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conventional therapy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debridement_(dental)" title="Debridement (dental)">Debridement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaling_and_root_planing" title="Scaling and root planing">Scaling and root planing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_mouth_disinfection" title="Full mouth disinfection">Full mouth disinfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_mouth_ultrasonic_debridement" class="mw-redirect" title="Full mouth ultrasonic debridement">Full mouth ultrasonic debridement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surgery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apically_positioned_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Apically positioned flap">Apically positioned flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_graft" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone graft">Bone graft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronally_positioned_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronally positioned flap">Coronally positioned flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_lengthening" title="Crown lengthening">Crown lengthening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_gingival_graft" title="Free gingival graft">Free gingival graft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingival_grafting" title="Gingival grafting">Gingival grafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingivectomy" title="Gingivectomy">Gingivectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_bone_and_tissue_regeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided bone and tissue regeneration">Guided bone regeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_bone_and_tissue_regeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided bone and tissue regeneration">Guided tissue regeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamel_matrix_derivative" title="Enamel matrix derivative">Enamel matrix derivative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_implant" title="Dental implant">Implant placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_pedicle_graft" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral pedicle graft">Lateral pedicle graft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_flap_debridement" title="Open flap debridement">Open flap debridement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_reduction_surgery" title="Pocket reduction surgery">Pocket reduction surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socket_preservation" title="Socket preservation">Socket preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinus-lift_procedure" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinus-lift procedure">Sinus lift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subepithelial_connective_tissue_graft" title="Subepithelial connective tissue graft">Subepithelial connective tissue graft</a></li> <li>Tools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periodontal_curette" title="Periodontal curette">Curette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_membrane" title="Barrier membrane">Membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodontal_probe" title="Periodontal probe">Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodontal_scaler" title="Periodontal scaler">Scaler</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Important personalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomas_Albrektsson" title="Tomas Albrektsson">Tomas Albrektsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Beube" title="Frank Beube">Frank Beube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per-Ingvar_Br%C3%A5nemark" title="Per-Ingvar Brånemark">Per-Ingvar Brånemark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gottsegen" title="Robert Gottsegen">Robert Gottsegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Greenstein" title="Gary Greenstein">Gary Greenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Lindhe" title="Jan Lindhe">Jan Lindhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mealey" title="Brian Mealey">Brian Mealey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_D._Miller" title="Preston D. Miller">Preston D. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughby_D._Miller" title="Willoughby D. Miller">Willoughby D. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_E._Misch" title="Carl E. Misch">Carl E. Misch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mankey_Riggs" title="John Mankey Riggs">John Mankey Riggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Seibert" title="Jay Seibert">Jay Seibert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Slots" title="Jørgen Slots">Jørgen Slots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Roscoe_Stillman" title="Paul Roscoe Stillman">Paul Roscoe Stillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_P._Tarnow" title="Dennis P. Tarnow">Dennis P. Tarnow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hom-Lay_Wang" title="Hom-Lay Wang">Hom-Lay Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Leon_Williams" title="James Leon Williams">James Leon Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._J._Younger" title="W. J. Younger">W. J. 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