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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Langjarige_gebeurtenissen_en_ontwikkelingen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Langjarige_gebeurtenissen_en_ontwikkelingen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Langjarige gebeurtenissen en ontwikkelingen</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Langjarige_gebeurtenissen_en_ontwikkelingen-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Langjarige gebeurtenissen en ontwikkelingen-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Langjarige_gebeurtenissen_en_ontwikkelingen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belangrijke_personen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belangrijke_personen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Belangrijke personen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belangrijke_personen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uitvindingen_en_ontdekkingen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uitvindingen_en_ontdekkingen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Uitvindingen en ontdekkingen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uitvindingen_en_ontdekkingen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Inhoudsopgave" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">9e eeuw</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 132 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-132" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">132 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/9de_eeu" title="9de eeu – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="9de eeu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._Jahrhundert" title="9. Jahrhundert – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="9. Jahrhundert" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/9%E1%8A%9B%E1%8B%8D_%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%95%E1%89%B0_%E1%8B%93%E1%88%98%E1%89%B5" title="9ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት – Amhaars" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="9ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglo_IX" title="Sieglo IX – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sieglo IX" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_9" title="القرن 9 – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القرن 9" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_9" title="قرن 9 – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قرن 9" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglu_IX" title="Sieglu IX – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sieglu IX" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D1%83" title="IX гӀасру – Avarisch" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="IX гӀасру" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-eafa_decemda" title="9-eafa decemda – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="9-eafa decemda" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_%C9%99sr" title="IX əsr – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="IX əsr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B9._%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="۹. یوز ایل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۹. یوز ایل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ka-9" title="Abad ka-9 – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Abad ka-9" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_om%C5%BEios" title="IX omžios – Samogitisch" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="IX omžios" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="IX стагоддзе – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="IX стагоддзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="IX стагодзьдзе – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="IX стагодзьдзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="9 век – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="9 век" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/IXvet_kantved" title="IXvet kantved – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="IXvet kantved" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._vijek" title="9. vijek – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="9. vijek" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segle_IX" title="Segle IX – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segle IX" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_si%C3%A9-g%C4%AB" title="9 sié-gī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="9 sié-gī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_%D0%B1%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BE" title="IX бӀешо – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="IX бӀешо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%86%DB%8C%DB%95%D9%85" title="سەدەی نۆیەم – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەدەی نۆیەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._stolet%C3%AD" title="9. století – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="9. století" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80" title="IX ĕмĕр – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="IX ĕмĕр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/9fed_ganrif" title="9fed ganrif – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="9fed ganrif" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._%C3%A5rhundrede" title="9. århundrede – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="9. århundrede" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._Jahrhundert" title="9. Jahrhundert – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="9. Jahrhundert" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seserra_9ine" title="Seserra 9ine – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Seserra 9ine" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="9ος αιώνας – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="9ος αιώνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_s%C3%A9col" title="IX sécol – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="IX sécol" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_century" title="9th century – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="9th century" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-a_jarcento" title="9-a jarcento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="9-a jarcento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_IX" title="Siglo IX – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Siglo IX" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._sajand" title="9. sajand – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="9. sajand" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX._mendea" title="IX. mendea – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="IX. mendea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigru_IX" title="Sigru IX – Extremeens" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sigru IX" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%87_%DB%B9_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="سده ۹ (میلادی) – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سده ۹ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/800-luku" title="800-luku – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="800-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._aastagasada" title="9. aastagasada – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="9. aastagasada" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._%C3%B8ld" title="9. øld – Faeröers" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="9. øld" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faeröers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="IXe siècle – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="IXe siècle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._juarhunert" title="9. juarhunert – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="9. juarhunert" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/9e_iuw" title="9e iuw – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="9e iuw" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/9%C3%BA_haois" title="9ú haois – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="9ú haois" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/9%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="9世紀 – Ganyu" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="9世紀" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Ganyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/9mh_Linn" title="9mh Linn – Schots-Gaelisch" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="9mh Linn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Schots-Gaelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_IX" title="Século IX – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Século IX" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/9oo_eash" title="9oo eash – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="9oo eash" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-9" title="המאה ה-9 – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המאה ה-9" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="९वीं शताब्दी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="९वीं शताब्दी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._stolje%C4%87e" title="9. stoljeće – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="9. stoljeće" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._sz%C3%A1zad" title="9. század – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="9. század" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="9-րդ դար – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="9-րդ դար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seculo_9" title="Seculo 9 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Seculo 9" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-9" title="Abad ke-9 – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abad ke-9" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/9ma_yarcento" title="9ma yarcento – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="9ma yarcento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._%C3%B6ldin" title="9. öldin – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="9. öldin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_secolo" title="IX secolo – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="IX secolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/9%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="9世紀 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="9世紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ping_9" title="Abad ping 9 – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Abad ping 9" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="IX საუკუნე – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="IX საუკუნე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="IX ғасыр – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="IX ғасыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/9%EC%84%B8%EA%B8%B0" title="9세기 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="9세기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedsala_9an" title="Sedsala 9an – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sedsala 9an" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/9ves_kansbledhen" title="9ves kansbledhen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="9ves kansbledhen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeculum_9" title="Saeculum 9 – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saeculum 9" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._Joerhonnert" title="9. Joerhonnert – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="9. Joerhonnert" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%81" title="IX виш йис – Lezgisch" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="IX виш йис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentenio_9" title="Sentenio 9 – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sentenio 9" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negende_iew" title="Negende iew – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Negende iew" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_secolo" title="IX secolo – Ligurisch" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="IX secolo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9cul_IX" title="Sécul IX – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sécul IX" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_am%C5%BEius" title="IX amžius – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="IX amžius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._gadsimts" title="9. gadsimts – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="9. gadsimts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_kaping-9" title="Abad kaping-9 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Abad kaping-9" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="IX курым – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="IX курым" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rautau_9" title="Rautau 9 – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rautau 9" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="9 век – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="9 век" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे ९ वे शतक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे ९ वे शतक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-9" title="Abad ke-9 – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abad ke-9" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%89_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="၉ ရာစုနှစ် – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၉ ရာစုနှစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="IX пинге – Erzja" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="IX пинге" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macuilpohualxihuitl_IX" title="Macuilpohualxihuitl IX – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Macuilpohualxihuitl IX" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_seculo" title="IX seculo – Napolitaans" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="IX seculo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Napolitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._Johrhunnert" title="9. Johrhunnert – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="9. Johrhunnert" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/9e_eeuw" title="9e eeuw – Nederduits" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="9e eeuw" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/800-talet" title="800-talet – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="800-talet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._%C3%A5rhundre" title="9. århundre – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="9. århundre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/IXe_s." title="IXe s. – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="IXe s." data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngwagakgolo_9" title="Ngwagakgolo 9 – Noord-Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Ngwagakgolo 9" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Noord-Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_IX" title="Sègle IX – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sègle IX" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_wiek" title="IX wiek – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="IX wiek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9col_ch%27a_fa_IX_dGC" title="Sécol ch'a fa IX dGC – Piëmontees" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sécol ch'a fa IX dGC" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piëmontees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%BA_%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="نويں صدی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نويں صدی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_IX" title="Século IX – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Século IX" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_%C3%B1iqin_pachakwata" title="9 ñiqin pachakwata – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="9 ñiqin pachakwata" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_al_IX-lea" title="Secolul al IX-lea – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Secolul al IX-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="IX век – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="IX век" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX._%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0" title="IX. стороча – Roetheens" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="IX. стороча" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Roetheens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="IX үйэ – Jakoets" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="IX үйэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakoets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8culu_IX" title="Sèculu IX – Siciliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sèculu IX" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Siciliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._vijek" title="9. vijek – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="9. vijek" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%82%81%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87_9" title="ပီႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 9 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပီႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 9" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_century" title="9th century – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="9th century" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._storo%C4%8Die" title="9. storočie – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="9. storočie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._stoletje" title="9. stoletje – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="9. stoletje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekulli_IX" title="Shekulli IX – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shekulli IX" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="9. век – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="9. век" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._Jierhunnert" title="9. Jierhunnert – Saterfries" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="9. Jierhunnert" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterfries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ka-9" title="Abad ka-9 – Soendanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Abad ka-9" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Soendanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/800-talet" title="800-talet – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="800-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karne_ya_9" title="Karne ya 9 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Karne ya 9" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="9-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="9-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8_IX" title="Садаи IX – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Садаи IX" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_9" title="คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 9 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 9" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-njy_asyr" title="9-njy asyr – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="9-njy asyr" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-9_na_dantaon" title="Ika-9 na dantaon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ika-9 na dantaon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1l" title="9. yüzyıl – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="9. yüzyıl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="IX гасыр – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="IX гасыр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F" title="IX століття – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="IX століття" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="نویں صدی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نویں صدی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_asr" title="IX asr – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="IX asr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_secolo" title="IX secolo – Venetiaans" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="IX secolo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_k%E1%BB%B7_9" title="Thế kỷ 9 – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế kỷ 9" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/9inme_sieke" title="9inme sieke – Waals" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="9inme sieke" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Waals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-9_nga_gatostuig" title="Ika-9 nga gatostuig – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ika-9 nga gatostuig" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/9%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="9世纪 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="9世纪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="IX ოშწანურა – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="IX ოშწანურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/9%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%99%22%D7%94" title="9טער י"ה – Jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="9טער י"ה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/9%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="9世纪 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="9世纪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_s%C3%A8-k%C3%AD" title="9 sè-kí – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="9 sè-kí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/9%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="9世紀 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="9世紀" 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Uiterlijk</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox wikitable" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:max-content;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="11">Overzicht van de jaren in en rond de <a class="mw-selflink selflink">9e eeuw</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-style: italic;"> <td><a href="/wiki/790-799" title="790-799">Jaren 90</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/790" title="790">790</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/791" title="791">791</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/792" title="792">792</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/793" title="793">793</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/794" title="794">794</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/795" title="795">795</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/796" title="796">796</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/797" title="797">797</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/798" title="798">798</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/799" title="799">799</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/800-809" title="800-809">Jaren 00</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/800" title="800">800</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/801" title="801">801</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/802" title="802">802</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/803" title="803">803</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/804" title="804">804</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/805" title="805">805</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/806" title="806">806</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/807" title="807">807</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/808" title="808">808</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/809" title="809">809</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/810-819" title="810-819">Jaren 10</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/810" title="810">810</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/811" title="811">811</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/812" title="812">812</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/813" title="813">813</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/814" title="814">814</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/815" title="815">815</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/816" title="816">816</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/817" title="817">817</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/818" title="818">818</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/819" title="819">819</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/820-829" title="820-829">Jaren 20</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/820" title="820">820</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/821" title="821">821</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/822" title="822">822</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/823" title="823">823</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/824" title="824">824</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/825" title="825">825</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/826" title="826">826</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/827" title="827">827</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/828" title="828">828</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/829" title="829">829</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/830-839" title="830-839">Jaren 30</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/830" title="830">830</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/831" title="831">831</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/832" title="832">832</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/833" title="833">833</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/834" title="834">834</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/835" title="835">835</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/836" title="836">836</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/837" title="837">837</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/838" title="838">838</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/839" title="839">839</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/840-849" title="840-849">Jaren 40</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/840" title="840">840</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/841" title="841">841</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/842" title="842">842</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/843" title="843">843</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/844" title="844">844</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/845" title="845">845</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/846" title="846">846</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/847" title="847">847</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/848" title="848">848</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/849" title="849">849</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/850-859" title="850-859">Jaren 50</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/850" title="850">850</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/851" title="851">851</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/852" title="852">852</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/853" title="853">853</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/854" title="854">854</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/855" title="855">855</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/856" title="856">856</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/857" title="857">857</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/858" title="858">858</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/859" title="859">859</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/860-869" title="860-869">Jaren 60</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/860" title="860">860</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/861" title="861">861</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/862" title="862">862</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/863" title="863">863</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/864" title="864">864</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/865" title="865">865</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/866" title="866">866</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/867" title="867">867</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/868" title="868">868</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/869" title="869">869</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/870-879" title="870-879">Jaren 70</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/870" title="870">870</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/871" title="871">871</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/872" title="872">872</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/873" title="873">873</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/874" title="874">874</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/875" title="875">875</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/876" title="876">876</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/877" title="877">877</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/878" title="878">878</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/879" title="879">879</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/880-889" title="880-889">Jaren 80</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/880" title="880">880</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/881" title="881">881</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/882" title="882">882</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/883" title="883">883</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/884" title="884">884</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/885" title="885">885</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/886" title="886">886</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/887" title="887">887</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/888" title="888">888</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/889" title="889">889</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/890-899" title="890-899">Jaren 90</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/890" title="890">890</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/891" title="891">891</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/892" title="892">892</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/893" title="893">893</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/894" title="894">894</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/895" title="895">895</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/896" title="896">896</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/897" title="897">897</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/898" title="898">898</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/899" title="899">899</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-style: italic;"> <td><a href="/wiki/900-909" title="900-909">Jaren 00</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/900" title="900">900</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/901" title="901">901</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/902" title="902">902</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/903" title="903">903</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/904" title="904">904</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/905" title="905">905</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/906" title="906">906</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/907" title="907">907</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/908" title="908">908</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/909" title="909">909</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>De <b>9e eeuw</b> (van de <a href="/wiki/Christelijke_jaartelling" title="Christelijke jaartelling">christelijke jaartelling</a>) is de 9e periode van 100 jaar, dus bestaande uit de jaren <a href="/wiki/801" title="801">801</a> tot en met <a href="/wiki/900" title="900">900</a>. De 9e eeuw behoort tot het <a href="/wiki/1e_millennium" title="1e millennium">1e millennium</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Langjarige_gebeurtenissen_en_ontwikkelingen">Langjarige gebeurtenissen en ontwikkelingen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=9e_eeuw&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Langjarige gebeurtenissen en ontwikkelingen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=9e_eeuw&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Langjarige gebeurtenissen en ontwikkelingen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Viking_Expansion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Viking_Expansion.svg/300px-Viking_Expansion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Viking_Expansion.svg/450px-Viking_Expansion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Viking_Expansion.svg/600px-Viking_Expansion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption><i>Kaart van de Vikinggebieden in de 8e (donkerrood), 9e (rood), 10e (oranje) en 11e (geel) eeuw. De groene gebieden waren het slachtoffer van regelmatige rooftochten door <a href="/wiki/Vikingen" title="Vikingen">Vikingen</a>.</i></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Vikingen</dt></dl> <ul><li>Met hun vergevorderde zeevaartkunde zijn de inwoners van het verre noorden van Europa steeds succesvoller. Soms neemt dat de vorm aan van gewapende invallen in de rest van Europa, maar vaak is het ook gewoon een gedurfde vorm van handel op de verre afstanden.</li> <li>Engeland, de Nederlanden en Frankrijk worden bezocht door de <a href="/wiki/Denemarken" title="Denemarken">Denen</a>. De <a href="/wiki/Noorwegen" title="Noorwegen">Noren</a> koloniseren <a href="/wiki/Ierland_(eiland)" title="Ierland (eiland)">Ierland</a> en <a href="/wiki/IJsland" title="IJsland">IJsland</a>, terwijl de <a href="/wiki/Varjagen" title="Varjagen">Varjagen</a> (Zweden) zich op de Baltische kusten en in de Slavische gebieden ter plaatse van Novgorod vestigen en het <a href="/wiki/Kievse_Rijk" title="Kievse Rijk">Kievse Rijk</a> stichten.</li> <li>De <a href="/wiki/Vikingen" title="Vikingen">Vikingen</a> beginnen nederzettingen te bouwen op de kusten van Ierland, die zich ontwikkelen tot de eerste steden in Ierland. Deze Ierse Viking-steden <a href="/wiki/Wexford_(plaats)" title="Wexford (plaats)">Wexford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterford_(stad)" title="Waterford (stad)">Waterford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cork_(stad)" title="Cork (stad)">Cork</a> en <a href="/wiki/Limerick_(stad)" title="Limerick (stad)">Limerick</a> beginnen vervolgens een bedreiging te vormen voor de Ierse clans.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Europa</dt></dl> <ul><li>Met de kroning van <a href="/wiki/Karel_de_Grote" title="Karel de Grote">Karel de Grote</a> in <a href="/wiki/800" title="800">800</a> begint de eeuw voor West-Europa als een tijd van hoop, zoals deze in vele eeuwen niet gevoeld is. Het begin van deze eeuw mag dan ook een tijd van ongekende bloei en herstel genoemd worden, die bekendstaat als de <a href="/wiki/Karolingische_renaissance" title="Karolingische renaissance">Karolingische renaissance</a>.</li> <li>In de tweede helft van de eeuw echter komen er steeds grotere problemen. Voor een deel komt dat omdat de Franken het begrip 'kroonprins', de enige erfgenaam van de macht, niet kennen. Na de dood van de koning volgt een <a href="/wiki/Deling_van_het_Frankische_Rijk" title="Deling van het Frankische Rijk">deling van het Frankische Rijk</a> volgens het <a href="/wiki/Salische_erfrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Salische erfrecht">Salische erfrecht</a>. De <a href="/wiki/Merovingers" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingers">Merovingers</a> blijken niet bij machte om hun onderdanen tegen invallen uit het noorden te beschermen en plaatselijke machthebbers, die de <a href="/wiki/Vikingen" title="Vikingen">Vikingen</a> moeten zien te weren, zien niet in waarom zij de keizer nog moeten gehoorzamen.</li> <li>De Frankische gebieden worden onderverdeeld in <a href="/wiki/Gouw_(Germaans)" title="Gouw (Germaans)">gouwen</a>, met aan het hoofd een gouwgraaf. In de tweede eeuwhelft wordt die functie meer en meer erfelijk en ontstaan grafelijke dynastieën.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joden" title="Joden">Joden</a> hebben in het Karolingische Rijk een status aparte. Zij hoeven geen legerdienst te verrichten, mogen onbeperkt handel drijven, maar moeten wel hogere belastingen betalen dan de christenen. Een speciale officier, de Judenmeister, wordt door de regering aangesteld om de privileges van de Joden te beschermen.</li> <li>In Engeland, voor zover niet bezet door Vikingen, bloeien de zeven Angel-Saksische koninkrijken: de <a href="/wiki/Heptarchie" title="Heptarchie">Heptarchie</a>. Uiteindelijk bereikt <a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Grote" title="Alfred de Grote">Alfred de Grote</a> van <a href="/wiki/Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> min of meer de status van 'Koning van Engeland".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium_(stad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantium (stad)">Byzantium</a> komt in <a href="/wiki/843" title="843">843</a> eindelijk de <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasme" title="Iconoclasme">iconenstrijd</a> te boven en kan daarmee beginnen aan een langzaam herstel. Met de ontwikkelingen in het westen, namelijk de kroning van <a href="/wiki/Karel_de_Grote" title="Karel de Grote">Karel de Grote</a> tot nieuwe 'keizer van het Westen' heeft de 'Oost-Romeinse' keizer echter wel zijn aanspraak op het enig keizerschap en daarmee de hoogste positie in de rangorde van het <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">christendom</a> verloren zien gaan. Daarmee wordt de <a href="/wiki/Paus" title="Paus">paus</a> ook steeds onafhankelijker van de Byzantijnse keizer.</li> <li>Het <a href="/wiki/Iberisch_Schiereiland" title="Iberisch Schiereiland">Iberisch Schiereiland</a> is grotendeels in handen van de <a href="/wiki/Moren" title="Moren">Moren</a>, maar in het noorden ontwikkelen zich christelijke koninkrijkjes.</li> <li>Het heidense <a href="/wiki/Groot-Moravische_Rijk" title="Groot-Moravische Rijk">Groot-Moravische Rijk</a> omvat het huidige <a href="/wiki/Tsjechi%C3%AB" title="Tsjechië">Tsjechië</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slowakije" title="Slowakije">Slowakije</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hongarije" title="Hongarije">Hongarije</a> en delen van de aangrenzende landen, onder andere <a href="/wiki/Saksen_(deelstaat)" title="Saksen (deelstaat)">Saksen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Silezi%C3%AB" title="Silezië">Silezië</a>.</li> <li>Er begint een nieuwe <a href="/wiki/Menselijke_migratie" title="Menselijke migratie">volksverhuizing</a> onder impuls van de <a href="/wiki/Varjagen" title="Varjagen">Varjagen</a> (Scandinaviërs), die een Finse bevolkingsgroep, de <a href="/wiki/Magyaren" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyaren">Magyaren</a> zuidwaarts drijven, die op hun beurt een Turks nomadenvolk storen, de <a href="/wiki/Petsjenegen" title="Petsjenegen">Petsjenegen</a>. De Varjagen zullen het <a href="/wiki/Rijk_van_Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Rijk van Kiev">Rijk van Kiev</a> stichten en de Petsjenegen zullen de plaats van de <a href="/wiki/Chazaren" class="mw-redirect" title="Chazaren">Chazaren</a> innemen. De Magyaren worden naar het westen gedreven, samen met de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabaren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabaren (de pagina bestaat niet)">Kabaren</a> (opstandige <a href="/wiki/Khazaren" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazaren">Khazaren</a>), naar de <a href="/wiki/Pannonische_vlakte" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonische vlakte">Pannonische vlakte</a>.</li> <li>De kloosterordes verbreiden de <a href="/wiki/Wijnbouw" title="Wijnbouw">wijnbouw</a> over Europa.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <dl><dt>Islamitische wereld</dt></dl> <ul><li>De spectaculaire veroveringen van de <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> zijn nu goeddeels ten einde. Het <a href="/wiki/Arabische_Rijk" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabische Rijk">Arabische Rijk</a> valt uiteen in elkaar bestrijdende staten.</li> <li>De islam kan zich aan consolidatie en culturele bloei wijden. Deze bloei wordt mede mogelijk gemaakt door de in het algemeen tolerante houding ten opzichte van de christenen, die vaak nog de overheerste meerderheid van de bevolking zijn. In landen als Irak vervullen vele christenen belangrijke functies.</li> <li>De <a href="/wiki/Moetazilieten" class="mw-redirect" title="Moetazilieten">moetazilieten</a> maken de dienst uit aan het <a href="/wiki/Kalifaat_van_de_Abbasiden" title="Kalifaat van de Abbasiden">Abbasidische</a> hof tussen 818 en 848. De moetazilieten gebruiken slechts de <a href="/wiki/Koran" title="Koran">Koran</a> als basis voor het recht en voelen zich niet gebonden aan de <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadithverzamelingen</a> of aan het werk van de <a href="/wiki/Oelema" class="mw-redirect" title="Oelema">oelema</a>. Hierdoor blijft er ruimte voor een eigenmachtige wetgeving door de <a href="/wiki/Kalief" title="Kalief">kalief</a>. Vanaf 850 is daar geen sprake meer van en speelt de kalief geen rol meer bij het vaststellen wat islam en wat <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> is.</li> <li>In de 9e eeuw ontstaat een sterke tegenreactie op het moetazilisme door onder meer de school van de <a href="/wiki/Asharieten" class="mw-redirect" title="Asharieten">asharieten</a>. Na 861 worden de moetazilieten vervolgd en worden ze niet meer als rechtsschool (Ar. <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhhab</a>) erkend. De asharieten worden dominant in de scholen van <a href="/wiki/Sjafisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjafisme">Safi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanafieten" title="Hanafieten">Hanafi</a> en <a href="/wiki/Malikieten" title="Malikieten">Maliki</a>.</li> <li>De kunsten en wetenschappen worden gestimuleerd door de intellectuele vrijheid die de <a href="/wiki/Abbasiden" class="mw-disambig" title="Abbasiden">Abbasiden</a> voorstaan. Er ontstaan beroemde studiecentra met onder andere het <a href="/wiki/Huis_der_Wijsheid" title="Huis der Wijsheid">Huis der Wijsheid</a> waar vanuit de hele bekende wereld studenten en geleerden komen studeren en onderwijzen. <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a> wordt een belangrijk centrum voor het in stand houden van de vroegere <a href="/wiki/Hellenisme" title="Hellenisme">Helleense</a> geschriften. Ook de <a href="/wiki/Geneeskunst" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneeskunst">geneeskunst</a> staat op hoog peil.</li> <li>De <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadithverzamelingen</a> van <a href="/wiki/Al-Bukhari" title="Al-Bukhari">Al-Bukhari</a> en <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> komen tot stand. Ze bevatten overleveringen over het leven en de uitspraken van de Profeet, en worden als de meest authentieke van alle Hadithverzamelingen gezien. Ook worden ze beschouwd als de belangrijkste bron na de Koran.</li> <li>Uit deze periode dateren de vertellingen van <a href="/wiki/Duizend-en-een-nacht" title="Duizend-en-een-nacht">Duizend-en-een-nacht</a>, waarin Bagdad en zijn beroemde kalief <a href="/wiki/Haroen_ar-Rashid" title="Haroen ar-Rashid">Haroen ar-Rashid</a> een belangrijke rol spelen.</li> <li>In Noord-Afrika zetelt de dynastie der <a href="/wiki/Aghlabiden" title="Aghlabiden">Aghlabiden</a> te <a href="/wiki/Kairouan_(stad)" title="Kairouan (stad)">Kairouan</a>. [[[Emir]]s uit dit huis veroveren ook <a href="/wiki/Sicili%C3%AB" title="Sicilië">Sicilië</a> en <a href="/wiki/Apuli%C3%AB" title="Apulië">Apulië</a> en vestigen er islamitische rijkjes.</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Interior_Mezquita_Cordoba_Spain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Interior_Mezquita_Cordoba_Spain.jpg/250px-Interior_Mezquita_Cordoba_Spain.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Interior_Mezquita_Cordoba_Spain.jpg/375px-Interior_Mezquita_Cordoba_Spain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Interior_Mezquita_Cordoba_Spain.jpg/500px-Interior_Mezquita_Cordoba_Spain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moorse_architectuur" title="Moorse architectuur">Moorse architectuur</a> in de <a href="/wiki/Mezquita" title="Mezquita">Mezquita</a> in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_(Spanje)" title="Córdoba (Spanje)">Córdoba</a>, oorspronkelijk een <a href="/wiki/Moskee" title="Moskee">moskee</a>.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Christendom</dt></dl> <ul><li>Voor de <a href="/wiki/Rooms-katholieke_Kerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooms-katholieke Kerk">Kerk van Rome</a> is het een tijd van expansie vooral in noordelijke richting. Ook <a href="/wiki/Bohemen" title="Bohemen">Bohemen</a> bekeert zich.</li> <li>De <a href="/wiki/Gregoriaanse_muziek" title="Gregoriaanse muziek">Gregoriaanse muziek</a> wordt mede dankzij Karel de Grote overal in Europa in de eredienst opgenomen.</li> <li>De kloosterregel van <a href="/wiki/Columbanus" title="Columbanus">Columbanus</a> wordt vervangen door de <a href="/wiki/Regel_van_Benedictus" class="mw-redirect" title="Regel van Benedictus">regel van Benedictus</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Lage landen</dt></dl> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Zeeland_(provincie)" title="Zeeland (provincie)">Zeeland</a> worden <a href="/wiki/Ringwalburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringwalburg">ringwalburgen</a> gebouwd ter verdediging tegen de Vikingen. In vredestijd zijn de burgen doorgaans onbewoond, maar in geval van gevaar vormen ze een veilig heenkomen voor de lokale bevolking. Toch is een deel van <a href="/wiki/Walcheren" title="Walcheren">Walcheren</a> enige tientallen jaren een uitvalsbasis voor de plundertochten van de Vikingen.</li> <li>De missionaris <a href="/wiki/Liudger" title="Liudger">Liudger</a> brengt het <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hamaland" title="Hamaland">Hamaland</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Azië</dt></dl> <ul><li>Als nog meer <a href="/wiki/Turkse_volkeren" title="Turkse volkeren">Turkse volkeren</a> naar <a href="/wiki/Centraal-Azi%C3%AB" title="Centraal-Azië">Centraal-Azië</a> komen, voornamelijk de <a href="/wiki/Kirgiezen" title="Kirgiezen">Kirgiezen</a>, trekken de stammen die in Centraal-Azië wonen, de <a href="/wiki/Oguzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oguzen">Oguzen</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kipchaken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kipchaken (de pagina bestaat niet)">Kipchaken</a>, verder naar het westen.</li> <li>De hindoetempel <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> en de boeddhistische <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> in de buurt van <a href="/wiki/Jogjakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Jogjakarta">Jogjakarta</a> worden gebouwd tijdens de heerschappij van de <a href="/wiki/Mataram_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram I">Mataram</a>-koningen.</li> <li>De <a href="/wiki/Chola%27s" title="Chola's">Chola's</a> breiden vanuit <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> hun macht uit over <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Ceylon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> wordt feitelijk geregeerd door de <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_(familie)" title="Fujiwara (familie)">Fujiwara (familie)</a>, waarvan de leden trouwen met de Keizers.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Innovatie</dt></dl> <ul><li>In het Midden-Oosten ontstaat de techniek om aardewerk te <a href="/wiki/Glazuur_(aardewerk)" title="Glazuur (aardewerk)">glazuren</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Scheepvaart en handel</dt></dl> <ul><li>Ongeveer 200 jaar lang is <a href="/wiki/Birka_en_Hovg%C3%A5rden" title="Birka en Hovgården">Birka</a> een handelsplaats voor geheel Noord-Europa. Arabisch <a href="/wiki/Zilver" title="Zilver">zilver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parel" title="Parel">parels</a> uit Oost-Europa en <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a>, <a href="/wiki/IJzer_(element)" title="IJzer (element)">ijzer</a> uit <a href="/wiki/Bergslagen" title="Bergslagen">Bergslagen</a> en vellen en <a href="/wiki/Vacht" title="Vacht">pelzen</a> uit het noorden worden hier verhandeld.</li> <li>Er ontstaat een <a href="/w/index.php?title=Handelsroute_van_de_Varjagen_op_de_zuidkust_van_de_Oostzee_naar_de_Grieken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Handelsroute van de Varjagen op de zuidkust van de Oostzee naar de Grieken (de pagina bestaat niet)">handelsroute van de Varjagen op de zuidkust van de Oostzee naar de Grieken</a>, een handelsroute die vrijwel geheel over water gaat en die <a href="/wiki/Scandinavi%C3%AB" title="Scandinavië">Scandinavië</a> met het <a href="/wiki/Byzantijnse_Rijk" title="Byzantijnse Rijk">Byzantijnse Rijk</a> verbindt. De route stelt de Varjagen in staat om een profijtelijke handel met het Byzantijnse Rijk op te zetten. Iets oostelijker verloopt de <a href="/wiki/Handelsroute_over_de_Wolga" title="Handelsroute over de Wolga">handelsroute over de Wolga</a> naar de <a href="/wiki/Kaspische_Zee" title="Kaspische Zee">Kaspische Zee</a> en <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a>. De Varjagen drijven handel in <a href="/wiki/Was_(substantie)" title="Was (substantie)">was</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barnsteen" title="Barnsteen">barnsteen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honing" title="Honing">honing</a> en <a href="/wiki/Slavernij" title="Slavernij">slaven</a> en komen terug met onder andere <a href="/wiki/Zijde_(textiel)" title="Zijde (textiel)">zijde</a>.</li> <li>Omdat het een hele toer is om tijdens zeereizen voedsel houdbaar en eetbaar te houden, wordt <a href="/wiki/Stokvis_(voedsel)" title="Stokvis (voedsel)">stokvis</a> bij de Vikingen snel populair. Ook andere zeevaarders nemen de stokvis over.</li> <li>Arabieren introduceren de teelt van <a href="/wiki/Suikerriet" title="Suikerriet">suikerriet</a> op <a href="/wiki/Sicili%C3%AB" title="Sicilië">Sicilië</a> en in <a href="/wiki/Andalusi%C3%AB" title="Andalusië">Andalusië</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Amerika</dt></dl> <ul><li>Voor de <a href="/wiki/Maya_(volk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (volk)">Maya</a> is deze eeuw een tijd van chaos en desintegratie. Een voor een worden de oude stadstaten verlaten. De basis van de economie, de landbouw is niet in staat om de gegroeide bevolking te voeden, mede door <a href="/wiki/Roofbouw" title="Roofbouw">roofbouw</a> en door een te groot geworden adel, die het beste land heeft volgebouwd. De <a href="/wiki/Lange_telling" title="Lange telling">lange telling</a> wordt in deze tijd voor het laatst gebruikt. Voor sommige steden is de laatste vermelding op steen al van voor <a href="/wiki/800" title="800">800</a>, voor een enkele van na 900 (<a href="/wiki/909" title="909">909</a> is de laatste datum). Tegelijkertijd echter is er in het noorden, met name in <a href="/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá">Chichén Itzá</a> een nieuw begin. Gebaseerd op een ander politiek stelsel — eerder een oligarchie dan een god-koningschap — begint daar een nieuwe bloeiperiode die tot 1450 zal voortduren.</li> <li>Noordelijker zijn in het <a href="/wiki/Dal_van_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal van Mexico">Dal van Mexico</a> de <a href="/wiki/Tolteken" title="Tolteken">Tolteken</a> in opkomst, die hun hoofdstad in <a href="/wiki/Tula_(Tolteekse_stad)" title="Tula (Tolteekse stad)">Tollan</a> hebben gevestigd. Ze overvleugelen <a href="/wiki/Xochicalco" title="Xochicalco">Xochicalco</a> en breiden hun macht uit tot <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_(schiereiland)" title="Yucatán (schiereiland)">Yucatán</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belangrijke_personen">Belangrijke personen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=9e_eeuw&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Belangrijke personen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=9e_eeuw&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Belangrijke personen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shankara" title="Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>, een invloedrijk <a href="/wiki/Filosoof" title="Filosoof">Hindoe-filosoof</a> en spiritueel leider in de school van de <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Djahiz" title="Al-Djahiz">Al-Djahiz</a>, een schrijver en geleerde van <a href="/wiki/Ethiopi%C3%AB" title="Ethiopië">Ethiopische</a> afkomst.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Grote" title="Alfred de Grote">Alfred de Grote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koning_(titel)" title="Koning (titel)">koning</a> van <a href="/wiki/Koninkrijk_Wessex" title="Koninkrijk Wessex">Wessex</a>, het belangrijkste <a href="/wiki/Angelsaksen" title="Angelsaksen">Angelsaksische</a> koninkrijk in <a href="/wiki/Engeland" title="Engeland">Engeland</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_van_Karinthi%C3%AB" title="Arnulf van Karinthië">Arnulf van Karinthië</a>, koning van <a href="/wiki/Oost-Franci%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oost-Francië">Oost-Francië</a> en <a href="/wiki/Hertogdom_Lotharingen" title="Hertogdom Lotharingen">Lotharingen</a>, later ook (tegen)koning van <a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië">Italië</a> en (tegen)keizer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d" title="Árpád">Árpád</a>, de stichter van het huidige <a href="/wiki/Hongarije" title="Hongarije">Hongarije</a> en van de Hongaarse koningsdynastie der Árpáden.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basileios_I" title="Basileios I">Basileios I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keizers_van_Byzantium" class="mw-redirect" title="Keizers van Byzantium">Byzantijns keizer</a> van <a href="/wiki/Armeni%C3%AB" title="Armenië">Armeense</a> afkomst en stichter van de zogenaamde <i>Macedonische</i> dynastie.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_I_van_Bulgarije" title="Boris I van Bulgarije">Boris I van Bulgarije</a>, vorst van <a href="/wiki/Bulgarije" title="Bulgarije">Eerste Bulgaarse Rijk</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_van_Ohrid" title="Clemens van Ohrid">Clemens van Ohrid</a>, een Bulgaarse geestelijke schrijver en de eerste Bulgaarse <a href="/wiki/Aartsbisschop" title="Aartsbisschop">aartsbisschop</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_I_van_Noorwegen" title="Harald I van Noorwegen">Harald I van Noorwegen</a>, de eerste koning die over geheel <a href="/wiki/Noorwegen" title="Noorwegen">Noorwegen</a> heerste.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haroen_ar-Rashid" title="Haroen ar-Rashid">Haroen ar-Rashid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalief" title="Kalief">kalief</a> van het <a href="/wiki/Arabische_Rijk" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabische Rijk">Arabische Rijk</a> uit de dynastie der <a href="/wiki/Abbasiden" class="mw-disambig" title="Abbasiden">Abbasiden</a>.</li> <li>Keizerin <a href="/wiki/Irene_van_Byzantium" title="Irene van Byzantium">Irene van Byzantium</a>, keizerin van het <a href="/wiki/Byzantijnse_Rijk" title="Byzantijnse Rijk">Byzantijnse Rijk</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_de_Grote" title="Karel de Grote">Karel de Grote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_Frankische_koningen_en_keizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijst van Frankische koningen en keizers">koning der Franken</a> en <a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_Rooms-Duitse_koningen_en_keizers" title="Lijst van Rooms-Duitse koningen en keizers">keizer van het Heilige Roomse Rijk</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_I_van_Schotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth I van Schotland">Kenneth I van Schotland</a>, koning van de <a href="/wiki/Picten" title="Picten">Picten</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Schotten_(volk)" title="Schotten (volk)">Schotten</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kroem" title="Kroem">Kroem</a>, heerser van <a href="/wiki/Eerste_Bulgaarse_Rijk" title="Eerste Bulgaarse Rijk">Bulgarije</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_de_Vrome" title="Lodewijk de Vrome">Lodewijk de Vrome</a>, koning van Aquitanië, en daarna <a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_Frankische_koningen_en_keizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijst van Frankische koningen en keizers">koning der Franken</a> en <a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_Rooms-Duitse_koningen_en_keizers" title="Lijst van Rooms-Duitse koningen en keizers">keizer van het Heilige Roomse Rijk</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurik" title="Rurik">Rurik</a>, een <a href="/wiki/Vikingen" title="Vikingen">Vikinghoofdman</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_I_van_Bulgarije" title="Simeon I van Bulgarije">Simeon I van Bulgarije</a>, tweede zoon van <a href="/wiki/Boris_I_van_Bulgarije" title="Boris I van Bulgarije">Boris I</a> en vorst van <a href="/wiki/Eerste_Bulgaarse_Rijk" title="Eerste Bulgaarse Rijk">Bulgarije</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziry%C3%A2b" title="Ziryâb">Ziryâb</a>, musicus in het islamitische zuiden van Spanje.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uitvindingen_en_ontdekkingen">Uitvindingen en ontdekkingen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=9e_eeuw&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Uitvindingen en ontdekkingen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=9e_eeuw&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Uitvindingen en ontdekkingen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Eerste afbeelding van een roterende slijpsteen in een Europese bron - de illustratie toont een slinger, het eerste bekende gebruik van een slinger in het Westen.</li> <li>Het eerste bekende gedrukte boek, geprint in China door het gebruik van <a href="/wiki/Blokdruk" title="Blokdruk">blokdruk</a>.</li> <li>Uitvinding van <a href="/wiki/Buskruit" title="Buskruit">buskruit</a> door Chinese <a href="/wiki/Tao%C3%AFsme" title="Taoïsme">taoïstische</a> <a href="/wiki/Alchemie" title="Alchemie">alchemisten</a>.</li> <li>De volkstaal in het vroegere Romeinse rijk, het <a href="/wiki/Vulgair_Latijn" title="Vulgair Latijn">Vulgair Latijn</a>, begint zich te ontwikkelen in verschillende <a href="/wiki/Romaanse_talen" title="Romaanse talen">Romaanse talen</a>.</li> <li>Twee <a href="/wiki/Syllabisch_schrift" 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