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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interoperability subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interoperability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Windows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Windows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FreeBSD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FreeBSD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>FreeBSD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FreeBSD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Linux</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-macOS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#macOS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>macOS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-macOS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OS/2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OS/2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>OS/2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OS/2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DOS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DOS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>DOS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DOS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Security-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Security subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Access_control_lists_(ACLs)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access_control_lists_(ACLs)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Access control lists (ACLs)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access_control_lists_(ACLs)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encryption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encryption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Encryption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encryption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Journaling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Journaling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hard_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hard_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Hard links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hard_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternate_data_stream_(ADS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternate_data_stream_(ADS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Alternate data stream (ADS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternate_data_stream_(ADS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-File_compression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_compression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>File compression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File_compression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_compression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_compression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>System compression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_compression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sparse_files" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sparse_files"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Sparse files</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sparse_files-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volume_Shadow_Copy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volume_Shadow_Copy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Volume Shadow Copy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volume_Shadow_Copy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Transactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quotas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quotas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Quotas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quotas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reparse_points" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reparse_points"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Reparse points</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reparse_points-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Limitations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resizing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resizing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Resizing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resizing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OneDrive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OneDrive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>OneDrive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OneDrive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Partition_Boot_Sector_(PBS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partition_Boot_Sector_(PBS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Partition Boot Sector (PBS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partition_Boot_Sector_(PBS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Master_File_Table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Master_File_Table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Master File Table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Master_File_Table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metafiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metafiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Metafiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metafiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attribute_lists,_attributes,_and_streams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attribute_lists,_attributes,_and_streams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Attribute lists, attributes, and streams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attribute_lists,_attributes,_and_streams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resident_vs._non-resident_attributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resident_vs._non-resident_attributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Resident vs. non-resident attributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resident_vs._non-resident_attributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opportunistic_locks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opportunistic_locks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Opportunistic locks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opportunistic_locks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">NTFS</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%81_%D8%A5%D8%B3" title="إن تي إف إس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إن تي إف إس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8" title="এনটিএফএস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এনটিএফএস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Technology_File_System" title="New Technology File System – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="New Technology File System" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Technology_File_System" title="New Technology File System – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="New Technology File System" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ان‌تی‌اف‌اس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ان‌تی‌اف‌اس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Technology_File_System" title="New Technology File System – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="New Technology File System" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%B8" title="એનટીએફએસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="એનટીએફએસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8" title="एन टी एफ एस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एन टी एफ एस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_Berkas_Teknologi_Baru" title="Sistem Berkas Teknologi Baru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem Berkas Teknologi Baru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Technology_File_System" title="New Technology File System – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="New Technology File System" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/NT_File_System" title="NT File System – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="NT File System" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Technology_File_System" title="New Technology File System – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="New Technology File System" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%86_%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%81_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B3" title="ئێن تی ئێف ئێس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێن تی ئێف ئێس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D.%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF.%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D.%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="என்.ரி.எப்.எசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="என்.ரி.எப்.எசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="NTFS" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Proprietary file system developed by Microsoft</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">NT File System<sup id="cite_ref-karresand2019_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karresand2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Full name</th><td class="infobox-data">NT File System<sup id="cite_ref-ntfs_abbr_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntfs_abbr-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">July 27, 1993<span class="noprint">; 31 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1993-07-27</span>)</span> with <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.1" title="Windows NT 3.1">Windows NT 3.1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Partition_type" title="Partition type">Partition IDs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced"><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_07h" title="Partition type">0x07</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Master_boot_record" title="Master boot record">MBR</a>)<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced"><a href="/wiki/Basic_Data_Partition" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Data Partition">EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GPT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Structures</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Directory contents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/B-tree" title="B-tree">B-tree</a> variant<sup id="cite_ref-How_NTFS_Works_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_NTFS_Works-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">File allocation</th><td class="infobox-data">Bitmap</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Bad blocks</th><td class="infobox-data">$BadClus (MFT Record)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Limits</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max volume size</th><td class="infobox-data">2<sup>64</sup> <a href="/wiki/Data_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Data cluster">clusters</a> − 1 cluster (format);<br />256<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a><sup id="cite_ref-units_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-units-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> − 64<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">KB</a><sup id="cite_ref-units_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-units-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> version 1703, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2016" title="Windows Server 2016">Windows Server 2016</a> or earlier implementation)<sup id="cite_ref-How_NTFS_Works_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_NTFS_Works-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />8<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Petabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Petabyte">PB</a><sup id="cite_ref-units_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-units-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> − 2<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a><sup id="cite_ref-units_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-units-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Windows 10 version 1709, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2019" title="Windows Server 2019">Windows Server 2019</a> or later implementation)<sup id="cite_ref-MS-FSA_id_1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MS-FSA_id_1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max file size</th><td class="infobox-data">16<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Exabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Exabyte">EB</a><sup id="cite_ref-units_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-units-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> − 1<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">KB</a> (format);<br />16<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a> − 64<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">KB</a> (<a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2" title="Windows Server 2008 R2">Windows Server 2008 R2</a> or earlier implementation)<sup id="cite_ref-How_NTFS_Works_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_NTFS_Works-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />256<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a> − 64<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">KB</a> (<a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012">Windows Server 2012</a> or later implementation)<sup id="cite_ref-MS-FSA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MS-FSA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />8<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Petabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Petabyte">PB</a> − 2<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a> (Windows 10 version 1709, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2019" title="Windows Server 2019">Windows Server 2019</a> or later implementation)<sup id="cite_ref-MS-FSA_id_1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MS-FSA_id_1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max <abbr title="number">no.</abbr> of files</th><td class="infobox-data">4,294,967,295 (2<sup>32</sup>−1)<sup id="cite_ref-How_NTFS_Works_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_NTFS_Works-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max filename length</th><td class="infobox-data">255 <a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a> code units<sup id="cite_ref-ntfsdoc_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntfsdoc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Allowed filename<br />characters</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Win32" class="mw-redirect" title="Win32">Win32</a> namespace: any <a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a> code unit (case-insensitive) except <code>/\:*"?<>|</code> as well as <a href="/wiki/Null_character" title="Null character">NUL</a><sup id="cite_ref-ntfsdoc_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntfsdoc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> namespace: any <a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a> code unit (case-sensitive) except <code>/</code> as well as <a href="/wiki/Null_character" title="Null character">NUL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Features</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Dates recorded</th><td class="infobox-data">Creation, modification, POSIX change, access</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Date range</th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1601 – 14 Sept 30828 (File times are 64-bit positive signed numbers<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> counting 100-nanosecond intervals (ten million per second) since 1601, which is more than 32,000 years)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Date resolution</th><td class="infobox-data">100 ns</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fork_(file_system)" title="Fork (file system)">Forks</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yes (see <a href="#Alternate_data_stream_(ADS)">§ Alternate data stream (ADS)</a> below)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Attributes</th><td class="infobox-data">Read-only, hidden, system, archive, not content indexed, off-line, temporary, compressed, encrypted</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/File_system_permissions" class="mw-redirect" title="File system permissions">File system<br />permissions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Access_Control_List" class="mw-redirect" title="Access Control List">ACLs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Transparent<br />compression</th><td class="infobox-data">Per-file, <a href="/wiki/LZ77" class="mw-redirect" title="LZ77">LZ77</a> (<a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.51" title="Windows NT 3.51">Windows NT 3.51</a> onward)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Transparent<br />encryption</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Per-file,<br /><a href="/wiki/DESX" class="mw-redirect" title="DESX">DESX</a> (<a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a> onward),<br /><a href="/wiki/Triple_DES" title="Triple DES">Triple DES</a> (<a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> onward),<br /><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard" title="Advanced Encryption Standard">AES</a> (Windows XP Service Pack 1, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Windows Server 2003</a> onward)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">Data deduplication</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yes (<a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012">Windows Server 2012</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-singleinstancestorage_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singleinstancestorage-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Supported<br /><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.1" title="Windows NT 3.1">Windows NT 3.1</a> and later<br /><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.3" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X 10.3">Mac OS X 10.3</a> and later (read-only)<br /><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> version 2.6 and later<br />Linux kernel versions 2.2-2.4 (read-only)<br /><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a><br /><a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a><br /><a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> (read-only)<br /><a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Solaris" title="Oracle Solaris">Solaris</a><br /><a href="/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS">ReactOS</a> (read-only)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>NT File System</b> (<b>NTFS</b>) (commonly called <i>New Technology File System</i>) is a proprietary <a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">journaling file system</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ntfs_abbr_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntfs_abbr-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was developed to overcome scalability, security and other limitations with <a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NTFS adds several features that <a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a> and <a href="/wiki/HPFS_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="HPFS (file system)">HPFS</a> lack, including: <a href="/wiki/Access_control_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Access control list">access control lists</a> (ACLs); filesystem encryption; transparent compression; <a href="/wiki/Sparse_file" title="Sparse file">sparse files</a>; <a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">file system journaling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shadow_copy" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow copy">volume shadow copy</a>, a feature that allows backups of a system while in use. </p><p>Starting with <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.1" title="Windows NT 3.1">Windows NT 3.1</a>, it is the default file system of the <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> family superseding the <a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">File Allocation Table</a> (FAT) file system.<sup id="cite_ref-Custer,_Helen_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Custer,_Helen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NTFS read/write support is available on <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a> using <a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NTFS3 (page does not exist)">NTFS3</a> in <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/NTFS-3G" title="NTFS-3G">NTFS-3G</a> in <a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NTFS uses several files hidden from the user to store metadata about other files stored on the drive which can help improve speed and performance when reading data.<sup id="cite_ref-karresand2019_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karresand2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid-1980s, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> formed a joint project to create the next generation of graphical <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>; the result was <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Performance_File_System" title="High Performance File System">HPFS</a>. Because Microsoft disagreed with IBM on many important issues, they eventually separated; OS/2 remained an IBM project and Microsoft worked to develop <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> and NTFS. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/High_Performance_File_System" title="High Performance File System">HPFS</a> file system for OS/2 contained several important new features. When Microsoft created their new operating system, they borrowed many of these concepts for NTFS.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original NTFS developers were <a href="/wiki/Tom_Miller_(computer_programmer)" title="Tom Miller (computer programmer)">Tom Miller</a>, Gary Kimura, Brian Andrew, and David Goebel.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Probably as a result of this common ancestry, HPFS and NTFS use the same <a href="/wiki/Disk_partitioning" title="Disk partitioning">disk partition</a> identification type code (07). Using the same Partition ID Record Number is highly unusual, since there were dozens of unused code numbers available, and other major file systems have their own codes. For example, FAT has more than nine (one each for <a href="/wiki/FAT12" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT12">FAT12</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT16" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT16">FAT16</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT32" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT32">FAT32</a>, etc.). Algorithms identifying the file system in a partition type 07 must perform additional checks to distinguish between HPFS and NTFS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Versions">Versions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Microsoft has released five versions of NTFS: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>NTFS version number </th> <th>First operating system </th> <th>Release date </th> <th>New features </th> <th>Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">1.0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.1" title="Windows NT 3.1">Windows NT 3.1</a> </td> <td>1993<sup id="cite_ref-Custer,_Helen_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Custer,_Helen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Initial version </td> <td>NTFS 1.0 is incompatible with 1.1 and newer: volumes written by Windows NT 3.5x cannot be read by Windows NT 3.1 until an update (available on the NT 3.5x installation media) is installed.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">1.1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.5" title="Windows NT 3.5">Windows NT 3.5</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>Named streams and <a href="/wiki/Access_control_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Access control list">access control lists</a><sup id="cite_ref-insidewin2kntfs_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insidewin2kntfs-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>NTFS compression support was added in <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.51" title="Windows NT 3.51">Windows NT 3.51</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">1.2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0" title="Windows NT 4.0">Windows NT 4.0</a> </td> <td>1996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Security_descriptor" title="Security descriptor">Security descriptors</a> </td> <td>Commonly called NTFS 4.0 after the OS release </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">3.0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a> </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>Disk quotas, file-level encryption in a form of <a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">Encrypting File System</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sparse_file" title="Sparse file">sparse files</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTFS_reparse_point" title="NTFS reparse point">reparse points</a>, <a href="/wiki/USN_Journal" title="USN Journal">update sequence number (USN) journaling</a>, distributed link tracking, the <code>$Extend</code> folder and its files </td> <td>Compatibility was also made available for Windows NT 4.0 with the Service Pack 4 update. Commonly called NTFS 5.0 after the OS release.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">3.1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> </td> <td>October 2001 </td> <td>Expanded the <a href="#Master_File_Table">Master File Table</a> (MFT) entries with redundant MFT record number (useful for recovering damaged MFT files) </td> <td>Commonly called NTFS 5.1 after the OS release. LFS version 1.1 was replaced by version 2.0 as of Windows 8 to improve performance. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">NTFS.sys</code> version number (e.g. v5.0 in Windows 2000) is based on the operating system version; it should not be confused with the NTFS version number (v3.1 since Windows XP).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although subsequent versions of Windows added new file system-related features, they did not change NTFS itself. For example, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> implemented <a href="/wiki/NTFS_symbolic_link" class="mw-redirect" title="NTFS symbolic link">NTFS symbolic links</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transactional_NTFS" title="Transactional NTFS">Transactional NTFS</a>, partition shrinking, and self-healing.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NTFS symbolic links are a new feature in the file system; all the others are new operating system features that make use of NTFS features already in place. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scalability">Scalability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scalability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NTFS is optimized for 4 <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">KB</a><sup id="cite_ref-units_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-units-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Data_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Data cluster">clusters</a>, but supports a maximum cluster size of 2<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a><sup id="cite_ref-units_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-units-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. (Earlier implementations support up to 64<span class="nowrap"> </span>KB)<sup id="cite_ref-MS-FSA_id_1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MS-FSA_id_1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maximum NTFS volume size that the specification can support is <span class="nowrap">2<sup>64</sup> − 1</span> clusters, but not all implementations achieve this theoretical maximum, as discussed below. </p><p>The maximum NTFS volume size implemented in Windows XP Professional is <span class="nowrap">2<sup>32</sup> − 1</span> clusters, partly due to partition table limitations. For example, using 64<span class="nowrap"> </span>KB clusters, the maximum size Windows XP NTFS volume is 256<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a> minus 64<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">KB</a>. Using the default cluster size of 4<span class="nowrap"> </span>KB, the maximum NTFS volume size is 16<span class="nowrap"> </span>TB minus 4<span class="nowrap"> </span>KB. Both of these are vastly higher than the 128<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a><sup id="cite_ref-units_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-units-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> limit in <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP#Service_Pack_1" title="Windows XP">Windows XP SP1</a>. The size of a partition in the Master Boot Record (MBR) is limited to 2 TiB with a hard drive with 512-byte physical sectors,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although for a 4 KiB physical sector the MBR partition size limit is 16 TiB. An alternative is to use multiple <a href="/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GUID Partition Table</a> (GPT or "dynamic") volumes for be combined to create a single NTFS volume larger than 2 TiB. Booting from a GPT volume to a Windows environment in a Microsoft supported way requires a system with <a href="/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface">Unified Extensible Firmware Interface</a> (UEFI) and 64-bit<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> support.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GPT data disks are supported on systems with BIOS. </p><p>The NTFS maximum theoretical limit on the size of individual files is 16<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Exabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Exabyte">EB</a><sup id="cite_ref-units_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-units-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="nowrap">16 × 1024<sup>6</sup></span> or <span class="nowrap">2<sup>64</sup> bytes</span>) minus 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>KB, which totals 18,446,744,073,709,550,592 bytes. With <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> version 1709 and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2019" title="Windows Server 2019">Windows Server 2019</a>, the maximum <i>implemented</i> file size is 8<span class="nowrap"> </span>PB<sup id="cite_ref-units_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-units-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> minus 2<span class="nowrap"> </span>MB or 9,007,199,252,643,840 bytes.<sup id="cite_ref-MS-FSA_id_1_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MS-FSA_id_1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interoperability">Interoperability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interoperability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Windows">Windows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Windows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the different NTFS versions are for the most part fully <a href="/wiki/Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">forward</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward-compatible</a>, there are technical considerations for mounting newer NTFS volumes in older versions of Microsoft Windows. This affects dual-booting, and external portable hard drives. For example, attempting to use an NTFS partition with "Previous Versions" (<a href="/wiki/Volume_Shadow_Copy" class="mw-redirect" title="Volume Shadow Copy">Volume Shadow Copy</a>) on an operating system that does not support it will result in the contents of those previous versions being lost.<sup id="cite_ref-techBlog2007_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techBlog2007-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Windows command-line utility called <a href="/wiki/Convert_(command)" title="Convert (command)">convert.exe</a> can convert supporting file systems to NTFS, including <a href="/wiki/High_Performance_File_System" title="High Performance File System">HPFS</a> (only on Windows NT 3.1, 3.5, and 3.51), <a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT16</a> and FAT32 (on Windows 2000 and later).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: FreeBSD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> 3.2 released in May 1999 included read-only NTFS support written by Semen Ustimenko.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OpenBSDman_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenBSDman-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This implementation was ported to <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a> by Christos Zoulas and Jaromir Dolecek and released with NetBSD 1.5 in December 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FreeBSD implementation of NTFS was also ported to <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> by Julien Bordet and offers native read-only NTFS support by default on i386 and amd64 platforms as of version 4.9 released 1 May 2011.<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit">[update]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OpenBSDman_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenBSDman-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linux">Linux</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Linux"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> versions 2.1.74 and later include a driver written by Martin von Löwis which has the ability to read NTFS partitions;<sup id="cite_ref-LinuxNTFSCredits_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LinuxNTFSCredits-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kernel versions 2.5.11 and later contain a new driver written by Anton Altaparmakov (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>) and Richard Russon which supports file read.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LinuxNTFSCredits_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LinuxNTFSCredits-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ability to write to files was introduced with kernel version 2.6.15 in 2006 which allows users to write to existing files but does not allow the creation of new ones.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paragon's NTFS driver (see below) has been merged into kernel version 5.15, and it supports read/write on normal, compressed and sparse files, as well as journal replaying.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/NTFS-3G" title="NTFS-3G">NTFS-3G</a> is a free <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a>-licensed <a href="/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace" title="Filesystem in Userspace">FUSE</a> implementation of NTFS that was initially developed as a Linux kernel driver by Szabolcs Szakacsits. It was re-written as a FUSE program to work on other systems that FUSE supports like <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, FreeBSD, NetBSD, <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solaris, <a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haiku_(operating_system)" title="Haiku (operating system)">Haiku</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and allows reading and writing to NTFS partitions. A performance enhanced commercial version of NTFS-3G, called "<a href="/wiki/Tuxera" title="Tuxera">Tuxera</a> NTFS for Mac", is also available from the NTFS-3G developers.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Captive_NTFS" title="Captive NTFS">Captive NTFS</a>, a 'wrapping' driver that uses Windows' own driver <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">ntfs.sys</span>, exists for Linux. It was built as a <a href="/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace" title="Filesystem in Userspace">Filesystem in Userspace</a> (FUSE) program and released under the GPL but work on Captive NTFS ceased in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linux kernel versions 5.15 onwards carry NTFS3, a fully functional NTFS Read-Write driver which works on NTFS versions up to 3.1 and is maintained primarily by the <a href="/wiki/Paragon_Software_Group" title="Paragon Software Group">Paragon Software Group</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="macOS">macOS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: macOS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">Mac OS X 10.3</a> included Ustimenko's read-only implementation of NTFS from FreeBSD. Then in 2006 Apple hired Anton Altaparmakov to write a new NTFS implementation for <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">Mac OS X 10.6</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Native NTFS write support is included in 10.6 and later, but is not activated by default, although workarounds do exist to enable the functionality. However, user reports indicate the functionality is unstable and tends to cause <a href="/wiki/Kernel_panic" title="Kernel panic">kernel panics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paragon_Software_Group" title="Paragon Software Group">Paragon Software Group</a> sells a read-write driver named <i>NTFS for Mac</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is also included on some models of <a href="/wiki/Seagate_Technology" title="Seagate Technology">Seagate</a> hard drives.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OS/2"><span id="OS.2F2"></span>OS/2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: OS/2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The NetDrive package for <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> (and derivatives such as <a href="/wiki/EComStation" title="EComStation">eComStation</a> and <a href="/wiki/ArcaOS" title="ArcaOS">ArcaOS</a>) supports a plugin which allows read and write access to NTFS volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DOS">DOS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: DOS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a free-for-personal-use read/write driver for <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> by <a href="/wiki/Avira" title="Avira">Avira</a> called "NTFS4DOS".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ahead_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahead Software">Ahead Software</a> developed a "NTFSREAD" driver (version 1.200) for <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a> 7.0x between 2002 and 2004. It was part of their <a href="/wiki/Nero_Burning_ROM" title="Nero Burning ROM">Nero Burning ROM</a> software. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NTFS uses <a href="/wiki/Access_control_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Access control list">access control lists</a> and user-level encryption to help secure user data. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Access_control_lists_(ACLs)"><span id="Access_control_lists_.28ACLs.29"></span>Access control lists (ACLs)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Access control lists (ACLs)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NTPermissions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2f/NTPermissions.png/200px-NTPermissions.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2f/NTPermissions.png/300px-NTPermissions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2f/NTPermissions.png/400px-NTPermissions.png 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>NTFS file system permissions on a modern <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a> system</figcaption></figure> <p>In NTFS, each file or folder is assigned a <a href="/wiki/Security_descriptor" title="Security descriptor">security descriptor</a> that defines its owner and contains two <a href="/wiki/Access_control_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Access control list">access control lists</a> (ACLs). The first ACL, called <a href="/wiki/Discretionary_access_control" title="Discretionary access control">discretionary access control</a> list (DACL), defines exactly what type of interactions (e.g. reading, writing, executing or deleting) are allowed or forbidden by which user or groups of users. For example, files in the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">C:\Program Files</code> folder may be read and executed by all users but modified only by a user holding administrative privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windows Vista adds <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_access_control" title="Mandatory access control">mandatory access control</a> info to DACLs. DACLs are the primary focus of <a href="/wiki/User_Account_Control" title="User Account Control">User Account Control</a> in <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> and later. </p><p>The second ACL, called system access control list (SACL), defines which interactions with the file or folder are to be audited and whether they should be logged when the activity is successful, failed or both. For example, auditing can be enabled on sensitive files of a company, so that its managers get to know when someone tries to delete them or make a copy of them, and whether they succeed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encryption">Encryption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Encryption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">Encrypting File System</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">Encrypting File System</a> (EFS) provides user-transparent encryption of any file or folder on an NTFS volume.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EFS works in conjunction with the EFS service, Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_Application_Programming_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptographic Application Programming Interface">CryptoAPI</a> and the EFS File System Run-Time Library (FSRTL). EFS works by encrypting a file with a bulk <a href="/wiki/Symmetric_key_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmetric key algorithm">symmetric key</a> (also known as the File Encryption Key, or FEK), which is used because it takes a relatively small amount of time to encrypt and decrypt large amounts of data than if an <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_key_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetric key algorithm">asymmetric key</a> cipher is used. The symmetric key that is used to encrypt the file is then encrypted with a <a href="/wiki/Public_key_cryptography" class="mw-redirect" title="Public key cryptography">public key</a> that is associated with the user who encrypted the file, and this encrypted data is stored in an alternate data stream of the encrypted file. To decrypt the file, the file system uses the <a href="/wiki/Private_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Private key">private key</a> of the user to decrypt the symmetric key that is stored in the data stream. It then uses the symmetric key to decrypt the file. Because this is done at the file system level, it is transparent to the user.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, in case of a user losing access to their key, support for additional decryption keys has been built into the EFS system, so that a recovery agent can still access the files if needed. NTFS-provided encryption and NTFS-provided compression are mutually exclusive; however, NTFS can be used for one and a third-party tool for the other. </p><p>The support of EFS is not available in Basic, Home, and MediaCenter versions of Windows, and must be activated after installation of Professional, Ultimate, and Server versions of Windows or by using enterprise deployment tools within Windows domains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journaling">Journaling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Journaling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NTFS is a <a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">journaling file system</a> and uses the NTFS Log (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$LogFile</span>) to record metadata changes to the volume. It is a feature that FAT does not provide and is critical for NTFS to ensure that its complex internal data structures will remain consistent in case of system crashes or data moves performed by the <a href="/wiki/Defragmentation" title="Defragmentation">defragmentation</a> API, and allow easy rollback of uncommitted changes to these critical data structures when the volume is remounted. Notably affected structures are the volume allocation bitmap, modifications to <a href="#Master_File_Table">MFT</a> records such as moves of some variable-length attributes stored in MFT records and attribute lists, and indices for directories and <a href="/wiki/Security_descriptor" title="Security descriptor">security descriptors</a>. </p><p>The (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$LogFile</span>) format has evolved through several versions: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Windows Version </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$LogFile</span> format version </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0" title="Windows NT 4.0">Windows NT 4.0</a> </td> <td rowspan="5">1.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The incompatibility of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$LogFile</span> versions implemented by <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">Windows 11</a> prevents <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> (and earlier versions of Windows) from recognizing version 2.0 of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$LogFile</span>. Backward compatibility is provided by downgrading the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$LogFile</span> to version 1.1 when an NTFS volume is cleanly dismounted. It is again upgraded to version 2.0 when mounting on a compatible version of Windows. However, when hibernating to disk in the logoff state (a.k.a. Hybrid Boot or Fast Boot, which is enabled by default), mounted file systems are not dismounted, and thus the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$LogFile</span>s of any active file systems are not downgraded to version 1.1. The inability to process version 2.0 of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$LogFile</span> by versions of Windows older than 8.0 results in an unnecessary invocation of the <a href="/wiki/CHKDSK" title="CHKDSK">CHKDSK</a> disk repair utility. This is particularly a concern in a <a href="/wiki/Multi-boot" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-boot">multi-boot</a> scenario involving pre- and post-8.0 versions of Windows, or when frequently moving a storage device between older and newer versions. A <a href="/wiki/Windows_Registry" title="Windows Registry">Windows Registry</a> setting exists to prevent the automatic upgrade of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$LogFile</span> to the newer version. The problem can also be dealt with by disabling Hybrid Boot.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/USN_Journal" title="USN Journal">USN Journal</a> (Update Sequence Number Journal) is a system management feature that records (in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$Extend\$UsnJrnl</span>) changes to files, streams and directories on the volume, as well as their various attributes and security settings. The journal is made available for applications to track changes to the volume.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This journal can be enabled or disabled on non-system volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hard_links">Hard links</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hard links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hard_link" title="Hard link">hard link</a> feature allows different file names to directly refer to the same file contents. Hard links may link only to files in the same volume, because each volume has its own <a href="#Master_File_Table">MFT</a>. Hard links were originally included to support the <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> subsystem in Windows NT.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although hard links use the same MFT record (<a href="/wiki/Inode" title="Inode">inode</a>) which records file metadata such as file size, modification date, and attributes, NTFS also caches this data in the directory entry as a performance enhancement. This means that when listing the contents of a directory using FindFirstFile/FindNextFile family of APIs, (equivalent to the POSIX opendir/readdir APIs) you will also receive this cached information, in addition to the name and inode. However, you may not see up-to-date information, as this information is only guaranteed to be updated when a file is closed, and then only for the directory from which the file was opened.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means where a file has multiple names via hard links, updating a file via one name does not update the cached data associated with the other name. You can always obtain up-to-date data using GetFileInformationByHandle (which is the true equivalent of POSIX stat function). This can be done using a handle which has no access to the file itself (passing zero to CreateFile for dwDesiredAccess), and closing this handle has the incidental effect of updating the cached information. </p><p>Windows uses hard links to support <a href="/wiki/8.3_filename" title="8.3 filename">short (8.3) filenames</a> in NTFS. Operating system support is needed because there are legacy applications that can work only with 8.3 filenames, but support can be disabled. In this case, an additional filename record and directory entry is added, but both 8.3 and long file name are linked and updated together, unlike a regular hard link. </p><p>The NTFS file system has a limit of 1023 <a href="/wiki/Hard_link" title="Hard link">hard links</a> on a file.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternate_data_stream_(ADS)"><span id="Alternate_data_stream_.28ADS.29"></span>Alternate data stream (ADS)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Alternate data stream (ADS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fork_(file_system)" title="Fork (file system)">Fork (file system)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mark_of_the_Web" title="Mark of the Web">Mark of the Web</a></div> <p>Alternate data streams allow more than one <a href="/wiki/Stream_(computing)#Other_uses" title="Stream (computing)">data stream</a> to be associated with a filename (a <a href="/wiki/Fork_(file_system)" title="Fork (file system)">fork</a>), using the format "filename:streamname" (e.g., "text.txt:extrastream"). These streams are not shown to or made editable by users through any typical <a href="/wiki/GUI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI">GUI</a> application built into Windows by default, disguising their existence from most users. Although intended for helpful <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>, their arcane nature makes them a potential hiding place for malware, spyware, unseen browser history, and other potentially unwanted information. </p><p>Alternate streams are not listed in Windows Explorer, and their size is not included in the file's size. When the file is copied or moved to another file system without ADS support the user is warned that alternate data streams cannot be preserved. No such warning is typically provided if the file is attached to an e-mail, or uploaded to a website. Thus, using alternate streams for critical data may cause problems. Microsoft provides a downloadable tool called Streams<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to view streams on a selected volume. Starting with <a href="/wiki/Windows_PowerShell" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows PowerShell">Windows PowerShell</a> 3.0, it is possible to manage ADS natively with six cmdlets: Add-Content, Clear-Content, Get-Content, Get-Item, Remove-Item, Set-Content.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small ADS named <code>Zone.Identifier</code> is added by <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a> and by most browsers to mark files downloaded from external sites as possibly unsafe to run; the local shell would then require user confirmation before opening them.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the user indicates that they no longer want this confirmation dialog, this ADS is deleted. This functionality is also known as "<a href="/wiki/Mark_of_the_Web" title="Mark of the Web">Mark of the Web</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without deep modifications to the source code, all <a href="/wiki/Chromium_(browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium (browser)">Chromium</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a>-based web browsers also write the <code>Zone.Identifier</code> stream to downloaded files. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a> has used alternate data streams to hide code.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the late 2000s, some malware scanners and other special tools check for alternate data streams. Due to the risks associated with ADS, particularly involving privacy and the <code>Zone.Identifier</code> stream, there exists software specifically designed to strip streams from files (certain streams with perceived risk or all of them) in a user-friendly way.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NTFS Streams were introduced in <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.1" title="Windows NT 3.1">Windows NT 3.1</a>, to enable Services for Macintosh (SFM) to store <a href="/wiki/Resource_fork" title="Resource fork">resource forks</a>. Although current versions of Windows Server no longer include SFM, third-party <a href="/wiki/Apple_Filing_Protocol" title="Apple Filing Protocol">Apple Filing Protocol</a> (AFP) products (such as <a href="/wiki/GroupLogic" title="GroupLogic">GroupLogic</a>'s ExtremeZ-IP) still use this feature of the file system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="File_compression">File compression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: File compression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compression is enabled on a per-folder or per-file basis by setting the 'compressed' attribute. When compression is enabled on a folder, any files moved or saved to that folder will be automatically <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">compressed</a> using LZNT1 algorithm (a variant of <a href="/wiki/LZ77" class="mw-redirect" title="LZ77">LZ77</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The compression algorithm is designed to support cluster sizes of up to 4 KB; when the cluster size is greater than 4 KB on an NTFS volume, NTFS compression is not available.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data is compressed in 16-cluster chunks (up to 64 KB in size); if the compression reduces 64<span class="nowrap"> </span>KB of data to 60<span class="nowrap"> </span>KB or less, NTFS treats the unneeded 4<span class="nowrap"> </span>KB pages like empty <a href="/wiki/Sparse_file" title="Sparse file">sparse file</a> clusters—they are not written. This allows for reasonable random-access times as the OS merely has to follow the chain of fragments. </p><p>Compression works best with files that have repetitive content, are seldom written, are usually accessed sequentially, and are not themselves compressed. Single-user systems with limited hard disk space can benefit from NTFS compression for small files, from 4<span class="nowrap"> </span>KB to 64<span class="nowrap"> </span>KB or more, depending on compressibility. Files smaller than approximately 900 bytes are stored within the directory entry of the <a href="#Master_File_Table">MFT</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-How_NTFS_Works_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_NTFS_Works-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Advantages">Advantages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Users of fast <a href="/wiki/Multi-core_processor" title="Multi-core processor">multi-core processors</a> will find improvements in application speed by compressing their applications and data as well as a reduction in space used. Even when SSD controllers already compress data, there is still a reduction in I/Os since less data is transferred.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to research by Microsoft's NTFS Development team, 50–60<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> is a reasonable maximum size for a compressed file on an NTFS volume with a 4<span class="nowrap"> </span>KB (default) cluster (block) size. This reasonable maximum size decreases sharply for volumes with smaller cluster sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-understanding-ntfs-compression_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-understanding-ntfs-compression-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Large compressible files become highly fragmented since every chunk smaller than 64<span class="nowrap"> </span>KB becomes a fragment.<sup id="cite_ref-understanding-ntfs-compression_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-understanding-ntfs-compression-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flash memory, such as <a href="/wiki/SSD" class="mw-redirect" title="SSD">SSD</a> drives do not have the head movement delays and high <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive_performance_characteristics#Access_time" title="Hard disk drive performance characteristics">access time</a> of mechanical <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drives" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk drives">hard disk drives</a>, so fragmentation has only a smaller penalty. </p><p>If system files that are needed at boot time (such as drivers, NTLDR, winload.exe, or BOOTMGR) are compressed, the system may fail to boot correctly, because decompression filters are not yet loaded.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (May 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Later editions of Windows<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2016)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> do not allow important system files to be compressed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System_compression">System compression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: System compression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="CompactOS_algorithms"></span><span class="anchor" id="CompactOS_compression"></span><span class="anchor" id="CompactOS"></span><span class="anchor" id="WIMBoot"></span> Since <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a>, Microsoft has introduced new file compression scheme based on the XPRESS algorithm with 4K/8K/16K block size<sup id="cite_ref-ms-xca_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ms-xca-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/LZX" title="LZX">LZX</a> algorithm;<sup id="cite_ref-wmilib-compression_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wmilib-compression-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both are variants of <a href="/wiki/LZ77" class="mw-redirect" title="LZ77">LZ77</a> updated with <a href="/wiki/Huffman_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffman encoding">Huffman entropy coding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Range_coding" title="Range coding">range coding</a>, which LZNT1 lacked. These compression algorithms were taken from <a href="/wiki/Windows_Imaging_Format" title="Windows Imaging Format">Windows Imaging Format</a> (WIM file). </p><p>The new compression scheme is used by CompactOS feature, which reduces disk usage by compressing Windows system files.<sup id="cite_ref-compactos_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compactos-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CompactOS is not an extension of NTFS file compression and does not use the 'compressed' attribute; instead, it sets a <a href="/wiki/NTFS_reparse_point#System_compression" title="NTFS reparse point">reparse point</a> on each compressed file with a WOF (Windows Overlay Filter) tag,<sup id="cite_ref-oldnewthing-wof_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldnewthing-wof-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the actual data is stored in an alternate data stream named "WofCompressedData", which is decompressed on-the-fly by a WOF <a href="/wiki/Installable_File_System" title="Installable File System">filesystem filter</a> driver, and the main file is an empty <a href="/wiki/Sparse_file" title="Sparse file">sparse file</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oldnewthing-wof_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldnewthing-wof-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This design is meant purely for read-only access, so any writes to compressed files result in an automatic decompression.<sup id="cite_ref-oldnewthing-wof_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldnewthing-wof-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CompactOS compression is intended for <a href="/wiki/OEM" class="mw-redirect" title="OEM">OEMs</a> who prepare OS images with the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">/compact</code> flag of the <a href="/wiki/DISM" class="mw-redirect" title="DISM"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DISM</code> tool</a> in <a href="/wiki/Windows_Assessment_and_Deployment_Kit" title="Windows Assessment and Deployment Kit">Windows ADK</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it can also be manually turned on per file with the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">/exe</code> flag of the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">compact</code> command.<sup id="cite_ref-compact-reference_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compact-reference-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CompactOS algorithm avoids <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(computing)" title="Fragmentation (computing)">file fragmentation</a> by writing compressed data in contiguously allocated chunks, unlike core NTFS compression.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>CompactOS file compression is an improved version of WIMBoot feature introduced in <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a>. WIMBoot reduces Windows disk usage by keeping system files in a <a href="/wiki/Windows_Imaging_Format" title="Windows Imaging Format">compressed WIM image</a> on a separate hidden <a href="/wiki/Disk_partition" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk partition">disk partition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wimboot_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wimboot-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly to CompactOS, Windows system directories only contain <a href="/wiki/Sparse_file" title="Sparse file">sparse files</a> marked by a reparse point with a WOF tag, and Windows Overlay Filter driver decompresses file contents on-the-fly from the WIM image. WIMBoot is less effective than CompactOS though, as new updated versions of system files need to be written to the system partition, consuming disk space.<sup id="cite_ref-oldnewthing-wof_79-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldnewthing-wof-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sparse_files">Sparse files</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sparse files"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sparse_file_(en).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sparse_file_%28en%29.svg/220px-Sparse_file_%28en%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sparse_file_%28en%29.svg/330px-Sparse_file_%28en%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sparse_file_%28en%29.svg/440px-Sparse_file_%28en%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>A sparse file: Empty bytes don't need to be saved, thus they can be represented by <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:One_Petabyte_of_Files_(Windows_10_Professional).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/One_Petabyte_of_Files_%28Windows_10_Professional%29.png/220px-One_Petabyte_of_Files_%28Windows_10_Professional%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/One_Petabyte_of_Files_%28Windows_10_Professional%29.png/330px-One_Petabyte_of_Files_%28Windows_10_Professional%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/One_Petabyte_of_Files_%28Windows_10_Professional%29.png/440px-One_Petabyte_of_Files_%28Windows_10_Professional%29.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>One <a href="/wiki/Petabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Petabyte">petabyte</a> (1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes) of sparse files, 0 bytes on disk.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sparse_file" title="Sparse file">Sparse files</a> are files interspersed with empty segments for which no actual storage space is used. To the applications, the file looks like an ordinary file with empty regions seen as regions filled with zeros; the file system maintains an internal list of such regions for each sparse file.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sparse file does not necessarily include sparse zeros areas; the "sparse file" attribute just means that the file is allowed to have them. </p><p>Database applications, for instance, may use sparse files.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with compressed files, the actual sizes of sparse files are not taken into account when determining quota limits.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volume_Shadow_Copy">Volume Shadow Copy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Volume Shadow Copy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">Volume Shadow Copy Service (VSS)</a> keeps historical versions of files and folders on NTFS volumes by copying old, newly overwritten data to shadow copy via <a href="/wiki/Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">copy-on-write</a> technique. The user may later request an earlier version to be recovered. This also allows data backup programs to archive files currently in use by the file system. </p><p>Windows Vista also introduced persistent shadow copies for use with <a href="/wiki/System_Restore" title="System Restore">System Restore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Previous_Versions" class="mw-redirect" title="Previous Versions">Previous Versions</a> features. Persistent shadow copies, however, are deleted when an older operating system mounts that NTFS volume. This happens because the older operating system does not understand the newer format of persistent shadow copies.<sup id="cite_ref-techBlog2007_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techBlog2007-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transactions">Transactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Transactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of Windows Vista, applications can use <a href="/wiki/Transactional_NTFS" title="Transactional NTFS">Transactional NTFS</a> (TxF) to group multiple changes to files together into a single transaction. The transaction will guarantee that either all of the changes happen, or none of them do, and that no application outside the transaction will see the changes until they are committed.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It uses similar techniques as those used for Volume Shadow Copies (i.e. copy-on-write) to ensure that overwritten data can be safely rolled back, and a <a href="/wiki/Common_Log_File_System" title="Common Log File System">CLFS</a> log to mark the transactions that have still not been committed, or those that have been committed but still not fully applied (in case of system crash during a commit by one of the participants). </p><p>Transactional NTFS does not restrict transactions to just the local NTFS volume, but also includes other transactional data or operations in other locations such as data stored in separate volumes, the local registry, or SQL databases, or the current states of system services or remote services. These transactions are coordinated network-wide with all participants using a specific service, the <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Transaction_Coordinator" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed Transaction Coordinator">DTC</a>, to ensure that all participants will receive same commit state, and to transport the changes that have been validated by any participant (so that the others can invalidate their local caches for old data or rollback their ongoing uncommitted changes). Transactional NTFS allows, for example, the creation of network-wide consistent distributed file systems, including with their local live or offline caches. </p><p>Microsoft now advises against using TxF: "Microsoft strongly recommends developers utilize alternative means" since "TxF may not be available in future versions of Microsoft Windows".<sup id="cite_ref-NTFS-TxF_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NTFS-TxF-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quotas">Quotas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Quotas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Disk_quota" title="Disk quota">Disk quotas</a> were introduced in NTFS v3. They allow the administrator of a computer that runs a version of Windows that supports NTFS to set a threshold of disk space that users may use. It also allows administrators to keep track of how much disk space each user is using. An administrator may specify a certain level of disk space that a user may use before they receive a warning, and then deny access to the user once they hit their upper limit of space. Disk quotas do not take into account NTFS's transparent <a href="/wiki/File_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="File compression">file-compression</a>, should this be enabled. Applications that query the amount of free space will also see the amount of free space left to the user who has a quota applied to them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reparse_points">Reparse points</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Reparse points"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/NTFS_reparse_point" title="NTFS reparse point">NTFS reparse point</a></div> <p>Introduced in NTFS v3, NTFS reparse points are used by associating a reparse tag in the user space attribute of a file or directory. Microsoft includes several default tags including <a href="/wiki/NTFS_symbolic_link" class="mw-redirect" title="NTFS symbolic link">symbolic links</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTFS_junction_point" class="mw-redirect" title="NTFS junction point">directory junction points</a> and <a href="/wiki/NTFS_volume_mount_point" title="NTFS volume mount point">volume mount points</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Object_Manager_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="Object Manager (Windows)">Object Manager</a> parses a file system name lookup and encounters a reparse attribute, it will <i>reparse</i> the name lookup, passing the user controlled reparse data to every file system filter driver that is loaded into Windows. Each filter driver examines the reparse data to see whether it is associated with that reparse point, and if that filter driver determines a match, then it intercepts the file system request and performs its special functionality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resizing">Resizing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Resizing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting with <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> Microsoft added the built-in ability to shrink or expand a partition. However, this ability does not relocate page file fragments or files that have been marked as unmovable, so shrinking a volume will often require relocating or disabling any <a href="/wiki/Pagefile#Windows_NT" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagefile">page file</a>, the index of <a href="/wiki/Windows_Search" title="Windows Search">Windows Search</a>, and any <a href="#Volume_Shadow_Copy">Shadow Copy</a> used by <a href="/wiki/System_Restore" title="System Restore">System Restore</a>. Various third-party tools are capable of resizing NTFS partitions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OneDrive">OneDrive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: OneDrive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2017, Microsoft requires the OneDrive file structure to reside on an NTFS disk.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because OneDrive Files On-Demand feature uses NTFS reparse points to link files and folders that are stored in OneDrive to the local filesystem, making the file or folder unusable with any previous version of Windows, with any other NTFS file system driver, or any file system and backup utilities not updated to support it.<sup id="cite_ref-ntfs-3g_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntfs-3g-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NTFS is made up of several components including: a partition boot sector (PBS) that holds boot information; the master file table that stores a record of all files and folders in the filesystem; a series of meta files that help structure meta data more efficiently; data streams and locking mechanisms. </p><p>Internally, NTFS uses <a href="/wiki/B-tree" title="B-tree">B-trees</a> to index file system data. A <a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">file system journal</a> is used to guarantee the integrity of the file system metadata but not individual files' content. Systems using NTFS are known to have improved reliability compared to FAT file systems.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NTFS allows any sequence of 16-bit values for name encoding (e.g. file names, stream names or index names) except 0x0000. This means <a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a> code units are supported, but the file system does not check whether a sequence is valid UTF-16 (it allows any sequence of <a href="/wiki/Integer_(computer_science)#Short_integer" title="Integer (computer science)">short</a> values, not restricted to those in the Unicode standard). In Win32 namespace, any UTF-16 code units are case insensitive whereas in POSIX namespace they are case sensitive. File names are limited to 255 UTF-16 code units. Certain names are reserved in the volume root directory and cannot be used for files. These are <code><a href="#Master_File_Table">$MFT</a></code>, <code>$MFTMirr</code>, <code>$LogFile</code>, <code>$Volume</code>, <code>$AttrDef</code>, <code>.</code> (dot), <code>$Bitmap</code>, <code>$Boot</code>, <code>$BadClus</code>, <code>$Secure</code>, <code>$UpCase</code>, and <code>$Extend</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-How_NTFS_Works_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_NTFS_Works-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <code>.</code> (dot) and <code>$Extend</code> are both directories; the others are files. The NT kernel limits full paths to 32,767 UTF-16 code units. There are some additional restrictions on code points and file names.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partition_Boot_Sector_(PBS)"><span id="Partition_Boot_Sector_.28PBS.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="PBS"></span> Partition Boot Sector (PBS)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Partition Boot Sector (PBS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"> <caption>NTFS boot sector contents<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (All values except strings are stored in <a href="/wiki/Endianness" title="Endianness">little endian</a> order.) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Byte offset </th> <th scope="col">Field length </th> <th scope="col">Typical value </th> <th colspan="2">Field name </th> <th scope="col">Purpose </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0x00 </th> <td>3 bytes </td> <td>0xEB5290 </td> <td colspan="2">x86 <a href="/wiki/JMP_(x86_instruction)" title="JMP (x86 instruction)">JMP</a> and <a href="/wiki/NOP_(code)#Machine_language_instructions" title="NOP (code)">NOP</a> instructions </td> <td>Causes execution to continue after the data structures in this boot sector. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0x03 </th> <td>8 bytes </td> <td>"<code>NTFS    </code>"<br /><small>Word "NTFS" followed by four trailing spaces (0x20)</small> </td> <td colspan="2">OEM ID </td> <td>This is the magic number that indicates this is an NTFS file system. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0x0B </th> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">2 bytes </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">0x0200 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="background: #ADD8E6">BPB </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">Bytes per sector </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">The number of bytes in a disk sector. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0x0D </th> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">1 byte </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">0x08 </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">Sectors Per Cluster </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">The number of sectors in a cluster. If the value is greater than 0x80, the amount of sectors is 2 to the power of the absolute value of considering this field to be negative. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0x0E </th> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">2 bytes </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">0x0000 </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">Reserved Sectors, unused </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0x10 </th> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">3 bytes </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">0x000000 </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">Unused </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">This field is always 0 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0x13 </th> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">2 bytes </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">0x0000 </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">Unused by NTFS </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">This field is always 0 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0x15 </th> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">1 byte </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">0xF8 </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">Media Descriptor </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">The type of drive. 0xF8 is used to denote a hard drive (in contrast to the several sizes of floppy). </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0x16 </th> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">2 bytes </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">0x0000 </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">Unused </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">This field is always 0 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0x18 </th> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">2 bytes </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">0x003F </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">Sectors Per Track </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">The number of disk sectors in a drive track. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0x1A </th> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">2 bytes </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">0x00FF </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">Number Of Heads </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">The number of heads on the drive. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0x1C </th> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">4 bytes </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">0x0000003F </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">Hidden Sectors </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">The number of sectors preceding the partition. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0x20 </th> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">4 bytes </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">0x00000000 </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">Unused </td> <td style="background: #ADD8E6">Not used by NTFS </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0x24 </th> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">4 bytes </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">0x00800080 </td> <td rowspan="10" style="background: #ADD8FF">EBPB </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">Unused </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">Not used by NTFS </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0x28 </th> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">8 bytes </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">0x00000000007FF54A </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">Total sectors </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">The partition size in sectors. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0x30 </th> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">8 bytes </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">0x0000000000000004 </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">$MFT cluster number </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">The cluster that contains the Master File Table </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0x38 </th> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">8 bytes </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">0x000000000007FF54 </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">$MFTMirr cluster number </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">The cluster that contains a backup of the Master File Table </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0x40 </th> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">1 byte </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">0xF6 </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">Bytes or Clusters Per File Record Segment </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">A positive value denotes the number of clusters in a File Record Segment. A negative value denotes the amount of bytes in a File Record Segment, in which case the size is 2 to the power of the absolute value. (0xF6 = -10 → 2<sup>10</sup> = 1024). </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0x41 </th> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">3 bytes </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">0x000000 </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">Unused </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">This field is not used by NTFS </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0x44 </th> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">1 byte </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">0x01 </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">Bytes or Clusters Per Index Buffer </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">A positive value denotes the number of clusters in an Index Buffer. A negative value denotes the amount of bytes and it uses the same algorithm for negative numbers as the "Bytes or Clusters Per File Record Segment." </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0x45 </th> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">3 bytes </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">0x000000 </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">Unused </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">This field is not used by NTFS </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0x48 </th> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">8 bytes </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">0x1C741BC9741BA514 </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">Volume Serial Number </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">A unique random number assigned to this partition, to keep things organized. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0x50 </th> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">4 bytes </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">0x00000000 </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">Checksum, unused </td> <td style="background: #ADD8FF">Supposedly a checksum. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0x54 </th> <td>426 bytes </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2">Bootstrap Code </td> <td>The code that loads the rest of the operating system. This is pointed to by the first 3 bytes of this sector. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0x01FE </th> <td>2 bytes </td> <td>0xAA55 </td> <td colspan="2">End-of-sector Marker </td> <td>This flag indicates that this is a valid boot sector. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This boot partition format is roughly based upon the earlier <a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a> filesystem, but the fields are in different locations. Some of these fields, especially the "sectors per track", "number of heads" and "hidden sectors" fields may contain dummy values on drives where they either do not make sense or are not determinable. </p><p>The OS first looks at the 8 bytes at 0x30 to find the cluster number of the $MFT, then multiplies that number by the number of sectors per cluster (1 byte found at 0x0D). This value is the sector offset (<a href="/wiki/Logical_block_addressing" title="Logical block addressing">LBA</a>) to the $MFT, which is described below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Master_File_Table"><span class="anchor" id="MFT"></span> Master File Table</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Master File Table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In NTFS, all file, directory and <a href="#Metafiles">metafile</a> data—file name, creation date, access permissions (by the use of <a href="/wiki/Access_control_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Access control list">access control lists</a>), and size—are stored as metadata in the <b>Master File Table</b> (<b>MFT</b>). This abstract approach allowed easy addition of file system features during Windows NT's development—an example is the addition of fields for indexing used by the <a href="/wiki/Active_Directory" title="Active Directory">Active Directory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Windows_Search" title="Windows Search">Windows Search</a>. This also enables fast file search software to locate named local files and folders included in the MFT very quickly, without requiring any other index. </p><p>The MFT structure supports algorithms which minimize <a href="/wiki/File_system_fragmentation" title="File system fragmentation">disk fragmentation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A directory entry consists of a filename and a "file ID" (analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Inode_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Inode number">inode number</a>), which is the record number representing the file in the Master File Table. The file ID also contains a reuse count to detect stale references. While this strongly resembles the W_FID of <a href="/wiki/Files-11" title="Files-11">Files-11</a>, other NTFS structures radically differ. </p><p>A partial copy of the MFT, called the MFT mirror, is stored to be used in case of corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the first record of the MFT is corrupted, NTFS reads the second record to find the MFT mirror file. Locations for both files are stored in the boot sector.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metafiles">Metafiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Metafiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NTFS contains several files that define and organize the file system. In all respects, most of these files are structured like any other user file ($Volume being the most peculiar), but are not of direct interest to file system clients.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These metafiles define files, back up critical file system data, buffer file system changes, manage free space allocation, satisfy <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> expectations, track bad allocation units, and store security and disk space usage information. All content is in an unnamed data stream, unless otherwise indicated. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"> <caption>MFT (entries 0–26 are the NTFS metafiles) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Segment number </th> <th scope="col">File name </th> <th scope="col">Purpose </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0 </th> <td><code>$MFT</code> </td> <td>Describes all files on the volume, including file names, timestamps, stream names, and lists of cluster numbers where data streams reside, indexes, <a href="/wiki/Security_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Security identifier">security identifiers</a>, and file attributes like "read only", "compressed", "encrypted", etc. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1 </th> <td><code>$MFTMirr</code> </td> <td>Duplicate of the first vital entries of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$MFT</span>, usually 4 entries (4 <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">kilobytes</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2 </th> <td><code>$LogFile</code> </td> <td>Contains transaction log of file system metadata changes. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3 </th> <td><code>$Volume</code> </td> <td>Contains information about the volume, namely the volume object identifier, <a href="/wiki/Volume_label" class="mw-redirect" title="Volume label">volume label</a>, file system version, and volume flags (mounted, chkdsk requested, requested <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$LogFile</span> resize, mounted on NT 4, volume serial number updating, structure upgrade request). This data is not stored in a data stream, but in special MFT attributes: If present, a volume object ID is stored in an <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$OBJECT_ID</span> record; the volume label is stored in a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$VOLUME_NAME</span> record, and the remaining volume data is in a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$VOLUME_INFORMATION</span> record. Note: volume serial number is stored in file <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$Boot</span> (below). </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">4 </th> <td><code>$AttrDef</code> </td> <td>A table of MFT attributes that associates numeric identifiers with names. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">5 </th> <td><code>.</code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Root_directory" title="Root directory">Root directory</a>. Directory data is stored in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$INDEX_ROOT</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$INDEX_ALLOCATION</span> attributes both named <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$I30</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">6 </th> <td><code>$Bitmap</code> </td> <td>An array of bit entries: each bit indicates whether its corresponding cluster is used (allocated) or free (available for allocation). </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">7 </th> <td><code>$Boot</code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Volume_boot_record" title="Volume boot record">Volume boot record</a> (VBR). This file is always located at the first clusters on the volume. It contains <a href="/wiki/Bootstrapping#Computing" title="Bootstrapping">bootstrap code</a> (see <a href="/wiki/NTLDR" title="NTLDR">NTLDR</a>/<a href="/wiki/Windows_Boot_Manager" title="Windows Boot Manager">BOOTMGR</a>) and a <a href="/wiki/BIOS_parameter_block" title="BIOS parameter block">BIOS parameter block</a> including a <a href="/wiki/Volume_serial_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Volume serial number">volume serial number</a> and cluster numbers of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$MFT</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$MFTMirr</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">8 </th> <td><code>$BadClus</code> </td> <td>A file that contains all the clusters marked as having <a href="/wiki/Bad_sector" title="Bad sector">bad sectors</a>. This file simplifies cluster management by the chkdsk utility, both as a place to put newly discovered bad sectors, and for identifying unreferenced clusters. This file contains two data streams, even on volumes with no bad sectors: an unnamed stream contains bad sectors—it is zero length for perfect volumes; the second stream is named <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$Bad</span> and contains all clusters on the volume not in the first stream. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">9 </th> <td><code>$Secure</code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Access_control_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Access control list">Access control list</a> database that reduces overhead having many identical ACLs stored with each file, by uniquely storing these ACLs only in this database (contains two indices: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$SII</span> <i>(Standard_Information ID)</i> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$SDH</span> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Security_Descriptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Descriptor">Security Descriptor</a> Hash)</i>, which index the stream named <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$SDS</span> containing actual ACL table).<sup id="cite_ref-insidewin2kntfs_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insidewin2kntfs-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">10 </th> <td><code>$UpCase</code> </td> <td>A table of unicode uppercase characters for ensuring case-insensitivity in Win32 and DOS namespaces. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">11 </th> <td><code>$Extend</code> </td> <td>A file system directory containing various optional extensions, such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$Quota</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$ObjId</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$Reparse</span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$UsnJrnl</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">12–23 </th> <td colspan="2">Reserved for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$MFT</span> extension entries. Extension entries are additional MFT records that contain additional attributes that do not fit in the primary record. This could occur if the file is sufficiently fragmented, has many streams, long filenames, complex security, or other rare situations. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">24 </th> <td><code>$Extend\$Quota</code> </td> <td>Holds disk quota information. Contains two index roots, named <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$O</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$Q</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">25 </th> <td><code>$Extend\$ObjId</code> </td> <td>Holds <a href="#Distributed_Link_Tracking_(DLT)">link tracking</a> information. Contains an index root and allocation named <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$O</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">26 </th> <td><code>$Extend\$Reparse</code> </td> <td>Holds <a href="/wiki/Reparse_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Reparse point">reparse point</a> data (such as <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">symbolic links</a>). Contains an index root and allocation named <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$R</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">27– </th> <td colspan="2">Beginning of regular file entries. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>These metafiles are treated specially by Windows, handled directly by the <code>NTFS.SYS</code> driver and are difficult to directly view: special purpose-built tools are needed.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of Windows 7, the NTFS driver completely prohibits user access, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/BSoD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSoD">BSoD</a> whenever an attempt to execute a metadata file is made. One such tool is the nfi.exe ("NTFS File Sector Information Utility") that is freely distributed as part of the Microsoft "OEM Support Tools". For example, to obtain information on the "$MFT"-Master File Table Segment the following command is used: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">nfi.exe c:\$MFT</code><sup id="cite_ref-support.microsoft.com_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-support.microsoft.com-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another way to bypass the restriction is to use <a href="/wiki/7-Zip" title="7-Zip">7-Zip</a>'s file manager and go to the low-level NTFS path <code>\\.\X:\</code> (where <code>X:\</code> resembles any drive/partition). Here, 3 new folders will appear: <code>$EXTEND</code>, <code>[DELETED]</code> (a pseudo-folder that 7-Zip uses to attach files deleted from the file system to view), and <code>[SYSTEM]</code> (another pseudo-folder that contains all the NTFS metadata files). This trick can be used from removable devices (<a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> flash drives, <a href="/wiki/External_hard_drives" class="mw-redirect" title="External hard drives">external hard drives</a>, <a href="/wiki/SD_card" title="SD card">SD cards</a>, etc.) inside Windows, but doing this on the active partition requires offline access (namely <a href="/wiki/WinRE" class="mw-redirect" title="WinRE">WinRE</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attribute_lists,_attributes,_and_streams"><span id="Attribute_lists.2C_attributes.2C_and_streams"></span>Attribute lists, attributes, and streams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Attribute lists, attributes, and streams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For each file (or directory) described in the MFT record, there is a linear repository of stream descriptors (also named <i>attributes</i>), packed together in one or more MFT records (containing the so-called <i>attributes list</i>), with extra padding to fill the fixed 1 KB size of every MFT record, and that fully describes the effective streams associated with that file. </p><p>Each attribute has an attribute type (a fixed-size integer mapping to an attribute definition in file <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$AttrDef</span>), an optional attribute name (for example, used as the name for an alternate data stream), and a value, represented in a sequence of bytes. For NTFS, the standard data of files, the alternate data streams, or the index data for directories are stored as attributes. </p><p>According to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$AttrDef</span>, some attributes can be either resident or non-resident. The <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$DATA</span> attribute, which contains file data, is such an example. When the attribute is resident (which is represented by a flag), its value is stored directly in the MFT record. Otherwise, clusters are allocated for the data, and the cluster location information is stored as data runs in the attribute. </p> <ul><li>For each file in the MFT, the attributes identified by <i>attribute type, attribute name</i> must be unique. Additionally, NTFS has some ordering constraints for these attributes.</li> <li>There is a predefined null attribute type, used to indicate the end of the list of attributes in one MFT record. It must be present as the last attribute in the record (all other storage space available after it will be ignored and just consists of padding bytes to match the record size in the MFT).</li> <li>Some attribute types are required and must be present in each MFT record, except unused records that are just indicated by null attribute types. <ul><li>This is the case for the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$STANDARD_INFORMATION</span> attribute that is stored as a fixed-size record and contains the <a href="/wiki/Timestamp" title="Timestamp">timestamps</a> and other basic single-bit attributes (compatible with those managed by <a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a> in DOS or <a href="/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 9x</a>).</li></ul></li> <li>Some attribute types cannot have a name and must remain anonymous. <ul><li>This is the case for the standard attributes, or for the preferred NTFS "filename" attribute type, or the "short filename" attribute type, when it is also present (for compatibility with DOS-like applications, see below). It is also possible for a file to contain only a short filename, in which case it will be the preferred one, as listed in the Windows Explorer.</li> <li>The filename attributes stored in the attribute list do not make the file immediately accessible through the <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_file_system" title="Hierarchical file system">hierarchical file system</a>. In fact, all the filenames must be indexed separately in at least one other directory on the same volume. There it must have its own MFT record and its own <a href="/wiki/Security_descriptor" title="Security descriptor">security descriptors</a> and attributes that reference the MFT record number for this file. This allows the same file or directory to be "hardlinked" several times from several containers on the same volume, possibly with distinct filenames.</li></ul></li> <li>The default data stream of a regular file is a stream of type <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$DATA</span> but with an anonymous name, and the ADSs are similar but must be named.</li> <li>On the other hand, the default data stream of directories has a distinct type, but are not anonymous: they have an attribute name ("<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$I30</span>" in NTFS 3+) that reflects its indexing format.</li></ul> <p>All attributes of a given file may be displayed by using the nfi.exe ("NTFS File Sector Information Utility") that is freely distributed as part of the Microsoft "OEM Support Tools".<sup id="cite_ref-support.microsoft.com_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-support.microsoft.com-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Windows system calls may handle alternate data streams.<sup id="cite_ref-How_NTFS_Works_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_NTFS_Works-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the operating system, utility and remote file system, a file transfer might silently strip data streams.<sup id="cite_ref-How_NTFS_Works_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_NTFS_Works-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A safe way of copying or moving files is to use the BackupRead and BackupWrite system calls, which allow programs to enumerate streams, to verify whether each stream should be written to the destination volume and to knowingly skip unwanted streams.<sup id="cite_ref-How_NTFS_Works_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_NTFS_Works-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resident_vs._non-resident_attributes">Resident vs. non-resident attributes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Resident vs. non-resident attributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To optimize the storage and reduce the I/O overhead for the very common case of attributes with very small associated value, NTFS prefers to place the value within the attribute itself (if the size of the attribute does not then exceed the maximum size of an MFT record), instead of using the MFT record space to list clusters containing the data; in that case, the attribute will not store the data directly but will just store an allocation map (in the form of <i>data runs</i>) pointing to the actual data stored elsewhere on the volume.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the value can be accessed directly from within the attribute, it is called "resident data" (by <a href="/wiki/Computer_forensics" title="Computer forensics">computer forensics</a> workers). The amount of data that fits is highly dependent on the file's characteristics, but 700 to 800 bytes is common in single-stream files with non-lengthy filenames and no ACLs. </p> <ul><li>Some attributes (such as the preferred filename, the basic file attributes) cannot be made non-resident. For non-resident attributes, their allocation map must fit within MFT records.</li> <li>Encrypted-by-NTFS, sparse data streams, or compressed data streams cannot be made resident.</li> <li>The format of the allocation map for non-resident attributes depends on its capability of supporting sparse data storage. In the current implementation of NTFS, once a non-resident data stream has been marked and converted as sparse, it cannot be changed back to non-sparse data, so it cannot become resident again, unless this data is fully truncated, discarding the sparse allocation map completely.</li> <li>When a non-resident attribute is so fragmented that its effective allocation map cannot fit entirely within one MFT record, NTFS stores the attribute in multiple records. The first one among them is called the base record, while the others are called extension records. NTFS creates a special attribute <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$ATTRIBUTE_LIST</span> to store information mapping different parts of the long attribute to the MFT records, which means the allocation map may be split into multiple records. The <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$ATTRIBUTE_LIST</span> itself can also be non-resident, but its own allocation map must fit within one MFT record.</li> <li>When there are too many attributes for a file (including ADS's, extended attributes, or <a href="/wiki/Security_descriptor" title="Security descriptor">security descriptors</a>), so that they cannot fit all within the MFT record, extension records may also be used to store the other attributes, using the same format as the one used in the base MFT record, but without the space constraints of one MFT record.</li></ul> <p>The allocation map is stored in a form of <i>data runs</i> with compressed encoding. Each data run represents a contiguous group of clusters that store the attribute value. For files on a multi-GB volume, each entry can be encoded as 5 to 7 bytes, which means a <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003800000000000000♠"></span>1 <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">KB</a></span> MFT record can store about 100 such data runs. However, as the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$ATTRIBUTE_LIST</span> also has a size limit, it is dangerous to have more than 1 million fragments of a single file on an NTFS volume, which also implies that it is in general not a good idea to use NTFS compression on a file larger than <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7010800000000000000♠"></span>10 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NTFS file system driver will sometimes attempt to relocate the data of some of the attributes that can be made non-resident into the clusters, and will also attempt to relocate the data stored in clusters back to the attribute inside the MFT record, based on priority and preferred ordering rules, and size constraints. </p><p>Since resident files do not directly occupy clusters ("allocation units"), it is possible for an NTFS volume to contain more files on a volume than there are clusters. For example, a <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7011596000000000000♠"></span>74.5 GB</span> partition NTFS formats with 19,543,064 clusters of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004320000000000000♠"></span>4 KB</span>. Subtracting system files (a <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008512000000000000♠"></span>64 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a></span> log file, a 2,442,888-byte Bitmap file, and about 25 clusters of fixed overhead) leaves 19,526,158 clusters free for files and indices. Since there are four MFT records per cluster, this volume theoretically could hold almost 4 × 19,526,158 = 78,104,632 resident files. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opportunistic_locks">Opportunistic locks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Opportunistic locks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opportunistic file locks (oplocks) allow clients to alter their buffering strategy for a given file or stream in order to increase performance and reduce network use.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oplocks apply to the given open stream of a file and do not affect oplocks on a different stream. </p><p>Oplocks can be used to transparently access files in the background. A network client may avoid writing information into a file on a remote server if no other process is accessing the data, or it may buffer read-ahead data if no other process is writing data. </p><p>Windows supports four different types of oplocks: </p> <ul><li>Level 2 (or shared) oplock: multiple readers, no writers (i.e. read caching).</li> <li>Level 1 (or exclusive) oplock: exclusive access with arbitrary buffering (i.e. read and write caching).</li> <li>Batch oplock (also exclusive): a stream is opened on the server, but closed on the client machine (i.e. read, write and handle caching).</li> <li>Filter oplock (also exclusive): applications and file system filters can "back out" when others try to access the same stream (i.e. read and write caching) (since Windows 2000)</li></ul> <p>Opportunistic locks have been enhanced in Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 with per-client oplock keys.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time">Time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Windows NT and its descendants keep internal timestamps as <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> and make the appropriate conversions for display purposes; all NTFS timestamps are in UTC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="UTC seems unlikely, as it relies on leap seconds, which Windows is known not to do (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For historical reasons, the versions of Windows that do not support NTFS all keep time internally as local zone time, and therefore so does the <a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a> file system. This means that when files are copied or moved between NTFS and FAT partitions, the OS needs to convert timestamps on the fly. But if some files are moved when <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">daylight saving time</a> (DST) is in effect, and other files are moved when <a href="/wiki/Standard_time" title="Standard time">standard time</a> is in effect, there can be some ambiguities in the conversions. As a result, especially shortly after one of the days on which local zone time changes, users may observe that some files have timestamps that are incorrect by one hour. Due to the differences in implementation of DST in different jurisdictions, this can result in a potential timestamp error of up to 4 hours in any given 12 months.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This problem is further exacerbated for any computers for which local time zone changes sometimes (e.g. due to moving the computer from one time zone to another, as often happens with laptops and other portable devices). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems" title="Comparison of file systems">Comparison of file systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFSDOS" title="NTFSDOS">NTFSDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ntfsresize" title="Ntfsresize">ntfsresize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinFS" title="WinFS">WinFS</a> (a canceled Microsoft filesystem)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS">ReFS</a>, a newer Microsoft filesystem</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-units-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-units_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-units_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-units_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-units_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-units_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-units_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-units_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-units_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-units_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-units_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">1 <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">byte</a> = 8 <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bits</a><br />1 KB = 1,024 bytes<br />1 MB = 1,048,576 bytes<br />1 GB = 1,073,741,824 bytes<br />1 TB = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes<br />1 PB = 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes<br />1 EB = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Can also be 32-bit, provided that the firmware and operating system loader are size-matched.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Since Windows XP, it is very difficult to view a listing of these files: they exist in the root directory's index, but the Win32 interface filters them out. In NT 4.0, the command line <code>dir</code> command would list the metafiles in the root directory if <code>/a</code> were specified. In Windows 2000, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-dosbatch mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="k">dir</span> /a</code> stopped working, but <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-dosbatch mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="k">dir</span> /a \$MFT</code> worked.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-karresand2019-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-karresand2019_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-karresand2019_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKarresandAxelssonDyrkolbotn2019" class="citation journal cs1">Karresand, Martin; Axelsson, Stefan; Dyrkolbotn, Geir Olav (2019-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.diin.2019.04.018">"Using NTFS Cluster Allocation Behavior to Find the Location of User Data"</a>. <i>Digital Investigation</i>. <b>29</b>: –51–S60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.diin.2019.04.018">10.1016/j.diin.2019.04.018</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F2631756">11250/2631756</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1742-2876">1742-2876</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199004263">199004263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digital+Investigation&rft.atitle=Using+NTFS+Cluster+Allocation+Behavior+to+Find+the+Location+of+User+Data&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=-51-S60&rft.date=2019-07-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F2631756&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199004263%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1742-2876&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.diin.2019.04.018&rft.aulast=Karresand&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Axelsson%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Dyrkolbotn%2C+Geir+Olav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.diin.2019.04.018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ntfs_abbr-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ntfs_abbr_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ntfs_abbr_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-efsr/230807ac-20be-494f-86e3-4c8ac23ea584">"Glossary"</a>. <i>[MS-EFSR]: Encrypting File System Remote (EFSRPC) Protocol</i>. 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Microsoft. 8 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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A tool used to dump information about an NTFS volume</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OEM+Support+Tools+Phase+3+Service+Release+2+Availability&rft.pub=Microsoft+Corporation&rft.date=2007-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fkb%2F253066%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923052803/https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/askcore/2009/10/16/the-four-stages-of-ntfs-file-growth/">"The Four Stages of NTFS File Growth"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.technet.com/b/askcore/archive/2009/10/16/the-four-stages-of-ntfs-file-growth.aspx">the original</a> on 23 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Four+Stages+of+NTFS+File+Growth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.technet.com%2Fb%2Faskcore%2Farchive%2F2009%2F10%2F16%2Fthe-four-stages-of-ntfs-file-growth.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/a-heavily-fragmented-file-in-an-ntfs-volume-may-not-grow-beyond-a-certain-size-da1c0dfd-a5a1-90b4-4bf7-b65b13ef9d35">"A heavily fragmented file in an NTFS volume may not grow beyond a certain size"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506185845/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/a-heavily-fragmented-file-in-an-ntfs-volume-may-not-grow-beyond-a-certain-size-da1c0dfd-a5a1-90b4-4bf7-b65b13ef9d35">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+heavily+fragmented+file+in+an+NTFS+volume+may+not+grow+beyond+a+certain+size&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Ftopic%2Fa-heavily-fragmented-file-in-an-ntfs-volume-may-not-grow-beyond-a-certain-size-da1c0dfd-a5a1-90b4-4bf7-b65b13ef9d35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100823125612/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc308442.aspx">"How Oplocks function in the Windows Environment: Overview"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc308442.aspx">the original</a> on 2010-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Oplocks+function+in+the+Windows+Environment%3A+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsdn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Fcc308442.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2008-R2-and-2008/ff383236(v=ws.10)">"What's New in NTFS"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Learn" title="Microsoft Learn">Microsoft Learn</a></i>. 2 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Learn&rft.atitle=What%27s+New+in+NTFS&rft.date=2012-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fprevious-versions%2Fwindows%2Fit-pro%2Fwindows-server-2008-R2-and-2008%2Fff383236%28v%3Dws.10%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilligan2001" class="citation web cs1">Gilligan, Jonathan (28 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.codeproject.com/Articles/1144/Beating-the-Daylight-Savings-Time-Bug-and-Getting">"Beating the Daylight Saving Time bug and getting correct file modification times"</a>. <i>The Code Project</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Code+Project&rft.atitle=Beating+the+Daylight+Saving+Time+bug+and+getting+correct+file+modification+times&rft.date=2001-05-28&rft.aulast=Gilligan&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.codeproject.com%2FArticles%2F1144%2FBeating-the-Daylight-Savings-Time-Bug-and-Getting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoloskyCorbinGoebelDouceur2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bolosky, William J.; Corbin, Scott; Goebel, David; Douceur, John R. (January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/single-instance-storage-in-windows-2000/">"Single Instance Storage in Windows 2000"</a>. <i>Proceedings of 4th USENIX Windows Systems Symposium</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+4th+USENIX+Windows+Systems+Symposium&rft.atitle=Single+Instance+Storage+in+Windows+2000&rft.date=2000-01&rft.aulast=Bolosky&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft.au=Corbin%2C+Scott&rft.au=Goebel%2C+David&rft.au=Douceur%2C+John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fresearch%2Fpublication%2Fsingle-instance-storage-in-windows-2000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTFS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCuster1994" class="citation book cs1">Custer, Helen (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insidewindowsntf00cust"><i>Inside the Windows NT File System</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Press" title="Microsoft Press">Microsoft Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55615-660-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55615-660-1"><bdi>978-1-55615-660-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Windows+NT+File+System&rft.pub=Microsoft+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-55615-660-1&rft.aulast=Custer&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsidewindowsntf00cust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTFS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNagar1997" class="citation book cs1">Nagar, Rajeev (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/windowsntfilesys00naga"><i>Windows NT File System Internals: A Developer's Guide</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56592-249-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56592-249-5"><bdi>978-1-56592-249-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Windows+NT+File+System+Internals%3A+A+Developer%27s+Guide&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-56592-249-5&rft.aulast=Nagar&rft.aufirst=Rajeev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwindowsntfilesys00naga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTFS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2003/cc758691(v=ws.10)">"NTFS Technical Reference"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Learn" title="Microsoft Learn">Microsoft Learn</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. 8 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Learn&rft.atitle=NTFS+Technical+Reference&rft.date=2009-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fprevious-versions%2Fwindows%2Fit-pro%2Fwindows-server-2003%2Fcc758691%28v%3Dws.10%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTFS" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTFS&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft_Windows_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft Windows components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microsoft_Windows_components875" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Windows_components" title="List of Microsoft Windows components">Microsoft Windows components</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Windows_application_programming_interfaces_and_frameworks" title="List of Microsoft Windows application programming interfaces and frameworks">APIs</a></li> <li>Architecture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Windows_9x" title="Architecture of Windows 9x">9x</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Windows_NT" title="Architecture of Windows NT">NT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booting_process_of_Windows" title="Booting process of Windows">Booting process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_games_included_with_Windows" title="List of games included with Windows">Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management<br />tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/App_Installer" title="App Installer">App Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cmd.exe" title="Cmd.exe">Command Prompt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_Panel_(Windows)" title="Control Panel (Windows)">Control Panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_Manager" title="Device Manager">Device Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectX_Diagnostic_Tool" title="DirectX Diagnostic Tool">DirectX Diagnostic Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_Cleanup" title="Disk Cleanup">Disk Cleanup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Drive_Optimizer" title="Microsoft Drive Optimizer">Drive Optimizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driver_Verifier" title="Driver Verifier">Driver Verifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_Viewer" title="Event Viewer">Event Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IExpress" title="IExpress">IExpress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Management_Console" title="Microsoft Management Console">Management Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netsh" title="Netsh">Netsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Monitor" title="Performance Monitor">Performance Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovery_Console" title="Recovery Console">Recovery Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Monitor" title="Resource Monitor">Resource Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settings_(Windows)" title="Settings (Windows)">Settings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sysprep" title="Sysprep">Sysprep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSConfig" title="MSConfig">System Configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_File_Checker" title="System File Checker">System File Checker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Information_(Windows)" title="System Information (Windows)">System Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Policy_Editor" title="System Policy Editor">System Policy Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Restore" title="System Restore">System Restore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Manager_(Windows)" title="Task Manager (Windows)">Task Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Error_Reporting" title="Windows Error Reporting">Windows Error Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Ink" title="Windows Ink">Windows Ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">Windows Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Update" title="Windows Update">Windows Update</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Insider" title="Windows Insider">Windows Insider</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Preinstallation_Environment#Windows_Recovery_Environment" title="Windows Preinstallation Environment">WinRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Management_Instrumentation" title="Windows Management Instrumentation">WMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">Apps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_3D_Viewer" title="Microsoft 3D Viewer">3D Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Calculator" title="Windows Calculator">Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(Windows)" title="Calendar (Windows)">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Camera" title="Windows Camera">Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_Map_(Windows)" title="Character Map (Windows)">Character Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Art_Search" title="City Art Search">City Art Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipchamp" title="Clipchamp">Clipchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Clock" title="Windows Clock">Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Copilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Fax_and_Scan" title="Windows Fax and Scan">Fax and Scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedback_Hub" title="Feedback Hub">Feedback Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Help" title="Get Help">Get Help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnifier_(Windows)" title="Magnifier (Windows)">Magnifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_(Windows)" title="Mail (Windows)">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Maps" title="Windows Maps">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Player" title="Windows Media Player">Media Player</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Player_(2022)" title="Windows Media Player (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mesh" title="Microsoft Mesh">Mesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Messaging" title="Microsoft Messaging">Messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobility_Center" title="Windows Mobility Center">Mobility Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN#Money" title="MSN">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Movies_%26_TV" title="Microsoft Movies & TV">Movies & TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrator_(Windows)" title="Narrator (Windows)">Narrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Notepad" title="Windows Notepad">Notepad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneDrive" title="OneDrive">OneDrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_OneNote" title="Microsoft OneNote">OneNote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Paint" title="Microsoft Paint">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_PC_Manager" title="Microsoft PC Manager">PC Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_(Windows)" title="People (Windows)">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_Link" title="Phone Link">Phone Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photos_(Windows)" title="Photos (Windows)">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick_Assist" title="Quick Assist">Quick Assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Connection" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Desktop Connection">Remote Desktop Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snipping_Tool" title="Snipping Tool">Snipping Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Speech_Recognition" title="Windows Speech Recognition">Speech Recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN#Sports" title="MSN">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Start" title="Microsoft Start">Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_Notes" title="Sticky Notes">Sticky Notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Terminal" title="Windows Terminal">Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Tips" title="Microsoft Tips">Tips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_Recorder_(Windows)" title="Sound Recorder (Windows)">Voice Recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN#Weather" title="MSN">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Whiteboard" title="Microsoft Whiteboard">Whiteboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_(app)" title="Xbox (app)">Xbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_shell" title="Windows shell">Shell</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Center" title="Action Center">Action Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Aero" title="Windows Aero">Aero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoPlay" title="AutoPlay">AutoPlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoRun" title="AutoRun">AutoRun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ClearType" title="ClearType">ClearType</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Explorer" title="File Explorer">Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Search" title="Windows Search">Search</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IFilter" title="IFilter">IFilter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexing_Service" title="Indexing Service">Indexing Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Shell_namespace" title="Windows Shell namespace">Namespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_folder#Windows" title="Virtual folder">Saved search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_folder" title="Special folder">Special folder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Start_menu" title="Start menu">Start menu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_View" title="Task View">Task View</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taskbar" title="Taskbar">Taskbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Spotlight" title="Windows Spotlight">Windows Spotlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_visual_styles" title="Windows XP visual styles">Windows XP visual styles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_service" title="Windows service">Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_Intelligent_Transfer_Service" title="Background Intelligent Transfer Service">BITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Log_File_System" title="Common Log File System">CLFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Error_Reporting" title="Windows Error Reporting">Error Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Class_Scheduler_Service" title="Multimedia Class Scheduler Service">Multimedia Class Scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Control_Manager" title="Service Control Manager">Service Control Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">Shadow Copy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Task_Scheduler" title="Windows Task Scheduler">Task Scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Zero_Configuration" title="Wireless Zero Configuration">Wireless Zero Configuration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">File systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">CDFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_File_System_(Microsoft)" title="Distributed File System (Microsoft)">DFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installable_File_System" title="Installable File System">IFS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NTFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">EFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_link" title="Hard link">Hard link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS_links" title="NTFS links">links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS_volume_mount_point" title="NTFS volume mount point">Mount Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS_reparse_point" title="NTFS reparse point">Reparse point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactional_NTFS" title="Transactional NTFS">TxF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS">ReFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">Server</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Directory" title="Active Directory">Active Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_Directory_Rights_Management_Services" title="Active Directory Rights Management Services">Active DRM Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Replication_Service" title="File Replication Service">DFS Replication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Distributed_Transaction_Coordinator" title="Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator">Distributed Transaction Coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_DNS" title="Microsoft DNS">DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_domain" title="Windows domain">Domains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folder_redirection" title="Folder redirection">Folder redirection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_Policy" title="Group Policy">Group Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper-V" title="Hyper-V">Hyper-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Information_Services" title="Internet Information Services">IIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Message_Queuing" title="Microsoft Message Queuing">MSMQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Access_Protection" title="Network Access Protection">Network Access Protection</a></li> <li>Print Services for UNIX</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Personal_Web_Server" title="Microsoft Personal Web Server">PWS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Services" title="Remote Desktop Services">Remote Desktop Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Differential_Compression" title="Remote Differential Compression">Remote Differential Compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Installation_Services" title="Remote Installation Services">Remote Installation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaming_user_profile" title="Roaming user profile">Roaming user profiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_Core" title="Server Core">Server Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SharePoint" title="SharePoint">SharePoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_System_Resource_Manager" title="Windows System Resource Manager">System Resource Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Deployment_Services" title="Windows Deployment Services">Windows Deployment Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Services" title="Windows Media Services">Windows Media Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_Update_Services" title="Windows Server Update Services">WSUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Boot_Manager" title="Windows Boot Manager">Boot Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Console" title="Windows Console">Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client/Server_Runtime_Subsystem" title="Client/Server Runtime Subsystem">CSRSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_Window_Manager" title="Desktop Window Manager">Desktop Window Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Write_Filter" title="Enhanced Write Filter">Enhanced Write Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_Device_Interface" title="Graphics Device Interface">Graphics Device Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_library_files#Hardware_Abstraction_Layer" title="Microsoft Windows library files">Hardware Abstraction Layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I/O_request_packet" title="I/O request packet">I/O request packet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Imaging_Format" title="Windows Imaging Format">Imaging Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel_Transaction_Manager" title="Kernel Transaction Manager">Kernel Transaction Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_library_files" title="Microsoft Windows library files">Library files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_Disk_Manager" title="Logical Disk Manager">Logical Disk Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Security_Authority_Subsystem_Service" title="Local Security Authority Subsystem Service">LSASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MinWin" title="MinWin">MinWin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTLDR" title="NTLDR">NTLDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ntoskrnl.exe" title="Ntoskrnl.exe">Ntoskrnl.exe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Manager" title="Object Manager">Object Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_XML_Paper_Specification" title="Open XML Paper Specification">Open XML Paper Specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Executable" title="Portable Executable">Portable Executable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic-link_library" title="Dynamic-link library">DLL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.exe" title=".exe">EXE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Registry" title="Windows Registry">Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Resource_Protection" title="Windows Resource Protection">Resource Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Account_Manager" title="Security Account Manager">Security Account Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_Message_Block" title="Server Message Block">Server Message Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">Shadow Copy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_Manager_Subsystem" title="Session Manager Subsystem">SMSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Idle_Process" title="System Idle Process">System Idle Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_USER" title="Windows USER">USER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Hardware_Error_Architecture" title="Windows Hardware Error Architecture">WHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winlogon" title="Winlogon">Winlogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinUSB" title="WinUSB">WinUSB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Security_and_Maintenance" title="Security and Maintenance">Security and Maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppLocker" title="AppLocker">AppLocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitLocker" title="BitLocker">BitLocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credential_Guard" title="Credential Guard">Credential Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Execution_Prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Execution Prevention">Data Execution Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Defender_Antivirus" title="Microsoft Defender Antivirus">Defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_family_features" title="Microsoft family features">Family features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel_Patch_Protection" title="Kernel Patch Protection">Kernel Patch Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Integrity_Control" title="Mandatory Integrity Control">Mandatory Integrity Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_Media_Path" title="Protected Media Path">Protected Media Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_Account_Control" title="User Account Control">User Account Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_Interface_Privilege_Isolation" title="User Interface Privilege Isolation">User Interface Privilege Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Firewall" title="Windows Firewall">Windows Firewall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compatibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COMMAND.COM" title="COMMAND.COM">COMMAND.COM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux" title="Windows Subsystem for Linux">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WoW64" title="WoW64">WoW64</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Scripting" title="Active Scripting">Active Scripting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JScript" title="JScript">JScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Script_Host" title="Windows Script Host">WSH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component_Object_Model" title="Component Object Model">COM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ActiveX_Document" title="ActiveX Document">ActiveX Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COM_Structured_Storage" title="COM Structured Storage">COM Structured storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Component_Object_Model" title="Distributed Component Object Model">DCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Linking_and_Embedding" title="Object Linking and Embedding">OLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLE_Automation" title="OLE Automation">OLE Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Transaction_Server" title="Microsoft Transaction Server">Transaction Server</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectX" title="DirectX">DirectX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Native_API" title="Windows Native API">Native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Windows_Platform" title="Universal Windows Platform">Universal Windows Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API">WinAPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mixed_Reality" title="Windows Mixed Reality">Windows Mixed Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Runtime" title="Windows Runtime">Windows Runtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinUSB" title="WinUSB">WinUSB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Solitaire_Collection" title="Microsoft Solitaire Collection">Solitaire Collection</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surf_(video_game)" title="Surf (video game)">Surf</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Full_Tilt!_Pinball#3D_Pinball_for_Windows_–_Space_Cadet" title="Full Tilt! Pinball">3D Pinball</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chess_Titans" title="Chess Titans">Chess Titans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_FreeCell" title="Microsoft FreeCell">FreeCell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Hearts" title="Microsoft Hearts">Hearts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windows_Ultimate_Extras" title="Windows Ultimate Extras">Hold 'Em</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InkBall" title="InkBall">InkBall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purble_Place" title="Purble Place">Purble Place</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Solitaire" title="Microsoft Solitaire">Solitaire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Spider_Solitaire" title="Microsoft Spider Solitaire">Spider Solitaire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Tinker" title="Microsoft Tinker">Tinker</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActiveMovie" title="ActiveMovie">ActiveMovie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Address_Book" title="Windows Address Book">Address Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Anytime_Upgrade" title="Windows Anytime Upgrade">Anytime Upgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backup_and_Restore" title="Backup and Restore">Backup and Restore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardfile" title="Cardfile">Cardfile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_CardSpace" title="Windows CardSpace">CardSpace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Player_(Windows)" title="CD Player (Windows)">CD Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Chat" title="Windows Chat">Chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Contacts" title="Windows Contacts">Contacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortana_(virtual_assistant)" title="Cortana (virtual assistant)">Cortana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Desktop_Gadgets" title="Windows Desktop Gadgets">Desktop Gadgets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Diagnostics" title="Microsoft Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DriveSpace" title="DriveSpace">DriveSpace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_DVD_Maker" title="Windows DVD Maker">DVD Maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Easy_Transfer" title="Windows Easy Transfer">Easy Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge_Legacy" title="Microsoft Edge Legacy">Edge Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Fax" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Food_%26_Drink" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Food & Drink">Food & Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_Music" title="Groove Music">Groove Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Health_%26_Fitness" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Health & Fitness">Health & Fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help_and_Support_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Help and Support Center">Help and Support Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HyperACCESS" title="HyperACCESS">HyperTerminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_for_Windows" title="Imaging for Windows">Imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Journal" title="Windows Journal">Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_Compatible" title="Make Compatible">Make Compatible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Center" title="Windows Media Center">Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Meeting_Space" title="Windows Meeting Space">Meeting Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Messaging" title="Windows Messaging">Messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Messenger" title="Windows Messenger">Messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_Device_Center" title="Windows Mobile Device Center">Mobile Device Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Movie_Maker" title="Windows Movie Maker">Movie Maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Dial-up" title="MSN Dial-up">MSN Dial-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_NetMeeting" title="Microsoft NetMeeting">NetMeeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTBackup" title="NTBackup">NTBackup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlook_Express" title="Outlook Express">Outlook Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_3D" title="Paint 3D">Paint 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pay" title="Microsoft Pay">Pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_Companion" title="Phone Companion">Phone Companion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Photo_Gallery" title="Windows Photo Gallery">Photo Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Photo_Viewer" title="Windows Photo Viewer">Photo Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_Manager" title="Program Manager">Program Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Steps_Recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Problem Steps Recorder">Steps Recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syskey" title="Syskey">Syskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel (Windows)">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinHelp" title="WinHelp">WinHelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WordPad" title="WordPad">WordPad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Write" title="Microsoft Write">Write</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_Cleanup_Wizard" title="Desktop Cleanup Wizard">Desktop Cleanup Wizard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_File_Protection" title="Windows File Protection">File Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Games_for_Windows" title="Games for Windows">Games for Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Performance_File_System" title="High Performance File System">HPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interix" title="Interix">Interix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Control_Interface" title="Media Control Interface">Media Control Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_7" title="MS-DOS 7">MS-DOS 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-Generation_Secure_Computing_Base" title="Next-Generation Secure Computing Base">Next-Generation Secure Computing Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_POSIX_subsystem" title="Microsoft POSIX subsystem">POSIX subsystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_ScanDisk" title="Microsoft ScanDisk">ScanDisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_for_Windows" title="Video for Windows">Video for Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_DOS_machine" title="Virtual DOS machine">Virtual DOS machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_on_Windows" title="Windows on Windows">Windows on Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Services_for_UNIX" title="Windows Services for UNIX">Windows Services for UNIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_SideShow" title="Windows SideShow">Windows SideShow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_System_Assessment_Tool" title="Windows System Assessment Tool">Windows System Assessment Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_To_Go" title="Windows To Go">Windows To Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinFS" title="WinFS">WinFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spun off to<br /><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Microsoft Store</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVD_Player_(Windows)" title="DVD Player (Windows)">DVD Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_File_Manager" title="Windows File Manager">File Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hover!" title="Hover!">Hover!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mahjong" title="Microsoft Mahjong">Mahjong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Minesweeper" title="Microsoft Minesweeper">Minesweeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Windows_components" title="Category:Windows components">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Windows_components" title="List of Microsoft Windows components">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="File_systems283" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:File_systems" title="Template:File systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:File_systems" title="Template talk:File systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:File_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:File systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="File_systems283" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">File systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems" title="Comparison of file systems">Comparison of file systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_distributed_file_systems" title="Comparison of distributed file systems">distributed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_filesystem" title="Unix filesystem">Unix filesystem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disk and<br />non-rotating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Disc_Filing_System" title="Advanced Disc Filing System">ADFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AdvFS" title="AdvFS">AdvFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Fast_File_System" title="Amiga Fast File System">Amiga FFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Old_File_System" title="Amiga Old File System">Amiga OFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">APFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AtheOS_File_System" class="mw-redirect" title="AtheOS File System">AthFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bcachefs" title="Bcachefs">bcachefs</a></li> <li>BFS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Be_File_System" title="Be File System">Be File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_File_System" title="Boot File System">Boot File System</a></li> <li>Byte File System (<a href="/wiki/Z/VM" title="Z/VM">z/VM</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs">Btrfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StorNext_File_System" title="StorNext File System">CVFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXFS" title="CXFS">CXFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_Filing_System" title="Disc Filing System">DFS</a></li> <li>EFS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">Encrypting File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extent_File_System" title="Extent File System">Extent File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episode_filesystem" title="Episode filesystem">Episode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_file_system" title="Extended file system">ext</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2">ext2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ext3" title="Ext3">ext3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ext3cow" title="Ext3cow">ext3cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ext4" title="Ext4">ext4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Files-11" title="Files-11">Files-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_(file_system)" title="Fossil (file system)">Fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPFS" title="GPFS">GPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER_(file_system)" title="HAMMER (file system)">HAMMER</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER2" title="HAMMER2">HAMMER2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System_(Apple)" title="Hierarchical File System (Apple)">HFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System_(IBM_MVS)" title="Hierarchical File System (IBM MVS)">HFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/MVS" title="MVS">MVS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HFS_Plus" title="HFS Plus">HFS+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Performance_File_System" title="High Performance File System">HPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Throughput_File_System" title="High Throughput File System">HTFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFS_(file_system)" title="JFS (file system)">JFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log-structured_File_System_(BSD)" title="Log-structured File System (BSD)">LFS</a></li> <li>MFS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_File_System" title="Macintosh File System">Macintosh File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TiVo_Media_File_System" title="TiVo Media File System">TiVo Media File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MINIX_file_system" title="MINIX file system">MINIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetWare_File_System" title="NetWare File System">NetWare File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next3" title="Next3">Next3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novell_Storage_Services" title="Novell Storage Services">NSS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NTFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneFS_distributed_file_system" title="OneFS distributed file system">OneFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenZFS" title="OpenZFS">OpenZFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_File_System" title="Professional File System">PFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QFS" title="QFS">QFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNX4FS" title="QNX4FS">QNX4FS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS">ReFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReiserFS" title="ReiserFS">ReiserFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reiser4" title="Reiser4">Reiser4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datalight#Reliance_family" title="Datalight">Reliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datalight#Reliance_Nitro" title="Datalight">Reliance Nitro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_File_Sharing" title="Remote File Sharing">RFS</a></li> <li>SFS <ul><li>Shared File System (<a href="/wiki/VM_(operating_system)" title="VM (operating system)">VM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_File_System" title="Smart File System">Smart File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StorNext_File_System" title="StorNext File System">SNFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup_(Apple)" title="Soup (Apple)">Soup (Apple)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tux3" title="Tux3">Tux3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBIFS" title="UBIFS">UBIFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_File_System" title="Unix File System">UFS/UFS2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_updates" title="Soft updates">soft updates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_Ahead_Physical_Block_Logging" title="Write Ahead Physical Block Logging">WAPBL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veritas_File_System" title="Veritas File System">VxFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_Anywhere_File_Layout" title="Write Anywhere File Layout">WAFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiafs" title="Xiafs">Xiafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XFS" title="XFS">XFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xsan" title="Xsan">Xsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZFS_(z/OS_file_system)" title="ZFS (z/OS file system)">zFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Z/OS" title="Z/OS">z/OS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Sierra_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="High Sierra Format">HSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">ISO 9660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">ISO 13490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">APFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaction-Safe_FAT_File_System" title="Transaction-Safe FAT File System">TFAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EROFS" title="EROFS">EROFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F2FS" title="F2FS">F2FS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFS_(file_system)" title="JFS (file system)">JFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Volatile_File_System" title="Non-Volatile File System">NVFS</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="host-side_wear_leveling27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">host-side <a href="/wiki/Wear_leveling" title="Wear leveling">wear leveling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CHFS" title="CHFS">CHFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFFS" title="JFFS">JFFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFFS2" title="JFFS2">JFFS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LogFS" title="LogFS">LogFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YAFFS" title="YAFFS">YAFFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBIFS" title="UBIFS">UBIFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clustered_file_system#Distributed_file_systems" title="Clustered file system">Distributed parallel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeeGFS" title="BeeGFS">BeeGFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceph_(software)" title="Ceph (software)">Ceph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXFS" title="CXFS">CXFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GFS2" title="GFS2">GFS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_File_System" title="Google File System">Google File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCFS2" title="OCFS2">OCFS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrangeFS" title="OrangeFS">OrangeFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Virtual_File_System" title="Parallel Virtual File System">PVFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantcast_File_System" title="Quantcast File System">QFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xsan" title="Xsan">Xsan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems#Distributed_parallel_file_systems" title="List of file systems">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network-attached_storage" title="Network-attached storage">NAS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9P_(protocol)" title="9P (protocol)">9P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_File_System" title="Andrew File System">AFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/OpenAFS" title="OpenAFS">OpenAFS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Filing_Protocol" title="Apple Filing Protocol">AFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coda_(file_system)" title="Coda (file system)">Coda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_File_System_(Microsoft)" title="Distributed File System (Microsoft)">DFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_File_System" title="Google File System">Google File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPFS" title="GPFS">GPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(file_system)" title="Lustre (file system)">Lustre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetWare_Core_Protocol" title="NetWare Core Protocol">NCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_File_System" title="Network File System">NFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliptics" title="Elliptics">POHMELFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Hadoop" title="Apache Hadoop">Hadoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_Message_Block" title="Server Message Block">SMB (CIFS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSHFS" title="SSHFS">SSHFS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems#Distributed_file_systems" title="List of file systems">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufs" title="Aufs">Aufs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AXFS" title="AXFS">AXFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_File_System" title="Boot File System">Boot File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_File_System" title="Compact Disc File System">Compact Disc File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramfs" title="Cramfs">cramfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davfs2" title="Davfs2">Davfs2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EROFS" title="EROFS">EROFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTPFS" title="FTPFS">FTPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace" title="Filesystem in Userspace">FUSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lnfs" title="Lnfs">Lnfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Tape_File_System" title="Linear Tape File System">LTFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOVA_(filesystem)" title="NOVA (filesystem)">NOVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_MultiVersion_File_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational MultiVersion File System">MVFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SquashFS" title="SquashFS">SquashFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAT_filesystem_and_Linux" title="FAT filesystem and Linux">UMSDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OverlayFS" title="OverlayFS">OverlayFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnionFS" title="UnionFS">UnionFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pseudo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Configfs" title="Configfs">configfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_file" title="Device file">devfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugfs" title="Debugfs">debugfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernfs_(BSD)" title="Kernfs (BSD)">kernfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procfs" title="Procfs">procfs</a></li> <li>specfs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sysfs" title="Sysfs">sysfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmpfs" title="Tmpfs">tmpfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinFS" title="WinFS">WinFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Encrypted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECryptfs" title="ECryptfs">eCryptfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EncFS" title="EncFS">EncFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">EFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberhose_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubberhose (file system)">Rubberhose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSHFS" title="SSHFS">SSHFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_ZFS" title="Oracle ZFS">ZFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clustered_file_system" title="Clustered file system">Clustered</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_file_system" title="Global file system">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_file_system" title="Grid file system">Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-certifying_File_System" title="Self-certifying File System">Self-certifying</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_file_system" title="Flash file system">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">Journaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log-structured_file_system" title="Log-structured file system">Log-structured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record-oriented_filesystem" title="Record-oriented filesystem">Record-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_file_system" title="Semantic file system">Semantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steganographic_file_system" title="Steganographic file system">Steganographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_file_system" title="Synthetic file system">Synthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versioning_file_system" title="Versioning file system">Versioning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_preservation" title="Case preservation">Case preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">Copy-on-write</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">Data deduplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_scrubbing" title="Data scrubbing">Data scrubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execute_in_place" title="Execute in place">Execute in place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extent_(file_systems)" title="Extent (file systems)">Extent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_file_attributes" title="Extended file attributes">Extended file attributes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_change_log" title="File change log">File change log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(file_system)" title="Fork (file system)">Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inode" title="Inode">Inode</a></li> <li>Links <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_link" title="Hard link">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">Symbolic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_access_control" title="Computer access control">Access control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access-control_list" title="Access-control list">Access-control list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Filesystem-level encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File-system_permissions" title="File-system permissions">Permissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chmod" title="Chmod">Modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_bit" title="Sticky bit">Sticky bit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">Interfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File_manager" title="File manager">File manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_system_API" title="File system API">File system API</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Installable_File_System" title="Installable File System">Installable File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual file system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems" title="List of file systems">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptographic_file_systems" title="List of cryptographic file systems">Cryptographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_default_file_systems" title="List of default file systems">Default</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_log-structured_file_systems" title="List of log-structured file 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