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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identities_and_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identities_and_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Identities and background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Identities_and_background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Identities and background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Identities_and_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Country_of_origin_and_journey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country_of_origin_and_journey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Country of origin and journey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country_of_origin_and_journey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Later interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gestures_of_respect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gestures_of_respect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Gestures of respect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gestures_of_respect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gifts_of_the_Magi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gifts_of_the_Magi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gifts of the Magi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gifts_of_the_Magi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_significance_and_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_significance_and_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religious significance and traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_significance_and_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious significance and traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_significance_and_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hispanic_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hispanic_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Hispanic customs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hispanic_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Central Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Cake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martyrdom_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martyrdom_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Martyrdom traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martyrdom_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tombs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tombs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Tombs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tombs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cultural depictions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_depictions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural depictions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visual_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Visual art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Biblical Magi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilige_Drei_K%C3%B6nige" title="Heilige Drei Könige – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Heilige Drei Könige" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A9" title="المجوس الثلاثة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المجوس الثلاثة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%93%DC%98%DC%AB%DC%90_%DC%AC%DC%A0%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܡܓܘܫܐ ܬܠܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܓܘܫܐ ܬܠܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbohapy_Karai_Imba%27ekua%C3%A1va" title="Mbohapy Karai Imba'ekuaáva – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbohapy Karai Imba'ekuaáva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7_m%C3%BCq%C9%99dd%C9%99s_kral" title="Üç müqəddəs kral – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Üç müqəddəs kral" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Тры каралі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тры каралі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Тры каралі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тры каралі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Тримата влъхви – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тримата влъхви" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveta_tri_kralja" title="Sveta tri kralja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sveta tri kralja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri_Roue" title="Tri Roue – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tri Roue" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reis_d%27Orient" title="Reis d'Orient – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reis d'Orient" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%99i_kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9" title="Tři králové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tři králové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8_Magi" title="Rè Magi – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Rè Magi" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellige_tre_konger" title="Hellige tre konger – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hellige tre konger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilige_Drei_K%C3%B6nige" title="Heilige Drei Könige – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heilige Drei Könige" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hommikumaa_targad" title="Hommikumaa targad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hommikumaa targad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Τρεις Μάγοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τρεις Μάγοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyes_Magos" title="Reyes Magos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reyes Magos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri_re%C4%9Doj" title="Tri reĝoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tri reĝoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errege_Magoak" title="Errege Magoak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errege Magoak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%BA" title="سه مغ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سه مغ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rois_mages" title="Rois mages – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rois mages" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizen_%C3%BAt_it_Easten" title="Wizen út it Easten – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wizen út it Easten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tri%C3%BAr_Saoithe" title="An Triúr Saoithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Triúr Saoithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reis_Magos" title="Reis Magos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reis Magos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%B0%A9_%EB%B0%95%EC%82%AC" title="동방 박사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동방 박사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%84_%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Երեք մոգեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երեք մոգեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveta_tri_kralja" title="Sveta tri kralja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sveta tri kralja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang-orang_majus_dari_Timur" title="Orang-orang majus dari Timur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang-orang majus dari Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reges_Magos" title="Reges Magos – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Reges Magos" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magi_(Bibbia)" title="Magi (Bibbia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Magi (Bibbia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שלושת האמגושים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שלושת האמגושים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majusi" title="Majusi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Majusi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magi_(Biblia)" title="Magi (Biblia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Magi (Biblia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C4%ABs_Austrumu_gudrie" title="Trīs Austrumu gudrie – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Trīs Austrumu gudrie" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helleg_dr%C3%A4i_Kinneken" title="Helleg dräi Kinneken – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Helleg dräi Kinneken" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trys_karaliai" title="Trys karaliai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trys karaliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drie_keuninge" title="Drie keuninge – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Drie keuninge" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napkeleti_b%C3%B6lcsek" title="Napkeleti bölcsek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Napkeleti bölcsek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Мудреци од исток – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мудреци од исток" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magy_ao_amin%27_ny_Baiboly" title="Magy ao amin' ny Baiboly – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Magy ao amin' ny Baiboly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaten_Ma%C4%A1i" title="Slaten Maġi – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Slaten Maġi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87" title="المجوس التلاته – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المجوس التلاته" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiga_Majus" title="Tiga Majus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tiga Majus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijzen_uit_het_oosten" title="Wijzen uit het oosten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wijzen uit het oosten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" title="東方の三博士 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="東方の三博士" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_tre_vise_menn" title="De tre vise menn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De tre vise menn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilage_tre_kongar" title="Heilage tre kongar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Heilage tre kongar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reis_Magues" title="Reis Magues – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Reis Magues" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trzej_Kr%C3%B3lowie" title="Trzej Królowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trzej Królowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%AAs_Reis_Magos" title="Três Reis Magos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Três Reis Magos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magii_de_la_r%C4%83s%C4%83rit" title="Magii de la răsărit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Magii de la răsărit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F" title="Три царя – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Три царя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magi" title="Magi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Magi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traja_kr%C3%A1li" title="Traja králi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Traja králi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_trije_kralji" title="Sveti trije kralji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sveti trije kralji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8E_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%BA" title="سێ مەغ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سێ مەغ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri_mudraca" title="Tri mudraca – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Tri mudraca" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblijski_magi" title="Biblijski magi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Biblijski magi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A4maan_tiet%C3%A4j%C3%A4t" title="Itämaan tietäjät – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itämaan tietäjät" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre_vise_m%C3%A4nnen" title="Tre vise männen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tre vise männen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mago_ng_Bibliya" title="Mago ng Bibliya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mago ng Bibliya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="விவிலிய ஞானிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விவிலிய ஞானிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCneccimler" title="Müneccimler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Müneccimler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96" title="Три царі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Три царі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="تین مجوسی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تین مجوسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re_Maji" title="Re Maji – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Re Maji" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1c_nh%C3%A0_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o_s%C4%A9_t%E1%BB%AB_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%C4%90%C3%B4ng" title="Các nhà đạo sĩ từ Phương Đông – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Các nhà đạo sĩ từ Phương Đông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mago_(Bibliya)" title="Mago (Bibliya) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mago (Bibliya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E4%B8%89%E8%B4%A4" title="东方三贤 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="东方三贤" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E4%B8%89%E8%B3%A2%E5%A3%AB" title="東方三賢士 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="東方三賢士" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C4%ABs_Karal%C4%93" title="Trīs Karalē – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Trīs Karalē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" title="東方三博士 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="東方三博士" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q51671#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of distinguished foreigners who visited Jesus after his birth</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Three_Kings_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Three Kings (disambiguation)">Three Kings (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wise_men_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Wise men (disambiguation)">Wise men (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Three_Wise_Men_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Three Wise Men (disambiguation)">Three Wise Men (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the novel titled <i>Gaspard, Melchior & Balthazar</i> in French, see <a href="/wiki/The_Four_Wise_Men" title="The Four Wise Men">The Four Wise Men</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magi_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magi_%281%29.jpg/290px-Magi_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magi_%281%29.jpg/435px-Magi_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magi_%281%29.jpg/580px-Magi_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2035" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption><i>The Three Magi</i>, Byzantine mosaic, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 565</span>, <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, Italy (restored during the 19th century). As here, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a> usually depicts the Magi in <a href="/wiki/Persian_clothing" title="Persian clothing">Persian clothing</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Breeches" title="Breeches">breeches</a>, capes, and <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian caps</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the <b>Biblical Magi</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MAY</span>-jy</i></a> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MAJ</span>-eye</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> singular: <i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/magus#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:magus">magus</a></i>), also known as the <b>Three Wise Men</b>, <b>Three Kings</b>, and <b>Three Magi</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are distinguished foreigners who visit <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> after his birth, bearing gifts of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a> in homage to him.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are commemorated on the <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> of <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a>—sometimes called "Three Kings Day"—and commonly appear in the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">nativity</a> celebrations of <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magi</a> appear solely in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>, which states that they came "from the east" (Greek ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν - <i>apo anatolōn</i>) to worship the "one who has been born king of the Jews".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their names, origins, appearances, and exact number are unmentioned and derive from the inferences or traditions of later Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>, they are usually assumed to have been three in number, corresponding with each gift;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac churches</a>, they often number twelve.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the Magi's social status is never stated: Although some <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">biblical translations</a> describe them as <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrologers</a>, they were increasingly identified as kings by at least the third century,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which conformed with Christian interpretations of <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament_prophecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Testament prophecies">Old Testament prophecies</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">messiah</a> would be worshipped by kings.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mystery of the Magi's identities and background, combined with their theological significance, has made them prominent figures in the <a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a>; they are venerated as saints or even martyrs in many Christian communities, and are the subject of numerous artworks, legends, and customs. Both secular and Christian observers have noted that the Magi popularly serve as a means of expressing various ideas, symbols, and themes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most scholars regard the Magi as <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legendary</a> rather than historical figures.<sup id="cite_ref-Birth_Stories_1999_page_179_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birth_Stories_1999_page_179-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_account">Biblical account</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Magi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biblical account"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblical_Magi_stained_glass_window,_ca._1896,_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_(Rosemont,_Pennsylvania).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Biblical_Magi_stained_glass_window%2C_ca._1896%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg/180px-Biblical_Magi_stained_glass_window%2C_ca._1896%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Biblical_Magi_stained_glass_window%2C_ca._1896%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg/270px-Biblical_Magi_stained_glass_window%2C_ca._1896%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Biblical_Magi_stained_glass_window%2C_ca._1896%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg/360px-Biblical_Magi_stained_glass_window%2C_ca._1896%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>Biblical Magi stained glass window, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1896</span>, at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_(Rosemont,_Pennsylvania)" title="Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)">Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)</a>, showing the Three Magi with Joseph, Mary, and Jesus.</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">nativity scenes</a> depict three "wise men" visiting the <a href="/wiki/Infant_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant Jesus">infant Jesus</a> on the night of his birth, in a manger accompanied by the shepherds and angels, but this should be understood as an artistic convention allowing the two separate scenes of the <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of the Shepherds</a> on the birth night and the later <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a> to be combined for convenience.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The single biblical account in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%202&version=nrsv">Matthew 2</a> simply presents an event at an unspecified point after Christ's birth in which an unnumbered party of unnamed "wise men" (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">μάγοι</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">mágoi</i></span>) visits him in a house (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">οἰκίαν</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">oikian</i></span>), not a stable.<sup id="cite_ref-Waxman_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waxman-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a> of <a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:1" title="Matthew 2:1">Matthew 2:1</a>–<a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:12" title="Matthew 2:12">12</a> describes the visit of the Magi in this manner: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the time of <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">King Herod</a>, after Jesus was born in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, wise men from the East came to Jerusalem, asking, "Where is the child who has been born king of the Jews? For we observed his star at its rising, and have come to pay him homage."<sup id="cite_ref-Waxman_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waxman-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When King Herod heard this, he was frightened and all Jerusalem with him; and calling together all the chief priests and scribes of the people, he inquired of them where the Messiah was to be born. They told him, "In Bethlehem of Judea; for so it has been written by the prophet: 'And you, Bethlehem, in the land of Judah, are by no means least among the rulers of Judah; for from you shall come a ruler who is to shepherd my people Israel.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" Then Herod secretly called for the wise men and learned from them the exact time when the star had appeared. Then he sent them to Bethlehem, saying, "Go and search diligently for the child; and when you have found him, bring me word so that I may also go and pay him homage." When they had heard the king, they set out; and there, ahead of them, went the star that they had seen at its rising, until it stopped over the place where the child was. When they saw that the star had stopped, they were overwhelmed with joy. On entering the house, they saw the child with Mary his mother; and they knelt down and paid him homage. Then, opening their treasure chests, they offered him gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh. And having been warned in a dream not to return to Herod, they left for their own country by another path.</p></blockquote> <p>The text specifies no interval between the birth and the visit, and artistic depictions and the closeness of the traditional dates of December 25 and January 6 encourage the popular assumption that the visit took place the same winter as the birth, but later traditions varied, with the visit taken as occurring up to two winters later. This maximum interval explained Herod's command at <a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:16" title="Matthew 2:16">Matthew 2:16</a>–<a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:18" title="Matthew 2:18">18</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a> included boys up to two years old. Some more recent commentators, not tied to the traditional feast days, suggest a variety of intervals.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wise men are mentioned twice shortly thereafter in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:16" title="Matthew 2:16">verse 16</a>, in reference to their avoidance of <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a> after seeing Jesus, and what Herod had learned from their earlier meeting. The star which they followed has traditionally become known as the <a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Magi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XV14_-_Roma,_Museo_civilt%C3%A0_romana_-_Adorazione_dei_Magi_-_sec_III_dC_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_12-Apr-2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/XV14_-_Roma%2C_Museo_civilt%C3%A0_romana_-_Adorazione_dei_Magi_-_sec_III_dC_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_12-Apr-2008.jpg/260px-XV14_-_Roma%2C_Museo_civilt%C3%A0_romana_-_Adorazione_dei_Magi_-_sec_III_dC_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_12-Apr-2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/XV14_-_Roma%2C_Museo_civilt%C3%A0_romana_-_Adorazione_dei_Magi_-_sec_III_dC_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_12-Apr-2008.jpg/390px-XV14_-_Roma%2C_Museo_civilt%C3%A0_romana_-_Adorazione_dei_Magi_-_sec_III_dC_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_12-Apr-2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/XV14_-_Roma%2C_Museo_civilt%C3%A0_romana_-_Adorazione_dei_Magi_-_sec_III_dC_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_12-Apr-2008.jpg/520px-XV14_-_Roma%2C_Museo_civilt%C3%A0_romana_-_Adorazione_dei_Magi_-_sec_III_dC_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_12-Apr-2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1791" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>Incised third century A.D. <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> slab depicts the <i><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a></i>, from the <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome" title="Catacombs of Rome">Catacombs of Rome</a> - translated as, "Severa, may you live in God", Severa being the woman buried in the sarcophagus and likely the figure to the left of the inscription.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Magi are popularly referred to as <i>wise men</i> and <i>kings</i>. The word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">magi</i></span> is the plural of <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/magus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:magus">magus</a></i>, borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:μάγος">μάγος</a></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">magos</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as used in the original Greek text of the Gospel of Matthew (in the plural: <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">μάγοι</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">magoi</i></span>). The Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">magos</i></span> itself is derived from <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <i>maguŝ,</i> which in turn originated from the <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> <i>magâunô</i>, referring to the Iranian priestly <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within this tradition, priests paid particular attention to the stars and gained an international reputation for <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nationalgeographic.com_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalgeographic.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was at that time highly regarded as a science.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their religious practices and astrological abilities caused derivatives of the term <i>Magi</i> to be applied to the <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> in general and led to the English term <i><a href="/wiki/Magick_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magick (paranormal)">magic</a></i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> translates "magi" as <i>wise men</i>; the same translation is applied to the wise men led by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a> of earlier Hebrew Scriptures (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Daniel#2:48" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Daniel">Daniel 2:48</a>). The same word is given as <i>sorcerer</i> and <i>sorcery</i> when describing "<a href="/wiki/Elymas" title="Elymas">Elymas</a> the sorcerer" in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#13:6" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 13:6–11</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a>, considered a <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretic</a> by the early Church, in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#8:9" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 8:9–13</a>. Several translations refer to the men outright as <a href="/wiki/Astrologer" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrologer">astrologers</a> at <a href="/wiki/Matthew_2" title="Matthew 2">Matthew Chapter 2</a>, including <a href="/wiki/New_English_Bible" title="New English Bible">New English Bible</a> (1961); <a href="/wiki/Phillips_New_Testament_in_Modern_English" title="Phillips New Testament in Modern English">Phillips New Testament in Modern English</a> (J.B.Phillips, 1972); <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Century_New_Testament" title="Twentieth Century New Testament">Twentieth Century New Testament</a> (1904 revised edition); <a href="/wiki/Amplified_Bible" title="Amplified Bible">Amplified Bible</a> (1958, New Testament); <a href="/wiki/An_American_Translation" class="mw-redirect" title="An American Translation">An American Translation</a> (1935, Goodspeed); and <a href="/wiki/The_Living_Bible" title="The Living Bible">The Living Bible</a> (K. Taylor, 1962, New Testament). </p><p>Although the Magi are commonly referred to as "kings", there is nothing in the Gospel of Matthew that implies they were rulers of any kind. The identification of the Magi as kings is linked to Old Testament prophecies that describe the Messiah being worshipped by kings in <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_60:3" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaiah 60:3">Isaiah 60:3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Psalms">Psalm</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Psalms#68:29" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Psalms">68:29</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Psalms#72:10" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Psalms">Psalm 72:10</a>, which reads, "Yea, all kings shall fall down before him: all nations serve him."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early readers reinterpreted Matthew in light of these prophecies and elevated the Magi to kings, which became widely accepted by at least 500 A.D.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Christian interpretation stressed the <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">adoration of the Magi</a> and shepherds as the first recognition by humans of Christ as the Redeemer. However, the Protestant reformer <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> was vehemently opposed to referring to the Magi as kings, writing: "But the most ridiculous contrivance of the Papists on this subject is, that those men were kings... Beyond all doubt, they have been stupefied by a righteous judgment of God, that all might laugh at [their] gross ignorance."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identities_and_background">Identities and background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Magi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Identities and background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_three_Magi_(Balthasar,_Caspar,_Melchior).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_three_Magi_%28Balthasar%2C_Caspar%2C_Melchior%29.jpg/180px-The_three_Magi_%28Balthasar%2C_Caspar%2C_Melchior%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/The_three_Magi_%28Balthasar%2C_Caspar%2C_Melchior%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>The three Magi (named Balthazar, Caspar, and Melchior), from <a href="/wiki/Herrad_of_Landsberg" title="Herrad of Landsberg">Herrad of Landsberg</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Hortus_deliciarum" title="Hortus deliciarum">Hortus deliciarum</a></i> (12th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>The names and origins of the Magi are never given in scripture, but have been provided by various traditions and legends.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christians</a>, the earliest and most common names are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_(magus)" title="Melchior (magus)">Melchior</a> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-Collins2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also Melichior).<sup id="cite_ref-exbar_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exbar-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_(magus)" title="Caspar (magus)">Caspar</a> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also Gaspar, Jaspar, Jaspas, Gathaspa,<sup id="cite_ref-exbar_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exbar-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kehrer:70_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kehrer:70-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other variations).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthazar_(magus)" title="Balthazar (magus)">Balthazar</a> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-Collins3_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also Balthasar, Balthassar, and Bithisarea).<sup id="cite_ref-exbar_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exbar-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>These names first appear in an eighth century religious chronicle, <i><a href="/wiki/Excerpta_Latina_Barbari" title="Excerpta Latina Barbari">Excerpta Latina Barbari</a>,</i> which is a Latin translation of a lost Greek manuscript probably composed in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> roughly two centuries earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-exbar_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exbar-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another eighth century text, <i>Collectanea et Flores</i>, which was likewise a Latin translation from an original Greek account, continues the tradition of three kings and their names and gives additional details.<sup id="cite_ref-kehrer:66_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kehrer:66-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-patro_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patro-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One candidate for the origin of the name Caspar appears in the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Thomas" title="Acts of Thomas">apocryphal Acts of Thomas</a>, which gives the account of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a>'s visit to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian">Indo-Parthian King</a> <a href="/wiki/Gondophares" title="Gondophares">Gondophares I</a> (21– c. 47 AD), also known as Gudapharasa, from which "Caspar" might derive as corruption of "Gaspar". Gondophares had declared independence from the <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid Empire">Arsacids</a> and ruled a kingdom spanning present-day Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. According to historian Ernst Herzfeld, his name is perpetuated in the name of the Afghan city <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, which he is said to have founded under the name Gundopharron.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within Eastern Christianity, the Magi have varied names. Among <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Syria" title="Demographics of Syria">Syrian Christians</a>, they are <i>Larvandad</i>, <i>Gushnasaph</i>, and <i>Hormisdas;</i><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a>, they are <i>Hor</i>, <i>Karsudan</i>, and <i>Basanater</i>, while <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholics</a> have <i>Kagpha</i>, <i>Badadakharida</i> and <i>Badadilma</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Acta_Sanct_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acta_Sanct-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carols_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carols-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China#Christianity_in_the_contemporary_PRC" title="Christianity in China">Chinese Christians</a> believe that one of the magi came from China.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Country_of_origin_and_journey">Country of origin and journey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Magi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Country of origin and journey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Magi_Journeying_(Les_rois_mages_en_voyage)_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Magi_Journeying_%28Les_rois_mages_en_voyage%29_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Magi_Journeying_%28Les_rois_mages_en_voyage%29_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Magi_Journeying_%28Les_rois_mages_en_voyage%29_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Magi_Journeying_%28Les_rois_mages_en_voyage%29_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Magi_Journeying_%28Les_rois_mages_en_voyage%29_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Magi_Journeying_%28Les_rois_mages_en_voyage%29_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Tissot" title="James Tissot">James Tissot</a>: <i>The Magi Journeying</i> (c. 1890), <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></figcaption></figure><p>The phrase "from the east" (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">apo anatolon</i></span>), more literally "from the rising [of the sun]", is the only information Matthew provides about the region from which they came. The <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>, centered in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Name_of_Iran" title="Name of Iran">Persia</a>), stretched from eastern Syria to the fringes of India. Though the empire was tolerant of other religions, its dominant religion was <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, with its priestly <i>magos</i> class.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Matthew's account does not explicitly cite the motivation for their journey (other than seeing the star in the east, which they took to be the star of the King of the Jews), the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">apocryphal</a> <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Infancy_Gospel" title="Syriac Infancy Gospel">Syriac Infancy Gospel</a> states in its third chapter that they were pursuing a prophecy from their prophet, Zoradascht (Zoroaster).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is an <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian</a> tradition identifying the "Magi of Bethlehem" as <a href="/wiki/Balthazar_(Magus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balthazar (Magus)">Balthasar</a> of Arabia, <a href="/wiki/Melchior_(Magi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melchior (Magi)">Melchior</a> of Persia, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Caspar" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Caspar">Caspar</a> of India.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/John_of_Hildesheim" title="John of Hildesheim">John of Hildesheim</a> relates a tradition in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> (in present-day Punjab, Pakistan) that one of the Magi passed through the city on the way to Bethlehem.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebastian Brock, a historian of Christianity, has said: "It was no doubt among converts from Zoroastrianism that<span class="nowrap"> </span>... certain legends were developed around the Magi of the Gospels".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And Anders Hultgård concluded that the Gospel story of the Magi was influenced by an Iranian legend concerning magi and a star, which was connected with Persian beliefs in the rise of a star predicting the birth of a ruler and with myths describing the manifestation of a divine figure in fire and light.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_kings.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Three_kings.tif/lossless-page1-220px-Three_kings.tif.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Three_kings.tif/lossless-page1-330px-Three_kings.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Three_kings.tif/lossless-page1-440px-Three_kings.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="2082" data-file-height="1058" /></a><figcaption>The Three Wise Kings, <i><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Atlas" title="Catalan Atlas">Catalan Atlas</a>,</i> 1375, fol. V: "This province is called <a href="/wiki/Tarshish" title="Tarshish">Tarshish</a>, from which came the Three Wise Kings, and they came to <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> in Judaea with their gifts and worshipped Jesus Christ, and they are entombed in the city of <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> two days journey from <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>."</figcaption></figure> <p>A model for the homage of the Magi might have been provided, it has been suggested, by the journey to Rome of King <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_I_of_Armenia" title="Tiridates I of Armenia">Tiridates I of Armenia</a>, with his magi, to pay homage to the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Nero" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Nero">Emperor Nero</a>, which took place in AD 66, a few years before the date assigned to the composition of the Gospel of Matthew.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a tradition that the Central Asian <a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a> and their Christian relatives, the <a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Keraites</a>, were descended from the biblical Magi.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This heritage passed to the Mongol dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> when <a href="/wiki/Sorghaghtani" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorghaghtani">Sorghaghtani</a>, niece of the Keraite ruler <a href="/wiki/Wang_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Khan">Toghrul</a>, married <a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Tolui</a>, the youngest son of Genghis, and became the mother of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a> and his younger brother and successor, <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>. Toghrul became identified with the legendary Central Asian Christian king <a href="/wiki/Prester_John" title="Prester John">Prester John</a>, whose Mongol descendants were sought as allies against the Muslims by contemporary European monarchs and popes.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sempad_the_Constable" title="Sempad the Constable">Sempad the Constable</a>, elder brother of King <a href="/wiki/Hetoum_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetoum I">Hetoum I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cilician_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilician Armenia">Cilician Armenia</a>, visited the Mongol court in Karakorum in 1247–1250 and in 1254. He wrote a letter to <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_Cyprus" title="Henry I of Cyprus">Henry I</a> King of Cyprus and Queen Stephanie (Sempad's sister) from <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> in 1243, in which he said: "Tanchat [Tangut, or <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a>], which is the land from whence came the Three Kings to Bethlehem to worship the Lord Jesus which was born. And know that the power of Christ has been, and is, so great, that the people of that land are Christians; and the whole land of Chata [Khitai, or <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khitai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara-Khitai">Kara-Khitai</a>] believes those Three Kings. I have myself been in their churches and have seen pictures of Jesus Christ and the Three Kings, one offering gold, the second frankincense, and the third myrrh. And it is through those Three Kings that they believe in Christ, and that the Chan and his people have now become Christians."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legendary Christian ruler of Central Asia <a href="/wiki/Prester_John" title="Prester John">Prester John</a> was reportedly a descendant of one of the Magi.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In her four volumes of visions of the life of Christ, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Catherine_Emmerich" title="Anne Catherine Emmerich">Anne Catherine Emmerich</a> says that the Magi came from the border between <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>, mentioning <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, "Mozian" (Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Maysan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Maysan Province">Maysan Province</a>, anciently known as <a href="/wiki/Characene" title="Characene">Mesene</a>), "Sikdor" (<a href="/wiki/Shushtar" title="Shushtar">Shushtar</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>), and a "city, whose name sounded to me something like Acajaja" (<a href="/wiki/Aghajari" title="Aghajari">Aghajari</a>), as well as other cities farther east.<sup id="cite_ref-Emmerich_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emmerich-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_interpretations">Later interpretations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Magi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspar_by_Jan_van_Bijlert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Caspar_by_Jan_van_Bijlert.jpg/180px-Caspar_by_Jan_van_Bijlert.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Caspar_by_Jan_van_Bijlert.jpg/270px-Caspar_by_Jan_van_Bijlert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Caspar_by_Jan_van_Bijlert.jpg/360px-Caspar_by_Jan_van_Bijlert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1779" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption><i>Caspar</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Bijlert" title="Jan van Bijlert">Jan van Bijlert</a>. Oil on panel. Circa 1640–1650</figcaption></figure> <p>Apart from their names, the three Magi developed distinct characteristics in Christian tradition, so that between them they represented the three ages of (adult) man, three geographical and cultural areas, and sometimes other concepts. In one tradition, reflected in art by at least the 14th century—for example, in the <a href="/wiki/Arena_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Arena Chapel">Arena Chapel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a> in 1305—Caspar is old, normally with a white beard, and gives the gold; he is "King of <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a>, land of merchants" on the Mediterranean coast of modern Turkey, and is first in line to kneel to Christ. Melchior is middle-aged, giving frankincense from <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, and Balthazar is a young man, very often and increasingly black-skinned, with myrrh from <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Saba</a> (modern southern Yemen). Their ages were often given as 60, 40 and 20 respectively, and their geographical origins were rather variable, with Balthazar increasingly coming from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a> or other parts of Africa, and being represented accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Balthazar's blackness has been the subject of considerable recent scholarly attention; in art, it is found mostly in northern Europe, beginning from the 12th century, and becoming very common in the north by the 15th.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subject of which king is which and who brought which gift is not without some variation depending on the tradition. The gift of gold is sometimes associated with Melchior as well,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in some traditions Melchior is the oldest of the three Magi.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gestures_of_respect">Gestures of respect</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Magi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gestures of respect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Magi are described as "falling down", "kneeling", or "bowing" in the worship of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-mat:202:64_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mat:202:64-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gesture, together with Luke's birth narrative, had an important effect on Christian religious practices.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They were indicative of great respect, and typically used when venerating a king. While prostration is now rarely practised in the West, it is still relatively common in the Eastern Churches, especially during <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>. Kneeling has remained an important element of Christian worship to this day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gifts_of_the_Magi">Gifts of the Magi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Magi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gifts of the Magi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gifts of the Magi" redirects here. For the short story, see <a href="/wiki/The_Gift_of_the_Magi" title="The Gift of the Magi">The Gift of the Magi</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gold, frankincense, and myrrh" redirects here. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Gold,_Frankincense_and_Myrrh" title="Gold, Frankincense and Myrrh">Gold, Frankincense and Myrrh</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:78px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_Coin_of_Heiliodotos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gold" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gold_Coin_of_Heiliodotos.jpg/129px-Gold_Coin_of_Heiliodotos.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gold_Coin_of_Heiliodotos.jpg/194px-Gold_Coin_of_Heiliodotos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gold_Coin_of_Heiliodotos.jpg/258px-Gold_Coin_of_Heiliodotos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="366" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:80px;max-width:80px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:78px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olibanum_resin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Frankincense" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Olibanum_resin.jpg/78px-Olibanum_resin.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Olibanum_resin.jpg/117px-Olibanum_resin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Olibanum_resin.jpg/156px-Olibanum_resin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1160" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:95px;max-width:95px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:78px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commiphora-myrrha-resin-myrrh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Myrrh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Commiphora-myrrha-resin-myrrh.jpg/93px-Commiphora-myrrha-resin-myrrh.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Commiphora-myrrha-resin-myrrh.jpg/140px-Commiphora-myrrha-resin-myrrh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Commiphora-myrrha-resin-myrrh.jpg/186px-Commiphora-myrrha-resin-myrrh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="171" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The three gifts of the magi, left to right: gold, <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a></div></div></div></div> <p>Three gifts are explicitly identified in Matthew: <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a>; in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, these are <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">chrysós</i></span> (<span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%87%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:χρυσός">χρυσός</a></span>), <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">líbanos</i></span> (<span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:λίβανος">λίβανος</a></span>) and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">smýrna</i></span> (<span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:σμύρνα">σμύρνα</a></span>). There are various theories and interpretations of the meaning and symbolism of the gifts, particularly with respect to frankincense and myrrh. </p><p>The theories generally break down into two groups: </p> <ol><li>All three gifts are ordinary offerings and gifts given to a king. Myrrh being commonly used as an anointing oil, frankincense as a perfume, and gold as a valuable.</li> <li>The three gifts had a spiritual meaning: gold as a symbol of kingship on earth, frankincense (an <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>) as a symbol of deity, and myrrh (an embalming oil) as a symbol of death. <dl><dd><ul><li>This dates back to <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Contra_Celsum" title="Contra Celsum">Contra Celsum</a></i>: "gold, as to a king; myrrh, as to one who was mortal; and incense, as to a God."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>These interpretations are alluded to in the verses of the popular carol "<a href="/wiki/We_Three_Kings" title="We Three Kings">We Three Kings</a>" in which the magi describe their gifts. The last verse includes a summary of the interpretation: "Glorious now behold Him arise/King and God and sacrifice."</li> <li>Sometimes this is described more generally as gold symbolizing virtue, frankincense symbolizing <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a>, and myrrh symbolizing suffering.</li></ul></dd></dl></li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7222_Adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_Magos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/7222_Adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_Magos.jpg/220px-7222_Adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_Magos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/7222_Adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_Magos.jpg/330px-7222_Adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_Magos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/7222_Adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_Magos.jpg/440px-7222_Adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_Magos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3870" data-file-height="3202" /></a><figcaption><i>Adoración de los Reyes Magos</i> by <a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a>, 1568 (<a href="/wiki/Museo_Soumaya" title="Museo Soumaya">Museo Soumaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Frankincense and myrrh were burned during rituals among Egyptian, Greek and Roman societies. Ancient Egyptians used myrrh to embalm corpses and Romans burned it as a type of incense at funeral pyres.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Myrrh was used as an embalming ointment and as a penitential incense in funerals and cremations until the 15th century. The "holy oil" traditionally used by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> for performing the sacraments of <a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">chrismation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unction" class="mw-redirect" title="Unction">unction</a> is traditionally scented with myrrh, and receiving either of these sacraments is commonly referred to as "receiving the myrrh". The picture of the Magi on the 7th-century <a href="/wiki/Franks_Casket" title="Franks Casket">Franks Casket</a> shows the third visitor – he who brings myrrh – with a <a href="/wiki/Valknut" title="Valknut">valknut</a> over his back, a pagan symbol referring to Death.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been suggested by scholars that the "gifts" were <a href="/wiki/Medicinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal">medicinal</a> rather than precious material for <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Syrian King <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a> is recorded to have offered gold, frankincense and myrrh (among other items) to <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> in his temple at <a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a> near <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a> in 288/7 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this may have been the precedent for the mention of these three gifts in Gospel of Matthew (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:11" title="Matthew 2:11">2:11</a>). It was these three gifts, it is thought, which were the chief cause for the number of the Magi becoming fixed eventually at three.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This episode can be linked to <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_60" title="Isaiah 60">Isaiah 60</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Psalm_72" title="Psalm 72">Psalm 72</a>, which report gifts being given by kings, and this has played a central role in the perception of the Magi as kings, rather than as astronomer-priests. In a hymn of the late 4th-century <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Prudentius" title="Prudentius">Prudentius</a>, the three gifts have already gained their medieval interpretation as prophetic <a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">emblems</a> of Jesus' identity, familiar in the carol "<a href="/wiki/We_Three_Kings" title="We Three Kings">We Three Kings</a>" by <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Hopkins,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Henry Hopkins, Jr.">John Henry Hopkins, Jr.</a>, 1857. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> suggested that the gifts were fit to be given not just to a king but to God, and contrasted them with the Jews' traditional offerings of sheep and calves, and accordingly Chrysostom asserts that the Magi worshiped Jesus as God. </p><p>What subsequently happened to these gifts is never mentioned in the scripture, but several traditions have developed.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One story has the gold being stolen by the two thieves who were later crucified alongside Jesus. Another tale has it being entrusted to and then misappropriated by <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas</a>. One tradition suggests that Joseph and Mary used the gold to finance their travels when they fled Bethlehem after an angel had warned, in a dream, about <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">King Herod's</a> plan to kill Jesus. And another story proposes the theory that the myrrh given to them at Jesus' birth was used to anoint Jesus' body after his crucifixion. </p><p>There was a 15th-century golden case purportedly containing the Gift of the Magi housed in the Monastery of St. Paul of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>. It was donated to the monastery in the 15th century by <a href="/wiki/Mara_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Mara Branković">Mara Branković</a>, daughter of the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Serbia">King of Serbia</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura%C4%91_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Đurađ Branković">Đurađ Branković</a>, wife to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Murat_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Murat II">Murat II</a> and godmother to <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmet II">Mehmet II</a> the Conqueror (of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>). After the Athens earthquake of September 7, 1999, they were temporarily displayed in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> to strengthen faith and raise money for earthquake victims. The relics were displayed in Ukraine and Belarus in Christmas of 2014, and thus left Greece for the first time since the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo" title="The Travels of Marco Polo">The Travels of Marco Polo</a></i>, gold symbolises the power over the material world as a king on earth, frankincense symbolises the power over the spiritual world as a deity, and myrrh symbolises the healing power over death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_significance_and_traditions">Religious significance and traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Magi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religious significance and traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mystery_Play_of_the_Three_Magic_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystery Play of the Three Magic Kings">Mystery Play of the Three Magic Kings</a></div> <p>Holidays celebrating the arrival of the Magi traditionally recognise a distinction between the date of their arrival and the date of Jesus' birth. The account given in the Gospel of Matthew does not state that they were present on the night of the birth; in the Gospel of Luke, Joseph and Mary remain in Bethlehem until it is time for Jesus' dedication in Jerusalem, after which they return to their home in Nazareth. </p><p>The visit of the Magi is commemorated in most <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christian</a> churches separately from Christmas. The visit of the Magi is part of the <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a> on 6 January, which concludes the <i><a href="/wiki/Twelve_days_of_Christmas" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve days of Christmas">twelve days of Christmas</a>;</i> on that date the Magi are also celebrated as saints. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> celebrate the visit of the Magi on the same date as their Christmas, which is either 25 December, 6 January, or 7 January, depending on if they follow the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One story in <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a> in the era of the late Roman Empire and early post-Islamic conquest period, the <a href="/wiki/Revelation_of_the_Magi" title="Revelation of the Magi">Revelation of the Magi</a>, indicates that the Magi arrived in April (rather than January). It also implies the Magi arrived before Jesus's birth, while Mary was still pregnant, yet nevertheless a celestial child of the transformed Star of Bethlehem was able to commission them, suggesting that Jesus could be in multiple places at once.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> does not contain Matthew's episode of the Magi. However, the Persian Muslim encyclopedist <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a>, writing in the ninth century, gives the familiar symbolism of the gifts of the Magi, citing the late seventh century Persian-Yemenite writer <a href="/wiki/Wahb_ibn_Munabbih" title="Wahb ibn Munabbih">Wahb ibn Munabbih</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Munabbih2_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munabbih2-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hispanic_customs">Hispanic customs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Magi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hispanic customs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reyes_Magos_en_centro_comercial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Reyes_Magos_en_centro_comercial.jpg/220px-Reyes_Magos_en_centro_comercial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Reyes_Magos_en_centro_comercial.jpg/330px-Reyes_Magos_en_centro_comercial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Reyes_Magos_en_centro_comercial.jpg/440px-Reyes_Magos_en_centro_comercial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Three Wise Men receiving children at a shopping centre in Spain. Letters with gift requests are left in the letterbox on the left-hand side.</figcaption></figure> <p>In much of the <a href="/wiki/Hispanosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanosphere">Spanish-speaking world</a>, the Three Kings (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Los Reyes Magos de Oriente</i></span>, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Los Tres Reyes Magos</i></span> or simply <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Los Reyes Magos</i></span>) receive letters from children and so bring them gifts on the night before <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, each one of the Magi is supposed to represent a different continent: Europe (Melchior), Asia (Caspar) and Africa (Balthasar). According to the tradition, the Magi come from the <a href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">Orient</a> on their <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a> to visit the houses of all the children, much like <i><a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a> with his <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a> elsewhere. </p><p>Almost every Spanish city or town organises <i><a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_Magi" title="Cavalcade of Magi">cabalgatas</a></i> in the evening, in which the <i>kings</i> and their <i>servants</i> parade and throw sweets to the children (and parents) in attendance. The <i>cavalcade of the three kings</i> in <a href="/wiki/Alcoy_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoy (Spain)">Alcoy</a> claims to be the oldest in the world, having started in 1886. The <a href="/wiki/Mystery_Play_of_the_Three_Magic_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystery Play of the Three Magic Kings">Mystery Play of the Three Magic Kings</a> is also presented on Epiphany Eve. There is also a "Roscón" (Spain) or "Rosca de Reyes" (Mexico). </p><p>In Spain, the role of Balthazar has always been played by a Spaniard, or "white" person, in <a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">blackface</a>. Because so many people have become increasingly offended by this, a campaign of protest to eliminate this practice began in Spain in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (December 2018)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (December 2018)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Spain and also in Latin America, children prepare a drink for each of the Magi on January 5. It is also traditional to prepare food and drink for the camels, because it is believed that this is the only night of the year when they eat. </p><p>Not only in Spain, but also in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, there is a long tradition of children receiving presents by the three "<i>Reyes Magos</i>" on the night of January 5th (Epiphany Eve) or Epiphany morning, January 6th, <i>Día de Reyes</i>, because it is believed that this is the day in which the Magi arrived bearing gifts for the Christ child. In most Latin American countries children also cut grass or greenery on January 5 and fill a box or their shoes with the cuttings for the Kings' camels. They then place the box or their shoes under their bed or beside the Christmas tree. On Epiphany morning the children will find the grass gone from their shoes or box and replaced with candy and other small, sweet treats. </p><p>In Spain and most Latin American countries, which are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, the Christmas Season officially starts on December 25 and partially ends on January 7, the day after The Epiphany. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, however, there are eight more days of celebration called <i>las octavitas</i> (the little eight days). According to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, the full Christmas Season is from December 25 to <a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a> on February 2. </p><p>In the Philippines, beliefs concerning the Three Kings (Filipino: <i>Tatlóng Haring Mago</i>, lit. "Three Magi Kings"; shortened to <i>Tatlóng Harì</i> or <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">Spanish</a> <i>Tres Reyes</i>) follows Hispanic influence, with the Feast of the Epiphany considered by many Filipinos as the traditional end of <a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Philippines" title="Christmas in the Philippines">their Christmas season</a>. The tradition of the Three Kings' <i><a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_Magi" title="Cavalcade of Magi">cabalgata</a></i> is today done only in some areas, such as the old city of <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, and the island of <a href="/wiki/Marinduque" title="Marinduque">Marinduque</a>. Another dying custom is children leaving shoes out on Epiphany Eve, so that they may receive sweets and money from the Three Kings. With the arrival of American culture in the early 20th century, the Three Kings as gift-givers have been largely replaced in urban areas by <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a>, and they only survive in the greeting "Happy Three Kings!" and the <a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">surname</a> <i>Tatlóngharì</i>. The Three Kings are especially revered in <a href="/wiki/Gapan,_Nueva_Ecija" class="mw-redirect" title="Gapan, Nueva Ecija">Gapan, Nueva Ecija</a>, where they are enshrined as <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saints</a> in the <a href="/wiki/National_Shrine_of_Virgen_La_Divina_Pastora" class="mw-redirect" title="National Shrine of Virgen La Divina Pastora">National Shrine of Virgen La Divina Pastora</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Europe">Central Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Magi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Central Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chalking_the_door" title="Chalking the door">Chalking the door</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:01_Das_katholische_Fest_der_Heiligen_drei_K%C3%B6nige_2013_in_Sanok.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/01_Das_katholische_Fest_der_Heiligen_drei_K%C3%B6nige_2013_in_Sanok.JPG/220px-01_Das_katholische_Fest_der_Heiligen_drei_K%C3%B6nige_2013_in_Sanok.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/01_Das_katholische_Fest_der_Heiligen_drei_K%C3%B6nige_2013_in_Sanok.JPG/330px-01_Das_katholische_Fest_der_Heiligen_drei_K%C3%B6nige_2013_in_Sanok.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/01_Das_katholische_Fest_der_Heiligen_drei_K%C3%B6nige_2013_in_Sanok.JPG/440px-01_Das_katholische_Fest_der_Heiligen_drei_K%C3%B6nige_2013_in_Sanok.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sternsinger</i></span> – Christmas carolers in <a href="/wiki/Sanok" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanok">Sanok</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> <p>A tradition in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, and German-speaking Catholic areas is the writing of the three kings' initials<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> above the main door of Catholic homes in chalk. This is a new year's blessing for the occupants and the initials also are believed to also stand for "<i>Christus mansionem benedicat</i>" ("May/Let Christ Bless This House").<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the city or town, this will be happen sometime between Christmas and the Epiphany, with most municipalities celebrating closer to the <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a>. Also in Catholic parts of the German-speaking world, these markings are made by the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sternsinger</i></span> (literally, "<a href="/wiki/Star_singers" title="Star singers">star singers</a>") – a group of children dressed up as the magi.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sternsinger</i></span> carry a star representing the one followed by the biblical magi and sing <a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Christmas carols</a> as they go door to door, such as "<a href="/wiki/Stern_%C3%BCber_Bethlehem" title="Stern über Bethlehem">Stern über Bethlehem</a>". After singing, the children write the three kings' initials on the door frame in exchange for charitable donations. Each year, German and Austrian dioceses pick one charity towards which all <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sternsinger</i></span> donations nationwide will be contributed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sternsinger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sternsinger.jpg/220px-Sternsinger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sternsinger.jpg/330px-Sternsinger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sternsinger.jpg/440px-Sternsinger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2283" data-file-height="1724" /></a><figcaption><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sternsinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Sternsinger">Sternsinger</a></i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditionally, one child in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sternsinger</i></span> group is said to represent Baltasar from Africa and so, that child typically wears blackface makeup.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Germans do not consider this to be racist because it is not intended to be a negative portrayal of a black person, but rather, a "realistic" or "traditional" portrayal of one.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dialogue surrounding the politics of traditions involving blackface is not as developed as in Spain or the Netherlands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the past, photographs of German politicians together with children in blackface have caused a stir in English-language press.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Afro-Germans have written that this use of blackface is a missed opportunity to be truly inclusive of Afro-Germans in German-speaking communities and contribute to the equation of "blackness" with "foreignness" and "otherness" in German culture.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, Epiphany was made a holiday in Poland, thus reviving a pre-World War II tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2011, celebrations with biblical costuming have taken place throughout the country. For example, in Warsaw there are processions from <a href="/wiki/Plac_Zamkowy" class="mw-redirect" title="Plac Zamkowy">Plac Zamkowy</a> down <a href="/wiki/Krakowskie_Przedmie%C5%9Bcie" title="Krakowskie Przedmieście">Krakowskie Przedmieście</a> to <a href="/wiki/Plac_Pi%C5%82sudskiego" class="mw-redirect" title="Plac Piłsudskiego">Plac Piłsudskiego</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cake">Cake</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Magi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/King_cake" title="King cake">King cake</a></div> <p>In Spain and Portugal, a ring-shaped cake (in Portuguese: <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Bolo-rei" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolo-rei">bolo-rei</a></i></span><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) contains both a small <a href="/wiki/Figurine" title="Figurine">figurine</a> of one of the Magi (or another surprise depending on the region) and a dry <a href="/wiki/Broad_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad bean">broad bean</a>. The one who gets the figurine is "crowned" (with a crown made of cardboard or paper), but whoever gets the bean has to pay the value of the cake to the person who originally bought it. In Mexico they also have the same ring-shaped cake <i>Rosca de Reyes</i> (Kings Bagel or Thread) with figurines inside it. Whoever gets a figurine is supposed to organize and be the host of the family celebration for the <i><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candelaria</a></i> feast on February 2. </p><p>In France and Belgium, a cake containing a small figure of the baby Jesus, known as the "broad bean", is shared within the family. Whoever gets the bean is crowned king for the remainder of the holiday and wears a cardboard crown purchased with the cake. A similar practice is common in many areas of Switzerland, but the figurine is a miniature king. The practice is known as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">tirer les Rois</i></span> (Drawing the Kings). A queen is sometimes also chosen. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, parts of southern <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, and surrounding regions, a similar ring-shaped cake known as a "<a href="/wiki/King_Cake" class="mw-redirect" title="King Cake">King Cake</a>" traditionally becomes available in bakeries from Epiphany to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Mardi_Gras" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a>. The baby Jesus figurine is inserted into the cake from underneath, and the person who gets the slice with the figurine is expected to buy or bake the next King Cake. There is wide variation among the types of pastry that may be called a King Cake, but most are a baked cinnamon-flavoured twisted dough with thin frosting and additional sugar on top in the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Mardi_Gras#Traditional_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans Mardi Gras">traditional Mardi Gras colours</a> of gold, green and purple. To prevent accidental injury or choking, the baby Jesus figurine is frequently not inserted into the cake at the bakery, but included in the packaging for optional use by the buyer to insert it themselves. Mardi Gras-style beads and <a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">doubloons</a> may be included as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martyrdom_traditions">Martyrdom traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Magi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Martyrdom traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cologne_Cathedral_Shrine_of_Magi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cologne_Cathedral_Shrine_of_Magi.jpg/220px-Cologne_Cathedral_Shrine_of_Magi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cologne_Cathedral_Shrine_of_Magi.jpg/330px-Cologne_Cathedral_Shrine_of_Magi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cologne_Cathedral_Shrine_of_Magi.jpg/440px-Cologne_Cathedral_Shrine_of_Magi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Three_Kings" title="Shrine of the Three Kings">Shrine of the Three Kings</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a>, Germany, c. 1200.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Christian scriptures</a> record nothing about the biblical Magi after reporting that they returned to their own country.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chronicon of Dexter, a <a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">martyrological text</a> ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Lucius_Dexter" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Lucius Dexter">Flavius Lucius Dexter</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Barcelona" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Barcelona">bishop of Barcelona</a> under <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius the Great</a> (379–396) describes "the martyrdom of the holy kings, the three Magi, Gaspar, Balthassar, and Melchior who adored Christ." in "<a href="/wiki/Arabia_Felix" title="Arabia Felix">Arabia Felix</a>, in the city of Sessania of the Adrumeti".<sup id="cite_ref-Breen_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breen-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First appearing in 1610, the Chronicon of Dexter was immensely popular throughout the 17th century, particularly in Spain. However, by the 19th century, certain historians and Catholic officials in Rome declared the work a pious forgery.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another competing tradition, most likely originating from Germany, likewise asserts that the biblical Magi were martyred for their faith, albeit without further details.<sup id="cite_ref-Breen_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breen-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tombs">Tombs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Magi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tombs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reliquary_Three_Wise_Men_MNMA_Cl23822.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Reliquary_Three_Wise_Men_MNMA_Cl23822.jpg/220px-Reliquary_Three_Wise_Men_MNMA_Cl23822.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Reliquary_Three_Wise_Men_MNMA_Cl23822.jpg/330px-Reliquary_Three_Wise_Men_MNMA_Cl23822.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Reliquary_Three_Wise_Men_MNMA_Cl23822.jpg/440px-Reliquary_Three_Wise_Men_MNMA_Cl23822.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><i>Journey of the Magi</i> (top) and <i>Adoration of the Magi</i> (side) on a <a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a> <a href="/wiki/Champlev%C3%A9" title="Champlevé">champlevé</a> <a href="/wiki/Chasse_(casket)" title="Chasse (casket)">chasse</a>, c. 1200 (<a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny" title="Musée de Cluny">Musée de Cluny</a>, Paris)</figcaption></figure> <p>There are several traditions on where the remains of the Magi are located, none of which have been verified or given veracity by secular historians. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> claimed that he was shown the three tombs of the Magi at <a href="/wiki/Saveh" title="Saveh">Saveh</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> in present day Iran, in the 1270s: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In Persia is the city of <a href="/wiki/Sabashahr" title="Sabashahr">Saba</a>, from which the Three Magi set out when they went to worship Jesus Christ; and in this city they are buried, in three very large and beautiful monuments, side by side. And above them there is a square building, carefully kept. The bodies are still entire, with the hair and beard remaining.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Marco Polo, <a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo" title="The Travels of Marco Polo"><i>The Book of the Million</i></a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo/Book_1/Chapter_13">book I, chapter 13</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Paul William Roberts provides some modern-day corroboration of this possibility in his book <i>Journey of the Magi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bones of the Magi are allegedly contained at the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Three_Kings_at_Cologne_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrine of the Three Kings at Cologne Cathedral">Shrine of the Three Kings at Cologne Cathedral</a> in Germany. According to tradition, they were first discovered by <a href="/wiki/Helena_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena of Constantinople">Helena</a>, mother of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, on her famous pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Lands</a> in 326–28. She took the remains to the church of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>; in 344, they were transferred to Milan<a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">—</a>in some accounts by the city's bishop, <a href="/wiki/Eustorgius_I" title="Eustorgius I">Eustorgius I</a>—where they were interned in a special tomb beneath its basilica.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1162, following the conquest of the city by <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I</a>, the Magi's remains were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> at the behest of its archbishop, <a href="/wiki/Rainald_of_Dassel" title="Rainald of Dassel">Rainald von Dassel</a>. In response to growing pilgrimages to the relics, von Dassel's successor, Philipp von Hochstaden, commissioned the current <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Three_Kings" title="Shrine of the Three Kings">Shrine of the Three Kings</a> in the late 12th century, which remains widely visited and venerated.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Milanese treated the fragments of masonry from their now-empty tomb as secondary relics, which were widely distributed around the region, including southern France; this accounts for the frequency with which the Magi appear on <a href="/wiki/Chasse_(casket)" title="Chasse (casket)">chasse</a> <a href="/wiki/Reliquary" title="Reliquary">reliquaries</a> in <a href="/wiki/Limoges_enamel" title="Limoges enamel">Limoges enamel</a> produced in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city continues to celebrate its part in the tradition by holding a medieval costume parade every 6 January. </p><p>A version of this account is conveyed by 14th century cleric <a href="/wiki/John_of_Hildesheim" title="John of Hildesheim">John of Hildesheim</a> in <i>Historia Trium Regum</i> ("History of the Three Kings"), which begins with the journey of <a href="/wiki/Helena_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena of Constantinople">Helena</a> to Jerusalem, where she recovered the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a> and other relics: </p> <blockquote><p>Queen Helen... began to think greatly of the bodies of these three kings, and she arrayed herself, and accompanied by many attendants, went into the Land of Ind... after she had found the bodies of Melchior, Balthazar, and Gaspar, Queen Helen put them into one chest and ornamented it with great riches, and she brought them into Constantinople... and laid them in a church that is called Saint Sophia.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_depictions">Cultural depictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Magi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cultural depictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_art">Visual art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Magi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Visual art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fra_Angelico,_Fra_Filippo_Lippi,_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Fra_Angelico%2C_Fra_Filippo_Lippi%2C_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi.jpg/220px-Fra_Angelico%2C_Fra_Filippo_Lippi%2C_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Fra_Angelico%2C_Fra_Filippo_Lippi%2C_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi.jpg/330px-Fra_Angelico%2C_Fra_Filippo_Lippi%2C_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Fra_Angelico%2C_Fra_Filippo_Lippi%2C_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi.jpg/440px-Fra_Angelico%2C_Fra_Filippo_Lippi%2C_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11480" data-file-height="11480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Fra_Angelico_and_Filippo_Lippi)" title="Adoration of the Magi (Fra Angelico and Filippo Lippi)"><i>Adoration of the Magi</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Tondo_(art)" title="Tondo (art)">tondo</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Lippi" title="Filippo Lippi">Filippo Lippi</a>, c. 1450 (<a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">NGA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Most depictions of the Magi in European art focus on their <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">visit to Jesus</a>; beginning in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, the <i>Journey of the Magi,</i> the <i>Magi before Herod</i> and the <i>Dream of the Magi.</i> In <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a> they are depicted as Persians, wearing trousers and <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">phrygian caps</a>. Crowns appear from the 10th century. Despite being saints, they are very often shown without <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">halos</a>, perhaps to avoid distracting attention from either their crowns or the halos of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a>. Sometimes only the lead king, kneeling to Christ, has a halo the two others lack, probably indicating that the two behind had not yet performed the act of worship that would ensure their status as saints. Medieval artists also <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegorised</a> the theme to represent the three <a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">ages of man</a>. Beginning in the 12th century, and very often by the 15th, the Kings also represent the three parts of the known (<a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a>) world in Western art, especially in Northern Europe. Balthasar is thus represented as a young African or <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moor</a>, and Caspar may be depicted with distinctly <a href="/wiki/Oriental" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental">Oriental</a> features. </p><p>An early <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon depiction</a> survives on the <a href="/wiki/Franks_Casket" title="Franks Casket">Franks Casket</a> (early 7th century, whalebone carving), the only Christian scene, which is combined with pagan and classical imagery. In its composition it follows the oriental style, which renders a courtly scene, with the Virgin and Christ facing the spectator, while the Magi devoutly approach from the (left) side. Even amongst non-Christians who had heard of the Christian story of the Magi, the motif was quite popular, since the Magi had endured a long journey and were generous. Instead of an angel, the picture places a swan-like bird, perhaps interpretable as the hero's <a href="/wiki/Fylgja" title="Fylgja">fylgja</a> (a protecting spirit, and <a href="/wiki/Shapeshifter" class="mw-redirect" title="Shapeshifter">shapeshifter</a>). </p><p>Austrian artist <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Helnwein" title="Gottfried Helnwein">Gottfried Helnwein</a> depicted a more controversial tableau in his painting, <i><a href="/wiki/File:Gh293.jpg" title="File:Gh293.jpg">Epiphany I: Adoration of the Magi</a></i> (1996). Intended to represent the "many connections between the Third Reich and the Christian churches in Austria and Germany",<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nazi officers in uniform stand around an <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a> Madonna. The <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> toddler who stands on Mary's lap resembles <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_Magos_(Rubens,_Prado).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/La_adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_Magos_%28Rubens%2C_Prado%29.jpg/220px-La_adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_Magos_%28Rubens%2C_Prado%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/La_adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_Magos_%28Rubens%2C_Prado%29.jpg/330px-La_adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_Magos_%28Rubens%2C_Prado%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/La_adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_Magos_%28Rubens%2C_Prado%29.jpg/440px-La_adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_Magos_%28Rubens%2C_Prado%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3051" data-file-height="2131" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Rubens,_Madrid)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Adoration of the Magi (Rubens, Madrid)">The Adoration of the Magi</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, 1609 and 1628-29</figcaption></figure> <p>More generally they appear in popular <a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scenes</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> decorations that have their origins in the <a href="/wiki/Napoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoli">Neapolitan</a> variety of the Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">presepio</i></span> or Nativity crèche. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Magi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Christmas carols refer to the biblical Magi or Three Kings, especially hymns meant to be sung by the <a href="/wiki/Star_singers" title="Star singers">star singers</a>, such as "<a href="/wiki/Stern_%C3%BCber_Bethlehem" title="Stern über Bethlehem">Stern über Bethlehem</a>". Peter Cornelius composed a song cycle, <i><a href="/wiki/Weihnachtslieder,_Op._8_(Cornelius)" title="Weihnachtslieder, Op. 8 (Cornelius)">Weihnachtslieder</a></i>, Op. 8, which contain the song "Die Könige" (The Kings), which became popular in an English choral arrangement, "<a href="/wiki/The_Three_Kings" title="The Three Kings">The Three Kings</a>". Balthazar, Caspar, and Melchior are also featured in <a href="/wiki/Gian_Carlo_Menotti" title="Gian Carlo Menotti">Gian Carlo Menotti</a>'s 1951 opera <i><a href="/wiki/Amahl_and_the_Night_Visitors" title="Amahl and the Night Visitors">Amahl and the Night Visitors</a></i>. The popular carol "<a href="/wiki/We_Three_Kings" title="We Three Kings">We Three Kings</a>" is another example. Johann Sebastian Bach's Cantata #65 "Sie werden aus Saba alle kommen" ("All they from Saba shall come") also tells about the Wise Men, based on the Old Testament prophesy found in Isaiah 60:6 ("A multitude of camels shall cover you, the young camels of Midian and Ephah; all those from Sheba shall come. They shall bring gold and frankincense, and shall proclaim the praise of the Lord.") </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Magi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_films" title="List of Christmas films">List of Christmas films</a></div><p>Numerous films have included these characters in some scenes depicting the Nativity, from <a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Passion_of_Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="The Life and Passion of Jesus Christ">The Life and Passion of Jesus Christ</a> (1897) to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Star_(2017_film)" title="The Star (2017 film)">The Star</a></i> (2017). In 2003, the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Animated_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated film">animated film</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_3_Wise_Men" title="The 3 Wise Men">The 3 Wise Men</a></i> was released, directed by Antonio Navarro and nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Goya_Awards" title="Goya Awards">Goya Awards</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Magi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3865" data-file-height="4935" /></a><figcaption><i>Adoration of the Magi</i> by <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Bartolomé Esteban Murillo</a>, c. 1655 (<a href="/wiki/Toledo_Museum_of_Art" title="Toledo Museum of Art">Toledo Museum of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_van_Dyke" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry van Dyke">Henry van Dyke</a>'s 1895 novella <i><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Wise_Man" title="The Other Wise Man">The Other Wise Man</a></i> tells the story of Artaban, a fourth magus whose mission of kindness delays his arrival in Bethlehem by one day, missing Jesus and His parents who by then had <a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight to Egypt">fled to Egypt</a>. The rest of the plot revolves around Artaban traveling the world throughout Jesus' 33 years on Earth and of the protagonist's multiple attempts to pay homage to the Son of God.</li> <li>The first part of <a href="/wiki/Lew_Wallace" title="Lew Wallace">Lewis Wallace</a>'s 1880 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Ben-Hur:_A_Tale_of_the_Christ" title="Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ">Ben-Hur</a></i> tells the story of the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">birth of Christ</a> from Balthasar's point of view. Here Balthasar comes from Egypt and is joined by Melchior, a Hindu, and Gaspar, a Greek. Balthasar remains a recurring character throughout the novel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._Henry" title="O. Henry">O. Henry</a>'s 1905 short story <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gift_of_the_Magi" title="The Gift of the Magi">The Gift of the Magi</a></i> tells of an impoverished couple named Jim and Della Dillingham Young sacrificing their prized possessions to buy each other Christmas gifts. Della sells her long brown hair to buy a platinum fob chain to go with Jim's pocket watch, only to learn that he had sold it to buy ornamental combs for her hair. In addition to the eponymous magi, the text also mentions the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">King Solomon</a>. The narrator ends the story by claiming that (in comparison between the biblical figures' wealth with the Dillingham Youngs' possessions) those who sacrifice the things they value for the people they love are as wise as the magi themselves.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T.S._Eliot" class="mw-redirect" title="T.S. Eliot">T.S. Eliot</a>'s 1927 poem <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_of_the_Magi" title="Journey of the Magi">Journey of the Magi</a></i> is told from an aged king's point of view.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Magi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_astrology" title="Christian views on astrology">Christian views on astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_for_the_biblical_nameless" title="List of names for the biblical nameless">List of names for the biblical nameless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_play" title="Mystery play">Mystery play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church/Patron_Archive/January_6" title="Portal:Catholic Church/Patron Archive/January 6">Patron saint archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Caspar" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Caspar">Saint Caspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Magi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:μάγος">μάγοι</a></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Koinē Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">mágoi</i></span>; from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> <i>moɣ</i>(<i>mard</i>), from <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <i>magu-</i> 'Zoroastrian clergyman'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes referred to simply as <b>Wise Men</b>, <b>Kings</b>, and <b>Magi</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>C+M+B</i>, <i>C M B</i>, <i>G+M+B</i>, <i>K+M+B</i>, in those areas where Caspar is spelled Kaspar or Gašper.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew 2:12 uses the feminine singular noun, <i>χώραν</i>, noting one country, territory or region of origin.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Magi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary</i>. Nashville, Tennessee: <a href="/wiki/Holman_Bible_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Holman Bible Publishers">Holman Bible Publishers</a>. 2003. p. 1066. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8054-2836-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8054-2836-4"><bdi>0-8054-2836-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holman+Illustrated+Bible+Dictionary&rft.place=Nashville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pages=1066&rft.pub=Holman+Bible+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8054-2836-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshby2016" class="citation web cs1">Ashby, Chad (16 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/2016/december/magi-wise-men-or-kings-its-complicated.html">"Magi, Wise Men, or Kings? It's Complicated"</a>. <i>Christian History | Learn the History of Christianity & the Church</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+History+%7C+Learn+the+History+of+Christianity+%26+the+Church&rft.atitle=Magi%2C+Wise+Men%2C+or+Kings%3F+It%27s+Complicated.&rft.date=2016-12-16&rft.aulast=Ashby&rft.aufirst=Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fhistory%2F2016%2Fdecember%2Fmagi-wise-men-or-kings-its-complicated.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%202:1–2&version=nrsv">Matthew 2:1–2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5923009/three-kings-wisemen-history-magi-bible/">"Here's What History Can Tell Us About the Magi"</a>. <i>TIME</i>. 2020-12-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=Here%27s+What+History+Can+Tell+Us+About+the+Magi&rft.date=2020-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5923009%2Fthree-kings-wisemen-history-magi-bible%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Geza_Vermes" class="mw-redirect" title="Geza Vermes">Geza Vermes</a>, <i>The Nativity: History and Legend</i>, London, Penguin, 2006, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metzger, 24 [80]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshby2016" class="citation web cs1">Ashby, Chad (16 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/2016/december/magi-wise-men-or-kings-its-complicated.html">"Magi, Wise Men, or Kings? It's Complicated"</a>. <i>Christian History | Learn the History of Christianity & the Church</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+History+%7C+Learn+the+History+of+Christianity+%26+the+Church&rft.atitle=Magi%2C+Wise+Men%2C+or+Kings%3F+It%27s+Complicated.&rft.date=2016-12-16&rft.aulast=Ashby&rft.aufirst=Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fhistory%2F2016%2Fdecember%2Fmagi-wise-men-or-kings-its-complicated.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Magi">"Magi | Definition, Scripture, Names, Traditions, & Importance | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 2024-01-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Magi+%7C+Definition%2C+Scripture%2C+Names%2C+Traditions%2C+%26+Importance+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FMagi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholiceducation.org/en/controversy/common-misconceptions/we-three-kings-who-were-the-magi.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"We Three Kings" Who were the Magi?"</a>. <i>www.catholiceducation.org</i>. 12 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.catholiceducation.org&rft.atitle=%22We+Three+Kings%22+Who+were+the+Magi%3F&rft.date=2014-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholiceducation.org%2Fen%2Fcontroversy%2Fcommon-misconceptions%2Fwe-three-kings-who-were-the-magi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittock2022" class="citation web cs1">Whittock, Martyn (2022-01-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christiantoday.com/article/strange-visitors-the-significance-of-the-magi/137908.htm">"Strange visitors - the significance of the magi"</a>. <i>www.christiantoday.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.christiantoday.com&rft.atitle=Strange+visitors+-+the+significance+of+the+magi&rft.date=2022-01-06&rft.aulast=Whittock&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christiantoday.com%2Farticle%2Fstrange-visitors-the-significance-of-the-magi%2F137908.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2021/12/16/epiphany-scripture-reading-242059">"The journey of the magi is long and risky, but it ends with joy"</a>. <i>America Magazine</i>. 2021-12-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=America+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+journey+of+the+magi+is+long+and+risky%2C+but+it+ends+with+joy&rft.date=2021-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americamagazine.org%2Ffaith%2F2021%2F12%2F16%2Fepiphany-scripture-reading-242059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2014/12/17/the-rule-of-three">"The rule of three"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+rule+of+three&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fchristmas-specials%2F2014%2F12%2F17%2Fthe-rule-of-three&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birth_Stories_1999_page_179-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Birth_Stories_1999_page_179_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Borg" title="Marcus Borg">Marcus Borg</a>, 'The Meaning of the Birth Stories' in Marcus Borg, N T Wright, <i>The Meaning of Jesus: Two Visions</i> (Harper One, 1999) page 179: "I (and most mainline scholars) do not see these stories as historically factual."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schiller, 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waxman-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waxman_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waxman_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5923009/three-kings-wisemen-history-magi-bible/">Waxman, Olivia B., "Here's What History Can Tell Us About the Magi", <i>Time</i>, December 29, 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schiller, I, 96; <i>The New Testament</i> by Bart D. Ehrman 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512639-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512639-4">0-19-512639-4</a> p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+2:1%E2%80%9311&version=rsv">"The Visit of the Wise Men"</a>. <i>Bible Gateway</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=The+Visit+of+the+Wise+Men&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DMatthew%2B2%3A1%25E2%2580%259311%26version%3Drsv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%202:1%E2%80%9323&version=nrsv">"Matthew 2:1–23"</a>. <i>Oremus Bible Browser</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oremus+Bible+Browser&rft.atitle=Matthew+2%3A1%E2%80%9323&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbible.oremus.org%2F%3Fpassage%3DMatthew%25202%3A1%25E2%2580%259323%26version%3Dnrsv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, Third edition, April 2010, <i>s.v.</i> magus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a> 33.7: "ýâ sruyê parê magâunô" = "so I can be heard beyond Magi"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce">Mary Boyce</a>, <i>A History of Zoroastrianism: The Early Period</i> (Brill, 1989, 2nd ed.), vol. 1, pp. 10–11 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F3gfAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22in+the+distant+nomadic+days%22&pg=PA10">online</a>; Mary Boyce, <i>Zoroastrians: their religious beliefs and practices</i> (Routledge, 2001, 2nd ed.), p. 48 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC&dq=%22Iranian+plateau.+according+to+Herodotus%+inauthor:boyce&pg=PA48">online</a>; Linda Murray, <i>The Oxford Companion to Christian Art and Architecture</i> (Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 293; Stephen Mitchell, <i>A History of the Later Roman Empire, AD 284–641: The Transformation of the Ancient World</i> (Wiley–Blackwell, 2007), p. 387 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-FDJi3tiUjUC&dq=magus+Zoroastrian+priestly+caste&pg=PA387">online.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nationalgeographic.com-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nationalgeographic.com_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/three-kings-magi-epiphany">"Who were the three kings in the Christmas story?"</a>. <i>Culture</i>. 2018-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture&rft.atitle=Who+were+the+three+kings+in+the+Christmas+story%3F&rft.date=2018-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2Fthree-kings-magi-epiphany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Psalms#72:11" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Psalms">Psalm 72:11</a> (King James Version)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Magi". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">s.v. magi. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> (Third ed.). April 1910.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drum, Walter. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09527a.htm">Magi</a>." The <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 24 Dec. 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashby, Chad. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/holidays/christmas/magi-wise-men-or-kings-its-complicated.html">Magi, Wise Men, or Kings? It's Complicated</a>." <i>Christianity Today</i>, December 16, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvin" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/calvin/cc31/cc31027.htm"><i>Calvin's Commentaries, Vol. 31: Matthew, Mark and Luke, Part I, tr. by John King</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calvin%27s+Commentaries%2C+Vol.+31%3A+Matthew%2C+Mark+and+Luke%2C+Part+I%2C+tr.+by+John+King&rft.aulast=Calvin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fchr%2Fcalvin%2Fcc31%2Fcc31027.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span> Quote from Commentary on Matthew 2:1–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Metzger, 23–29 for a lengthy account</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collins2_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/melchior?showCookiePolicy=true">"Melchior"</a>. Collins Dictionary. n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Melchior&rft.pub=Collins+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fmelchior%3FshowCookiePolicy%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-exbar-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-exbar_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-exbar_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-exbar_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-exbar_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/translate/barbari.html#51B"><i>Excerpta Latina Barbari</i>, page 51B</a>: "At that time in the reign of Augustus, on 1st January the Magi brought him gifts and worshipped him. The names of the Magi were Bithisarea, Melichior and Gathaspa.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collins_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/caspar?showCookiePolicy=true">"Caspar or Gaspar"</a>. Collins Dictionary. n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caspar+or+Gaspar&rft.pub=Collins+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fcaspar%3FshowCookiePolicy%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kehrer:70-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kehrer:70_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugo Kehrer (1908), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dieheiligendrei00kehrgoog#page/n92/mode/1up">Vol. I, p. 70</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uhGJwEmfrEwC&pg=PA66">Online version</a> Kehrer's commentary: "Die Form Jaspar stammt aus Frankreich. Sie findet sich im niederrheinisch-kölnischen Dialekt und im Englischen. Note: O. Baist p. 455; J.P.Migne; Dictionnaire des apocryphes, Paris 1856, vol I, p. 1023. ... So in La Vie de St. Gilles; Li Roumans de Berte: Melcior, Jaspar, Baltazar; Rymbybel des Jakob von Märlant: Balthasar, Melchyor, Jaspas; ein altenglisches Gedicht des dreizehnten oder vierzehnten Jahrhunderts (13th century!!) Note: C.Horstmann, Altenglische Legenden, Paderborn 1875, p. 95; ... La Vie des trois Roys Jaspar Melchior et Balthasar, Paris 1498"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins3-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collins3_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/balthazar?showCookiePolicy=true">"Balthasar"</a>. Collins Dictionary. n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Balthasar&rft.pub=Collins+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fbalthazar%3FshowCookiePolicy%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Magi">"Magi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Britannica.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica.com">Britannica.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Magi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FMagi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kehrer:66-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kehrer:66_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugo Kehrer (1908), <i> Die Heiligen Drei Könige in Literatur und Kunst</i> (reprinted in 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dieheiligendrei00kehrgoog#page/n88/mode/1up">Vol. I, p. 66</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uhGJwEmfrEwC&pg=PA66">Online version</a>. Quote from the Latin chronicle: <i>primus fuisse dicitur Melchior, senex et canus, barba prolixa et capillis, tunica hyacinthina, sagoque mileno, et calceamentis hyacinthino et albo mixto opere, pro mitrario variae compositionis indutus: aurum obtulit regi Domino.</i> ("the first [magus], named Melchior, was an old white-haired man, with a full beard and hair, [...]: the king gave gold to our Lord.") <i>Secundum, nomine Caspar, juvenis imberbis, rubicundus, mylenica tunica, sago rubeo, calceamentis hyacinthinis vestitus: thure quasi Deo oblatione digna, Deum honorabat.</i> ("The second, with name Caspar, a beardless boy, [... gave incense].") <i>Tertius, fuscus, integre barbatus, Balthasar nomine, habens tunicam rubeam, albo vario, calceamentis inimicis amicus: per myrrham filium hominis moriturum professus est.</i> ("The third one, dark-haired, with a full beard, named Balthasar, [... gave myrrh].") <i>Omnia autem vestimenta eorum Syriaca sunt.</i> ("The clothes of all [three] were Syrian-style.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patro-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-patro_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Collectanea et Flores</i> in <a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Latina" title="Patrologia Latina">Patrologia Latina</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WNyDanXpkTkC&pg=PP13">XCIV, page 541(D) Online version</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst Herzfeld, <i>Archaeological History of Iran</i>, London, Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 1935, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Witold Witakowski, "The Magi in Syriac Tradition", in George A. Kiraz (ed.), <i>Malphono w-Rabo d-Malphone: Studies in Honor of Sebastian P. Brock</i>, Piscataway (NJ), Gorgias Press, 2008, pp. 809–844.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Acta_Sanct-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Acta_Sanct_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Acta Sanctorum</i>, May, I, 1780.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carols-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carols_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/Text/concerning_the_magi_and_their_na.htm">Concerning The Magi And Their Names</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090420114004/http://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/Text/concerning_the_magi_and_their_na.htm">Archived</a> 2009-04-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hattaway, Paul; Brother Yun; Yongze, Peter Xu; and Wang, Enoch. <i>Back to Jerusalem.</i> (Authentic Publishing, 2003). retrieved May 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxworthy2008" class="citation book cs1">Axworthy, Michael (2008). <i>A History of Iran</i>. Basic Books. pp. 31–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Iran&rft.pages=31-43&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Axworthy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hone, William (1890 (4th edit); 1820 (1st edition)). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/apocryphalnewtes00honeuoft#page/40/mode/2up">The Apocryphal Books of the New Testament</a>". Archive.org. Gebbie & Co., Publishers, Philadelphia. See: Retrieved 26 January 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNersessian2001" class="citation book cs1">Nersessian, Vrej (2001). <i>The Bible in the Armenian Tradition</i>. Getty. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-640-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-640-8"><bdi>978-0-89236-640-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+in+the+Armenian+Tradition&rft.pub=Getty&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-89236-640-8&rft.aulast=Nersessian&rft.aufirst=Vrej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Historia Trium Regum</i> (<i>History of the Three Kings</i>) by John of Hildesheim (1364–1375)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="needs a page number or direct quote (January 2012)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1982" class="citation book cs1">Brock, Sebastian (1982). "Christians in the Sasanian Empire: A Case of Divided Loyalties". In Mews, Stuart (ed.). <i>Religion and National Identity</i>. Studies in Church History, 18. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 1–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18060-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18060-9"><bdi>978-0-631-18060-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christians+in+the+Sasanian+Empire%3A+A+Case+of+Divided+Loyalties&rft.btitle=Religion+and+National+Identity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Studies+in+Church+History%2C+18&rft.pages=1-19&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-631-18060-9&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Villard, Ugo Monneret (1952). <i>Le Leggende orientali sui Magi evangelici</i>, Citta del Vaticano, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHultgård1998" class="citation book cs1">Hultgård, Anders (1998). "The Magi and the Star—the Persian Background in Texts and Iconography". In Schalk, Peter; Stausberg, Michael (eds.). <i><span></span>'Being Religious and Living through the Eyes': Studies in Religious Iconography and Iconology: A Celebratory Publication in Honour of Professor Jan Bergman</i>. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis: Historia Religionum, 14. Uppsala, Almqvist & Wiksell International. pp. 215–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-554-4199-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-554-4199-9"><bdi>978-91-554-4199-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Magi+and+the+Star%E2%80%94the+Persian+Background+in+Texts+and+Iconography&rft.btitle=%27Being+Religious+and+Living+through+the+Eyes%27%3A+Studies+in+Religious+Iconography+and+Iconology%3A+A+Celebratory+Publication+in+Honour+of+Professor+Jan+Bergman&rft.series=Acta+Universitatis+Upsaliensis%3A+Historia+Religionum%2C+14&rft.pages=215-25&rft.pub=Uppsala%2C+Almqvist+%26+Wiksell+International&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-91-554-4199-9&rft.aulast=Hultg%C3%A5rd&rft.aufirst=Anders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Dietrich, "Die Weisen aus dem Morgenlande", <i>Zeitschrift für die Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft</i>, Bd. III, 1902, p. 1 <i>14; cited in J. Duchesne-Guillemin, "Die Drei Weisen aus dem Morgenlande und die Anbetung der Zeit", </i><a href="/wiki/Antaios_(magazine)" title="Antaios (magazine)">Antaios</a><i>, Vol. VII, 1965</i>, pp. 234–252, 245; cited in Mary Boyce and Frantz Genet, <i>A History of Zoroastrianism</i>, Leiden, Brill, 1991, p. 453, n. 449.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzfeld1935" class="citation book cs1">Herzfeld, Ernst (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.16474"><i>Archaeological History of Iran</i></a>. Schweich Lectures of the British Academy. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 65–6. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/651983281">651983281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+History+of+Iran&rft.place=London&rft.series=Schweich+Lectures+of+the+British+Academy&rft.pages=65-6&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F651983281&rft.aulast=Herzfeld&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.16474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>In regno Tarsae sunt tres provinciae, quarum dominatores se reges faciunt appellari. Homines illius patriae nominant Iogour. Semper idola coluerunt, et adhuc colunt omnes, praeter decem cognationes illorum regum, qui per demonstrationum stellae venerunt adorare nativitatem in Bethlehem Judae. Et adhuc multi magni et nobiles inveniunt inter Tartaros de cognatione illa, qui tenent firmiter fidem Christi.</i> (In the kingdom of Tarsis there are three provinces, whose rulers have called themselves kings. the men of that country are called Uighours. They always worshipped idols, and they all still worship them except for the ten families of those Kings who from the appearance of the Star came to adore the Nativity in Bethlehem of Judah. And there are still many of the great and noble of those families found among the Tartars who hold firmly to the faith of Christ): Wesley Roberton Long (ed.), <i>La flor de las ystorias de Orient by Hethum prince of Khorghos</i>, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1934, pp. 53, 111, 115; cited in Ugo Monneret de Villard, <i>Le Leggende orientali sui Magi evangelici</i>, Citta del Vaticano, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, 1952, p. 161. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x9tEAAAAcAAJ">Hayton, <i>Haithoni Armeni ordinis Praemonstratenis de Tartaris liber,</i> Simon Grynaeus Johannes Huttichius, <i>Novus orbis regionum ac insularum veteribus incognitarum,</i> Basel, 1532, caput ii, <i>De Regno Tarsae</i>, p. 420</a> "The people of these countrees be named Iobgontans [Uighurs], and at all tymes they haue been idolaters, and so they contynue to this present day, save the nacion or kynred of those thre kynges which came to worshyp Our Lorde Ihesu Chryst at his natiuyte by demonstracyon of the sterre. And the linage of the same thre kynges be yet vnto this day great lordes about the lande of Tartary, which ferme and stedfastly beleue in the fayth of Christ": Hetoum, <i>A Lytell Cronycle: Richard Pynson's Translation (c. 1520) of La Fleur des Histoires de la Terre d'Orient</i>, edited by Glenn Burger, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1988, <i>Of the realme of Tharsey</i>, p. 8, lines 29–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedrich Zarncke, "Der Priester Johannes", <i>Abhandlungen der philologisch-historischen Classe der Koeniglichen Sachsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften</i>, Leipzig, Band VII, Heft 8, 1879, S.826–1028; Band I, Heft 8, 1883, S. 1–186), re-published in one volume by G. Olms, Hildesheim, 1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Letter of Sempad the Constable to the King and Queen of Cyprus, 1243,</i> in Henry Yule, <i>Cathay and the Way Thither,</i> Oxford, Hakluyt society, 1866, Vol.I, pp. cxxvii, 262–3."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Fertur enim iste de antiqua progenie illorum, quorum in Evangelio mentio fit, esse Magorum, eisdemque, quibus et isti, gentibus imperans, tanta gloria et habundancia frui, ut non nisi sceptro smaragdino uti dicatur</i> (It is reported that he is the descendant of those Magi of old who are mentioned in the Gospel, and to rule over the same nations as they did, enjoying such glory and prosperity that he uses no sceptre but one of emerald). Otto von Freising, <i>Historia de Duabus Civitatibus</i>, 1146, in Friedrich Zarncke, <i>Der Priester Johannes</i>, Leipzig, Hirzel, 1879 (repr. Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim and New York, 1980, p. 848; Adolf Hofmeister, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ottonisepiscopif45otto"><i>Ottonis Episcopi Frisingensis Chronica; sive, Historia de Duabus Civitatibus,</i></a> Hannover. 1912, p. 366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emmerich-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emmerich_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmerich1914" class="citation book cs1">Emmerich, Anne Catherine (1914). "vols. 1, 3". In Brentano, Clement; Schmöger, Carl E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tandfspi.org/ACE_vol_01/ACE_1_0241_out.html#ACE_1_p0248"><i>The Life of Jesus Christ and Biblical Revelations</i></a>. Rockford, IL: Tan. pp. III:568, I:248, III:566, I:248<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Matthew+2%3B+%E2%80%93+Passage+Lookup+%E2%80%93+New+International+Version+%E2%80%93+UK&rft.pub=BibleGateway.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3Dmatthew%25202%3B%26version%3D64%3B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Contra_Celsum" title="Contra Celsum">Contra Celsum</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/04161.htm">I.60</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://extension.missouri.edu/news/frankincense-and-myrrh-ancient-scents-of-the-season-5906">"Frankincense and myrrh: Ancient scents of the season"</a>. <i>extension.missouri.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Toronto Press, 2004. 64 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-3797-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-3797-6">0-8020-3797-6</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gustav-Adolf Schoener and Shane Denson [Translator], "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esoteric.msu.edu/VolumeIV/astrology.htm">Astrology: Between Religion and the Empirical</a></i>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pharmj.com/pdf/xmas2003/pj_20031220_frankincense.pdf">Frankincense: festive pharmacognosy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070615120135/http://www.pharmj.com/pdf/xmas2003/pj_20031220_frankincense.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-06-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>". Pharmaceutical journal. Vol 271, 2003. pharmj.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greek inscription RC 5 (OGIS 214) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/docs/rc/s5.html">English translation</a>. This inscription was in the past erroneously dated to about 243 B.C.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">August Friedrich von Pauly et al., <i>Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft</i>, Vol. XVI, 1, Stuttgart, 1933, col. 1145; Leonardo Olschki, "The Wise Men of the East in Oriental Traditions", <i>Semitic and Oriental Studies</i>, University of California Publications in Semitic Philology, Vol.11, 1951, pp. 375 <i>395</i>, p. 380, n. 46; cited in Mary Boyce and Frantz Genet, <i>A History of Zoroastrianism</i>, Leiden, Brill, 1991, p. 450, n. 438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lambert, John Chisholm, in <a href="/wiki/James_Hastings" title="James Hastings">James Hastings</a> (ed.) <i>A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels</i>. p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.itar-tass.com/non-political/715098">"Gifts of the Magi delivered to Minsk for worship"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ITAR-TASS" class="mw-redirect" title="ITAR-TASS">ITAR-TASS</a>. 17 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gifts+of+the+Magi+delivered+to+Minsk+for+worship&rft.pub=ITAR-TASS&rft.date=2014-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.itar-tass.com%2Fnon-political%2F715098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://drevo-info.ru/articles/4743.html">"ВОЛХВЫ - Древо"</a>. <i>drevo-info.ru</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=drevo-info.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%A5%D0%92%D0%AB+-+%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdrevo-info.ru%2Farticles%2F4743.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandau2010" class="citation book cs1">Landau, Brent (2010). <i>Revelation of the Magi: The Lost Tale of the Wise Men's Journey to Bethlehem</i>. HarperOne. Introduction: The Sages and the Star-Child. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062020239" title="Special:BookSources/9780062020239"><bdi>9780062020239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revelation+of+the+Magi%3A+The+Lost+Tale+of+the+Wise+Men%27s+Journey+to+Bethlehem&rft.pages=Introduction%3A+The+Sages+and+the+Star-Child&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780062020239&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.aufirst=Brent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlayoust2022" class="citation book cs1">Playoust, Catherine (2022). 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Saudiaramcoworld.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198006/we.three.kings.of.orient.were.htm">the original</a> on 2010-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Focus.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.focus.de/kultur/kunst/und-die-sternsinger-theater-fans-werfen-dieter-hallervorden-rassismus-vor-kommentar_4064052.html">the original</a> on 2013-12-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Und+die+Sternsinger%3F+%E2%80%93+Leser-Kommentar+%E2%80%93+FOCUS+Online&rft.pub=Focus.de&rft.au=Reader%27s+comment+by+Dieter+Schmeer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.focus.de%2Fkultur%2Fkunst%2Fund-die-sternsinger-theater-fans-werfen-dieter-hallervorden-rassismus-vor-kommentar_4064052.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/germany-merkel-xmas-blackface-flap-article-1.1233851">"German Chancellor Angela Merkel poses with children in blackface for Three King's Day celebration"</a>. NY Daily News. 5 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=German+Chancellor+Angela+Merkel+poses+with+children+in+blackface+for+Three+King%27s+Day+celebration&rft.pub=NY+Daily+News&rft.date=2013-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fgermany-merkel-xmas-blackface-flap-article-1.1233851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/9781976/Angela-Merkel-pictured-with-blacked-up-children.html">"Angela Merkel pictured with blacked-up children"</a></span>. Telegraph. 2013-01-04. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/9781976/Angela-Merkel-pictured-with-blacked-up-children.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Angela+Merkel+pictured+with+blacked-up+children&rft.pub=Telegraph&rft.date=2013-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fgermany%2F9781976%2FAngela-Merkel-pictured-with-blacked-up-children.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÜcgür,_Ogdan2012" class="citation web cs1">Ücgür, Ogdan (2012-01-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m-media.or.at/blog/sternsinger-wo-sind-die-schwarzen-kinder/">"Sternsinger: Schwarzes Gesicht und weisse Hände"</a>. M-Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114873,8686262,Trzech_Kroli_juz_swietem_panstwowym.html">the original</a> on 2016-11-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trzech+Kr%C3%B3li+ju%C5%BC+%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tem+pa%C5%84stwowym&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiadomosci.gazeta.pl%2Fwiadomosci%2F1%2C114873%2C8686262%2CTrzech_Kroli_juz_swietem_panstwowym.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415132105/http://orszak.org/warszawa/">"Orszak Trzech Króli | Warszawa"</a>. Orszak.org. 2013-01-01. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orszak.org/warszawa/">the original</a> on 2013-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orszak+Trzech+Kr%C3%B3li+%26%23124%3B+Warszawa&rft.pub=Orszak.org&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forszak.org%2Fwarszawa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matosinhoshoje.com/index.asp?idEdicao=448&id=23655&idSeccao=3427&Action=noticia">À mesa com o tradicional Bolo-rei – Uma instituição nacional</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20100601042822/http://www.matosinhoshoje.com/index.asp?idEdicao%3D448">Archived</a> 2010-06-01 at the Portuguese Web Archive Matosinhos Hoje, 6 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breen-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Breen_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Breen_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Edward_Breen1908" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Edward Breen (February 1, 1908). <i>A Harmonized Exposition of the Four Gospels, Volume 1</i>. Rochester, New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Harmonized+Exposition+of+the+Four+Gospels%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Rochester%2C+New+York&rft.date=1908-02-01&rft.au=Andrew+Edward+Breen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._R._Madden,_M.D.1864" class="citation book cs1">R. R. Madden, M.D. (1864). "On certain Literary Frauds and Forgeries in Spain And Italy". <i>Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Vol 8</i>. Dublin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+certain+Literary+Frauds+and+Forgeries+in+Spain+And+Italy&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Irish+Academy%2C+Vol+8&rft.place=Dublin&rft.date=1864&rft.au=R.+R.+Madden%2C+M.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Journey of the Magi</i>, Paul William Roberts, (2006) Tauris Parke Paperbacks, pgs 27-38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/70600">"Sant' Eustorgio I di Milano"</a>. Santiebeati.it. 2001-09-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sant%27+Eustorgio+I+di+Milano&rft.pub=Santiebeati.it&rft.date=2001-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.santiebeati.it%2Fdettaglio%2F70600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/how-the-three-wise-men-from-the-east-ended-up-in-cologne/a-67770427">"How the 'Three Wise Men from the East' ended up in Cologne – DW – 01/06/2024"</a>. <i>dw.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dw.com&rft.atitle=How+the+%27Three+Wise+Men+from+the+East%27+ended+up+in+Cologne+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+01%2F06%2F2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fhow-the-three-wise-men-from-the-east-ended-up-in-cologne%2Fa-67770427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gauthier M-M. and François G., <i>Émaux méridionaux: Catalogue international de l'oeuvre de Limoges – Tome I: Epoque romane</i>, p. 11, Paris 1987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2004" class="citation news cs1">Baker, Kenneth (9 August 2004). "Dark and detached, the art of Gottfried Helnwein demands a response". <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i>. accessed with <a href="/wiki/EBSCOHost" class="mw-redirect" title="EBSCOHost">EBSCOHost</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Dark+and+detached%2C+the+art+of+Gottfried+Helnwein+demands+a+response.&rft.date=2004-08-09&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Denver_Art_Museum" title="Denver Art Museum">Denver Art Museum</a>, <i>Radar, Selections from the Collection of Vicki and Kent Logan</i>, Gwen F. Chanzit, 2006 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.helnwein.com/texte/selected_authors/artikel_2206.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609125440/http://www.helnwein.com/texte/selected_authors/artikel_2206.html">Archived</a> 2008-06-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Magi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Giffords, Gloria Fraser, <i>Sanctuaries of Earth, Stone, and Light: The Churches of Northern New Spain, 1530–1821</i>, 2007, University of Arizona Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816525897" title="Special:BookSources/0816525897">0816525897</a>, 9780816525898, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=erEYlKTP_ZEC&pg=PA383">google books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Metzger" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce Metzger">Metzger, Bruce</a>, <i>New Testament Studies: Philological, Versional, and Patristic</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NrEeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA25">Volume 10</a>, 1980, BRILL, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004061630" title="Special:BookSources/9004061630">9004061630</a>, 9789004061637.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Penny" title="Nicholas Penny">Penny, Nicholas</a>, National Gallery Catalogues (new series): <i>The Sixteenth Century Italian Paintings, Volume II, Venice 1540–1600</i>, 2008, National Gallery Publications Ltd, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1857099133" title="Special:BookSources/1857099133">1857099133</a></li> <li>Schiller, Gertud, <i>Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. I</i>, 1971 (English trans from German), Lund Humphries, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853312702" title="Special:BookSources/0853312702">0853312702</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Magi&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">Albright, W. F.</a>, and C. S. Mann. "Matthew." <i><a href="/wiki/The_Anchor_Bible_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="The Anchor Bible Series">The Anchor Bible Series</a>.</i> New York: Doubleday & Company, 1971.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter1823" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Baxter" title="Roger Baxter">Baxter, Roger</a> (1823). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Meditations For Every Day In The Year/FROM CHRISTMAS TO SEPTUAGESIMA SUNDAY.#110"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Meditations_For_Every_Day_In_The_Year/FROM_CHRISTMAS_TO_SEPTUAGESIMA_SUNDAY.#110">"Journey of the Wise Men" </a></span>. <i>Meditations For Every Day In The Year</i>. New York: Benziger Brothers. pp. 110–119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Journey+of+the+Wise+Men&rft.btitle=Meditations+For+Every+Day+In+The+Year&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=110-119&rft.pub=Benziger+Brothers&rft.date=1823&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Becker, Alfred: <i>Franks Casket. Zu den Bildern und Inschriften des Runenkästchens von Auzon</i> (Regensburg, 1973) pp. 125–142, Ikonographie der Magierbilder, Inschriften.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenecke1900" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Benecke, P. V. M. (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/hastings/dictv3/Page_203.html">"Magi"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/James_Hastings" title="James Hastings">James Hastings</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Hastings%27_Dictionary_of_the_Bible" title="Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible">A Dictionary of the Bible</a></i>. Vol. III. pp. 203–206.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magi&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=203-206&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Benecke&rft.aufirst=P.+V.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fhastings%2Fdictv3%2FPage_203.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond E.</a> <i>The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in Matthew and Luke</i>. London: G. Chapman, 1977.</li> <li>Clarke, Howard W. (2003). <i>The Gospel of Matthew and its Readers: A Historical Introduction to the First Gospel.</i> Bloomington: Indiana University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrysostom1885" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom, John</a> (1885). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume X/The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom/Homily 6"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_I/Volume_X/The_Homilies_of_St._John_Chrysostom/Homily_6">"Homily VI. on Matt. II. 1, 2." </a></span>. <i>Ante-Nicene Christian Library, Volume X</i>. Translated by Philip Schaff. T. & T. Clark in Edinburgh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Homily+VI.+on+Matt.+II.+1%2C+2.&rft.btitle=Ante-Nicene+Christian+Library%2C+Volume+X&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark+in+Edinburgh&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Chrysostom&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrum1910" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Drum, Walter (1910). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Magi"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Magi">"Magi" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magi&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Drum&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Vanden_Eykel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eric Vanden Eykel (page does not exist)">Eric Vanden Eykel</a> <i>The Magi: Who They Were, How They've Been Remembered, and Why They Still Fascinate</i> Fortress Press, 2022.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._T._France" title="R. T. France">France, R. T.</a> <i>The Gospel According to Matthew: An Introduction and Commentary.</i> Leicester: Inter-Varsity, 1985.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Gundry" title="Robert H. Gundry">Gundry, Robert H.</a> <i>Matthew: A Commentary on his Literary and Theological Art.</i> Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1982.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHegedus2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hegedus, Tim (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F000790ar">"The Magi and the Star in the Gospel of Matthew and Early Christian Tradition"</a>. <i>Laval Théologique et Philosophique</i>. <b>59</b> (1): 81–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F000790ar">10.7202/000790ar</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Laval+Th%C3%A9ologique+et+Philosophique&rft.atitle=The+Magi+and+the+Star+in+the+Gospel+of+Matthew+and+Early+Christian+Tradition&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81-95&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F000790ar&rft.aulast=Hegedus&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7202%252F000790ar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Magi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hill, David. <i>The Gospel of Matthew</i>. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1981</li> <li>Lambert, John Chisholm, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OJUAAAAAMAAJ">A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels</a></i>. pp. 97–101.</li> <li>Levine, Amy-Jill. "Matthew." <i>Women's Bible Commentary.</i> Carol A. Newsom and Sharon H. Ringe, eds. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1998.</li> <li>Molnar, Michael R., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jZ2tpi0qIFgC">The Star of Bethlehem: The Legacy of the Magi</a></i>. Rutgers University Press, 1999. 187 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-2701-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-2701-5">0-8135-2701-5</a></li> <li>Powell, Mark Allan. "The Magi as Wise Men: Re-examining a Basic Supposition." <i>New Testament Studies.</i> Vol. 46, 2000.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Schweizer" title="Eduard Schweizer">Schweizer, Eduard</a>. <i>The Good News According to Matthew.</i> Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1975.</li> <li>Trexler, Richard C. <i>Journey of the Magi: Meanings in History of a Christian Story</i>. Princeton University Press, 1997.</li> <li>Watson, Richard, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NqMOAAAAIAAJ">A Biblical and Theological Dictionary</a></i>, pp. 608–611.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Magi&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Three_Wise_Men" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Three Wise Men">Three Wise Men</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/online/reviews/threekings/">Mark Rose, "The Three Kings & the Star"</a>: the Cologne reliquary and the BBC popular documentary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051105043950/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198006/we.three.kings.of.orient.were.htm">Caroline Stone, "We Three Kings of Orient Were"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holavalencia.net/2009/01/07/procession-of-the-three-kings">"Procession of the Three Kings in Valencia"</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Adoration of the Wise Men</div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a></b></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a><br />Events </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Life of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphaeus" title="Alphaeus">Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a 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(biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impenitent_thief" title="Impenitent thief">Impenitent thief <span style="font-size:85%;">("Gestas")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Jairus%27_daughter" title="Raising of Jairus' daughter">Jairus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna,_wife_of_Chuza" title="Joanna, wife of Chuza">Joanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Jude, brother of Jesus">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_(demons)" title="Legion (demons)">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysanias" title="Lysanias">Lysanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malchus" title="Malchus">Malchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha" title="Martha">Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_James" title="Mary, mother of James">Mary, mother of James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Clopas" title="Mary of Clopas">Mary of Clopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_fugitive" title="Naked fugitive">Naked fugitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_the_son_of_the_widow_of_Nain" title="Raising of the son of the widow of Nain">Son of Nain's widow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nicodemus_ben_Gurion" title="Nicodemus ben Gurion">Nicodemus ben Gurion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_woman_at_the_well" title="Samaritan woman at the well">Samaritan woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Simon, brother of Jesus">Simon, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Leper" title="Simon the Leper">Simon the Leper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Pharisee" title="Simon the Pharisee">Simon the Pharisee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(disciple)" title="Susanna (disciple)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_of_the_Syrophoenician_woman%27s_daughter" title="Exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter">Syrophoenician woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacchaeus" title="Zacchaeus">Zacchaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_James" title="New Testament people named James">People named James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_John" title="New Testament people named John">People named John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Joseph" title="New Testament people named Joseph">People named Joseph</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Joses" title="Joses">Joses</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Judas_or_Jude" title="New Testament people named Judas or Jude">People named Judas or Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Mary" title="New Testament people named Mary">People named Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Simon" title="New Testament people named Simon">People named Simon or Simeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel#Christian_beliefs" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Jesus's brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Demons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_disciples_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Female disciples of Jesus">Female disciples of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodians" title="Herodians">Herodians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrhbearers" title="Myrrhbearers">Myrrhbearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_for_the_biblical_nameless#New_Testament" title="List of names for the biblical nameless">Nameless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">Proselytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">Scribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_at_the_crucifixion" title="Women at the crucifixion">Women at the crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealots_(Judea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealots (Judea)">Zealots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">Less</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">Patmos</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Disciple whom Jesus loved</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Judas Thaddaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon the Zealot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_(biblical_figure)" title="Aeneas (biblical figure)">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias <span style="font-size:85%;">(Damascus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Ananias <span style="font-size:85%;">(Judaea)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_son_of_Nedebeus" title="Ananias son of Nedebeus">Ananias son of Nedebeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Thessalonica" title="Aristarchus of Thessalonica">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastus" title="Blastus">Blastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaris_(biblical_figure)" title="Damaris (biblical figure)">Damaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_(biblical_figure)" title="Demetrius (biblical figure)">Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas" title="Dorcas">Dorcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymas" title="Elymas">Elymas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_(prophet)" title="Egyptian (prophet)">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">Ethiopian eunuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychus" title="Eutychus">Eutychus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_of_Thessalonica" title="Jason of Thessalonica">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barsabbas" title="Joseph Barsabbas">Joseph Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Cyrene" title="Lucius of Cyrene">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_of_Thyatira" title="Lydia of Thyatira">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manahen" title="Manahen">Manaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">(John) Mark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_cousin_of_Barnabas" title="Mark the cousin of Barnabas">cousin of Barnabas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_John_Mark" title="Mary, mother of John Mark">Mary, mother of (John) Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnason" title="Mnason">Mnason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_the_Deacon" title="Nicanor the Deacon">Nicanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism#Nicolas" title="Nicolaism">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenas" title="Parmenas">Parmenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochorus_(deacon)" title="Prochorus (deacon)">Prochorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Publius" title="Saint Publius">Publius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoda_(biblical_figure)" title="Rhoda (biblical figure)">Rhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Sapphira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceva" title="Sceva">Sceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Deacons" title="Seven Deacons">Seven Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Silvanus_of_the_Seventy" title="Silvanus of the Seventy">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Niger" title="Simeon Niger">Simeon Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopater" title="Sopater">Sopater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosthenes" title="Sosthenes">Sosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudas" title="Theudas">Theudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophimus" title="Trophimus">Trophimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychicus" title="Tychicus">Tychicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenas_the_Lawyer" title="Zenas the Lawyer">Zenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Romans and<br /><a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herod's family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Gospels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Antipas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Archelaus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">Herodias</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longinus" title="Longinus">Longinus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife" title="Pontius Pilate's wife">Pilate's wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salome" title="Salome">Salome</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Acts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Agrippa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Berenice</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drusilla_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Drusilla (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Drusilla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Gallio_Annaeanus" title="Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus">Gallio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Lysias" title="Claudius Lysias">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_Paulus" title="Sergius Paulus">Paullus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaicus_of_Corinth" title="Achaicus of Corinth">Achaicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Ephesian)" title="Alexander (Ephesian)">Alexander of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Coppersmith" title="Alexander the Coppersmith">Alexander the Coppersmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Pannonia" title="Andronicus of Pannonia">Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archippus" title="Archippus">Archippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretas_IV_Philopatris" title="Aretas IV Philopatris">Aretas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_(saint)" title="Artemas (saint)">Artemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpus_of_Beroea" title="Carpus of Beroea">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Claudia" title="Saint Claudia">Claudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescens" title="Crescens">Crescens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demas" title="Demas">Demas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diotrephes" title="Diotrephes">Diotrephes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphras" title="Epaphras">Epaphras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus" title="Epaphroditus">Epaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_of_Corinth" title="Erastus of Corinth">Erastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_(biblical_figure)" title="Eunice (biblical figure)">Eunice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euodia_and_Syntyche" title="Euodia and Syntyche">Euodia and Syntyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodion_of_Patras" title="Herodion of Patras">Herodion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymenaeus_(biblical_figure)" title="Hymenaeus (biblical figure)">Hymenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Justus" title="Jesus Justus">Jesus Justus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junia_(New_Testament_person)" title="Junia (New Testament person)">Junia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_(biblical_figure)" title="Lois (biblical figure)">Lois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Rome" title="Mary of Rome">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphas" title="Nymphas">Nymphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympas" title="Olympas">Olympas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesimus" title="Onesimus">Onesimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesiphorus" title="Onesiphorus">Onesiphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pudens" title="Saint Pudens">Pudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_(biblical_figure)" title="Philemon (biblical figure)">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philetus_(biblical_figure)" title="Philetus (biblical figure)">Philetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(biblical_figure)" title="Phoebe (biblical figure)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartus" title="Quartus">Quartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosipater" title="Sosipater">Sosipater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertius_of_Iconium" title="Tertius of Iconium">Tertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryphena_and_Tryphosa" title="Tryphena and Tryphosa">Tryphena and Tryphosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipas_of_Pergamum" title="Antipas of Pergamum">Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Apollyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christmas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christmas" title="Template:Christmas"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christmas" title="Template talk:Christmas"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christmas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas"><span style="color:white">Christmas</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Christmas_(holiday)" title="Blue Christmas (holiday)"><span style="color:white">Blue Christmas</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day"><span style="color:white">Boxing Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day"><span style="color:white">Children's Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve"><span style="color:white">Christmas Eve</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Day" title="Saint Nicholas Day"><span style="color:white">Saint Nicholas Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Day" title="Saint Stephen's Day"><span style="color:white">St. Stephen's Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus"><span style="color:white">Sol Invictus</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule"><span style="color:white">Yule</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%">In<br />Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biblical Magi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of the Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Angel Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_later_culture" title="Nativity of Jesus in later culture">in later culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_nativity_scene" title="Neapolitan nativity scene">Neapolitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">In <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore"><span style="color:white">folklore</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badalisc" title="Badalisc">Badalisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caganer" title="Caganer">Caganer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Christkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BDla" title="Grýla">Grýla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Frost" title="Jack Frost">Jack Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korvatunturi" title="Korvatunturi">Korvatunturi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Christmas_Spider" title="Legend of the Christmas Spider">Legend of the Christmas Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Lwyd" title="Mari Lwyd">Mari Lwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_figure" title="Miner's figure">Miner's figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">Nisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_Winter" title="Old Man Winter">Old Man Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchta" title="Perchta">Perchta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop" title="Santa's workshop">Santa's workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%B3_de_Nadal" title="Tió de Nadal">Tió de Nadal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turo%C5%84" title="Turoń">Turoń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Wenceslaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_cat" title="Yule cat">Yule cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_Lads" class="mw-redirect" title="Yule Lads">Yule Lads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift-bringer" title="Christmas gift-bringer"><span style="color:white">Gift-bringers</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_(European_folklore)" title="Saint Nicholas (European folklore)">folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befana" title="Befana">Befana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ded_Moroz" title="Ded Moroz">Ded Moroz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandpa_Indian" title="Grandpa Indian">Grandpa Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joulupukki" title="Joulupukki">Joulupukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julemanden" title="Julemanden">Julemanden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Baba" title="Noel Baba">Noel Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olentzero" title="Olentzero">Olentzero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_No%C3%ABl" title="Père Noël">Père Noël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_winter_gift-bringers" title="List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="Companions of Saint Nicholas"><span style="color:white">Companions of<br />Saint Nicholas</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belsnickel" title="Belsnickel">Belsnickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knecht_Ruprecht" title="Knecht Ruprecht">Knecht Ruprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus">Krampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Claus" title="Mrs. Claus">Mrs. Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Fouettard" title="Père Fouettard">Père Fouettard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_Man" title="Sack Man">Sack Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27_daughter" title="Santa Claus' daughter">Santa Claus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27s_reindeer" title="Santa Claus's reindeer">Santa's reindeer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer" title="Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer">Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snegurochka" title="Snegurochka">Snegurochka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwarte_Piet" title="Zwarte Piet">Zwarte Piet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_traditions" title="Christmas traditions"><span style="color:white">Traditions</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_calendar" title="Advent calendar">Advent calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_candle" title="Advent candle">Advent candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_wreath" title="Advent wreath">Advent wreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_Head_Feast" title="Boar's Head Feast">Boar's Head Feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwibbogen" title="Schwibbogen">Candle arches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_card" title="Christmas card">Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carols_by_Candlelight" title="Carols by Candlelight">Carols by Candlelight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_Magi" title="Cavalcade of Magi">Cavalcade of Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christingle" title="Christingle">Christingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Christmas jumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Peace" title="Christmas Peace">Christmas Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cracker" title="Christmas cracker">Crackers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_decoration" title="Christmas decoration">Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didukh" title="Didukh">Didukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_events_and_celebrations" title="Category:Christmas events and celebrations">Events and celebrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Seven_Fishes" title="Feast of the Seven Fishes">Feast of the Seven Fishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Santa" title="Flying Santa">Flying Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift" title="Christmas gift">Gifts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Santa_Tracker" title="Google Santa Tracker">Google Santa Tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamper#Christmas_hamper" title="Hamper">Hampers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Posadas" title="Las Posadas">Las Posadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_letter" title="Round-robin letter">Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule" title="Lord of Misrule">Lord of Misrule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_meals_and_feasts" title="Category:Christmas meals and feasts">Meals and feasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_star" title="Moravian star">Moravian star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols" title="Nine Lessons and Carols">Nine Lessons and Carols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAD_Tracks_Santa" title="NORAD Tracks Santa">NORAD Tracks Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker" title="Nutcracker">Nutcrackers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_doll" title="Nutcracker doll">dolls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ornament" title="Christmas ornament">Ornaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_parade" title="Santa Claus parade">Parades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_holiday_season_parades" title="List of Christmas and holiday season parades">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1ata" title="Piñata">Piñatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poinsettia" title="Poinsettia">Poinsettia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pyramid" title="Christmas pyramid">Pyramids</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4uchermann" title="Räuchermann">Räuchermann</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas seal">Seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Santa" title="Secret Santa">Secret Santa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spanbaum" title="Spanbaum">Spanbaum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_szopka" title="Kraków szopka">Szopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stamp" title="Christmas stamp">Stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stocking" title="Christmas stocking">Stockings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">Twelve Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassailing" title="Wassailing">Wassailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_window" title="Christmas window">Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_goat" title="Yule goat">Yule goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log" title="Yule log">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Observance_of_Christmas_by_country" title="Observance of Christmas by country"><span style="color:white">By country</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Australia" title="Christmas in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Colombia" title="Christmas in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_and_Christmas_in_Denmark" title="Yule and Christmas in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_in_England" title="Category:Christmas in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Christmas" title="Ethiopian Christmas">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Finland" title="Christmas in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_France" title="Christmas in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihnachten" title="Weihnachten">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Christmas in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hungary" title="Christmas in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Iceland" title="Christmas in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Indonesia" title="Christmas in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ireland" title="Christmas in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Italy" title="Christmas in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Mexico" title="Christmas in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Zealand" title="Christmas in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Norway" title="Christmas in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Philippines" title="Christmas in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Poland" title="Christmas in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Romania" title="Christmas in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Russia" title="Christmas in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Scotland" title="Christmas in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Serbia" title="Christmas in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Sweden" title="Christmas in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ukraine" title="Christmas in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Christmas in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Christmas in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hawaii" title="Christmas in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Mexico" title="Christmas in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_United_States_(1946%E2%80%931964)" title="Christmas in the United States (1946–1964)">Post-War United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music" title="Christmas music"><span style="color:white">Music</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Carols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_carols" title="List of Christmas carols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_operas" title="List of Christmas operas">Operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music#Popular_Christmas_songs" title="Christmas music">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_hit_singles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of Christmas hit singles in the United Kingdom">Hit singles in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popular_Christmas_singles_in_the_United_States" title="List of popular Christmas singles in the United States">Hit singles in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Christmas_Holiday_charts" title="Billboard Christmas Holiday charts">Music charts (<i>Billboard</i>)</a></li> <li>Music books <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carols_for_Choirs" title="Carols for Choirs">Carols for Choirs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The Oxford Book of Carols">The Oxford Book of Carols</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The New Oxford Book of Carols">The New Oxford Book of Carols</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piae_Cantiones" title="Piae Cantiones">Piae Cantiones</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_by_medium" title="Christmas by medium"><span style="color:white">Other media</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas in literature">In literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Christmas novels">novels</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_films" title="List of Christmas films">Films (Christmas,</a> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_in_film" title="Santa Claus in film">Santa,</a> <a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a>)</li> <li>Poetry <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Old_Santeclaus_with_Much_Delight" title="Old Santeclaus with Much Delight">Old Santeclaus with Much Delight</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas" title="A Visit from St. Nicholas">A Visit from St. Nicholas</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_in_the_Workhouse" title="Christmas Day in the Workhouse">Christmas Day in the Workhouse</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Journey_of_the_Magi" title="Journey of the Magi">Journey of the Magi</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tomten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomten">Tomten</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_television_specials" title="List of Christmas television specials">Christmas television specials</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yule_Log_(TV_program)" title="Yule Log (TV program)">Yule Log</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%">In<br />modern<br />society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_Conspiracy" title="Advent Conspiracy">Advent Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(partying)" title="Black Friday (partying)">Black Friday (partying)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday (shopping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronner%27s_Christmas_Wonderland" title="Bronner's Christmas Wonderland">Bronner's Christmas Wonderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">Christmas and holiday season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_club" title="Christmas club">Christmas club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_creep" title="Christmas creep">Christmas creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_(Trading)_Act_2004" title="Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004">Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Christmas Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Mountains" title="Christmas Mountains">Christmas Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seals" title="Christmas seals">Christmas seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_controversies" title="Christmas controversies">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Monday" title="Cyber Monday">Cyber Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_Christmas" title="Economics of Christmas">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving_Tuesday" class="mw-redirect" title="Giving Tuesday">Giving Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinch" title="Grinch">Grinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Christmas_Lottery" title="Spanish Christmas Lottery">El Gordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_July" title="Christmas in July">In July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_August_(Yellowstone)" title="Christmas in August (Yellowstone)">In August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBA_Christmas_games" title="NBA Christmas games">NBA games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL_on_Christmas_Day" title="NFL on Christmas Day">NFL games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pikkujoulu" title="Pikkujoulu">Pikkujoulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SantaCon" title="SantaCon">SantaCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_Candy_Castle" title="Santa's Candy Castle">Santa's Candy Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Village" title="Santa Claus Village">Santa Claus Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Scrooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Saturday" title="Small Business Saturday">Small Business Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Saturday" title="Super Saturday">Super Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Ugly sweaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_O%27Hanlon" title="Virginia O'Hanlon">Virginia O'Hanlon</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Yes,_Virginia,_there_is_a_Santa_Claus" title="Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus">Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Christmas_(weather)" title="White Christmas (weather)">White Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multinational_festivals_and_holidays" title="List of multinational festivals and holidays">Winter festivals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WWE_Tribute_to_the_Troops" title="WWE Tribute to the Troops">WWE Tribute to the Troops</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xmas" title="Xmas">Xmas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_dishes" title="List of Christmas dishes"><span style="color:white">Food and<br />drink</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_dinner" title="Christmas dinner"><span style="color:white">Dinner</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joulup%C3%B6yt%C3%A4" title="Joulupöytä">Joulupöytä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julebord" title="Julebord">Julebord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%AB%C4%8Dios" title="Kūčios">Kūčios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon" title="Réveillon">Réveillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_desserts" title="Thirteen desserts">Thirteen desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-dish_Christmas_Eve_supper" title="Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper">Twelve-dish supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">Smörgåsbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigilia" title="Wigilia">Wigilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Sweets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska" title="Baked Alaska">Baked Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_cane" title="Candy cane">Candy cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cake" title="Christmas cake">Cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cookie" title="Christmas cookie">Cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozonac" title="Cozonac">Cozonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitcake" title="Fruitcake">Fruitcake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">Gingerbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutia" title="Kutia">Kutia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%B3wki" title="Makówki">Makówki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melomakarono" title="Melomakarono">Melomakarono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mince_pie" title="Mince pie">Mince pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampushka" title="Pampushka">Pampushka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panettone" title="Panettone">Panettone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlova_(cake)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlova (cake)">Pavlova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_pie" title="Pecan pie">Pecan pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed_roll" title="Poppy seed roll">Poppy seed roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pudding" title="Christmas pudding">Pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie" title="Pumpkin pie">Pumpkin pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurabiya" title="Qurabiya">Qurabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_velvet_cake" title="Red velvet cake">Red velvet cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stollen" title="Stollen">Stollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szaloncukor" title="Szaloncukor">Szaloncukor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turr%C3%B3n" title="Turrón">Turrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log_(cake)" title="Yule log (cake)">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Soup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menudo_(soup)" title="Menudo (soup)">Menudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Sauces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_sauce" title="Bread sauce">Bread sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_sauce" title="Cranberry sauce">Cranberry sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcurrant_sauce" title="Redcurrant sauce">Redcurrant sauce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">Apple cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champurrado" title="Champurrado">Champurrado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_chocolate" title="Hot chocolate">Hot chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissel" title="Kissel">Kissel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking Bishop">Smoking Bishop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponche_crema" title="Ponche crema">Ponche crema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_(cocktail)" title="Snowball (cocktail)">Snowball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Dumplings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hallaca" title="Hallaca">Hallaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">Pierogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">Tamale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varenyky" class="mw-redirect" title="Varenyky">Varenyky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Meat and fish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ham" title="Christmas ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickled_herring" title="Pickled herring">Pickled herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_goose" title="Roast goose">Roast goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeritos" title="Romeritos">Romeritos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">Stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourti%C3%A8re" title="Tourtière">Tourtière</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meat_pie" title="Meat pie">meat pie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas" title="Category:Christmas"><span style="color:white">Category</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nativity_of_Jesus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Template:Nativity of Jesus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Template talk:Nativity of Jesus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nativity of Jesus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nativity_of_Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_(magus)" title="Melchior (magus)">Melchior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_(magus)" title="Caspar (magus)">Caspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthazar_(magus)" title="Balthazar (magus)">Balthazar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_(1622).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/220px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/330px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/440px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2057" data-file-height="1690" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Place</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Gifts">Gifts of the Magi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Narratives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1" title="Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:18" title="Matthew 1:18">Matthew 1:18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:19" title="Matthew 1:19">Matthew 1:19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:20" title="Matthew 1:20">Matthew 1:20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:21" title="Matthew 1:21">Matthew 1:21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:22" title="Matthew 1:22">Matthew 1:22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:23" title="Matthew 1:23">Matthew 1:23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:24" title="Matthew 1:24">Matthew 1:24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:25" title="Matthew 1:25">Matthew 1:25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:11" title="Matthew 2:11">Matthew 2:11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Adoration_of_the_Magi_in_art" title="Category:Adoration of the Magi in art">In art</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_2" title="Luke 2">Luke 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manger" title="Manger">Manger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_dreams" title="Saint Joseph's dreams">Saint Joseph's dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_later_culture" title="Nativity of Jesus in later culture">In culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">In art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_the_Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Category:Films about the Nativity of Jesus">In film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batlejka" title="Batlejka">Batlejka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_village" title="Christmas village">Christmas village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_szopka" title="Kraków szopka">Szopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Jesus_theft" title="Baby Jesus theft">theft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_play" title="Nativity play">Nativity play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertep_(Serbian)" title="Vertep (Serbian)">Serbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Category:Nativity of Jesus in art">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Remembrances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gospel_of_Matthew" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Template:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Template talk:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gospel_of_Matthew" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Matthew_chapters" title="Category:Gospel of Matthew chapters">Chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1" title="Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_2" title="Matthew 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_3" title="Matthew 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_4" title="Matthew 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_5" title="Matthew 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_6" title="Matthew 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_7" title="Matthew 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_8" title="Matthew 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_9" title="Matthew 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_10" title="Matthew 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_11" title="Matthew 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_12" title="Matthew 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_13" title="Matthew 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_14" title="Matthew 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_15" title="Matthew 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_16" title="Matthew 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_17" title="Matthew 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_18" title="Matthew 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_19" title="Matthew 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_20" title="Matthew 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_21" title="Matthew 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_22" title="Matthew 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_23" title="Matthew 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_24" title="Matthew 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_25" title="Matthew 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_26" title="Matthew 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_27" title="Matthew 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_28" title="Matthew 28">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Matthew_verses" title="Category:Gospel of Matthew verses">Verses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_1" title="Category:Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_2" title="Category:Matthew 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_3" title="Category:Matthew 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_4" title="Category:Matthew 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_5" title="Category:Matthew 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_6" title="Category:Matthew 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_7" title="Category:Matthew 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_8" title="Category:Matthew 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_9" title="Category:Matthew 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_10" title="Category:Matthew 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_11" title="Category:Matthew 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_12" title="Category:Matthew 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_14" title="Category:Matthew 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_15" title="Category:Matthew 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_16:2b%E2%80%933" title="Matthew 16:2b–3">16:2b–3</a>,<a href="/wiki/Matthew_16:19" title="Matthew 16:19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_27" title="Category:Matthew 27">27:1–12; 52–66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_28" title="Category:Matthew 28">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events<br />and phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Jesus' birth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_family_of_Jesus_to_Nazareth" title="Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth">Return to Nazareth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_heaven_(Gospel_of_Matthew)" title="Kingdom of heaven (Gospel of Matthew)">Kingdom of heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_Jesus_to_Galilee" title="Return of Jesus to Galilee">Galilean ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishers_of_men" title="Fishers of men">Fishers of men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecce_homo#Eastern_Christianity" title="Ecce homo">Behold the bridegroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_preaches_in_a_ship" title="Jesus preaches in a ship">Jesus preaches in a ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calming_the_storm" title="Calming the storm">Calming the storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the multitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">Walking on water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Ten_Virgins" title="Parable of the Ten Virgins">Ten Virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Groups</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Angels">Angels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethany" title="Bethany">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_source" title="M source">M source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of Matthew">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_hypothesis" title="Augustinian hypothesis">Augustinian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-gospel_hypothesis" title="Two-gospel hypothesis">Two-gospel hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthean_Posteriority_hypothesis" title="Matthean Posteriority hypothesis">Matthean Posteriority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_Matthew" title="Calling of Matthew">Calling of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_heaven_(Gospel_of_Matthew)" title="Kingdom of heaven (Gospel of Matthew)">Kingdom of heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel" title="Immanuel">Immanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Pseudo-Matthew" title="Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew">Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_translations_of_Matthew" title="Rabbinical translations of Matthew">Rabbinical translations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shem_Tob%27s_Hebrew_Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Shem Tob's Hebrew Gospel of Matthew">Shem Tob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%E2%80%93Matthew" title="Joseph Smith–Matthew">Joseph Smith–Matthew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion" title="St Matthew Passion">St Matthew Passion</a></i> (Bach, 1727/29) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion_structure" title="St Matthew Passion structure">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_According_to_St._Matthew_(film)" title="The Gospel According to St. Matthew (film)">The Gospel According to St. Matthew</a></i> (1964 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Godspell" title="Godspell">Godspell</a></i> (1971 musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Godspell_(film)" title="Godspell (film)">Godspell</a></i> (1973 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Visual_Bible:_Matthew" title="The Visual Bible: Matthew">The Visual Bible: Matthew</a></i> (1993 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_1" title="Papyrus 1">Papyrus 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_4" title="Papyrus 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_19" title="Papyrus 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_21" title="Papyrus 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_25" title="Papyrus 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_35" title="Papyrus 35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_37" title="Papyrus 37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_44" title="Papyrus 44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_53" title="Papyrus 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_62" title="Papyrus 62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_70" title="Papyrus 70">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_71" title="Papyrus 71">71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_73" title="Papyrus 73">73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_77" title="Papyrus 77">77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_83" title="Papyrus 83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_86" title="Papyrus 86">86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_96" title="Papyrus 96">96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_101" title="Papyrus 101">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_102" title="Papyrus 102">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_103" title="Papyrus 103">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_104" title="Papyrus 104">104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_105" title="Papyrus 105">105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_110" title="Papyrus 110">110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalen_papyrus" title="Magdalen papyrus">Magdalen papyrus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Ματθαίον">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Matthaeus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Matthaeus">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Matthew">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Matthew">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Matthew">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51671#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51671#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51671#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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