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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth_and_family_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_and_family_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Birth and family background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_and_family_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Childhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teaching_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teaching_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Teaching career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teaching_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>State politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-State_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle State politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-State_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Premier_of_Tasmania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premier_of_Tasmania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Premier of Tasmania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Premier_of_Tasmania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Federal politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation_from_the_Labor_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation_from_the_Labor_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Resignation from the Labor Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation_from_the_Labor_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_minister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_minister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prime minister</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_minister-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prime minister subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_minister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elections_and_government_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_and_government_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Elections and government formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections_and_government_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Domestic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Retirement plans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographical_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographical_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Biographical works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographical_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_compilations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_compilations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>In compilations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_compilations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Joseph Lyons</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%81_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3" title="جوزيف ليونس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوزيف ليونس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cozef_Lyons" title="Cozef Lyons – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cozef Lyons" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Джозеф Лаянс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джозеф Лаянс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Joseph Lyons" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Joseph Lyons" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Joseph Lyons" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Joseph Lyons" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" title="جوزف لیونز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جوزف لیونز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Joseph Lyons" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Joseph Lyons" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80%ED%94%84_%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="조지프 라이언스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지프 라이언스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="जोसेफ लियोन्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जोसेफ लियोन्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Aloysius_Lyons" title="Joseph Aloysius Lyons – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Joseph Aloysius Lyons" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Aloysius_Lyons" title="Joseph Aloysius Lyons – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Joseph Aloysius Lyons" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Joseph Lyons" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A3_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="ג'וזף ליונס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'וזף ליונס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosephus_Lyons" title="Iosephus Lyons – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iosephus Lyons" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Joseph Lyons" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="जोसेफ ल्योन्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जोसेफ ल्योन्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%81_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3" title="چوزيف ليونس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="چوزيف ليونس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Joseph Lyons" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="जोसेफ लायोन्स – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जोसेफ लायोन्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Joseph Lyons" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Joseph Lyons" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" title="جوزف لیونز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جوزف لیونز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Joseph Lyons" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Joseph Lyons" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84" title="Лайонс, Джозеф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лайонс, Джозеф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Joseph Lyons" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Joseph Lyons" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Joseph Lyons" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Joseph Lyons" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Джозеф Лайонс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джозеф Лайонс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Joseph Lyons" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Joseph Lyons" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82%E6%96%AF" title="约瑟夫·莱昂斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约瑟夫·莱昂斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q370966#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prime Minister of Australia from 1932 to 1939</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Joseph Lyons, see <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lyons_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Joseph Lyons (disambiguation)">Joseph Lyons (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Joseph Lyons</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Companions of Honour">CH</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Aloysius_Lyons_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Joseph_Aloysius_Lyons_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Joseph_Aloysius_Lyons_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Joseph_Aloysius_Lyons_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Joseph_Aloysius_Lyons_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Joseph_Aloysius_Lyons_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Joseph_Aloysius_Lyons_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2548" data-file-height="3569" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1932</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">10th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister of Australia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 January 1932 – 7 April 1939</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governors‑General</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Isaacs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Isaac Isaacs">Sir Isaac Isaacs</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hore-Ruthven,_1st_Earl_of_Gowrie" title="Alexander Hore-Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie">Lord Gowrie</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Latham_(judge)" title="John Latham (judge)">John Latham</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Earle_Page" title="Earle Page">Earle Page</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">James Scullin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Earle_Page" title="Earle Page">Earle Page</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Australia)">Leader of the Opposition</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 May 1931 – 6 January 1932</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">James Scullin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Latham_(judge)" title="John Latham (judge)">John Latham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Latham_(judge)" title="John Latham (judge)">John Latham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">James Scullin</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">26th <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Tasmania" title="Premier of Tasmania">Premier of Tasmania</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 October 1923 – 15 June 1928</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data">Sir <a href="/wiki/James_O%27Grady" title="James O'Grady">James O'Grady</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lee_(Australian_politician)" title="Walter Lee (Australian politician)">Sir Walter Lee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_McPhee_(Australian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John McPhee (Australian politician)">Sir John McPhee</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; background-color:#eee;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Party leadership positions</div></th> </tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Leader of the <a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party" title="United Australia Party">United Australia Party</a><br /><small>Elections: <a href="/wiki/1931_Australian_federal_election" title="1931 Australian federal election">1931</a>, <a href="/wiki/1934_Australian_federal_election" title="1934 Australian federal election">1934</a>, <a href="/wiki/1937_Australian_federal_election" title="1937 Australian federal election">1937</a></small></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 May 1931 – 7 April 1939</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Latham_(judge)" title="John Latham (judge)">John Latham</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position Established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_(Tasmanian_Branch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Labor Party (Tasmanian Branch)">Labor Party</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a><br /><small>Elections: <a href="/wiki/1919_Tasmanian_state_election" title="1919 Tasmanian state election">1919</a>, <a href="/wiki/1922_Tasmanian_state_election" title="1922 Tasmanian state election">1922</a>, <a href="/wiki/1925_Tasmanian_state_election" title="1925 Tasmanian state election">1925</a>, <a href="/wiki/1928_Tasmanian_state_election" title="1928 Tasmanian state election">1928</a></small></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />2 November 1916 – 16 September 1929</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Earle_(Australian_politician)" title="John Earle (Australian politician)">John Earle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Ogilvie" title="Albert Ogilvie">Albert Ogilvie</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; background-color:#eee;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Federal cabinet posts</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_Australia" title="Treasurer of Australia">Treasurer of Australia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 January 1932 – 2 October 1935</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Theodore" title="Ted Theodore">Ted Theodore</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Casey,_Baron_Casey" title="Richard Casey, Baron Casey">Richard Casey</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Agriculture_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Agriculture (Australia)">Minister for Commerce</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 January 1932 – 2 October 1935</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hawker" title="Charles Hawker">Charles Hawker</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Stewart_(Australian_politician)" title="Frederick Stewart (Australian politician)">Frederick Stewart</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Communications_(Australia)" title="Minister for Communications (Australia)">Postmaster-General</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 October 1929 – 4 February 1931</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">James Scullin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Gibson_(Australian_politician)" title="William Gibson (Australian politician)">William Gibson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Green_(Australian_politician)" title="Albert Green (Australian politician)">Albert Green</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Works_and_Railways_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Works and Railways (Australia)">Minister for Works and Railways</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 October 1929 – 4 February 1931</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">James Scullin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Gibson_(Australian_politician)" title="William Gibson (Australian politician)">William Gibson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Green_(Australian_politician)" title="Albert Green (Australian politician)">Albert Green</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; background-color:#eee;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">State cabinet posts</div></th> </tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_Tasmania" title="Treasurer of Tasmania">Treasurer of Tasmania</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 October 1923 – 15 June 1928</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lee_(Australian_politician)" title="Walter Lee (Australian politician)">Walter Lee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_McPhee" title="John McPhee">John McPhee</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 April 1914 – 15 April 1916</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Earle_(Australian_politician)" title="John Earle (Australian politician)">John Earle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Payne" title="Herbert Payne">Herbert Payne</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Lewis_(politician)" title="Elliott Lewis (politician)">Elliott Lewis</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Tasmania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Education (Tasmania)">Minister for Education</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 April 1914 – 15 April 1916</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Earle_(Australian_politician)" title="John Earle (Australian politician)">John Earle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Solomon" title="Albert Solomon">Albert Solomon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lee_(Australian_politician)" title="Walter Lee (Australian politician)">Walter Lee</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; background-color:#eee;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Constituencies</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">Australian House of Representatives</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 October 1929 – 7 April 1939</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Llewellyn_Atkinson" title="Llewellyn Atkinson">Llewellyn Atkinson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Spurr" title="Lancelot Spurr">Lancelot Spurr</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Wilmot" title="Division of Wilmot">Wilmot</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_House_of_Assembly" title="Tasmanian House of Assembly">Tasmanian House of Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 April 1909 – 13 September 1929</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Lyons_(state)" title="Division of Lyons (state)">Wilmot</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>New division</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Shoobridge" title="William Shoobridge">William Shoobridge</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Joseph Aloysius Lyons</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1879-09-15</span>)</span>15 September 1879<br /><a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Tasmania" title="Stanley, Tasmania">Stanley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Colony of Tasmania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">7 April 1939<span style="display:none">(1939-04-07)</span> (aged 59)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, Australia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data">Heart attack</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Mersey_Vale_Memorial_Park" title="Mersey Vale Memorial Park">Mersey Vale Memorial Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quoiba,_Tasmania" title="Quoiba, Tasmania">Quoiba</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a> (to 1931)<br /><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (1931)<br /><a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party" title="United Australia Party">UAP</a> (after 1931)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Enid_Lyons" title="Enid Lyons">Enid Burnell</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1917)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Libby_Lyons" title="Libby Lyons">Libby Lyons</a> (granddaughter)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Lyons_(judge)" title="Kevin Lyons (judge)">Kevin Lyons Jr.</a> (grandson)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">12; including <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Lyons" title="Kevin Lyons">Kevin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Lyons" title="Brendan Lyons">Brendan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data">Hobart Teachers' College</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Schoolteacher</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Joseph Aloysius Lyons</b> (15 September 1879 – 7 April 1939) was an Australian politician who served as the tenth <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Australia">prime minister of Australia</a>, from 1932 until his death in 1939. He held office as the inaugural leader of the <a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party" title="United Australia Party">United Australia Party</a> (UAP), having previously led the <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Labor_Party" title="Tasmanian Labor Party">Tasmanian branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> (ALP) before the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_split_of_1931" title="Australian Labor Party split of 1931">Australian Labor Party split of 1931</a>. He served as the 26th <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Tasmania" title="Premier of Tasmania">premier of Tasmania</a> from 1923 to 1928. </p><p>Lyons was born in <a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Tasmania" title="Stanley, Tasmania">Stanley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, and before entering politics worked as a schoolteacher. He was active in the Labor Party from a young age and won election to the <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_House_of_Assembly" title="Tasmanian House of Assembly">Tasmanian House of Assembly</a> in 1909. He was <a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_Tasmania" title="Treasurer of Tasmania">Treasurer of Tasmania</a> (1914–1916) under <a href="/wiki/John_Earle_(Australian_politician)" title="John Earle (Australian politician)">John Earle</a>, before replacing Earle as party leader in 1916. After two elections that ended in hung parliaments, Lyons was appointed premier in 1923 at the head of a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a>. He pursued moderate reforms and successfully negotiated a constitutional crisis over the powers of the <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Legislative_Council" title="Tasmanian Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/1925_Tasmanian_state_election" title="1925 Tasmanian state election">1925 election</a> he led Labor to its first majority government in Tasmania, but the party lost office three years later. </p><p>In 1929, Lyons resigned from state parliament to enter federal politics, winning the seat of <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Wilmot" title="Division of Wilmot">Wilmot</a> in Labor's landslide victory at the <a href="/wiki/1929_Australian_federal_election" title="1929 Australian federal election">1929 election</a>. He was immediately appointed to cabinet by the new prime minister <a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">James Scullin</a>, becoming <a href="/wiki/Postmaster-General_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmaster-General of Australia">Postmaster-General of Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Works_and_Railways_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Works and Railways (Australia)">Minister for Works and Railways</a>. In 1930, he was acting treasurer while Scullin was overseas, and came into conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_Caucus" title="Australian Labor Party Caucus">Labor caucus</a> over the government's response to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Australia" title="Great Depression in Australia">Great Depression</a>; he preferred orthodox financial policies. In early 1931, Lyons and his followers left Labor to sit as independents. His exact motivations for leaving the party have been subject to debate. A few months later his group merged with other opposition parties to form the United Australia Party; he was elected <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Australia)">Leader of the Opposition</a>. </p><p>Lyons led the UAP to a landslide victory at the <a href="/wiki/1931_Australian_federal_election" title="1931 Australian federal election">1931 election</a>. Nicknamed "Honest Joe", he was known as a masterful political campaigner and became popular with the general public. His personal popularity was a major factor in the government's re-election in <a href="/wiki/1934_Australian_federal_election" title="1934 Australian federal election">1934</a> and <a href="/wiki/1937_Australian_federal_election" title="1937 Australian federal election">1937</a>; he was the first prime minister to win three federal elections. The UAP initially governed alone but after 1934 formed a coalition with the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">Country Party</a>. Lyons was his own <a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_Australia" title="Treasurer of Australia">treasurer</a> until 1935 and oversaw Australia's recovery from the Great Depression. He faced a number of foreign-policy challenges, but accelerated Australia's transition towards an independent foreign policy. In the lead-up to World War II his government pursued a policy of appeasement and rearmament. </p><p>Lyons died of a heart attack in April 1939, becoming the first Australian prime minister to die in office. He is the only prime minister from Tasmania and one of two state premiers who have become prime minister, along with <a href="/wiki/George_Reid" title="George Reid">George Reid</a>. Several years after his death, his widow <a href="/wiki/Enid_Lyons" title="Enid Lyons">Enid Lyons</a> became the first woman elected to the House of Representatives. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lyons&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Lyons_birthplace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Joseph_Lyons_birthplace.jpg/220px-Joseph_Lyons_birthplace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Joseph_Lyons_birthplace.jpg/330px-Joseph_Lyons_birthplace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Joseph_Lyons_birthplace.jpg/440px-Joseph_Lyons_birthplace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption>Lyons as an adult standing outside his birthplace and childhood home in Stanley, Tasmania</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_family_background">Birth and family background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lyons&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth and family background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lyons was born in <a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Tasmania" title="Stanley, Tasmania">Stanley, Tasmania</a>, on 15 September 1879. He was the fifth of eight children born to Ellen (née Carroll) and Michael Henry Lyons, both of Irish descent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201111_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201111-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother was born in <a href="/wiki/County_Kildare" title="County Kildare">County Kildare</a> and arrived in Australia in 1857, aged eleven,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201113_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201113-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while his father was born in Tasmania to immigrants from <a href="/wiki/County_Galway" title="County Galway">County Galway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201114_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201114-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lyons was the first prime minister to have an Australian-born parent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201111_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201111-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His paternal grandfather, Michael Lyons Sr., had arrived in Tasmania in 1843 with his wife and an infant daughter. Initially an <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servant">indentured labourer</a>, he became a <a href="/wiki/Tenant_farmer" title="Tenant farmer">tenant farmer</a> after completing his term of service,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201114_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201114-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eventually saved enough to purchase land at Stanley, on the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Tasmania" title="North West Tasmania">north-west coast</a>. He had a reputation as a shrewd businessman, frequently buying and selling tracts of land and also dabbling in the hotel trade for a period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201115_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201115-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His sons followed him into farming, and the Lyons family was prominent in the small local community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201116_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201116-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lyons&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Childhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Lyons was four years old, his father moved the family from Stanley to <a href="/wiki/Ulverstone,_Tasmania" title="Ulverstone, Tasmania">Ulverstone</a>, where he opened a combined bakery and butcher's shop.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201118_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201118-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1887, he lost the family's savings betting on the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Cup" title="Melbourne Cup">Melbourne Cup</a>, driving them into poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201121_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201121-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had to sell the shop and resort to working as an unskilled labourer; his oldest children took part-time jobs to support the family. Lyons began working at the age of nine, as a printer's messenger boy. By the age of twelve, he was "cutting scrub" (clearing land) for local farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201122_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201122-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lyons had begun his education at the Ulverstone State School in 1885, before switching to the local Catholic school in 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201119_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201119-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His early years of schooling were interrupted by his family's financial difficulties, and his attendance was sometimes irregular, though this was not uncommon in small rural schools at the time. In 1891, he moved back to Stanley to live with his aunts, Etty and Mary Carroll, and was enrolled at the Stanley State School.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201122_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201122-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teaching_career">Teaching career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lyons&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Teaching career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1895, aged fifteen, Lyons began working as a <a href="/wiki/Pupil-teacher" title="Pupil-teacher">pupil-teacher</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Monitorial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitorial system">monitorial system</a>. This allowed him to continue his own education while being paid to teach younger students, and eventually qualify as a full-time teacher himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201125_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201125-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from a three-month stint as a relief teacher at <a href="/wiki/Irishtown,_Tasmania" title="Irishtown, Tasmania">Irishtown</a>, he remained at Stanley until early 1901, when he was given charge of two small "half-time" schools on the east coast, Apslawn and Apsley Meadows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201130_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201130-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During that period, he lived at "Apsley House", the family estate of Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Lyne" title="William Lyne">William Lyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_New_South_Wales" title="Premier of New South Wales">Premier of New South Wales</a>. In March 1902, Lyons transferred to the Midlands, taking charge of the schools at <a href="/wiki/Conara,_Tasmania" title="Conara, Tasmania">Conara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Llewellyn,_Tasmania" title="Llewellyn, Tasmania">Llewellyn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201143_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201143-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was transferred again in July 1905 to <a href="/wiki/Tullah,_Tasmania" title="Tullah, Tasmania">Tullah</a>, then a few months later to <a href="/wiki/Smithton,_Tasmania" title="Smithton, Tasmania">Smithton</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201144_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201144-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then in April 1906 to <a href="/wiki/Pioneer,_Tasmania" title="Pioneer, Tasmania">Pioneer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201146_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201146-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1907, Lyons moved to <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a> to attend the newly opened Hobart Teachers' College for a year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201147_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201147-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was then posted to <a href="/wiki/Launceston,_Tasmania" title="Launceston, Tasmania">Launceston</a>, teaching at the Glen Dhu and Wellington Square State Schools, as well as briefly acting as headmaster at <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Tasmania" title="Perth, Tasmania">Perth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201150_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201150-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He came into conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Tasmania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Education (Tasmania)">Department of Education</a> on a number of occasions, often complaining about poor working conditions. His superiors also disapproved of his political activities, which together with his complaints probably contributed to his frequent transfers and failure to win desirable postings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201151_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201151-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_politics">State politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lyons&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: State politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Lyons_-_Minister_for_Railways.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Joseph_Lyons_-_Minister_for_Railways.jpg/170px-Joseph_Lyons_-_Minister_for_Railways.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Joseph_Lyons_-_Minister_for_Railways.jpg/255px-Joseph_Lyons_-_Minister_for_Railways.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Joseph_Lyons_-_Minister_for_Railways.jpg/340px-Joseph_Lyons_-_Minister_for_Railways.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption>Lyons as a state government minister (c. 1914–16)</figcaption></figure> <p>Lyons came from a family that was broadly sympathetic to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_labour_movement" title="Australian labour movement">Australian labour movement</a>, but without any formal political involvement. Though widely read, he did not actively participate in politics until after leaving Stanley. Lyons helped found a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_(Tasmanian_Branch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Labor Party (Tasmanian Branch)">Workers' Political League</a> during his time in Smithton, but was forced to resign his membership due to restrictions on the involvement of public servants in political activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201145_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201145-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those rules were later relaxed, and by 1908 he was spending most of his free time campaigning for the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor Party</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201154_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201154-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he had a reputation as a first-rate orator.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201151_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201151-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lyons was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_House_of_Assembly" title="Tasmanian House of Assembly">Tasmanian House of Assembly</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1909_Tasmanian_state_election" title="1909 Tasmanian state election">1909 state election</a>, standing in the six-member <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Wilmot_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Division of Wilmot (state)">Division of Wilmot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201164_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201164-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This required him to resign from the Education Department and give up his teaching career, which reduced his annual salary from £125 to £100.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was comfortably re-elected <a href="/wiki/1912_Tasmanian_state_election" title="1912 Tasmanian state election">in 1912</a>, although he was attacked with a horsewhip during one of his campaign speeches. The son of one of his political opponents was convicted of assault, and the incident received widespread media attention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201175–76_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201175–76-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Labor came to power in Tasmania in 1914, after the existing <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Liberal_League" title="Tasmanian Liberal League">Liberal</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Solomon" title="Albert Solomon">Albert Solomon</a> was defeated on a <a href="/wiki/Confidence_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence motion">confidence motion</a>. The new premier was <a href="/wiki/John_Earle_(Australian_politician)" title="John Earle (Australian politician)">John Earle</a>, who had previously held office for one week in October 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the new government, Lyons was made <a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_Tasmania" title="Treasurer of Tasmania">Treasurer</a>, Minister for Education, and Minister for Railways; it was common for ministers to hold more than one portfolio.<sup id="cite_ref-adb_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was somewhat inexperienced with economic matters, and often turned to his friend and colleague <a href="/wiki/Lyndhurst_Giblin" title="Lyndhurst Giblin">Lyndhurst Giblin</a> for advice; they eventually renewed their relationship at federal level during the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011101_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011101-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less than a month after taking office, Lyons announced that the government was moving its accounts from the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Bank_of_Tasmania" title="Commercial Bank of Tasmania">Commercial Bank of Tasmania</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Bank" title="Commonwealth Bank">Commonwealth Bank</a>, which had only been established a few years earlier. In return he was able to secure a substantial loan and an <a href="/wiki/Overdraft" title="Overdraft">overdraft</a> of £100,000. The government faced a number of challenges during its two years in office, including a statewide drought, a series of <a href="/wiki/Bushfires_in_Australia" title="Bushfires in Australia">bushfires</a> in early 1915, and labour shortages due to the ongoing war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201199_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201199-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Labor was in <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority</a>, many of its legislative initiatives were thwarted by the opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011103_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011103-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party lost the <a href="/wiki/1916_Tasmanian_state_election" title="1916 Tasmanian state election">1916 state election</a> by two seats, despite increasing its share of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011104_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011104-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Lyons_-_Reynolds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Joseph_Lyons_-_Reynolds.jpg/170px-Joseph_Lyons_-_Reynolds.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Joseph_Lyons_-_Reynolds.jpg/255px-Joseph_Lyons_-_Reynolds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Joseph_Lyons_-_Reynolds.jpg/340px-Joseph_Lyons_-_Reynolds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="1339" /></a><figcaption>Caricature of Lyons as premier</figcaption></figure> <p>When the ALP split over conscription during the First World War in 1916, Earle, a pro-conscriptionist, followed Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a> out of the Labor party. Like most Australians of Irish Catholic background, Lyons was an anti-conscriptionist and stayed in the Labor Party, becoming its new leader in Tasmania.<sup id="cite_ref-adb_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Premier_of_Tasmania">Premier of Tasmania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lyons&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Premier of Tasmania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lyons led the Labor opposition in the Tasmanian Parliament until 1923 when he became <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Tasmania" title="Premier of Tasmania">Premier of Tasmania</a>, leading a minority ALP government. He held office until 1928, also serving as Treasurer during the whole period of his premiership. Lyons's government was cautious and pragmatic, establishing good relations with business and the conservative government in Canberra, but attracting some criticism from unionists within his own party. Labor narrowly lost the 1928 state election to the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Party of Australia">Nationalist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dab_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dab-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-adb_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As premier, Lyons faced a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_crisis" title="Constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis</a> relating to the powers of the <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Legislative_Council" title="Tasmanian Legislative Council">Tasmanian Legislative Council</a> (the parliament's upper house). The Legislative Council had a limited franchise and was occupied mostly by conservative landowners, and was consequently opposed to much of the government's platform. Historically, it had claimed for itself the power to amend <a href="/wiki/Money_bill" title="Money bill">money bills</a>, despite having no express constitutional authority to do so. In November 1924, the council returned the government's budget to the Legislative Assembly with a series of proposed reductions in spending. Lyons chose to ignore the amendments, instead sending the bill directly to the Administrator, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Nicholls" title="Herbert Nicholls">Herbert Nicholls</a>, who approved it. In 1926, the government amended the state constitution to codify the Legislative Council's powers over money bills, bringing them into line with the other states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011159–163_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011159–163-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 July 1926, Lyons suffered severe leg injuries when his car—driven by a chauffeur—collided with a goods train near <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Tasmania" title="Perth, Tasmania">Perth</a>. He came close to death, and stood down from public duties for four months to recover; <a href="/wiki/Allan_Guy" title="Allan Guy">Allan Guy</a> was acting premier in his absence. <a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Keefe_(Tasmanian_politician)" title="Michael O'Keefe (Tasmanian politician)">Michael O'Keefe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Tasmanian_House_of_Assembly" title="Speaker of the Tasmanian House of Assembly">Speaker of the Tasmanian House of Assembly</a>, was also a passenger in the car, and lingered for several months before dying of his injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011177_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011177-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federal_politics">Federal politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lyons&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Federal politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/1929_Australian_federal_election" title="1929 Australian federal election">1929 Australian federal election</a> Lyons ran for the federal seat of <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Wilmot" title="Division of Wilmot">Wilmot</a>, covering the same territory as his state seat. He was swept into office in Labor's landslide victory under <a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">James Scullin</a>. He was appointed <a href="/wiki/Postmaster-General_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmaster-General of Australia">Postmaster-General</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Works_and_Railways_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Works and Railways (Australia)">Minister for Works and Railways</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-naab_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naab-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> struck in 1930, the Scullin government split over its response. Lyons became the leading advocate within the government of orthodox finance and deflationary economic policies, and an opponent of the inflationary, proto-<a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> policies of Treasurer <a href="/wiki/Ted_Theodore" title="Ted Theodore">Ted Theodore</a>. Theodore was forced to resign over accusations of corruption in June 1930, and Scullin took over the Treasury portfolio in addition to the Prime Ministership. Lyons was acting Treasurer from August 1930 to January 1931, whilst Scullin was in Britain for the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Conference" title="Imperial Conference">Imperial Conference</a>. Lyons announced his plan for recovery in October 1930, insisting on the need to maintain a balanced budget and cut public spending and salaries, although also advising lower interest rates and the provision of greater credit for industry.<sup id="cite_ref-adb_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His conservative economic approach won him support among business, but angered many in the Labor caucus, who wanted to expand the deficit to stimulate the economy, and were horrified at the prospect of cuts in salaries and government spending. Alienated by their attacks, Lyons began to consider suggestions from a group of his new business supporters, including influential members of the Melbourne Establishment, that he leave the government to take over the leadership of the conservative opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-adb_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-naab_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naab-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resignation_from_the_Labor_Party">Resignation from the Labor Party</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lyons&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Resignation from the Labor Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_split_of_1931" title="Australian Labor Party split of 1931">Australian Labor Party split of 1931</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Lyons_and_John_Latham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Joseph_Lyons_and_John_Latham.jpg/170px-Joseph_Lyons_and_John_Latham.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Joseph_Lyons_and_John_Latham.jpg/255px-Joseph_Lyons_and_John_Latham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Joseph_Lyons_and_John_Latham.jpg/340px-Joseph_Lyons_and_John_Latham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Lyons with <a href="/wiki/John_Latham_(judge)" title="John Latham (judge)">John Latham</a>, the deputy UAP leader</figcaption></figure> <p>When Scullin returned in January 1931, he reappointed Theodore (as it had become clear Theodore would not be charged with corruption) to the Cabinet as Treasurer, which Lyons took as a rejection of his own policies. Lyons immediately resigned from the Cabinet, and then in mid–March from the Labor Party.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accompanied by another senior minister in the Scullin government, <a href="/wiki/James_Fenton_(Australian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Fenton (Australian politician)">James Fenton</a>, and four other right-wing Labor MPs, he crossed the floor to sit on the opposition benches. Soon afterward, Lyons and his supporters joined with the opposition <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Party of Australia">Nationalist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Party" title="Australian Party">Australian Party</a>, a small party led by Billy Hughes, to form a new party, the <a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party" title="United Australia Party">United Australia Party</a> (UAP).<sup id="cite_ref-adb_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-naab_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naab-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the UAP was essentially an enlarged Nationalist Party, Lyons was chosen as leader of the party. He thus became <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Leaders_of_the_Opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Australian Leaders of the Opposition">Leader of the Opposition</a>, with former Nationalist leader <a href="/wiki/John_Latham_(jurist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Latham (jurist)">John Latham</a> as his deputy. The UAP realised that Lyons, an affable family man with the common touch, was a far more electorally appealing figure than the aloof Latham. Additionally, his Labor background and his Catholicism would allow him to win traditional Labor constituencies (working-class voters and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholics" title="Irish Catholics">Irish Catholics</a>) over to what was essentially an upper- and middle-class conservative party.<sup id="cite_ref-hart_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hart-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March, at about the same time as Lyons led his group of defectors from the right of the Labor Party across the floor, five left-wing NSW Labor MPs, supporters of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> Premier <a href="/wiki/Jack_Lang_(Australian_politician)" title="Jack Lang (Australian politician)">Jack Lang</a>, also split from the official Labor Party over the government's economic policies (for Lyons official Labor had been too radical, for the Langites they were not radical enough), forming a "Lang Labor" group on the cross-benches and costing the government its majority in the House of Representatives. Late in the year, the Langite MPs supported a UAP <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a> and brought the government down, forcing an early election.<sup id="cite_ref-naab_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naab-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_minister">Prime minister</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lyons&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prime minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Lyons,_1936_(William_McInnes).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Joseph_Lyons%2C_1936_%28William_McInnes%29.png/170px-Joseph_Lyons%2C_1936_%28William_McInnes%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Joseph_Lyons%2C_1936_%28William_McInnes%29.png/255px-Joseph_Lyons%2C_1936_%28William_McInnes%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Joseph_Lyons%2C_1936_%28William_McInnes%29.png/340px-Joseph_Lyons%2C_1936_%28William_McInnes%29.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Parliament House, Canberra">Parliament House</a> portrait of Lyons by <a href="/wiki/William_Beckwith_McInnes" title="William Beckwith McInnes">William Beckwith McInnes</a>, 1936</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lyons_government" title="Lyons government">Lyons government</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections_and_government_formation">Elections and government formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lyons&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Elections and government formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/1931_Australian_federal_election" title="1931 Australian federal election">1931 election</a> Lyons and the UAP offered stable, orthodox financial policies in response to what they branded as Scullin's poor stewardship of the economy. While Labor remained split between the official party and the Langites, the UAP projected an image of putting national unity above class conflict. The result was a huge victory for the UAP, which took 34 seats against 18 seats for the two wings of the Labor Party combined.<sup id="cite_ref-elections_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elections-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the outset, the UAP did not renew the traditional <a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">non-Labor Coalition</a> with the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">Country Party</a>, then led by Sir <a href="/wiki/Earle_Page" title="Earle Page">Earle Page</a>. While the two parties ran separate House campaigns, they presented a joint ticket for the Senate. The massive swing to the UAP left it only four seats short of a majority in its own right. The five MPs elected for the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Committee_of_South_Australia" title="Emergency Committee of South Australia">Emergency Committee of South Australia</a>, which stood for the UAP and Country Party in South Australia, joined the UAP party room, giving the UAP a bare majority of two seats. While Lyons was still willing to take the Country Party into his government (which would have commanded over 70 percent of the seats), negotiations stalled, and Lyons decided to govern alone.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new government was sworn in January 1932. Lyons became the third former federal or state Labor leader (after Hughes and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cook" title="Joseph Cook">Joseph Cook</a>) to become a non-Labor Prime Minister. </p><p>After the UAP suffered an eight-seat swing in the <a href="/wiki/1934_Australian_federal_election" title="1934 Australian federal election">1934 election</a>, Lyons was forced to invite the Country Party into his government in a full coalition, with Earle Page as Deputy Prime Minister. The government won a third term at the <a href="/wiki/1937_Australian_federal_election" title="1937 Australian federal election">1937 election</a>, with 44 of 74 seats and 50.6 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Two-party-preferred_vote" title="Two-party-preferred vote">two-party-preferred vote</a> against a reunited Labor Party led by <a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">John Curtin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-elections_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elections-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While campaigning, Lyons made extensive use of the new technologies of radio, film, and air travel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins201091_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins201091-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He held frequent press conferences and personally briefed journalists, editors, and newspaper proprietors to gain favourable publicity.<sup id="cite_ref-adb_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lyons&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Domestic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Lyons_studio_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Joseph_Lyons_studio_portrait.jpg/170px-Joseph_Lyons_studio_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Joseph_Lyons_studio_portrait.jpg/255px-Joseph_Lyons_studio_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Joseph_Lyons_studio_portrait.jpg/340px-Joseph_Lyons_studio_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption>Undated photograph of Lyons as prime minister</figcaption></figure> <p>Lyons adhered to the principles of "sound finance", opposing inflation and government debt and stressing the importance of balanced budgets and orderly loan repayments.<sup id="cite_ref-adb_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011316_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011316-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he had been state treasurer for seven years, he portrayed himself as a relative outsider to economic policy who would take the advice of experts. Lyons appointed himself <a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_Australia" title="Treasurer of Australia">Treasurer of Australia</a>, the first non-Labor prime minister to do so and the first incoming prime minister to do so since <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher">Andrew Fisher</a> in 1914. He had earlier offered the treasurership to <a href="/wiki/Ben_Chifley" title="Ben Chifley">Ben Chifley</a> as an inducement to leave the Labor Party, but Chifley declined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins201091_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins201091-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He appointed experienced assistant treasurers, initially <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Bruce" title="Stanley Bruce">Stanley Bruce</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Walter_Massy-Greene" title="Walter Massy-Greene">Walter Massy-Greene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Casey,_Baron_Casey" title="Richard Casey, Baron Casey">Richard Casey</a>, who eventually succeeded as Treasurer in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins201092_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins201092-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lyons government's plan for recovery was a reprise of the <a href="/wiki/Premiers%27_Plan" title="Premiers' Plan">Premiers' Plan</a> which had split the Labor Party. It called for devaluation of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_pound" title="Australian pound">Australian pound</a>, cuts to public servants' wages, reductions in tariffs, reductions in budget deficits, and greater spending on work-relief programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins201093_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins201093-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lyons's first budget in 1932 restricted maternity allowances, cut pensions, and cut public servants' wages. His second budget reversed wage cuts and offered tax cuts, which were followed by further tax cuts in the 1934 budget.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins201094_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins201094-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By some measures Australia recovered from the Great Depression more rapidly than other similar countries, but the effect of the government's policies have been subject to debate, with some arguing they either slowed or had little effect on Australia's recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1933, Western Australia <a href="/wiki/1933_Western_Australian_secession_referendum" title="1933 Western Australian secession referendum">voted overwhelmingly</a> to secede from the rest of the country. Lyons spent two weeks campaigning for the "No" vote with <a href="/wiki/George_Pearce" title="George Pearce">George Pearce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Brennan_(politician)" title="Tom Brennan (politician)">Tom Brennan</a>. The state's isolation at the time was such that he had to appoint John Latham as <a href="/wiki/Acting_prime_minister" title="Acting prime minister">acting prime minister</a> for the duration of the trip. Despite the result of vote, the federal government viewed secession as unconstitutional and refused to allow Western Australia to leave the federation. The state's appeal to the British government to intervene was also unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011343–344_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011343–344-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1933, Lyons established the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Grants_Commission" title="Commonwealth Grants Commission">Commonwealth Grants Commission</a> to provide impartial advice about the distribution of federal government grants to the states; it remains in existence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011329_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011329-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other legislative accomplishments of the Lyons government include the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Broadcasting Commission">Australian Broadcasting Commission</a> (ABC) in 1932 and the <i><a href="/wiki/Income_Tax_Assessment_Act_1936" title="Income Tax Assessment Act 1936">Income Tax Assessment Act 1936</a></i>. The government's <a href="/wiki/National_Insurance_(Australia)" title="National Insurance (Australia)">landmark national insurance scheme</a> proved politically controversial and was never enacted. Political controversies included the <a href="/wiki/Attempted_exclusion_of_Egon_Kisch_from_Australia" title="Attempted exclusion of Egon Kisch from Australia">Egon Kisch affair of 1934</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dalfram_dispute_of_1938" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalfram dispute of 1938">Dalfram dispute of 1938</a>. In 1937, <a href="/wiki/1937_Australian_referendum" title="1937 Australian referendum">two simultaneous referendums</a> were held, relating to aviation and the marketing of agricultural products; both failed.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lyons&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Defence_Council_1938.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/National_Defence_Council_1938.tif/lossy-page1-220px-National_Defence_Council_1938.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/National_Defence_Council_1938.tif/lossy-page1-330px-National_Defence_Council_1938.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/National_Defence_Council_1938.tif/lossy-page1-440px-National_Defence_Council_1938.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3967" data-file-height="2900" /></a><figcaption>Lyons with the National Defence Council in 1938</figcaption></figure> <p>Lyons had no previous experience in international relations or diplomacy, but as prime minister took a keen interest in foreign relations and exerted significant influence over the government's foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBird200823_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBird200823-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His government pursued what has been called a policy of "appeasement and rearmament". Increases in Australia's defence budget in the years before World War II made him "the greatest peace-time rearmer in Australian history", and saw the military rebuilt after severe funding cuts during the Great Depression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBird200831_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBird200831-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lyons had pacifist leanings and was keen to avoid a repeat of the First World War. These were rooted in his religious convictions, but also influenced by visits to the battlefields of Europe in which he viewed the graves of Australian soldiers. The appeasement aspect of his foreign policy was primarily directed at Italy and Japan, as it was likely that war between those countries and other major powers would affect the important trade routes in the Mediterranean and the Pacific upon which Australia relied. He was particularly concerned with <a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Italy–United Kingdom relations">Anglo-Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Japan–United Kingdom relations">Anglo-Japanese relations</a>, where his goal was to "influence British policy in a manner conducive to Australian interests".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBird200826_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBird200826-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to David Bird, whose book <i>The Tame Tasmanian</i> examined the Lyons government's foreign policy, there was a growing realisation in the 1930s that Australian interests would not be aligned with British interests in all cases. In order to differentiate the two, Lyons authorised three "Pacific initiatives". The first was the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Eastern_Mission" title="Australian Eastern Mission">Australian Eastern Mission</a> of 1934 led by Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Latham_(judge)" title="John Latham (judge)">John Latham</a>, which visited seven Asian countries. The second was the 1935 appointment of Australian government representatives in China, the Dutch East Indies, Japan, and United States – albeit below the rank of ambassador – where previously Australia's interests had been represented solely by British officials. The third was Lyons's "Pacific Pact" proposal, which envisioned a <a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_pact" title="Non-aggression pact">non-aggression pact</a> between the major powers in the Pacific. Although he championed the pact at the <a href="/wiki/1937_Imperial_Conference" title="1937 Imperial Conference">1937 Imperial Conference</a>, discussions failed to progress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBird200825_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBird200825-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Bird's opinion, "the Lyons years should thus be seen as a part of the evolution of Australian external policy from dependency towards autonomy […] it is perhaps the continuation and acceleration of the process of transition for which Lyons as Prime Minister ought to be best remembered".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBird2008336_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBird2008336-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DXJ164Jhjfg">Newsreel footage of Joseph Lyons visiting England for the Silver Jubilee of King George V in 1935</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_News" title="Pathé News">Pathé News</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Lyons was prime minister during the <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII_abdication_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VIII abdication crisis">Edward VIII abdication crisis</a> of 1936. He and the other Dominion leaders were only officially informed of the king's intention to abdicate a few weeks before it occurred, although he had found out about the situation earlier through unofficial channels. Lyons strongly opposed the proposed marriage to <a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a>, a view shared by his cabinet; it is unclear if he was initially aware how deep the king's feelings were. He later telegraphed the king asking him not to abdicate, and after the event gave a speech in parliament announcing his regret at the king's decision.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011383–388_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011383–388-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lyons is the only Australian prime minister to have held office during the reigns of three monarchs, and the only prime minister to serve throughout a monarch's entire reign.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement_plans">Retirement plans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lyons&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Retirement plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Lyons_seated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Joseph_Lyons_seated.jpg/170px-Joseph_Lyons_seated.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Joseph_Lyons_seated.jpg/255px-Joseph_Lyons_seated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Joseph_Lyons_seated.jpg/340px-Joseph_Lyons_seated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="2610" /></a><figcaption>Joseph Lyons</figcaption></figure> <p>It was initially assumed Lyons would be succeeded by his deputy <a href="/wiki/John_Latham_(judge)" title="John Latham (judge)">John Latham</a>, but Latham left parliament at the 1934 election and the following year was appointed <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Australia" title="Chief Justice of Australia">Chief Justice of Australia</a>. His replacement in the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Kooyong" title="Division of Kooyong">Division of Kooyong</a> was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a>, a prominent figure in Victorian politics and an ally of Lyons. In April 1936, Lyons hand-wrote a letter to Menzies endorsing him as his successor.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For various reasons, Menzies did not enjoy universal support within the UAP, and several other were seen as potential successors to Lyons. Within the parliamentary UAP, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Casey,_Baron_Casey" title="Richard Casey, Baron Casey">Richard Casey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hawker" title="Charles Hawker">Charles Hawker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Archdale_Parkhill" title="Archdale Parkhill">Archdale Parkhill</a> all had supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011319_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011319-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also support for figures outside parliament, including former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Bruce" title="Stanley Bruce">Stanley Bruce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Stevens_(politician)" title="Bertram Stevens (politician)">Bertram Stevens</a>, premier of New South Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011326_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011326-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011413_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011413-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1938, Lyons was making concrete plans to retire, renovating his house in <a href="/wiki/Devonport,_Tasmania" title="Devonport, Tasmania">Devonport</a> and moving his youngest children away from Canberra to attend local schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011423_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011423-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to his wife, they discussed his future two weeks before his death and agreed that he would retire as soon as possible. However, UAP officials repeatedly pressured him to stay on until the most suitable successor could be found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011427_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011427-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lyons&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Joseph_Lyons_lying_in_state.jpg/400px-Joseph_Lyons_lying_in_state.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1377" data-file-height="1029" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Lyons_procession_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Joseph_Lyons_procession_02.jpg/200px-Joseph_Lyons_procession_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Joseph_Lyons_procession_02.jpg/300px-Joseph_Lyons_procession_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Joseph_Lyons_procession_02.jpg/400px-Joseph_Lyons_procession_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1369" data-file-height="1021" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Lyons_procession_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Joseph_Lyons_procession_03.jpg/200px-Joseph_Lyons_procession_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Joseph_Lyons_procession_03.jpg/300px-Joseph_Lyons_procession_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Joseph_Lyons_procession_03.jpg/400px-Joseph_Lyons_procession_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1352" data-file-height="1023" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">(1) Lying in state at <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Sydney" title="St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney">St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney</a><br />(2) Funeral procession <br />(3) Coffin being loaded onto <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Vendetta_(D69)" title="HMAS Vendetta (D69)">HMAS <i>Vendetta</i></a> for transport to Tasmania</div></div></div></div></div> <p>On 5 April 1939, Lyons suffered a heart attack while being driven from Melbourne to Sydney. It occurred shortly after he had stopped in at <a href="/wiki/Goulburn,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Goulburn, New South Wales">Goulburn</a> to collect his son <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Lyons" title="Kevin Lyons">Kevin</a> from <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_College,_Goulburn" title="St Patrick's College, Goulburn">St Patrick's College</a> for the Easter holidays. Lyons was rushed to <a href="/wiki/St_Vincent%27s_Hospital,_Sydney" title="St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney">St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst</a>, in a critical condition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011428_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011428-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the following day, he was unable to speak and was drifting in and out of consciousness. He soon fell into a coma, and died on the morning of 7 April, which was <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011429_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011429-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lyons's body lay in state at <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Sydney" title="St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney">St Mary's Cathedral</a> until 10 April (<a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a>). A <a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">requiem</a> service was held the following day, and then a procession bearing his coffin proceeded from the cathedral to <a href="/wiki/Circular_Quay" title="Circular Quay">Circular Quay</a>. Lyons's body was transported to his home town of Devonport aboard <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Vendetta_(D69)" title="HMAS Vendetta (D69)">HMAS <i>Vendetta</i></a>. His funeral was held at the Church of Our Lady of Lourdes on 13 April, and he was buried in the church grounds. He was re-interred in the new <a href="/wiki/Mersey_Vale_Memorial_Park" title="Mersey Vale Memorial Park">Mersey Vale Memorial Park</a> in 1969, where he was joined by his wife in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011430_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011430-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lyons was the first Australian prime minister to die in office. There was no constitutional precedent as to who should be appointed as his successor, and the situation was further complicated by the UAP's lack of a deputy leader. When the seriousness of Lyons's condition became apparent, <a href="/wiki/Earle_Page" title="Earle Page">Earle Page</a>—the leader of the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">Country Party</a> and <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Australia">deputy prime minister</a>—called a cabinet meeting, where it was agreed that he should serve as prime minister on an interim basis while the UAP elected a new leader. He was sworn in by Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hore-Ruthven,_1st_Earl_of_Gowrie" title="Alexander Hore-Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie">Lord Gowrie</a> a few hours after Lyons's death. The <a href="/wiki/1939_United_Australia_Party_leadership_election" title="1939 United Australia Party leadership election">1939 United Australia Party leadership election</a> was held on 18 April and won by Robert Menzies, who replaced Page as prime minister on 26 April. According to <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Fitzhardinge" title="Laurie Fitzhardinge">Laurie Fitzhardinge</a>, Lyons's death "removed the only force that had held in check the smouldering animosities and barely suppressed rivalries which divided [the UAP's] members".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lyons&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyonsfamily.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Lyonsfamily.jpg/220px-Lyonsfamily.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Lyonsfamily.jpg/330px-Lyonsfamily.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Lyonsfamily.jpg/440px-Lyonsfamily.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>The Lyons family in the 1930s on the lawn of <a href="/wiki/The_Lodge_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lodge (Australia)">The Lodge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 28 April 1915, Lyons married <a href="/wiki/Enid_Lyons" title="Enid Lyons">Enid Burnell</a>, the daughter of a family friend; she was almost 18 years his junior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201195_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201195-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had begun courting her in 1912, when she was 15.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201185_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201185-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had twelve children together: </p> <ol><li>Gerald Desmond (1916–2000)</li> <li>Sheila Mary Norma (1918–2000)</li> <li>Enid Veronica (1919–1988) – married army officer <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Austin" title="Maurice Austin">Maurice Austin</a></li> <li>Kathleen Patricia (1920–2012)</li> <li>Moira Rose (1922–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Lyons" title="Kevin Lyons">Kevin Orchard</a> (1923–2000)</li> <li>Garnet Philip Burnell (1924–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Lyons" title="Brendan Lyons">Brendan Aloysius</a> (1927–2010)</li> <li>Barry Joseph (1928–2015)</li> <li>Rosemary Josephine (1929–1999)</li> <li>Peter Julian (1931–2021)</li> <li>Janice Mary (1933–2020)</li></ol> <p>Several years after Lyons's death, his widow Enid also embarked on a political career, becoming the first woman elected to the House of Representatives and serving in cabinet in the post-war <a href="/wiki/Menzies_Government_(1949%E2%80%9366)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menzies Government (1949–66)">Menzies Government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their sons Kevin and Brendan entered Tasmanian politics, becoming state government ministers several decades after their father's death.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their grandchildren include <a href="/wiki/Libby_Lyons" title="Libby Lyons">Libby Lyons</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/Workplace_Gender_Equality_Agency" title="Workplace Gender Equality Agency">Workplace Gender Equality Agency</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Lyons_(judge)" title="Kevin Lyons (judge)">Kevin Lyons Jr.</a>, who was appointed to the Supreme Court of Victoria in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before his marriage, Lyons had briefly been engaged to Pearl "Pib" Bailey, whom he met while teaching at <a href="/wiki/Conara,_Tasmania" title="Conara, Tasmania">Conara</a> in about 1902. He broke off their relationship for reasons unknown, but they remained firm friends; Bailey never married and kept the love letters they exchanged for the rest of her life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201135–41_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201135–41-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, a Jim Starkey who is married to Wendy Starkey, a great-granddaughter of another former prime minister Billy Hughes, claimed to be the great-grandson of Lyons.<sup id="cite_ref-pmd_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmd-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Starkey's claim of familial relations with Lyons has been disputed by the Lyons family and Lyons biographer Anne Henderson.<sup id="cite_ref-jlb_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jlb-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lyons&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EnidJoseph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/EnidJoseph.jpg/170px-EnidJoseph.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/EnidJoseph.jpg/255px-EnidJoseph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/EnidJoseph.jpg/340px-EnidJoseph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="1285" /></a><figcaption>Enid and Joseph Lyons</figcaption></figure> <p>Lyons was one of the most genuinely popular men to hold the office of prime minister, and his death caused widespread grief.<sup id="cite_ref-naaio_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naaio-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His genial, laid-back appearance often led to his portrayal in cartoons as a sleepy <a href="/wiki/Koala" title="Koala">koala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-adb_26-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A devout Catholic, he was the second Catholic to become prime minister, after his immediate predecessor Scullin, and the only non-Labor Catholic prime minister until <a href="/wiki/Tony_Abbott" title="Tony Abbott">Tony Abbott</a>. </p><p>Lyons is the only person in Australian history to have been prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Premiers_of_the_Australian_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiers of the Australian states">premier</a> of a state, treasurer and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Leaders_of_the_Opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Australian Leaders of the Opposition">leader of the opposition</a> in both the Federal Parliament and a state parliament (although <a href="/wiki/George_Reid" title="George Reid">George Reid</a> had been premier of a colony before Federation). Lyons is also the only prime minister to have come from Tasmania. At the time of his death, he was the second-longest serving prime minister in Australia's history, behind only Hughes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lyons&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Lyons_bust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Joseph_Lyons_bust.jpg/170px-Joseph_Lyons_bust.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Joseph_Lyons_bust.jpg/255px-Joseph_Lyons_bust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Joseph_Lyons_bust.jpg/340px-Joseph_Lyons_bust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Joseph Lyons by sculptor Wallace Anderson located in the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Ministers_Avenue" title="Prime Ministers Avenue">Prime Ministers Avenue</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Botanical_Gardens" title="Ballarat Botanical Gardens">Ballarat Botanical Gardens</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lyons was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Privy Council of the United Kingdom</a> in June 1932, a traditional honour for Australian prime ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was formally sworn of the council when he visited London in March 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011381_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011381-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/1936_Birthday_Honours" title="1936 Birthday Honours">1936 Birthday Honours</a>, he was appointed as a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour">Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour</a> (CH), one of only four such appointments made by <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a> before his abdication.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Lyons's death, the Canberra suburb of <a href="/wiki/Lyons,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Lyons, Australian Capital Territory">Lyons</a> was named in his honour, located in the <a href="/wiki/Woden_Valley" title="Woden Valley">Woden Valley</a> adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Curtin,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Curtin, Australian Capital Territory">Curtin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chifley,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Chifley, Australian Capital Territory">Chifley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975 he was honoured on a postage stamp bearing his portrait issued by <a href="/wiki/Australia_Post" title="Australia Post">Australia Post</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His old seat of Wilmot was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Lyons" title="Division of Lyons">Division of Lyons</a> in 1984, in joint honour of him and his wife Enid. The state seat of Wilmot was also renamed <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Lyons_(state)" title="Division of Lyons (state)">Lyons</a> for the same reason. Lyons's birthplace in Stanley ("Joe Lyons Cottage") and family home in Devonport ("Home Hill") are operated as heritage sites, the latter by the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_of_Australia" title="National Trust of Australia">National Trust of Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lyons&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Lyons_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lyons Ministry">First Lyons Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Lyons_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Lyons Ministry">Second Lyons Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Lyons_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Lyons Ministry">Third Lyons Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Lyons_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Lyons Ministry">Fourth Lyons Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of prime ministers of Australia">List of prime ministers of Australia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lyons&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tasmanian MPs did not get a pay rise until 1913, when their salary doubled to £200. Lyons was among those who argued for the amount to be increased, on the grounds that their remuneration was insufficient to cover the larger electorates introduced in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201159_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201159-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The unemployment rate in Australia fell from 29 percent in 1932 to 16 percent in 1935 and 9 percent in 1937. In the U.S., the figure was 21 percent in 1935 and 17 percent in 1937. Between 1929 and 1940, Australian real GDP grew by 16.6 percent, compared with 1.6 percent in the U.S. and 24.6 percent in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-henderson2012_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henderson2012-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="#CITEREFHawkins2010">Hawkins (2010)</a>, "arguably Australia was the first country to emerge from the depression, and Roosevelt asked Lyons how it was done".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins201094_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins201094-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carl Boris Schedvin, author of <i>Australia and the Great Depression</i> (1970), considered Lyons an inconsequential figure regardless of policy outcomes, describing him as "an unexceptional treasurer. He possessed what in polite circles was described as a 'good grasp' of financial matters and an ability to present a difficult argument cogently, but he lacked <a href="/wiki/Ted_Theodore" title="Ted Theodore">Theodore</a>'s incisive clarity. His thinking on financial and economic matters was barren of originality and there is almost nothing one can point to in the Lyons period in the form of new or improved organisation for the administration of the economy."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins201092_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins201092-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyons wrote: "The day must come when, in the ordinary course of events, the leadership of the Party will devolve on you. [...] For some time I have felt that the time had come for you to step into my shoes". In the same letter Lyons also referred to the fact that many in the UAP wished him to continue as leader, making no definite promise to retire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011325_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011325-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="#CITEREFHenderson2011">Henderson (2011)</a> writes that "it is most unlikely that he ever offered his position directly to Menzies at any point", as he believed it was a decision for the party to make.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011326_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011326-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lyons&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201111-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201111_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201111_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson2011">Henderson 2011</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201113-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201113_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson2011">Henderson 2011</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201114-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201114_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201114_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson2011">Henderson 2011</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201115-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201115_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson2011">Henderson 2011</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201116-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201116_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson2011">Henderson 2011</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201118-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201118_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson2011">Henderson 2011</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201121-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201121_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson2011">Henderson 2011</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201122-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201122_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201122_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson2011">Henderson 2011</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201119-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201119_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson2011">Henderson 2011</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201125-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201125_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson2011">Henderson 2011</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201130-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201130_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson2011">Henderson 2011</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201143-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201143_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson2011">Henderson 2011</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201144-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201144_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson2011">Henderson 2011</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201146-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201146_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson2011">Henderson 2011</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201147-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201147_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson2011">Henderson 2011</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30088720">Prime Minister in Premiership Football Team 28 Years Ago, <i>The Mercury</i>, (Thursday, 30 May 1935), p.16.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201150-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201150_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson2011">Henderson 2011</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201151-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201151_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201151_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson2011">Henderson 2011</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201145-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201145_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson2011">Henderson 2011</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201154-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201154_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson2011">Henderson 2011</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201164-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201164_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson2011">Henderson 2011</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201159-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201159_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson2011">Henderson 2011</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson201175–76-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson201175–76_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson2011">Henderson 2011</a>, pp. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australia%27s+Prime+Ministers&rft.atitle=Joseph+Lyons%2C+in+office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprimeministers.naa.gov.au%2Fprimeministers%2Flyons%2Fin-office.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lyons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette33834" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33834/page/3766">"No. 33834"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 10 June 1932. p. 3766.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+33834&rft.pages=3766&rft.date=1932-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F33834%2Fpage%2F3766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lyons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011381-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson2011381_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson2011">Henderson 2011</a>, p. 381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1065987">"Mr Joseph Aloysius LYONS"</a>. <i>It's An Honour</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=It%27s+An+Honour&rft.atitle=Mr+Joseph+Aloysius+LYONS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhonours.pmc.gov.au%2Fhonours%2Fawards%2F1065987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lyons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/137007984">"Two areas of Woden Valley"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a></i>. 12 January 1980.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Two+areas+of+Woden+Valley&rft.date=1980-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F137007984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lyons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australianstamp.com/images/large/0011130.jpg">"Australian stamp"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+stamp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australianstamp.com%2Fimages%2Flarge%2F0011130.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lyons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discovertasmania.com.au/attraction/joelyonscottage">"Joe Lyons Cottage"</a>. Discover Tasmania<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Joe+Lyons+Cottage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discovertasmania.com.au%2Fattraction%2Fjoelyonscottage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lyons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationaltrust.org.au/places/home-hill/">"Home Hill"</a>. National Trust of Australia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Home+Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltrust.org.au%2Fplaces%2Fhome-hill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lyons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lyons&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographical_works">Biographical works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lyons&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Biographical works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Andrews_(politician)" title="Kevin Andrews (politician)">Andrews, Kevin</a> (2016). <i>Joseph Lyons and the management of adversity</i>. Australian Biographical Monographs. Vol. 1. Redland Bay, Qld: Connor Court Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781925501339" title="Special:BookSources/9781925501339"><bdi>9781925501339</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Lyons+and+the+management+of+adversity&rft.place=Redland+Bay%2C+Qld&rft.series=Australian+Biographical+Monographs&rft.pub=Connor+Court+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781925501339&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lyons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird2008" class="citation book cs1">Bird, David (2008). <i>J. A. Lyons, The Tame Tasmanian: Appeasement and Rearmament in Australia, 1932–39</i>. Australian Scholarly Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781740971577" title="Special:BookSources/9781740971577"><bdi>9781740971577</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+A.+Lyons%2C+The+Tame+Tasmanian%3A+Appeasement+and+Rearmament+in+Australia%2C+1932%E2%80%9339&rft.pub=Australian+Scholarly+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781740971577&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lyons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hawkins, John (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.treasury.gov.au/uploads/sites/1/2017/06/06_Joseph_Lyons_Tasmanian_treasurer.pdf">"Joseph Lyons: the Tasmanian treasurer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Economic Roundup</i>. <b>3</b>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Treasury_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the Treasury (Australia)">Department of the Treasury</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Roundup&rft.atitle=Joseph+Lyons%3A+the+Tasmanian+treasurer&rft.volume=3&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic.treasury.gov.au%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F1%2F2017%2F06%2F06_Joseph_Lyons_Tasmanian_treasurer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lyons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Henderson_(author)" title="Anne Henderson (author)">Henderson, Anne</a> (2011). <i>Joseph Lyons: The People's Prime Minister</i>. UNSW Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1742240992" title="Special:BookSources/978-1742240992"><bdi>978-1742240992</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Lyons%3A+The+People%27s+Prime+Minister&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1742240992&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lyons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Lyons" title="Brendan Lyons">Lyons, Brendan</a> (2008). <i>They Loved Him To Death: Australian Prime Minister 'Honest Joe' Lyons</i>. self-published. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780958517478" title="Special:BookSources/9780958517478"><bdi>9780958517478</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Loved+Him+To+Death%3A+Australian+Prime+Minister+%27Honest+Joe%27+Lyons&rft.pub=self-published&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780958517478&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lyons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1987" class="citation book cs1">White, Kate (1987). <i>Joe and Enid Lyons: A Political Love Story</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140097899" title="Special:BookSources/0140097899"><bdi>0140097899</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joe+and+Enid+Lyons%3A+A+Political+Love+Story&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0140097899&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lyons" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_compilations">In compilations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lyons&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In compilations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Henderson_(author)" title="Anne Henderson (author)">Henderson, Anne</a> (2000). "Joseph Aloysius Lyons". In <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Grattan" title="Michelle Grattan">Michelle Grattan</a> (ed.). <i>Australian Prime Ministers</i>. New Holland. pp. <span class="nowrap">152–</span>167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86436-756-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86436-756-3"><bdi>1-86436-756-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joseph+Aloysius+Lyons&rft.btitle=Australian+Prime+Ministers&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E152-%3C%2Fspan%3E167&rft.pub=New+Holland&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-86436-756-3&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lyons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Hughes" title="Colin Hughes">Hughes, Colin</a> (1976). "Joseph Lyons". <i>Mr Prime Minister. Australian Prime Ministers 1901–1972</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-550471-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-550471-2"><bdi>0-19-550471-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joseph+Lyons&rft.btitle=Mr+Prime+Minister.+Australian+Prime+Ministers+1901%E2%80%931972&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-19-550471-2&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lyons" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lyons&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/resources/about-parliament/historyindex/members/lyonsj315">"Lyons, Joseph"</a>. <i>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Tasmania" title="Parliament of Tasmania">Parliament of Tasmania</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Members+of+the+Parliament+of+Tasmania&rft.atitle=Lyons%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.tas.gov.au%2Fresources%2Fabout-parliament%2Fhistoryindex%2Fmembers%2Flyonsj315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lyons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/019034">Newspaper clippings about Joseph Lyons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Joseph_Lyons" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Joseph Lyons">Joseph Lyons</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Llewellyn_Atkinson" title="Llewellyn Atkinson">Llewellyn Atkinson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member for <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Wilmot" title="Division of Wilmot">Wilmot</a> </b><br />1929–1939 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Spurr" title="Lancelot Spurr">Lancelot Spurr</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Earle_(Australian_politician)" title="John Earle (Australian politician)">John Earle</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Tasmania)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Tasmania)">Leader of the Opposition of Tasmania</a> </b><br />1916–1923 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hobbs" title="Edward Hobbs">Edward Hobbs</a> (interim)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lee_(Australian_politician)" title="Walter Lee (Australian politician)">Sir Walter Lee</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Tasmania" title="Premier of Tasmania">Premier of Tasmania</a> </b><br />1923–1928 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_McPhee_(Australian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John McPhee (Australian politician)">John McPhee</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_McPhee_(Australian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John McPhee (Australian politician)">John McPhee</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Tasmania)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Tasmania)">Leader of the Opposition of Tasmania</a> </b><br />1928–1929 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Watkins" title="Benjamin Watkins">Benjamin Watkins</a> (interim)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Gibson_(Australian_politician)" title="William Gibson (Australian politician)">William Gibson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Communications,_Information_Technology_and_the_Arts_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Communications, Information Technology and the Arts (Australia)">Postmaster-General</a> </b><br />1929–1931 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Green_(Australian_politician)" title="Albert Green (Australian politician)">Albert Green</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Infrastructure,_Transport,_Regional_Development_and_Local_Government_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government (Australia)">Minister for Works and Railways</a> </b><br />1929–1931 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Latham_(Australian_jurist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Latham (Australian jurist)">John Latham</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">Leader of the Opposition</a> </b><br />1931–1932 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">James Scullin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">James Scullin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> </b><br />1932–1939 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Earle_Page" title="Earle Page">Earle Page</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Theodore" title="Ted Theodore">E G Theodore</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_Australia" title="Treasurer of Australia">Treasurer</a> </b><br />1932–35 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Casey,_Baron_Casey" title="Richard Casey, Baron Casey">Richard Casey</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hawker" title="Charles Hawker">Charles Hawker</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Agriculture,_Fisheries_and_Forestry_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Australia)">Minister for Commerce</a> </b><br />1932 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Stewart_(Australian_politician)" title="Frederick Stewart (Australian politician)">Frederick Stewart</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Health_and_Ageing_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Health and Ageing (Australia)">Minister for Health</a> </b><br />1935–1936 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Veterans%27_Affairs_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Veterans' Affairs (Australia)">Minister for Repatriation</a> </b><br />1935–1936 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_Executive_Council" title="Vice-President of the Executive Council">Vice-President of the Executive Council</a> </b><br />1935–1937 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Archdale_Parkhill" title="Archdale Parkhill">Archdale Parkhill</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Defence_(Australia)" title="Minister for Defence (Australia)">Minister for Defence</a> </b><br />1937 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Thorby" title="Harold Thorby">Harold Thorby</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New political party</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Leader of the <a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party" title="United Australia Party">United Australia Party</a> </b><br />1931–1939 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="Template:Prime ministers of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_Australia_(list)237" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime ministers of Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of prime ministers of Australia">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Barton" title="Edmund Barton">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Watson" title="Chris Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Reid" title="George Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cook" title="Joseph Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Bruce" title="Stanley Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">Scullin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earle_Page" title="Earle Page">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fadden" title="Arthur Fadden">Fadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Forde" title="Frank Forde">Forde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Chifley" title="Ben Chifley">Chifley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEwen" title="John McEwen">McEwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gorton" title="John Gorton">Gorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McMahon" title="William McMahon">McMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Whitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Hawke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating">Keating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Rudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Gillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Rudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Abbott" title="Tony Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull" title="Malcolm Turnbull">Turnbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Morrison" title="Scott Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Albanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Prime_Ministers_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Prime Ministers of Australia (page does not exist)">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_United_Australia_Party41" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leaders_of_the_United_Australia_Party" title="Template:Leaders of the United Australia Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_the_United_Australia_Party" title="Template talk:Leaders of the United Australia Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders_of_the_United_Australia_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders of the United Australia Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_United_Australia_Party41" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders of the <a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party" title="United Australia Party">United Australia Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Treasurers_of_Australia50" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Treasurers_of_Australia" title="Template:Treasurers of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Treasurers_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Treasurers of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Treasurers_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Treasurers of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Treasurers_of_Australia50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_Australia" title="Treasurer of Australia">Treasurers of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Turner_(Australian_politician)" title="George Turner (Australian politician)">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Watson" title="Chris Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forrest" title="John Forrest">Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyne" title="William Lyne">Lyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Higgs_(politician)" title="William Higgs (politician)">Higgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Poynton" title="Alexander Poynton">Poynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Watt_(Australian_politician)" title="William Watt (Australian politician)">Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cook" title="Joseph Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Bruce" title="Stanley Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earle_Page" title="Earle Page">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Theodore" title="Ted Theodore">Theodore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">Scullin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Casey,_Baron_Casey" title="Richard Casey, Baron Casey">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Spender" title="Percy Spender">Spender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fadden" title="Arthur Fadden">Fadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Chifley" title="Ben Chifley">Chifley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McMahon" title="William McMahon">McMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Bury" title="Les Bury">Bury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Snedden" title="Billy Snedden">Snedden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Whitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Crean" title="Frank Crean">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Cairns" title="Jim Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hayden" title="Bill Hayden">Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Lynch" title="Phillip Lynch">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating">Keating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Hawke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerin" title="John Kerin">Kerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Willis" title="Ralph Willis">Willis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dawkins" title="John Dawkins">Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Costello" title="Peter Costello">Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Swan" title="Wayne Swan">Swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Bowen" title="Chris Bowen">Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Hockey" title="Joe Hockey">Hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Morrison" title="Scott Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Frydenberg" title="Josh Frydenberg">Frydenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Chalmers" title="Jim Chalmers">Chalmers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Premiers_of_Tasmania44" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Premiers_of_Tasmania" title="Template:Premiers of 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href="/wiki/Francis_Smith_(Australian_politician)" title="Francis Smith (Australian politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chapman_(Australian_politician)" title="Thomas Chapman (Australian politician)">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Whyte_(Australian_politician)" title="James Whyte (Australian politician)">Whyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dry" title="Richard Dry">Dry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Milne_Wilson" title="James Milne Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Innes" title="Frederick Innes">Innes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kennerley" title="Alfred Kennerley">Kennerley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reibey" title="Thomas Reibey">Reibey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Fysh" title="Philip Fysh">Fysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Giblin" title="William Giblin">Giblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Crowther_(Australian_politician)" title="William Crowther (Australian politician)">Crowther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adye_Douglas" title="Adye Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Agnew" title="James Agnew">Agnew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dobson" title="Henry Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Braddon" title="Edward Braddon">Braddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Lewis_(politician)" title="Elliott Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Propsting" title="William Propsting">Propsting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Evans_(Australian_politician)" title="John Evans (Australian politician)">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earle_(Australian_politician)" title="John Earle (Australian politician)">Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Solomon" title="Albert Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lee_(Australian_politician)" title="Walter Lee (Australian politician)">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hayes_(Tasmanian_politician)" title="John Hayes (Tasmanian politician)">Hayes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McPhee_(politician)" title="John McPhee (politician)">McPhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Ogilvie" title="Albert Ogilvie">Ogilvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Dwyer-Gray" title="Edmund Dwyer-Gray">Dwyer-Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cosgrove" title="Robert Cosgrove">Cosgrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooker" title="Edward Brooker">Brooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Reece" title="Eric Reece">Reece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_Bethune_(politician)" title="Angus Bethune (politician)">Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Neilson" title="Bill Neilson">Neilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Lowe_(Australian_politician)" title="Doug Lowe (Australian politician)">Lowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Holgate" title="Harry Holgate">Holgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Gray_(Australian_politician)" title="Robin Gray (Australian politician)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Field_(politician)" title="Michael Field (politician)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Groom" title="Ray Groom">Groom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Rundle" title="Tony Rundle">Rundle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bacon_(politician)" title="Jim Bacon (politician)">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lennon" title="Paul Lennon">Lennon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bartlett" title="David Bartlett">Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lara_Giddings" title="Lara Giddings">Giddings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Hodgman" title="Will Hodgman">Hodgman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gutwein" title="Peter Gutwein">Gutwein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Rockliff" title="Jeremy Rockliff">Rockliff</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tasmania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Tasmania"><img alt="Flag of Tasmania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Tasmania.svg/80px-Flag_of_Tasmania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Tasmania.svg/120px-Flag_of_Tasmania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Tasmania.svg/160px-Flag_of_Tasmania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370966#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1519" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370966#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1519" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370966#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000063233881">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/50419870">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/472620/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcKFP7x6VFW3y4gW8tqcP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/133571688">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2002006366">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb178120842">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb178120842">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35510445">Australia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/528687">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lyons-joseph-aloysius-joe-7278">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/133571688.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bs22h5">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lyons&oldid=1269718233">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lyons&oldid=1269718233</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="Category:Prime ministers of Australia">Prime ministers of Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_prime_ministers_of_Australia" 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